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{{Short description|Consort of Qianlong Emperor (1734–1788)}}
{{AFC submission|t||ts=20200113063417|u=QSandai|ns=118|demo=}}
{{Infobox royalty
Rong Fei 容妃 was the Uygur minority woman who became a favorite consort to Qianlong. Neither Manchu nor Han Chinese, her upbringing was different and she also walked a different path from the consorts in the palace. The real Rong Fei was completely different from the fictional "Fragrant Consort".
| name = Consort Rong
| image = Consort Rong dressed in Manchu Clothes.JPG
| caption =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1734|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ili valley, [[Dzungar Khanate]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1788|5|24|1734|10|10|df=y}}
| death_place = Beijing, China
| place of burial = Yu Mausoleum, [[Eastern Qing tombs]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Qianlong Emperor]]|1760}}
| issue =
| father =
| house = [[Khoja (Turkestan)|Hezhuo]] (和卓; by birth)<br>[[Aisin Gioro]] (by marriage)
}}


{{Infobox person
{{Infobox Chinese
| name = Rong Fei 容妃
| t = 容妃
| s = 容妃
| image =
| p = Róng Fēi
| caption =
| native_name = He Zhuo 和卓氏
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = October 11, 1734
| birth_place = Uygur Hetian region, China
| death_date = May 24, 1788
| death_place = Beijing China
| death_cause = Illness
| resting_place = Yuling Consort Mausoleum 裕陵妃园寝
| nationality =
| other_names = He Zhuo 霍卓氏、Rong Fei 容妃
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| spouse = Qianlong Emperor
| children = none
| parents =
| relatives = father 和札赉 (brother)
}}
}}


'''Consort Rong''' ({{zh|t=容妃|s=容妃|p=Róng Fēi}}; 10 October 1734 – 24 May 1788), from the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] minority, was a consort of [[Qianlong Emperor]].
=== Rong Fei Chronology ===

<br />

* '''Official''' rank :
* '''Qianglong'''
* 25th year 2/4 Gwei Ren 贵人
* 27th year 5/21 Ce Feng 册封 Ceremony ranked Rong Bing 容嫔 <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Twenty Five Chronicles - Qing. 二十五史 清史稿|last=|first=|publisher=Shanghai Guji Press. -. 上海古籍出版社.|year=1986|isbn=7-5325-0464-6|location=|pages=Qing Chronicles Empress Consort section 1. 清史稿 后妃传列传一}}</ref>
* 33rd year 10/26 Ce Feng 册封 Ceremony ranked Rong Fei 容妃 <ref name=":0" />
* 53rd year died from illness; buried Yuling Consort Mausoleum 裕陵妃园寝 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-tw/%E5%AE%B9%E5%A6%83_(%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D)|title=容妃 (乾隆帝) - Wikiwand|website=www.wikiwand.com|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>


=== '''Rong Fei the Historic Figure 历史之容妃.''' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women - The Qing Period. (in English)|last=|first=|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-962-209-482-6|location=|pages=}}</ref>===
Rong Fei 容妃 was a favored consort of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]. The story was embellished over time, transforming her into a fictional character [[Fragrant Concubine|Xiang Fei 香妃]] around the early 1920s. Movies and TV series were made about the fictitious Xiang Fei 香妃. The fiction was very different from historic facts. There was '''''<u>no</u>''''' Qianlong consort called Xiang Fei 香妃 (Fragrant Consort).
[[File:Rong Fei Ce Feng.png|alt=|thumb|Consort Rong Fei 荣妃 满服 in Manchu robe and text from Ce Feng Ceremony.]]

The '''''<u>actual</u>''''' Rong Fei 容妃 was a cherished consort of Qianglong in his later years. Her progression in the palace was chronicled. She was from an important [[Uygur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang|Uygur]] clan family named He Zhuo 和卓 which helped Qianglong in quelling rebellions. They are apparently from the [[Hetian|Uygur Hetian]] region. Qianlong moved the family to Beijing with all kinds of gifts and honors. Her father 和札赉 was ranked as a Qing Protectorate nobleman Tai Jie 回部台吉. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty|title=Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty - Ranks of protectorates and tributary states|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> She was beautiful but 26 and previously married when taken into the palace as Gwei Ren 贵人 under the tutelage of the Empress Dowager. Next year she became Gwei Bing 贵嫔. This was the 6th rank imperial consort. She went up steadily. Both the Emperor and Empress Dowager favored and trusted her. Two years later she was inducted as Rong Bing 容嫔 and officially recorded in ce Feng 册封 ceremony decreed by the Dowager Empress. Her brother was also honored with a higher rank at that time. Ce Feng literally means confer by booklet. This is an elaborate ceremony to confer official rank. Qianglong decreed a Minister 尚书 and an [[Imperial scholar|Imperial Scholar 大学士]] to compose an essay in her honor. This luxuriously bound booklet was read and presented to her. She then goes to the hall for the Empress Dowager, bows 6 times, kneels 3 times and kowtows 3 times. She then goes to another hall and repeats for the Emperor. Finally she repeats for the Empress. <ref name=":1" /> Qianlong thirty third year 6 month 5th day at 34, she became Rong Fei 容妃 in similar ceremony the next day. She never climbed higher in the consort hiarchy. But her actual position continued to ascend within the palace. She often went on the southern and eastern expeditions. In later years the higher ranking consorts died and Qianlong often did not replace them to the point that there was no Empress from his 31st reign year. Her seating at the formal banquets continued its way to the head. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Queen's of China 中国皇后全传(第3版)|last=|first=|publisher=The Contemporary World Press|year=2018|isbn=978-7509014042|location=|pages=}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/interface/yidian/1138561/2016-08-15/cd_26483985.html|title=Qianlong's Officially Recorded Consort - 乾隆皇帝正式册封的第一宠妃|last=|first=|date=2016|work=China Daily.|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Qianlong. 乾隆传|last=Liu Li. 刘力|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc.|year=2008|isbn=9787999037996|location=https://books.google.com/books?|pages=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: The Qing Period 1644-1911|last=|first=|publisher=Sydney University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1920899516|location=|pages=}}</ref>

=== Rong Fei Indulged 寵妃 ===
She accompanied him on his 4th southern expedition 南巡 with other consorts in his 30th reign year. He decreed imperial gifts for her on 80 occasions during the trip. These included many [[Ruyi (scepter)|ruyi scepters 如意]] , agate drinking vessels in addition to exotic food and jewelry 。 She went on several expeditions and numerous gifts were recorded each time . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" />
[[File:Imperial_gift_to_Rong_fei_御赐蓉妃_乾隆_--_122112_Film.jpg|alt=|thumb|Jade plaque with verse, Imperial gift to Rong fei 御赐蓉妃 乾隆]]

The Emperor entirely redecorated the Bao Yue Lou Pavilion 宝月楼 for her within the Forbidden City. She could take respite from the palace consort compound. And looking down to the South she could see the Moslem community in Beijing. The pavilion had a Moslem kitchen and chefs, tailors for her native dress and Moslem attendants. There was a large portrait of her in the hall. She was indulged

At a [[Old Summer Palace|Yuanming Yuan 圆明园]] 宴会 banquet in his 46th year, she headed the first table on the west. At the end of the same year she was 48 and seated second at the East first table for the Qian Qing Gong Great banquet [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B9%BE%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%B4 乾清宫大宴]. She died seven years later of illness. Afterwards she was buried in a golden coffin. In the 1970s they measured her physicals, height 1.67m, blood type O, etc. Remains of a Koran was found near her. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" />
[[File:Rong_Fei_tomb.jpg|alt=|thumb|Rong Fei tomb]]

All of the above are variously recorded in the Qing chronicles 清史 and ministry chronicles such as Ceremonies 礼部, Medicine 御医，etc. Looks like Qianlong was infatuated by her and probably respected her. No children so most likely she was neutral in succession plots. She was tall, beautiful, intelligent, good natured and well mannered, careful but rigorous, serves with benevolent intent in the palace and without offense, an exemplary woman to all. (Liberal paraphrase of the Ce feng booklet text: “爾容嬪霍卓氏，端謹持躬，柔嘉表則，秉小心而有恪，久勤服事於慈闈，供內職以無違，夙協箴規於女史，茲奉皇太后慈諭，冊封爾為容妃……。” ). <ref name=":3" /> She was politically important and relatively neutral on Han Chinese, Manchu and eunach intrigues. Probably a big help to Qianlong in the palace which had no Empress for a long time and the last one died before her.

Copies of Rong Fei's portraits were used for pictures of The fictional Xiang Fei. It's also said that her body wafted perfume naturally. Hence the fictitious Xiang Fei 香妃 (fragrant consort) name.

===== '''Rong Fei in Qianlong Verses''' <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" />=====

#'''The jade''' plaque shown above is inscribed with a verse attributed to Qianglong who is known to have written over 45,000 poems and essays. The seals conform to a known practice of two seals one for each character Qian and Long. He wrote poems in reminiscence after she died.

Two lines of verse from the plaque:

秋風衆草影

業榮楊其香


==Life==
Shadows of wildflowers swept by autumn wind
===Family background===


Consort Rong was from [[Xinjiang]], and belonged to the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] minority. She came from a line of the [[Khoja (Turkestan)|Makhdumzada Khoja clan]],{{sfn|Millward|1994|p=434}} sometimes transliterated as Hezhuo (和卓) or Huozhuo (霍卓). She was the daughter of the Muslim Hojalai, and a descendant of Gambar{{specify|more precise name needed|date=March 2022}}, founder of the Shizu sect{{specify|modern name of sect needed|date=March 2022}}.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=王镜轮|author2=向斯|title=珍图本历代宮廷生活|year=1998|publisher=金城出版社|isbn=978-7-80084-190-3|page=85}}</ref> She had one elder brother, Turdu.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}}
Full and glorious wafts her perfume。


===Yongzheng era===
(The character for "glorious" 荣 is a homophone for her title Rong 容。）
The future Consort Rong was born on 15 September of the twelfth year of the reign of [[Yongzheng Emperor]], which translates to 10 October 1734 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].{{sfn|Aierken|2019|p=6}}


===Qianlong era===
'''2. The following''' oft quoted four lines are from a poem composed by the Emperor in reminiscence three years after Rong Fei's death.
Lady Hezhuo entered the Forbidden City on 20 March 1760, {{sfn|Millward|1994|p=434}}{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}}{{sfn|Aierken|2019|p=6}} when she was twenty-six years old, and the Qianlong emperor was twenty-three years older than her.{{sfn|Aierken|2019|pp=6–7}} She had been selected to enter the imperial palace after her older brother Turdu was honoured by the emperor with a title of his part in quelling a rebellion{{which|date=March 2022}} in his native region of Xinjiang.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}} In 1761,{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}} she was given the title of "Noble Lady He" (和貴人), and the emperor sent a maid of honour as a wife to her older brother. {{sfn|Millward|1994|p=434}}{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}}


In May or June 1762, Lady Hezhuo was promoted to "Concubine Rong" (容嬪). {{sfn|Aierken|2019|p=7}}{{sfn|Millward|1994|p=435}} In the same year, her brother was made duke of Fuguo in reward for his assistance against the rebels in southern Xinjiang.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}} She accompanied the court when it debouched for Rehe and Mulan Hunting grounds.{{sfn|Millward|1994|p=435}} In 1765, she and her brother were invited to join the emperor's fourth inspection trip to southern China.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=358}}
“液池南岸嫌其遠，構以層樓居路中。州載畫圖朝夕似，新正吟詠昔日同。”


In November or December 1768,{{sfn|Aierken|2019|p=7 n. 14}} Lady Hezhuo was promoted to "Consort Rong" (容妃). The emperor had ordered a special hat of velvet for her because there was a shortage of Manchu court headwear.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=359}} The emperor had arranged for her a Uyghur chef,{{sfn|Millward|1994|p=434}} and a Muslim palace with engravings of texts from the [[Quran]], called [[Xiyang Lou#Fangwai Guan|Fangwai Guan]].{{sfn|Aierken|2019|p=7}} The emperor even built a mosque for her at the [[Summer Palace]] near Beijing.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Zhang Hongxing|author2=Hongxing Zhang|title=The Qianlong Emperor: Treasures from the Forbidden City|year=2002|publisher=NMS|isbn=978-1-901663-77-8|page=86}}</ref> In 1771, she joined the eastern tour to Tiashan and Qufu. {{sfn|Millward|1994|p=435}}
"South shore of the water not far away, A high pavilion centered in the road.
[[File:Imperial_gift_to_Rong_fei_御赐蓉妃_乾隆_--_122112_Film.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|Jade plaque with verse, Imperial gift to Consort Rong 御赐蓉妃 乾隆]]
Lady Hezhuo found such a great favour with the emperor, that in 1774, he celebrated her fortieth birthday four months ahead of time. During the autumn hunting festival that year, she was placed in second position among the imperial consorts who joined the tour.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=359}} She enjoyed a high prestige in the imperial palace, a prominent seat reserved for her in banquets.{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=359}} At an early 1779 banquet at the [[Old Summer Palace]], she took head of the western table. By the end of the year, she had advanced to second position at eastern table.{{sfn|Millward|1994|p=435}} In 1784, the emperor celebrated her fiftieth birthday. {{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=359}}


Lady Hezhuo died on 24 May 1788. {{sfn|Aierken|2019|p=7 n. 14}}{{sfn|Millward|1994|p=436}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|date=5 February 2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22837-5|page=143}}</ref> Her coffin was moved from West Garden to Jing'an zuang, and she was interred in October in the Yu Mausoleum of the [[Eastern Qing tombs]].{{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=359}}{{sfn|Millward|1994|pp=436–37}} Her tomb was opened and put in order in October 1979, and in 1983 it was opened for public. Her coffin bears an inscription from the Quran written in Arabic. {{sfn|Lee|Lau|Stefanowska|2015|p=359}}
The painting there is real day and night, When reciting verses as in yesteryears."


== Titles ==
'''Note''': A large portrait of Rong Fei was placed in Bao Yue Pavilion 宝月楼, which is on the south side of the lake in Yuanming Yuan 圆明园, now Zhongnan Hai 中南海. It overlooks Changan Road 长安街 which bisects Beijing today. The pavilion itself was converted about 1912 to be the main gate structure for Zhongnan Hai.
* During the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] (r. 1722–1735):
** Lady Hezhuo (from 10 October 1734)
* During the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (r. 1735–1796):
** Noble Lady He ({{lang|zh|和貴人}}; from 1761<ref>乾隆二十六年</ref>), sixth rank consort
** Concubine Rong ({{lang|zh|容嫔}}; from May/June 1762<ref>乾隆二十七年五月</ref>), fifth rank consort
** Consort Rong ({{lang|zh|容妃}}; from November/December 1768<ref>乾隆三十年十月</ref>), fourth rank consort


==Legacy==
<br />
Her story changed over time, transforming her into a fictional character [[Fragrant Concubine|Xiang Fei]] (香妃; Fragrant Consort) around the early 1920s. Movies and TV series were made about the fictitious Fragrant Consort.


==See also==
== References, citations ==
* {{section link|Ranks of imperial consorts in China|Qing}}
* [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty]]


== References ==
<references />
{{Reflist}}


== Rong Fei ==
==Sources==
*{{cite thesis|last=Aierken|first=Yipaer|title=Ethnicity and Identity in the Art of Giuseppe Castiglione |url=https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/216722/content/AIERKEN_asu_0010N_18740.pdf |publisher=Arizona State University |type=Master Thesis |year=2019}}
*{{Cite journal|first=James A.|last=Millward|year=1994|title=A Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong's Court: The Meanings of the Fragrant Concubine|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=53|issue=2|pages=427–458|doi=10.2307/2059841|jstor=2059841|s2cid=154062771 }}
*{{cite book|first1=Lily Xiao Hong |last1=Lee |first2=Clara |last2=Lau |first3=A.D. |last3=Stefanowska |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911|date=17 July 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47588-0}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Fei, Rong}}
{{AFC submission|||ts=20200113111742|u=QSandai|ns=118}}
[[Category:Qianlong Emperor]]
[[Category:Chinese imperial consorts]]
[[Category:Imperial consorts]]
[[Category:Consorts of the Qianlong Emperor]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:18th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:1734 births]]
[[Category:1788 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty Muslims]]

Latest revision as of 00:35, 24 May 2024

Consort Rong
Born(1734-10-10)10 October 1734
Ili valley, Dzungar Khanate
Died24 May 1788(1788-05-24) (aged 53)
Beijing, China
Burial
Yu Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs
Spouse
​
(m. 1760)​
HouseHezhuo (和卓; by birth)
Aisin Gioro (by marriage)
Consort Rong
Traditional Chinese容妃
Simplified Chinese容妃
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinRóng Fēi

Consort Rong (Chinese: 容妃; pinyin: Róng Fēi; 10 October 1734 – 24 May 1788), from the Uyghur minority, was a consort of Qianlong Emperor.

Life

[edit]

Family background

[edit]

Consort Rong was from Xinjiang, and belonged to the Uyghur minority. She came from a line of the Makhdumzada Khoja clan,[1] sometimes transliterated as Hezhuo (和卓) or Huozhuo (霍卓). She was the daughter of the Muslim Hojalai, and a descendant of Gambar[specify], founder of the Shizu sect[specify].[2][3] She had one elder brother, Turdu.[2]

Yongzheng era

[edit]

The future Consort Rong was born on 15 September of the twelfth year of the reign of Yongzheng Emperor, which translates to 10 October 1734 in the Gregorian calendar.[4]

Qianlong era

[edit]

Lady Hezhuo entered the Forbidden City on 20 March 1760, [1][2][4] when she was twenty-six years old, and the Qianlong emperor was twenty-three years older than her.[5] She had been selected to enter the imperial palace after her older brother Turdu was honoured by the emperor with a title of his part in quelling a rebellion[which?] in his native region of Xinjiang.[2] In 1761,[2] she was given the title of "Noble Lady He" (和貴人), and the emperor sent a maid of honour as a wife to her older brother. [1][2]

In May or June 1762, Lady Hezhuo was promoted to "Concubine Rong" (容嬪). [6][7] In the same year, her brother was made duke of Fuguo in reward for his assistance against the rebels in southern Xinjiang.[2] She accompanied the court when it debouched for Rehe and Mulan Hunting grounds.[7] In 1765, she and her brother were invited to join the emperor's fourth inspection trip to southern China.[2]

In November or December 1768,[8] Lady Hezhuo was promoted to "Consort Rong" (容妃). The emperor had ordered a special hat of velvet for her because there was a shortage of Manchu court headwear.[9] The emperor had arranged for her a Uyghur chef,[1] and a Muslim palace with engravings of texts from the Quran, called Fangwai Guan.[6] The emperor even built a mosque for her at the Summer Palace near Beijing.[10] In 1771, she joined the eastern tour to Tiashan and Qufu. [7]

Jade plaque with verse, Imperial gift to Consort Rong 御赐蓉妃 乾隆

Lady Hezhuo found such a great favour with the emperor, that in 1774, he celebrated her fortieth birthday four months ahead of time. During the autumn hunting festival that year, she was placed in second position among the imperial consorts who joined the tour.[9] She enjoyed a high prestige in the imperial palace, a prominent seat reserved for her in banquets.[9] At an early 1779 banquet at the Old Summer Palace, she took head of the western table. By the end of the year, she had advanced to second position at eastern table.[7] In 1784, the emperor celebrated her fiftieth birthday. [9]

Lady Hezhuo died on 24 May 1788. [8][11][12] Her coffin was moved from West Garden to Jing'an zuang, and she was interred in October in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs.[9][13] Her tomb was opened and put in order in October 1979, and in 1983 it was opened for public. Her coffin bears an inscription from the Quran written in Arabic. [9]

Titles

[edit]
  • During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):
    • Lady Hezhuo (from 10 October 1734)
  • During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):
    • Noble Lady He (和貴人; from 1761[14]), sixth rank consort
    • Concubine Rong (容嫔; from May/June 1762[15]), fifth rank consort
    • Consort Rong (容妃; from November/December 1768[16]), fourth rank consort

Legacy

[edit]

Her story changed over time, transforming her into a fictional character Xiang Fei (香妃; Fragrant Consort) around the early 1920s. Movies and TV series were made about the fictitious Fragrant Consort.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Millward 1994, p. 434.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Lee, Lau & Stefanowska 2015, p. 358.
  3. ^ 王镜轮; 向斯 (1998). 珍图本历代宮廷生活. 金城出版社. p. 85. ISBN 978-7-80084-190-3.
  4. ^ a b Aierken 2019, p. 6.
  5. ^ Aierken 2019, pp. 6–7.
  6. ^ a b Aierken 2019, p. 7.
  7. ^ a b c d Millward 1994, p. 435.
  8. ^ a b Aierken 2019, p. 7 n. 14.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Lee, Lau & Stefanowska 2015, p. 359.
  10. ^ Zhang Hongxing; Hongxing Zhang (2002). The Qianlong Emperor: Treasures from the Forbidden City. NMS. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-901663-77-8.
  11. ^ Millward 1994, p. 436.
  12. ^ Evelyn S. Rawski (5 February 2001). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-520-22837-5.
  13. ^ Millward 1994, pp. 436–37.
  14. ^ 乾隆二十六年
  15. ^ 乾隆二十七年五月
  16. ^ 乾隆三十年十月

Sources

[edit]
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