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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Spondias_mombin_MS4005.JPG
| image = Spondias_mombin_MS4005.JPG
| image_caption = ''S. mombin'', fruiting.
| image_caption = ''S. mombin'', fruiting
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Spondias mombin'' |page=e.T61984209A149039998 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61984209A149039998.en |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Spondias
| genus = Spondias
| species = mombin
| species = mombin
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Spondias aurantiaca'' <small>Schumach. & Thonn.</small>
* ''Spondias aurantiaca'' <small>Schumach. & Thonn.</small>
*''Spondias dubia'' <small>A. Rich.</small>
* ''Spondias dubia'' <small>A. Rich.</small>
*''Spondias graveolens'' <small>Macfad.</small>
* ''Spondias graveolens'' <small>Macfad.</small>
*''Spondias lutea'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Spondias lutea'' <small>L.</small>
*''Spondias oghigee'' <small>G. Don</small>
* ''Spondias oghigee'' <small>G. Don</small>
*''Spondias pseudomyrobalanus'' <small>Tussac</small>
* ''Spondias pseudomyrobalanus'' <small>Tussac</small>
}}
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2480696 hog plum
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2480696
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|title=Spondias mombin L.
|website=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=June 27, 2014}}</ref>
|accessdate=June 27, 2014
|archive-date=February 19, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219084851/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2480696
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Spondias mombin''''', also known as '''yellow mombin''' or '''[[hog plum]]''' is a [[species]] of tree and [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Anacardiaceae]]. It is native to the tropical [[Americas]], including the [[West Indies]]. The tree was introduced by the Portuguese in South Asia in the beginning of the 17th century. It has been [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in parts of [[Africa]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Indonesia]], and other Caribbean islands. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the [[Brazilian Northeast]].
'''''Spondias mombin''''', also known as '''yellow mombin''', '''[[hog plum]]''', '''amra''' or '''cajazeira''', is a [[species]] of tree and [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Anacardiaceae]]. It is native to the tropical [[Americas]], including the [[West Indies]]. The tree was introduced by the Portuguese in South Asia in the beginning of the 17th century. It has been [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in parts of [[Africa]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Indonesia]], and other Caribbean islands. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the [[Brazilian Northeast]].


The mature fruit has a leathery skin and a thin layer of pulp. The seed has an oil content of 31.5%.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00147-5 | volume=86 | issue=2 | title=Characterization and viscosity parameters of seed oils from wild plants | journal=Bioresource Technology | pages=203–205| year=2003 | last1=Eromosele | first1=C.O | last2=Paschal | first2=N.H }}</ref>
The mature fruit has a leathery skin and a thin layer of pulp. The seed has an oil content of 31.5%.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00147-5 | volume=86 | issue=2 | title=Characterization and viscosity parameters of seed oils from wild plants | journal=Bioresource Technology | pages=203–205| year=2003 | last1=Eromosele | first1=C.O | last2=Paschal | first2=N.H | pmid=12653289 | bibcode=2003BiTec..86..203E }}</ref>


== Description==
== Description ==
[[File:Spondias mombin, cajá - Flickr - Tarciso Leão (11).jpg|thumb|Flowers of ''Spondias mombin'']]
⚫
''Spondias mombin'' is a small deciduous tree up to {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in girth, and is moderately buttressed. Its bark is thick, corky, and deeply fissured. When slashed, it is pale pink, darkening rapidly. Branches are low and branchlets are glabrous. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-8 leaflets opposite pairs with a terminal leaflet, {{convert|10|x|5|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}}, oblong or oblong lanceolate, broadly acuminate, glabrous. The flowers bloom January to May and are sweet-scented, in large, lax terminal panicles of small white flowers. Fruits appear July to September and are nearly {{convert|4|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long, ovoid yellow, acid, wrinkled when dry. The fruits have a sharp, somewhat acid taste and are edible. Their flesh surrounds a single spiny kernel.
[[File:Starr-090720-3127-Spondias mombin-flowers and fruit-Wailuku-Maui (24343438253).jpg|thumb|Flowers and fruits of ''Spondias mombin'']]

⚫
''Spondias mombin'' also known as the hog plum is a small [[deciduous]] tree up to {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in girth, and is moderately buttressed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/hog-plum |title=Hog plum |date=2017-08-22 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2021-03-19 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225063145/https://www.britannica.com/plant/hog-plum |url-status=live }}</ref> Its bark is thick, corky, and deeply fissured. When slashed, it is pale pink, darkening rapidly. Branches are low and branchlets are glabrous. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-8 leaflets opposite pairs with a terminal leaflet, {{convert|10|x|5|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}}, oblong or oblong lanceolate, broadly acuminate, glabrous. The flowers bloom January to May and are sweet-scented, in large, lax terminal panicles of small white flowers. Fruits appear July to September and are nearly {{convert|4|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long, ovoid yellow, acid, wrinkled when dry. The fruits have a sharp, somewhat acid taste and are edible. Their flesh surrounds a single spiny kernel.{{cn|date=August 2024}}


==Use as food==
==Use as food==
⚫
The fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, [[Gelatin dessert|jellies]], and [[Sharbat (beverage)|sherbet]]s.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
⚫
[[File:Bai makok.jpg|thumb|left|''Bai makok'', the name for the leaves of the ''Spondias mombin'' in [[Thai language|Thai]]]]
⚫
[[File:2013 Tam Lao.jpg|thumb|left|The fruit, of which the seed can easily be seen in this image, can also be used for making [[green papaya salad]] in Thailand and Laos]]
⚫
[[File:Jobo_(Spondias_mombin)_fruit.JPG|thumb|left|Green fruits in a supermarket in the Dominican Republic]]
⚫
[[File:Yellow_Mombin_(Spondias_mombin)_fruit.JPG|thumb|left|Ripe fruits]]
⚫
The fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, [[Gelatin dessert|jellies]], and [[sherbet (drink)|sherbet]]s.


In [[Thailand]] this fruit is called ''makok'' ({{lang-th|มะกอก}}) and is used in ''[[som tam]]'' as a secondary ingredient. The young leaves, which taste slightly bitter and sour, are sometimes served raw together with certain types of ''[[nam phrik]]'' (Thai chilli pastes). It is also served with chilli powder in [[Bangladesh]] where the fruit is known as ''আমড়া'' (Amṛa)''.
In [[Nepal]] this fruit is called '''''Lapsi (लप्सी )''''' also ''amaaro'' in some other regions. This fruit pulp is mainly used for pickle called '''''Lapsi ko achaar (लप्सीको अचार )''''' and also as a dried fruit called '''''Lapsi Ko Maada (लप्सीको माड़ा )'''.'' In [[Thailand]] this fruit is called ''makok'' ({{langx|th|มะกอก}}) and is used in ''[[som tam]]'' as a secondary ingredient. The young leaves, which taste slightly bitter and sour, are sometimes served raw together with certain types of ''[[nam phrik]]'' (Thai chili pastes). It is also served with chili powder in [[Bangladesh]] where the fruit is known as আমড়া (amṛa). In India, it is known as ''Amado'' in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], ''അമ്പഴം'' (ambazham) in [[Malayalam]] and, ''omora'' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. {{cn|date=August 2024}}


As a member of the Sumac family (Anacardiaceae), exposure to the sap of this species may result in an identical allergic reaction to that of the [[Toxicodendron radicans|poison ivy]] plant. Those with a known sensitivity to [[urushiol]] should exercise caution in consuming or handling this species.
As a member of the sumac family (Anacardiaceae), exposure to the sap of this species may result in an identical allergic reaction to that of the [[Toxicodendron radicans|poison ivy]] plant. Those with a known sensitivity to [[urushiol]] should exercise caution in consuming or handling this species.{{cn|date=August 2024}}


==Traditional medicine==
==Traditional medicine==
In traditional medicine, ''Spondias mombin'' has had a variety of uses. The fruit has been used as a [[diuretic]] and [[febrifuge]].<ref name=Ayoka>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.bioline.org.br/request?md08018 | title = Medicinal and Economic Value of Spondias mombin | journal = African Journal of Biomedical Research | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | date = 2008 | pages = 129–136 | author = Ayoka A.O, Akomolafe R.O, Akinsomisoye O.S & Ukponmwan O.E }}</ref> The bark is [[astringent]] and used as an [[emetic]] and for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, and leukorrhea.<ref name=Ayoka/> The flowers and leaves are used to make a tea for stomach ache, biliousness, urethritis, cystitis, and inflammation.<ref name=Ayoka/>
In traditional medicine, ''Spondias mombin'' has had a variety of uses. The fruit has been used as a [[diuretic]] and [[febrifuge]].<ref name=Ayoka>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.bioline.org.br/request?md08018 | title = Medicinal and Economic Value of Spondias mombin | journal = African Journal of Biomedical Research | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | date = 2008 | pages = 129–136 | author = Ayoka A.O, Akomolafe R.O, Akinsomisoye O.S & Ukponmwan O.E | access-date = 2017-11-04 | archive-date = 2017-11-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031237/http://www.bioline.org.br/request?md08018 | url-status = live }}</ref> The bark is [[astringent]] and used as an [[emetic]] and for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, and leukorrhea.<ref name=Ayoka/> The flowers and leaves are used to make a tea for stomach ache, biliousness, urethritis, cystitis, and inflammation.<ref name=Ayoka/>


==Language==
==Common names==
''Spondias mombin'' has several common names. Throughout the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, except [[Cuba]] where they are called Ciruelas, in [[Costa Rica]] and in [[Mexico]] it is called '''''jobo''''' (derived from the [[Carib language]] <ref>[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?LEMA=hobo Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary]</ref>). In [[El Salvador]], it is called '''''Jocote de Corona'''''. Among the English-speaking Caribbean islands it is known as '''''yellow mombin'''''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SPMO4|taxon=Spondias mombin|accessdate=27 November 2015}}</ref> or '''''hog plum.''''' In [[Jamaica]] it is also called '''''Spanish plum''''', '''''gully plum''''' or '''''coolie plum'''''. In Surinam the fruit is called '''''Mope'''''. In [[Brazil]], the fruit is known by several different names, such as '''''cajá''''', '''''taperebá''''' and '''''ambaló'''''. In [[Peru]], it is known as '''''uvos''''' or '''''mango ciruelo'''''. In [[Ghana]], it is hog plum or '''''Ashanti plum'''''. It is called "Akukor" in the Ewe language of Ghana. In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], it is called ''আমড়া'' (Amṛa). In [[Nigeria]], the fruit is called '''''Iyeye''''' or '''''Yeye''''' in the [[Yoruba language]],<ref>See Ayoka ''et al.'' (2008, p.130), Oladele (2008, p.5). Note that Aiyeloja & Ajewole (2006, p.57) give ''agbalumo'' as the local name in [[Osun State]], however other sources identify agbalumo elsewhere in Nigeria with the African star apple, ''Chrysophyllum alibidum'' and [[Chrysophyllum|related species]]; see for example Aiyeloja & Bello (2006, p.18) and Oyelade ''et al.'' (2005).</ref> '''''ngulungwu''''' in [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and '''''isada''''' in [[Hausa language|Hausa]].<ref>Aiyeloja & Bello (2006, p.19) {{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref> Other common names include '''''hug plum''''', '''''true yellow mombin''''', '''''golden apple''''' or '''''Java plum''''', '''''Ambaralla (ඇඹරැල්ල)''''' in [[Sri Lanka]]. In [[Somalia]], it is called '''''Isbaandes'''''. In Panama it is called jobo. In "habla congo" of palo mayombe in Cuba, it is called '''''nkunia guenguere kunansieto'''', ciruela. In Palauan, it is called titimel.
''Spondias mombin'' has several common names. Throughout most of the Spanish-speaking [[Caribbean]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], and parts of [[Mexico]] it called '''''jobo''''', derived from the [[Carib language]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?LEMA=hobo |title=Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary |access-date=2008-02-28 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609015007/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?LEMA=hobo |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Northern Mexico]] and most of [[Cuba]] it is called '''''ciruela'''''. In the [[Habla Congo]] language of the [[Palo Mayombe]] religion in Cuba, it is called '''''nkunia guenguere kunansieto'<nowiki/>'''. In [[Nepal]] it is called Amara '''<big>(अमरा )</big>'''.'' In [[Costa Rica]] it is called '''''yuplón''''' after the English name ''gully plum''. In [[El Salvador]], it is called '''''Jocote de Corona'''''. Among the English-speaking Caribbean islands it is known as '''''yellow mombin'''''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SPMO4|taxon=Spondias mombin|accessdate=27 November 2015}}</ref> or '''''hog plum.''''' In [[Jamaica]] it is also called '''''Spanish plum''''', '''''gully plum''''' or '''''coolie plum'''''. In [[Suriname]] the fruit is called '''''Mope'''''. In [[Brazil]], the fruit is known by several different names, such as '''''cajá''''', '''''taperebá''''' and '''''ambaló'''''. In [[Peru]], it is known as '''''uvos''''' or '''''mango ciruelo'''''. In [[Ghana]], it is known as the hog plum or '''''Ashanti plum''''', or '''''Akukor''''' in the [[Ewe language|Ewe]]-speaking regions. In [[Nigeria]], the fruit is called '''''Ughighen''''' in the [[Urhobo language]], '''''Iyeye''''' or'''''Yeye''''' in the [[Yoruba language]],<ref>See Ayoka ''et al.'' (2008, p.130), Oladele (2008, p.5). Note that Aiyeloja & Ajewole (2006, p.57) give ''agbalumo'' as the local name in [[Osun State]], however other sources identify agbalumo elsewhere in Nigeria with the African star apple, ''Chrysophyllum alibidum'' and [[Chrysophyllum|related species]]; see for example Aiyeloja & Bello (2006, p.18) and Oyelade ''et al.'' (2005).</ref> '''''ngulungwu''''' in [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and '''''isada''''' in [[Hausa language|Hausa]].<ref name="enugu">{{cite journal |last1=Aiyeloja |first1=Adedapo Ayo |last2=Bello |first2=Oluwakemi A. |date=April 2006 |title=Ethnobotanical potentials of common herbs in Nigeria: A case study of Enugu state |journal=Educational Research Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=16–22 |s2cid=145810828}}</ref> In [[Somalia]], it is called '''''Isbaandhees'''''. In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], it is called '''''Amṛa (আমড়া)'''''. In the southern Indian state of [[Kerala]] it is called '''''Ambazhanga [[:ml:അമ്പഴം|(അമ്പഴങ്ങ)]]'''''. In [[Kannada]] it is called '''''AmateKaayi''''' '''''(ಅಮಟೆ ಕಾಯಿ)'''''. In [[Goa]] it is known as '''''Ambadde'''''. In [[Telugu language|Telugu]], it is called '''''karakkaya''' '''(కరక్కాయ)'''.'' In [[Sri Lanka]], it is called '''''Ambaralla (ඇඹරැල්ල)'''.'' In [[Palauan language|Palauan]], it is called '''''titimel'''.'' Other common names include '''''hug plum''''', '''''true yellow mombin''''', '''''golden apple''''' or '''''Java plum'''.''

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=120 |height=100
|align=center
⚫
|File:Bai makok.jpg|''Bai makok'', the name for the leaves of the ''Spondias mombin'' in [[Thai language|Thai]]|
⚫
|File:2013 Tam Lao.jpg|The fruit, of which the seed can easily be seen in this image, can also be used for making [[green papaya salad]] in Thailand and Laos |
⚫
|File:Jobo_(Spondias_mombin)_fruit.JPG|Green fruits in a supermarket in the Dominican Republic
⚫
|File:Yellow_Mombin_(Spondias_mombin)_fruit.JPG|Ripe fruits
|File:Buds of Spondias mombin.jpg|Buds of ''Spondias mombin''
|File:Spondias mombin bdl.jpg|As ''Spondias mombin'' is a Deciduous Tree, it loses all of its leaves for a part of the year.
|File:Spondias mombin bd.jpg|As ''Spondias mombin'' is a Deciduous Tree, the leaves are turning yellow.
}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil]]
* [[List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil]]
* [[Amazonian cuisine]]
* [[Amazonian cuisine]]
*''[[Spondias purpurea]]'' (Purple mombin)
* ''[[Spondias purpurea]]'' (Purple mombin)
*''[[Spondias tuberosa]]'' (Umbú)
* ''[[Spondias tuberosa]]'' (Umbú)
*''[[Spondias pinnata]]'' (India)
* ''[[Spondias pinnata]]'' (India)


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list -->
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. -->
: {{cite conference |author=Oladele, O.I. |year=2008 |title=Contribution of Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Household food security and Health among Rural Dwellers in Oyo State, Nigeria |url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/Symposium2008/1-2-OladeleNUS_full_Paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314073043/http://icuc-iwmi.org/symposium2008/1-2-oladelenus_full_paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-14 |conference=International Symposium "Underutilized plants for food, nutrition, income and sustainable development", Arusha, Tanzania 3–7 March 2008 |conferenceurl=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/Symposium2008/ |booktitle=Symposium Proceedings, online publication of presented papers |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka |publisher=[[International Centre for Underutilised Crops]] (ICUC) }}
* {{cite conference |author=Oladele, O.I. |year=2008 |title=Contribution of Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Household food security and Health among Rural Dwellers in Oyo State, Nigeria |url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/Symposium2008/1-2-OladeleNUS_full_Paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314073043/http://icuc-iwmi.org/symposium2008/1-2-oladelenus_full_paper.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-14 |conference=International Symposium "Underutilized plants for food, nutrition, income and sustainable development", Arusha, Tanzania 3–7 March 2008 |conference-url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/Symposium2008/ |book-title=Symposium Proceedings, online publication of presented papers |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka |publisher=[[International Centre for Underutilised Crops]] (ICUC) }}
: {{cite journal |author=Oyelade, O.J. |author2=P.O. Odugbenro |author3=A.O. Abioye |author4=N.L. Raji |date=April 2005|title=Some physical properties of African star apple (''Chrysophyllum alibidum'') seeds |journal=[[Journal of Food Engineering]] |location=London |publisher=[[Elsevier Science]] |volume=67|issue=4|pages=435–440 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.046 |oclc=108380173}}
* {{cite journal |author=Oyelade, O.J. |author2=P.O. Odugbenro |author3=A.O. Abioye |author4=N.L. Raji |date=April 2005|title=Some physical properties of African star apple (''Chrysophyllum alibidum'') seeds |journal=[[Journal of Food Engineering]] |location=London |publisher=[[Elsevier Science]] |volume=67|issue=4|pages=435–440 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.046 |oclc=108380173}}
: {{Cite journal |author=Adepoju, O.T.|author2=O.E. Oyewole |year=2008 |title=Nutrient Composition and Acceptability Study of Fortified Jams from Spondias Mombin (Hog Plum, ''Iyeye'' in Yoruba) Fruit Pulp |journal=Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Science |volume=29|issue=2|pages=180–189|issn=0189-0913}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Adepoju, O.T.|author2=O.E. Oyewole |year=2008 |title=Nutrient Composition and Acceptability Study of Fortified Jams from Spondias Mombin (Hog Plum, ''Iyeye'' in Yoruba) Fruit Pulp |journal=Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Science |volume=29|issue=2|pages=180–189|issn=0189-0913}}
: {{Cite book |author=Tolu Odugbemi |year=2008 |title=Outlines and Pictures of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria |publisher= University of Lagos Press |page=119|isbn=978-978-48712-7-3}}
* {{Cite book |author=Tolu Odugbemi |year=2008 |title=Outlines and Pictures of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria |publisher= University of Lagos Press |page=119|isbn=978-978-48712-7-3}}


{{Refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->
{{Refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->
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[[Category:Trees of Central America]]
[[Category:Trees of Central America]]
[[Category:Trees of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Trees of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Trees of North America]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[Category:Trees of South America]]
[[Category:Trees of South America]]
[[Category:Trees of Belize]]
[[Category:Trees of Belize]]
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[[Category:Trees of Peru]]
[[Category:Trees of Peru]]
[[Category:Trees of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Trees of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Trees of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of the Amazon]]
[[Category:Flora of the Amazon]]
[[Category:Flora of the Cerrado]]
[[Category:Flora of the Cerrado]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]

Latest revision as of 08:39, 17 December 2024

Spondias mombin
S. mombin, fruiting
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Spondias
Species:
S. mombin
Binomial name
Spondias mombin
Synonyms[2]
  • Spondias aurantiaca Schumach. & Thonn.
  • Spondias dubia A. Rich.
  • Spondias graveolens Macfad.
  • Spondias lutea L.
  • Spondias oghigee G. Don
  • Spondias pseudomyrobalanus Tussac

Spondias mombin, also known as yellow mombin, hog plum, amra or cajazeira, is a species of tree and flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies. The tree was introduced by the Portuguese in South Asia in the beginning of the 17th century. It has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, The Bahamas, Indonesia, and other Caribbean islands. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the Brazilian Northeast.

The mature fruit has a leathery skin and a thin layer of pulp. The seed has an oil content of 31.5%.[3]

Description

[edit]
Flowers of Spondias mombin
Flowers and fruits of Spondias mombin

Spondias mombin also known as the hog plum is a small deciduous tree up to 20 m (66 ft) high and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in girth, and is moderately buttressed.[4] Its bark is thick, corky, and deeply fissured. When slashed, it is pale pink, darkening rapidly. Branches are low and branchlets are glabrous. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-8 leaflets opposite pairs with a terminal leaflet, 10 cm × 5 cm (4 in × 2 in), oblong or oblong lanceolate, broadly acuminate, glabrous. The flowers bloom January to May and are sweet-scented, in large, lax terminal panicles of small white flowers. Fruits appear July to September and are nearly 4 cm (1.5 in) long, ovoid yellow, acid, wrinkled when dry. The fruits have a sharp, somewhat acid taste and are edible. Their flesh surrounds a single spiny kernel.[citation needed]

Use as food

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The fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, jellies, and sherbets.[citation needed]

In Nepal this fruit is called Lapsi (लप्सी ) also amaaro in some other regions. This fruit pulp is mainly used for pickle called Lapsi ko achaar (लप्सीको अचार ) and also as a dried fruit called Lapsi Ko Maada (लप्सीको माड़ा ). In Thailand this fruit is called makok (Thai: มะกอก) and is used in som tam as a secondary ingredient. The young leaves, which taste slightly bitter and sour, are sometimes served raw together with certain types of nam phrik (Thai chili pastes). It is also served with chili powder in Bangladesh where the fruit is known as আমড়া (amṛa). In India, it is known as Amado in Konkani, അമ്പഴം (ambazham) in Malayalam and, omora in Assamese. [citation needed]

As a member of the sumac family (Anacardiaceae), exposure to the sap of this species may result in an identical allergic reaction to that of the poison ivy plant. Those with a known sensitivity to urushiol should exercise caution in consuming or handling this species.[citation needed]

Traditional medicine

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In traditional medicine, Spondias mombin has had a variety of uses. The fruit has been used as a diuretic and febrifuge.[5] The bark is astringent and used as an emetic and for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, and leukorrhea.[5] The flowers and leaves are used to make a tea for stomach ache, biliousness, urethritis, cystitis, and inflammation.[5]

Common names

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Spondias mombin has several common names. Throughout most of the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and parts of Mexico it called jobo, derived from the Carib language.[6] In Northern Mexico and most of Cuba it is called ciruela. In the Habla Congo language of the Palo Mayombe religion in Cuba, it is called nkunia guenguere kunansieto'. In Nepal it is called Amara (अमरा ). In Costa Rica it is called yuplón after the English name gully plum. In El Salvador, it is called Jocote de Corona. Among the English-speaking Caribbean islands it is known as yellow mombin[7] or hog plum. In Jamaica it is also called Spanish plum, gully plum or coolie plum. In Suriname the fruit is called Mope. In Brazil, the fruit is known by several different names, such as cajá, taperebá and ambaló. In Peru, it is known as uvos or mango ciruelo. In Ghana, it is known as the hog plum or Ashanti plum, or Akukor in the Ewe-speaking regions. In Nigeria, the fruit is called Ughighen in the Urhobo language, Iyeye orYeye in the Yoruba language,[8] ngulungwu in Igbo and isada in Hausa.[9] In Somalia, it is called Isbaandhees. In Bengali, it is called Amṛa (আমড়া). In the southern Indian state of Kerala it is called Ambazhanga (അമ്പഴങ്ങ). In Kannada it is called AmateKaayi (ಅಮಟೆ ಕಾಯಿ). In Goa it is known as Ambadde. In Telugu, it is called karakkaya (కరక్కాయ). In Sri Lanka, it is called Ambaralla (ඇඹරැල්ල). In Palauan, it is called titimel. Other common names include hug plum, true yellow mombin, golden apple or Java plum.

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  • Bai makok, the name for the leaves of the Spondias mombin in Thai
    Bai makok, the name for the leaves of the Spondias mombin in Thai
  • Green fruits in a supermarket in the Dominican Republic
    Green fruits in a supermarket in the Dominican Republic
  • Ripe fruits
    Ripe fruits
  • Buds of Spondias mombin
    Buds of Spondias mombin
  • As Spondias mombin is a Deciduous Tree, it loses all of its leaves for a part of the year.
    As Spondias mombin is a Deciduous Tree, it loses all of its leaves for a part of the year.
  • As Spondias mombin is a Deciduous Tree, the leaves are turning yellow.
    As Spondias mombin is a Deciduous Tree, the leaves are turning yellow.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI); IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Spondias mombin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61984209A149039998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61984209A149039998.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Spondias mombin L." The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  3. ^ Eromosele, C.O; Paschal, N.H (2003). "Characterization and viscosity parameters of seed oils from wild plants". Bioresource Technology. 86 (2): 203–205. Bibcode:2003BiTec..86..203E. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00147-5. PMID 12653289.
  4. ^ "Hog plum". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2017-08-22. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  5. ^ a b c Ayoka A.O, Akomolafe R.O, Akinsomisoye O.S & Ukponmwan O.E (2008). "Medicinal and Economic Value of Spondias mombin". African Journal of Biomedical Research. 11 (2): 129–136. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-04.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
  7. ^ NRCS. "Spondias mombin". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  8. ^ See Ayoka et al. (2008, p.130), Oladele (2008, p.5). Note that Aiyeloja & Ajewole (2006, p.57) give agbalumo as the local name in Osun State, however other sources identify agbalumo elsewhere in Nigeria with the African star apple, Chrysophyllum alibidum and related species; see for example Aiyeloja & Bello (2006, p.18) and Oyelade et al. (2005).
  9. ^ Aiyeloja, Adedapo Ayo; Bello, Oluwakemi A. (April 2006). "Ethnobotanical potentials of common herbs in Nigeria: A case study of Enugu state". Educational Research Review. 1 (1): 16–22. S2CID 145810828.

References

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