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{{short description|Scientific research institute}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
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[[Image:Niels Bohr Institute 1.jpg|thumb|250px|The Niels Bohr Institute in 2005]]
[[Image:Niels Bohr Institute 1.jpg|thumb|250px|The Niels Bohr Institute in 2005]]


The '''Niels Bohr Institute''' (Danish: ''Niels Bohr Institutet'') is a research institute of the [[University of Copenhagen]]. The research of the institute spans [[astronomy]], [[geophysics]], [[nanotechnology]], [[particle physics]], [[quantum mechanics]] and [[biophysics]].
The '''Niels Bohr Institute''' ({{langx|da|Niels Bohr Institutet}}) is a research institute of the [[University of Copenhagen]]. The research of the institute spans [[astronomy]], [[geophysics]], [[nanotechnology]], [[particle physics]], [[quantum mechanics]], and [[biophysics]].


==Overview==
==Overview==
The Institute was founded in 1921, as the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen, by the Danish theoretical physicist [[Niels Bohr]], who had been on the staff of the University of Copenhagen since 1914, and who had been lobbying for its creation since his appointment as professor in 1916. On the 80th anniversary of Niels Bohr's birth – October 7, 1965 – the Institute officially became the Niels Bohr Institute.<ref>"Bohr Institute" in John L. Heilbron, ''The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 2003), {{ISBN|978-0199743766}}, pp. 103–104. [https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&lpg=PA104&dq=Institute%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics%20copenhagen%201921&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q=Institute%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics%20copenhagen%201921&f=false Excerpts available] at [[Google Books]].</ref> Much of its original funding came from the charitable foundation of the [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] brewery, and later from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref>[[Abraham Pais]], [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/physics/pais/index.html?print=1#footnote30 "Physics in Denmark: The First Four Hundred Years"], lecture delivered March 6, 1996, reprinted at [[Nobelprize.org]], February 21, 2002.</ref>
The institute was founded in 1921, as the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen, by the Danish theoretical physicist [[Niels Bohr]], who had been on the staff of the University of Copenhagen since 1914, and who had been lobbying for its creation since his appointment as professor in 1916. On the 80th anniversary of Niels Bohr's birth – October 7, 1965 – the Institute officially became the Niels Bohr Institute.<ref>"Bohr Institute" in John L. Heilbron, ''The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 2003), {{ISBN|978-0199743766}}, pp. 103–104. [https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&dq=Institute+for+Theoretical+Physics+copenhagen+1921&pg=PA103 Excerpts available] at [[Google Books]].</ref> Much of its original funding came from the charitable foundation of the [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] brewery, and later from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref>[[Abraham Pais]], [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/physics/pais/index.html?print=1#footnote30 "Physics in Denmark: The First Four Hundred Years"], lecture delivered March 6, 1996, reprinted at [[Nobelprize.org]], February 21, 2002.</ref>


During the 1920s, and 1930s, the Institute was the center of the developing disciplines of [[atomic physics]] and [[quantum physics]]. [[Physicist]]s from across Europe (and sometimes further abroad) often visited the Institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries. The [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of quantum mechanics is named after work done at the Institute during this time.
During the 1920s, and 1930s, the institute was the center of the developing disciplines of [[atomic physics]] and [[quantum physics]]. [[Physicist]]s from across Europe (and sometimes further abroad) often visited the institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries. The [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of quantum mechanics is named after work done at the institute during this time.


Following his father's death in 1962, [[Aage Bohr]] succeeded him as director of the Niels Bohr Institute, a position he held until 1970. He remained active there until he retired in 1992.<ref name="Nobelprisvinderen Aage Bohr er død">{{cite news |url=http://politiken.dk/videnskab/article785607.ece |title=Nobelprisvinderen Aage Bohr er død ("Nobel Prize winner Aage Bohr has died") |newspaper=Viden |first=Morten Garly |last=Anderson |language=da |date=10 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913110223/http://politiken.dk/videnskab/article785607.ece |archive-date=13 September 2009}}</ref>
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On January 1, 1993 the institute was merged with the Astronomic Observatory, the Ørsted Laboratory and the Geophysical Institute. The new resulting institute retained the name Niels Bohr Institute.


⚫
On January 1, 1993, the institute was merged with the Astronomic Observatory, the Ørsted Laboratory and the Geophysical Institute. The new resulting institute retained the name Niels Bohr Institute.
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==Research sections==
Research at the Niels Bohr Institute is organised in ten research sections covering a broad range of physics, i.e. astrophysics, biophysics, solid state physics, geophysics, particle physics and e-science.


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== Research sections ==
The research at the Niels Bohr Institute spans Astronomy, Geophysics, Nanophysics, Particles Physics, Quantum Physics and Biophysics.

Research at the institute is based on observations, fieldwork, laboratory experiments and theoretical models for the purpose of understanding basic laws and complex truths on this world. The Institute has a broad network of scientific cooperation, and a lively exchange of collaborators and guests with leading international research groups.

=== Astrophysics ===
A broad spectrum of astronomy and astrophysics is researched at the Niels Bohr Institute – everything from the visible Universe such as planets, stars and galaxies – to the invisible universe and the presence of dark energy and dark matter.

The NBI astrophysicists participate in many international projects and have access to modern telescopes and satellites via, e.g. Denmark’s membership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the European Space Agency (ESA), and to state-of-the-art supercomputers.

=== Biocomplexity and Biophysics ===
Biocomplexity is a cutting-edge area of research between physics and biology. By using the principles and methods of physics one can explore the living nature and biological phenomena.

Researchers at BioComplexity continuously explore the diversity of complex phenomena in biological, physical and social systems, including pattern formation, complex and chaotic dynamics, fluid dynamics, game theory, networks and econophysics.

Physics approaches are used to suggest and perform experiments and models of living systems. The systems range from proteins and gene regulation to larger-scale collective spatiotemporal structure formation. The research at the institute is often performed as a collaboration between physicists, biologists, medical doctors, and nanoscientists.

=== Condensed Matter Physics ===
Condensed matter physics is concerned with the understanding of the physical properties of solids and liquids, both naturally occurring and artificially produced.

Condensed matter physics is the foundation for many every-day technologies, ranging from hardening of steel to integrated microchips. Modern research in condensed matter physics takes place in both large scale x-ray and neutron scattering facilities, as well as in locally based laboratories, where quantum phenomena are being explored at temperatures near absolute zero. There is a vivid exchange between condensed matter and neighboring research areas, including biophysics, nanoscience, chemistry, optics, and quantum information.

=== Experimental Particle Physics ===
How was the universe created, which inflation scenario played out in the first split second, what happened during the quark-gluon plasma era? What is the source of the mass spectrum of fundamental particles of matter and forces? These are some of the questions particle physicists are looking for answers to.

The Particle Physicists work with the build up of matter in the early universe. They are searching for an explanation as to what the universe's smallest components were composed of in the first milliseconds after the Big Bang 14 billion years ago and what forces held them together.

=== Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth ===
The section for the Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth at the Niels Bohr Institute studies the elements of the Earth and climate system – the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets and glaciers, sea ice, and the solid Earth itself – and the interactions between them.

=== Quantum Optics and Photonics ===
The Quantum Optics section conducts experimental and theoretical research in Quantum Optics, in particular, in Quantum Information Processing, Quantum Sensors , and Quantum Technologies.

We use photons, from optics to microwaves interacting with a wide variety of quantum matter, such as quantum dots, single atoms, atomic ensembles and mechanical oscillators.

The overarching theme is generation and manipulation of non-classical entangled states for quantum simulation, sensing and communication. The research directions span from fundamental research to device engineering.

=== Theoretical high energy, astroparticle and gravitational physics ===
The Theoretical high energy, astroparticle and gravitational physics at the Niels Bohr Institute is involved in a wide scope of research activities centered around quantum theories of gauge fields, gravity and astrophysics.

Research areas include scattering amplitudes, effective field theory, black holes, holography, lattice simulations, quantum gravity, integrability, astroparticle physics, and cosmology.

== Research Centres ==

===Cosmic Dawn===
{{anchor|Cosmic Dawn Center}}
[[File:Logo for DAWN with blue horizon.jpg|left|thumb|upright=.8|Logo of the Cosmic Dawn Center]]

The [[Cosmic Dawn Center]] is an [[Astronomy]]/[[Cosmology]] research center, founded as a collaboration between the University of Copenhagen and [[DTU Space]] of the [[Danish Technical University]] (DTU). The center is led by center director and NBI Professor [[Sune Toft]] and center co-director Thomas Greve, Professor at DTU and [[University College London|UCL]].<ref name=greve>{{citation |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/astrophysics/people/thomas-greve |title=Thomas Greve profile at UCL |work=[[University College London]] |date=15 April 2020}}</ref> The main objective of the center is to investigate the period known as the [[Cosmic Dawn]] (the transition period following the [[Timeline of the early universe#Cosmic Dark Age|Cosmic Dark Ages]]),<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.space.com/41550-breaking-of-the-cosmic-dawn.htmll |title=Space.com article on the Cosmic Dawn and the formation of the first stars |date=15 April 2020}}</ref> i.e. the [[reionization]] of the Universe and the formation of the first galaxies, through observations as well as through theory and simulations.<ref name=natureindex>{{citation |url=https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/denmark/cosmic-dawn-center-dawn/5a8656606f5bfb4d6110d93e |title=The Cosmic Dawn Center profile on Nature |work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=14 March 2020}}</ref>

====Goals====
Research conducted at the center is focused on the specific period in the history of the Universe known as the ''Cosmic Dawn''. This largely unexplored period, 300-600 million years after the [[Big Bang]] is when the first stars, black holes, and galaxies are believed to have formed.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.space.com/39837-first-stars-universe-fingerprints-dark-matter.html |title=Cosmic Dawn: Astronomers Find Fingerprints of Universe's First Stars |author=Wall, Mike |date=28 February 2018 |website=Space.com |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.time.com/2012/12/14/cosmic-dawn-hubble-spots-some-granddaddy-galaxies/ |work=[[Time Magazine]] |title=Cosmic Dawn: How the Universe's Lights Went On |author=Lemonick, Michael D. |date=14 December 2012 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> Many of the observations used by the center originate from the [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array]] (ALMA), one of the more powerful telescopes in the world.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/cosmic-dawn/ |work=[[National Geographic]] |title=Cosmic Dawn |author=Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit |date=9 March 2019 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> In the future, the center aims to mainly use the [[James Webb Space Telescope]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/jwst/results/ |title=ESA JWST Workshops |date=15 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-s-webb-to-explore-galaxies-from-cosmic-dawn-to-present-day |title=NASA JWST will explore the Cosmic Dawn |date=15 April 2020}}</ref> and the [[Euclid (spacecraft)|Euclid Telescope]] of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA).<ref name="Arianespace">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Arianespace_and_ESA_announce_the_Euclid_satellite_s_launch_contract_for_dark_energy_exploration |title=Arianespace and ESA announce the Euclid satellite's launch contract for dark energy exploration |website=esa.int |date=7 January 2020}}</ref> DAWN scientists were instrumental in the construction of three instruments (NIRSpec, MIRI and NIRISS) for the project,<ref>{{citation |url=https://jwst.nasa.gov/index.html |title=James Webb Space Telescope |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> and will be involved in the analysis of the first data from the telescope.<ref name="dawn-research">{{cite web |title=Cosmic Dawn Center - Research at DAWN |url=https://dawn.nbi.ku.dk/research/ |website=dawn.nbi.ku.dk |access-date=3 May 2020 |language=en |date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

====Published research====
As of April 18, 2020, DAWN authors have published at least 187 refereed papers garnering 1602 citations, which, among others, can be found at the NASA/ADS library.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/p_=0&q=aff%3A%22cosmic%20dawn%20center%22&sort=date%20desc%2C%20bibcode%20desc |title=ADS paper search with aff:"cosmic dawn center" |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Acciari, V.A. |author2=Ansoldi, S. |author3=Antonelli, L.A. |display-authors=etal |title=Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst |journal=Nature |date=November 2019 |volume=575 |issue=7783 |pages=459–463 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1754-6 |arxiv=2006.07251 |pmid=31748725 |bibcode=2019Natur.575..459M |s2cid=208191199 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1754-6 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
* Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Watson, D. |author2=Hansen, C.J. |author3=Selsing, J. |display-authors=etal |title=Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars |journal=Nature |date=October 2019 |volume=574 |issue=7779 |pages=497–500 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1676-3 |pmid=31645733 |arxiv=1910.10510 |bibcode=2019Natur.574..497W |s2cid=204837882 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1676-3 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
* Signatures of a jet cocoon in early spectra of a supernova associated with a γ-ray burst:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Izzo, L. |author2=de Ugarte Postigo, A. |author3=Maeda, K. |display-authors=etal |title=Signatures of a jet cocoon in early spectra of a supernova associated with a γ-ray burst |journal=Nature |date=January 2019 |volume=565 |issue=7739 |pages=324–327 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0826-3 |pmid=30651614 |arxiv=1901.05500 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..324I |s2cid=58014290 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0826-3 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
* Stellar Velocity Dispersion of a Massive Quenching Galaxy at z = 4.01:<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tanaka, Masayuki |author2=Valentino, Francesco |author3=Toft, Sune |display-authors=etal |title=Stellar Velocity Dispersion of a Massive Quenching Galaxy at z = 4.01 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=6 November 2019 |volume=885 |issue=2 |pages=L34 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab4ff3 |arxiv=1909.10721 |bibcode=2019ApJ...885L..34T |s2cid=202734496 |issn=2041-8213 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Medal of Honour==
==Medal of Honour==
[[File:Niels Bohr Institute Medal-A.jpg|thumb|Niels Bohr Institute Medal-A]]
[[File:Niels Bohr Institute Medal-A.jpg|thumb|Niels Bohr Institute Medal-A]]
[[File:Niels Bohr Institute Medal-R.jpg|thumb|Niels Bohr Institute Medal-R]]
[[File:Niels Bohr Institute Medal-R.jpg|thumb|Niels Bohr Institute Medal-R]]
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in 2010, the year of the 125th anniversary of the birth of Niels Bohr, the Institute established the '''Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour'''. It is an annual award for "a particularly outstanding researcher who is working in the spirit of Niels Bohr: International cooperation and the exchange of knowledge".<ref name="professor-ignazio-cirac">[https://archive.is/20130217085217/http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2012/professor-ignacio-cirac-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour/ Professor Ignacio Cirac receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour], Niels Bohr Institute, January 9, 2013</ref>


⚫
in 2010, the year of the 125th anniversary of the birth of Niels Bohr, the institute established the '''Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour'''. It is an annual award for "a particularly outstanding researcher who is working in the spirit of Niels Bohr: International cooperation and the exchange of knowledge".<ref name="professor-ignazio-cirac">[https://archive.today/20130217085217/http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2012/professor-ignacio-cirac-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour/ Professor Ignacio Cirac receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour], Niels Bohr Institute, January 9, 2013</ref>
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The medal is made by Danish sculptor [[Rikke Raben]] for the Niels Bohr Institute. On the front is a portrait of Niels Bohr, the atom sign and stars. The illustration on the back is inspired by a quote from Bohr: ''What is it that we human beings ultimately depend on? We depend on our words. We are suspended in language. Our task is to communicate experience and ideas to others''.<ref>Aage Petersen, 'the philosophy of Niels Bohr' in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1963, XIX,7, p.10. It is quoted on the inside of the medal box.</ref>

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The medal is made by Danish sculptor [[Rikke Raben]] for the Niels Bohr Institute. On the front is a portrait of Niels Bohr, the atom sign and stars. The illustration on the back is inspired by a quote from Bohr: ''What is it that we human beings ultimately depend on? We depend on our words. We are suspended in language. Our task is to communicate experience and ideas to others''.<ref>Aage Petersen, 'the philosophy of Niels Bohr' in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1963, XIX,7, p.10. It is quoted on the inside of the medal box.</ref>
On the back of the medal: ''Unity of Knowledge'' – the title of a lecture given by Bohr at [[Columbia University]] in 1954. ''Nosce te ipsum'' is [[Latin]] and means "know thyself". This quote originates from the [[Oracle of Delphi]], in the Temple of [[Apollo]] in Greece.
On the back of the medal: ''Unity of Knowledge'' – the title of a lecture given by Bohr at [[Columbia University]] in 1954. ''Nosce te ipsum'' is [[Latin]] and means "know thyself". This quote originates from the [[Oracle of Delphi]], in the Temple of [[Apollo]] in Greece.


Recipients:
Recipients:

* 2010: [[Leo Kadanoff]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2010/leo_kadanoff_medal/ Leo Kadanoff receives the Niels Bohr Institute's first honorary medal], Niels Bohr Institute, June 21, 2010</ref>
* 2010: [[Leo Kadanoff]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2010/leo_kadanoff_medal/ Leo Kadanoff receives the Niels Bohr Institute's first honorary medal], Niels Bohr Institute, June 21, 2010</ref>
* 2011: [[Andre Geim]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news11/andre_geim_receives_niels_bohr_institute_medal_of_honour/ Andre Geim receives Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour], Niels Bohr Institute, December 8, 2011</ref>
* 2011: [[Andre Geim]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news11/andre_geim_receives_niels_bohr_institute_medal_of_honour/ Andre Geim receives Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour], Niels Bohr Institute, December 8, 2011</ref>
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* 2014: [[Glaciology|Glaciologist]] [[Jérôme Chappellaz]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2014/jrme-chappellaz-receives-the-niels-bohr-institutes-medal-of-honour/ Jérôme Chappellaz receives the Niels Bohr Institute's medal of honour], Niels Bohr Institute, November 26, 2014</ref>
* 2014: [[Glaciology|Glaciologist]] [[Jérôme Chappellaz]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2014/jrme-chappellaz-receives-the-niels-bohr-institutes-medal-of-honour/ Jérôme Chappellaz receives the Niels Bohr Institute's medal of honour], Niels Bohr Institute, November 26, 2014</ref>
* 2015: [[Astrophysicist]] [[Brian Schmidt]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2016/brian-schmidt-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-2015/ Brian Schmidt receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour], 2015, Niels Bohr Institute, January 29, 2016</ref>
* 2015: [[Astrophysicist]] [[Brian Schmidt]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2016/brian-schmidt-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-2015/ Brian Schmidt receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour], 2015, Niels Bohr Institute, January 29, 2016</ref>
* 2016: [[Gerard 't Hooft]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news16/gerard-t-hooft-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-2016/ Gerard ’t Hooft receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, 2016] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202040310/http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news16/gerard-t-hooft-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-2016/ |date=December 2, 2016 }}, Niels Bohr Institute, November 30, 2016</ref>
* 2016: [[Gerard 't Hooft]]<ref>[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news16/gerard-t-hooft-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-2016/ Gerard ’t Hooft receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, 2016] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202040310/http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/news/news16/gerard-t-hooft-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-2016/ |date=December 2, 2016 }}, Niels Bohr Institute, November 30, 2016</ref>
* 2017: {{ill|Jürgen Schukraft|de}}<ref>[https://nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2017/jrgen-schukraft-receives-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-2017/ Jürgen Schukraft receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, 2017]</ref>
* 2019: [[David R. Nelson]]<ref>[https://nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2019/prof.-david-r.-nelson-is-awarded-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honour-for-2019/ Prof. David R. Nelson is awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour for 2019]</ref>
* 2020: [[Paul J. Steinhardt]]<ref>[https://nbi.ku.dk/english/namely_names/2020/paul-j.-steinhardt-is-awarded-the-niels-bohr-institute-medal-of-honor-2020/ Paul J. Steinhardt is awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour 2020]</ref>
* 2021: [[Jun Ye]]<ref>[https://jila.colorado.edu/news-events/news/jila-fellow-jun-ye-awarded-2021-niels-bohr-institute-medal-honor JILA Fellow Jun Ye is awarded the 2021 Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honor]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Niels Bohr]]
* [[Niels Bohr]]
* [[Nano-Science Center (Copenhagen University)]]
* [[Nano-Science Center (Copenhagen University)]]
* [[Institute for Theoretical Physics (disambiguation)]]
* [[Center for Theoretical Physics (disambiguation)]]
* [[List of physics awards]]
* [[List of physics awards]]

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==External links==
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*[http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/ Niels Bohr Institute (en)] [http://www.nbi.ku.dk Niels Bohr Institutet (dk)]
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*[http://dark.nbi.ku.dk/ Dark Cosmology Centre (en)]
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*[http://discoverycenter.nbi.ku.dk/ Discovery Center (en)]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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==External links==
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{{University of Copenhagen|academics|state = expanded}}
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* [http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/ Niels Bohr Institute (en)], [http://www.nbi.ku.dk Niels Bohr Institutet (dk)]
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* [http://dark.nbi.ku.dk/ Dark Cosmology Centre (en)]
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* [http://discoverycenter.nbi.ku.dk/ Discovery Center (en)]


* {{Official website|http://dawn.nbi.ku.dk}} (DAWN)
* [https://www.space.dtu.dk/ DTU Space]

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{{University of Copenhagen|academics|state = expanded}}
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{{Coord|55|41|49|N|12|34|18|E|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:University of Copenhagen]]
[[Category:University of Copenhagen]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Denmark]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Denmark]]
[[Category:Physics institutes]]
[[Category:Physics research institutes]]
[[Category:Niels Bohr]]
[[Category:Niels Bohr]]
[[Category:Physics awards]]
[[Category:Physics awards]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1921]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1921]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in Denmark]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in Denmark]]
[[Category:Theoretical physics institutes]]
[[Category:Theoretical physics institutes]]

Latest revision as of 16:14, 22 October 2024

The Niels Bohr Institute in 2005

The Niels Bohr Institute (Danish: Niels Bohr Institutet) is a research institute of the University of Copenhagen. The research of the institute spans astronomy, geophysics, nanotechnology, particle physics, quantum mechanics, and biophysics.

Overview

[edit]

The institute was founded in 1921, as the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen, by the Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr, who had been on the staff of the University of Copenhagen since 1914, and who had been lobbying for its creation since his appointment as professor in 1916. On the 80th anniversary of Niels Bohr's birth – October 7, 1965 – the Institute officially became the Niels Bohr Institute.[1] Much of its original funding came from the charitable foundation of the Carlsberg brewery, and later from the Rockefeller Foundation.[2]

During the 1920s, and 1930s, the institute was the center of the developing disciplines of atomic physics and quantum physics. Physicists from across Europe (and sometimes further abroad) often visited the institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is named after work done at the institute during this time.

Following his father's death in 1962, Aage Bohr succeeded him as director of the Niels Bohr Institute, a position he held until 1970. He remained active there until he retired in 1992.[3]

On January 1, 1993, the institute was merged with the Astronomic Observatory, the Ørsted Laboratory and the Geophysical Institute. The new resulting institute retained the name Niels Bohr Institute.

Research sections

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The research at the Niels Bohr Institute spans Astronomy, Geophysics, Nanophysics, Particles Physics, Quantum Physics and Biophysics.

Research at the institute is based on observations, fieldwork, laboratory experiments and theoretical models for the purpose of understanding basic laws and complex truths on this world. The Institute has a broad network of scientific cooperation, and a lively exchange of collaborators and guests with leading international research groups.

Astrophysics

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A broad spectrum of astronomy and astrophysics is researched at the Niels Bohr Institute – everything from the visible Universe such as planets, stars and galaxies – to the invisible universe and the presence of dark energy and dark matter.

The NBI astrophysicists participate in many international projects and have access to modern telescopes and satellites via, e.g. Denmark’s membership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the European Space Agency (ESA), and to state-of-the-art supercomputers.

Biocomplexity and Biophysics

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Biocomplexity is a cutting-edge area of research between physics and biology. By using the principles and methods of physics one can explore the living nature and biological phenomena.

Researchers at BioComplexity continuously explore the diversity of complex phenomena in biological, physical and social systems, including pattern formation, complex and chaotic dynamics, fluid dynamics, game theory, networks and econophysics.

Physics approaches are used to suggest and perform experiments and models of living systems. The systems range from proteins and gene regulation to larger-scale collective spatiotemporal structure formation. The research at the institute is often performed as a collaboration between physicists, biologists, medical doctors, and nanoscientists.

Condensed Matter Physics

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Condensed matter physics is concerned with the understanding of the physical properties of solids and liquids, both naturally occurring and artificially produced.

Condensed matter physics is the foundation for many every-day technologies, ranging from hardening of steel to integrated microchips. Modern research in condensed matter physics takes place in both large scale x-ray and neutron scattering facilities, as well as in locally based laboratories, where quantum phenomena are being explored at temperatures near absolute zero. There is a vivid exchange between condensed matter and neighboring research areas, including biophysics, nanoscience, chemistry, optics, and quantum information.

Experimental Particle Physics

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How was the universe created, which inflation scenario played out in the first split second, what happened during the quark-gluon plasma era? What is the source of the mass spectrum of fundamental particles of matter and forces? These are some of the questions particle physicists are looking for answers to.

The Particle Physicists work with the build up of matter in the early universe. They are searching for an explanation as to what the universe's smallest components were composed of in the first milliseconds after the Big Bang 14 billion years ago and what forces held them together.

Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth

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The section for the Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth at the Niels Bohr Institute studies the elements of the Earth and climate system – the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets and glaciers, sea ice, and the solid Earth itself – and the interactions between them.

Quantum Optics and Photonics

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The Quantum Optics section conducts experimental and theoretical research in Quantum Optics, in particular, in Quantum Information Processing, Quantum Sensors , and Quantum Technologies.

We use photons, from optics to microwaves interacting with a wide variety of quantum matter, such as quantum dots, single atoms, atomic ensembles and mechanical oscillators.

The overarching theme is generation and manipulation of non-classical entangled states for quantum simulation, sensing and communication. The research directions span from fundamental research to device engineering.

Theoretical high energy, astroparticle and gravitational physics

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The Theoretical high energy, astroparticle and gravitational physics at the Niels Bohr Institute is involved in a wide scope of research activities centered around quantum theories of gauge fields, gravity and astrophysics.

Research areas include scattering amplitudes, effective field theory, black holes, holography, lattice simulations, quantum gravity, integrability, astroparticle physics, and cosmology.

Research Centres

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Cosmic Dawn

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Logo of the Cosmic Dawn Center

The Cosmic Dawn Center is an Astronomy/Cosmology research center, founded as a collaboration between the University of Copenhagen and DTU Space of the Danish Technical University (DTU). The center is led by center director and NBI Professor Sune Toft and center co-director Thomas Greve, Professor at DTU and UCL.[4] The main objective of the center is to investigate the period known as the Cosmic Dawn (the transition period following the Cosmic Dark Ages),[5] i.e. the reionization of the Universe and the formation of the first galaxies, through observations as well as through theory and simulations.[6]

Goals

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Research conducted at the center is focused on the specific period in the history of the Universe known as the Cosmic Dawn. This largely unexplored period, 300-600 million years after the Big Bang is when the first stars, black holes, and galaxies are believed to have formed.[7][8] Many of the observations used by the center originate from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), one of the more powerful telescopes in the world.[9] In the future, the center aims to mainly use the James Webb Space Telescope[10][11] and the Euclid Telescope of the European Space Agency (ESA).[12] DAWN scientists were instrumental in the construction of three instruments (NIRSpec, MIRI and NIRISS) for the project,[13] and will be involved in the analysis of the first data from the telescope.[14]

Published research

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As of April 18, 2020, DAWN authors have published at least 187 refereed papers garnering 1602 citations, which, among others, can be found at the NASA/ADS library.[15]

  • Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst:[16]
  • Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars:[17]
  • Signatures of a jet cocoon in early spectra of a supernova associated with a γ-ray burst:[18]
  • Stellar Velocity Dispersion of a Massive Quenching Galaxy at z = 4.01:[19]

Medal of Honour

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Niels Bohr Institute Medal-A
Niels Bohr Institute Medal-R

in 2010, the year of the 125th anniversary of the birth of Niels Bohr, the institute established the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour. It is an annual award for "a particularly outstanding researcher who is working in the spirit of Niels Bohr: International cooperation and the exchange of knowledge".[20]

The medal is made by Danish sculptor Rikke Raben for the Niels Bohr Institute. On the front is a portrait of Niels Bohr, the atom sign and stars. The illustration on the back is inspired by a quote from Bohr: What is it that we human beings ultimately depend on? We depend on our words. We are suspended in language. Our task is to communicate experience and ideas to others.[21] On the back of the medal: Unity of Knowledge – the title of a lecture given by Bohr at Columbia University in 1954. Nosce te ipsum is Latin and means "know thyself". This quote originates from the Oracle of Delphi, in the Temple of Apollo in Greece.

Recipients:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Bohr Institute" in John L. Heilbron, The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (Oxford University Press, 2003), ISBN 978-0199743766, pp. 103–104. Excerpts available at Google Books.
  2. ^ Abraham Pais, "Physics in Denmark: The First Four Hundred Years", lecture delivered March 6, 1996, reprinted at Nobelprize.org, February 21, 2002.
  3. ^ Anderson, Morten Garly (September 10, 2009). "Nobelprisvinderen Aage Bohr er død ("Nobel Prize winner Aage Bohr has died")". Viden (in Danish). Archived from the original on September 13, 2009.
  4. ^ "Thomas Greve profile at UCL", University College London, April 15, 2020
  5. ^ Space.com article on the Cosmic Dawn and the formation of the first stars, April 15, 2020
  6. ^ "The Cosmic Dawn Center profile on Nature", Nature, March 14, 2020
  7. ^ Wall, Mike (February 28, 2018), "Cosmic Dawn: Astronomers Find Fingerprints of Universe's First Stars", Space.com, retrieved April 15, 2020
  8. ^ Lemonick, Michael D. (December 14, 2012). "Cosmic Dawn: How the Universe's Lights Went On". Time Magazine. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  9. ^ Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (March 9, 2019), "Cosmic Dawn", National Geographic, retrieved April 15, 2020
  10. ^ ESA JWST Workshops, April 15, 2020
  11. ^ NASA JWST will explore the Cosmic Dawn, April 15, 2020
  12. ^ "Arianespace and ESA announce the Euclid satellite's launch contract for dark energy exploration". esa.int. January 7, 2020.
  13. ^ James Webb Space Telescope, retrieved April 15, 2020
  14. ^ "Cosmic Dawn Center - Research at DAWN". dawn.nbi.ku.dk. July 19, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  15. ^ "ADS paper search with aff:"cosmic dawn center"". Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  16. ^ Acciari, V.A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L.A.; et al. (November 2019). "Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst". Nature. 575 (7783): 459–463. arXiv:2006.07251. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..459M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1754-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31748725. S2CID 208191199.
  17. ^ Watson, D.; Hansen, C.J.; Selsing, J.; et al. (October 2019). "Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars". Nature. 574 (7779): 497–500. arXiv:1910.10510. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..497W. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1676-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31645733. S2CID 204837882.
  18. ^ Izzo, L.; de Ugarte Postigo, A.; Maeda, K.; et al. (January 2019). "Signatures of a jet cocoon in early spectra of a supernova associated with a γ-ray burst". Nature. 565 (7739): 324–327. arXiv:1901.05500. Bibcode:2019Natur.565..324I. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0826-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 30651614. S2CID 58014290.
  19. ^ Tanaka, Masayuki; Valentino, Francesco; Toft, Sune; et al. (November 6, 2019). "Stellar Velocity Dispersion of a Massive Quenching Galaxy at z = 4.01". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (2): L34. arXiv:1909.10721. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885L..34T. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab4ff3. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 202734496.
  20. ^ a b Professor Ignacio Cirac receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, Niels Bohr Institute, January 9, 2013
  21. ^ Aage Petersen, 'the philosophy of Niels Bohr' in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1963, XIX,7, p.10. It is quoted on the inside of the medal box.
  22. ^ Leo Kadanoff receives the Niels Bohr Institute's first honorary medal, Niels Bohr Institute, June 21, 2010
  23. ^ Andre Geim receives Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, Niels Bohr Institute, December 8, 2011
  24. ^ Fabiola Gianotti receives the Niels Bohr Institute's honorary medal, Niels Bohr Institute, November 1, 2013
  25. ^ Jérôme Chappellaz receives the Niels Bohr Institute's medal of honour, Niels Bohr Institute, November 26, 2014
  26. ^ Brian Schmidt receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, 2015, Niels Bohr Institute, January 29, 2016
  27. ^ Gerard ’t Hooft receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, 2016 Archived December 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Niels Bohr Institute, November 30, 2016
  28. ^ Jürgen Schukraft receives the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour, 2017
  29. ^ Prof. David R. Nelson is awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour for 2019
  30. ^ Paul J. Steinhardt is awarded the Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honour 2020
  31. ^ JILA Fellow Jun Ye is awarded the 2021 Niels Bohr Institute Medal of Honor
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55°41′49″N 12°34′18″E / 55.69694°N 12.57167°E / 55.69694; 12.57167

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