Jump to content

Agni-III: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
fix
GreenC bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,552,696 edits
 
(68 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Indian intermediate-range ballistic missile}}
{{Short description|Indian intermediate-range ballistic missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
| is_missile = yes
|name=''Agni-III''
| name = Agni-III
|image=Agni-3 test launch (cropped).jpg
| image = Agni-III Republic day.jpg
|caption=Agni-III missile test fired on 21 September 2012
| caption = 21 September 2012 Agni-III missile test
|origin= India
| origin = India
|type=[[Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile]]
| type = [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]]
|used_by=[[Strategic Forces Command]]
| used_by = [[Strategic Forces Command]]
|designer=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost={{INRConvert|250|m|0}} – {{INRConvert|350|m|0}}<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040830/asp/nation/story_3694401.asp | title = Technical tune to Agni test before talks | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | publisher = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=30 August 2004| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071211004418/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040830/asp/nation/story_3694401.asp| archivedate= 11 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| unit_cost = {{INRConvert|250|m|0}} – {{INRConvert|350|m|0}}<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040830/asp/nation/story_3694401.asp | title = Technical tune to Agni test before talks | access-date = 2007-12-13 | work = The Telegraph| location=Calcutta, India | date=30 August 2004| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071211004418/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040830/asp/nation/story_3694401.asp| archive-date= 11 December 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
|production_date=
| production_date =
|service=Active<ref name=agni5next>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=Agni-V next|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20110325280610000.htm&date=fl2806/&prd=fline&|accessdate=30 April 2012|newspaper=Frontline, [[The Hindu]]|date=2006}}</ref>
| service = Active<ref name=agni5next>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|title=Agni-V next|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20110325280610000.htm&date=fl2806/&prd=fline&|access-date=30 April 2012|newspaper=Frontline, [[The Hindu]]|year=2006}}</ref>
|weight=50,000 kg<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test fires nuclear-capable Agni III ballistic missile|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-agni-iii-ballistic-missile/|work=The Indian Express|agency=PTI|date=16 April 2015}}</ref>
| weight = 50,000 kg<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test fires nuclear-capable Agni III ballistic missile|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-agni-iii-ballistic-missile/|work=The Indian Express|agency=Press Trust of India|date=16 April 2015}}</ref>
|length=17 m<ref name=yah>{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20100207/812/tnl-india-tests-long-range-nuclear-capab.html |title=India tests long-range nuclear-capable Agni-III missile |accessdate=2010-02-07 |publisher=Yahoo News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209013741/http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20100207/812/tnl-india-tests-long-range-nuclear-capab.html |archivedate=9 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
| length = 17 m<ref name=yah>{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20100207/812/tnl-india-tests-long-range-nuclear-capab.html |title=India tests long-range nuclear-capable Agni-III missile |access-date=2010-02-07 |publisher=Yahoo News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209013741/http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20100207/812/tnl-india-tests-long-range-nuclear-capab.html |archive-date=9 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|diameter=2.0 m<ref name=yah />
| diameter = 2.0 m<ref name=yah />
|wingspan=
| wingspan =
|engine= Multi-stage [[solid rocket]]
| engine = Multi-stage [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid-propellant]]
|propellant= [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]]<ref name="Norbert Brügge"/>
| propellant = [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]]<ref name="Norbert Brügge"/>
| speed =
|speed=5–6&nbsp;km/s <ref>{{cite web|last=Vishwakarma |first=Arun |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Images/Indian_Long_Range_StrategicMissiles_-Agni-III_r11.pdf |title=Indian Long Range Strategic Missiles |format=PDF |publisher=[[Lancer Publishers & Distributors|Lancer Publishers and Distributors]] |accessdate=2007-12-13 |date=1 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129142104/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Images/Indian_Long_Range_StrategicMissiles_-Agni-III_r11.pdf |archivedate=29 November 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
|vehicle_range=3,500&nbsp;km – 5,000&nbsp;km<ref name="expressindia.com">{{cite web | url= http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70753 | title= Agni-III test fired by India | publisher = The Indian Express | accessdate=2006-07-09 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060713203339/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70753| archivedate= 13 July 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| vehicle_range = 3,500&nbsp;km – 5,000&nbsp;km<ref name="expressindia.com">{{cite web | url= http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70753 | title= Agni-III test fired by India | work = The Indian Express| access-date=2006-07-09 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060713203339/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70753| archive-date= 13 July 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>
|ceiling=
| ceiling =
|altitude= > 450&nbsp;km<ref name="hindu102369" />
| altitude = > 450&nbsp;km<ref name="hindu102369" />
|filling= Conventional, [[Thermobaric weapon|thermobaric]], [[strategic nuclear weapon]]
| filling = Conventional, [[Thermobaric weapon|thermobaric]], [[strategic nuclear weapon|nuclear]]
| filling_weight = 2,490 kg<ref name=armytech>{{cite news|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/agniballisticmissile/?cf-view |title=Agni Ballistic Missile System |access-date=2024-04-30 |publisher=Army Technology}}</ref>
|guidance= [[Ring laser gyro]] [[inertial navigation system]]. Optionally augmented by [[GPS]]/[[NAVIC]] [[satellite guidance]]. <br/>'''Terminal:''' Radar scene correlation, [[imaging infrared]], [[active radar homing]]<ref name="missilethreat.csis.org">https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-3/</ref>
| guidance = {{ubl|'''Mid-course:''' [[Ring laser gyroscope]] [[inertial navigation system]], optionally augmented by [[GPS]]/[[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]] [[Guided bomb|satellite guidance]]|'''Terminal:''' Imaging [[infrared homing]], radar scene correlation, [[active radar homing]]<ref name="missilethreat.csis.org">{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-3/|title=Agni-3|website=Missile Threat}}</ref>}}
|steering= Flex-nozzle [[thrust vectoring]] (first and second stage)<ref name="Norbert Brügge">{{cite web|last1=Brügge |first1=Norbert |title=India's solid-fuel ballistic missile-family "Agni" |url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/Agni/ |website=Presentation of Space Launch Vehicles |accessdate=29 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114659/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/Agni/ |archivedate=8 December 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| steering = Flex-nozzle [[thrust vectoring]] (first and second stage)<ref name="Norbert Brügge">{{cite web|last1=Brügge |first1=Norbert |title=India's solid-fuel ballistic missile-family "Agni" |url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/Agni/ |website=Presentation of Space Launch Vehicles |access-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114659/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/Agni/ |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
|accuracy= 40&nbsp;m [[Circular error probable|CEP]]<ref name="missilethreat.csis.org">https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-3/</ref>
| accuracy = 40&nbsp;m [[Circular error probable|CEP]]<ref name="missilethreat.csis.org"/>
|launch_platform= 8&nbsp;×&nbsp;8 [[transporter erector launcher]]/Rail Mobile Launcher
| launch_platform = {{ubl|8&nbsp;×&nbsp;8 [[transporter erector launcher]]|Rail mobile launcher}}
}}
}}


'''Agni-III''' ([[IAST]]: [[Agni|Agnī]] ''"Fire"'' also the [[Vedas|Vedic]] fire god in [[Hinduism]]) is an [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]] developed by India as the successor to [[Agni-II]].<ref name="expressindia.com"/> It has a range of 3,500&nbsp;km- 5,000&nbsp;km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-3/ |title=Agni-3 |publisher=MissileThreat |date= |accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref> and is capable of engaging targets deep inside neighbouring countries,<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/agni.htm | title= Agni – India Missile Special Weapons Deilivery System | publisher= Federation of American Scientists | accessdate= 2009-05-16 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090416233751/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/agni.htm| archivedate= 16 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> including Shanghai in China.<ref>https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-3/#en-492-5</ref> The missile’s [[Circular error probable]] (CEP) is within 40 meters range, which made it the most sophisticated and accurate ballistic missile of its range class in the world at the time of its introduction into service.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.8ak.in/8ak_india_defence_news/2010/02/successful-agniiii-missile-tests-provide-india-with-a-credible-deterrence-.html| title= Successful Agni-III missile tests provide India with a credible deterrent, boost for DRDO| accessdate= 2010-02-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214090953/http://www.8ak.in/8ak_india_defence_news/2010/02/successful-agniiii-missile-tests-provide-india-with-a-credible-deterrence-.html| archivedate= 14 February 2010| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref> In June 2011, it was reported that Agni-III has been inducted into the armed forces and is under production.<ref name="TH"/> [[US Air Force]] [[National Air and Space Intelligence Center]] estimates that as of June 2017 less than 10 launchers were operationally deployed.<ref name=nasic-20170601>{{cite report |page=25 |url=http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |id=NASIC-1031-0985-17 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee |date=June 2017 |accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref>
The '''Agni-III''' ([[IAST]]: [[Agni]], {{lit|Fire}}) is an Indian [[intermediate-range ballistic missile]] inducted into service in 2011 as the successor of the [[Agni-II]].<ref name="expressindia.com"/> It has a range of {{convert|3500|to|5000|km}} and can reach targets deep inside neighbouring countries including [[Pakistan]] & [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-3/ |title=Agni-3 |publisher=MissileThreat |access-date=2011-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/agni.htm | title= Agni – India Missile Special Weapons Deilivery System | publisher= Federation of American Scientists | access-date= 2009-05-16 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090416233751/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/agni.htm| archive-date= 16 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
India's [[Credible minimum deterrence]] envisages a [[nuclear triad]] of counter-strike capability which required a long range missile to provide robust [[second strike]] capability. A missile system that can be dispersed far and wide in the Indian mainland, its far flung islands or its blue water naval assets dispersed across the world's oceans. Following this necessity India developed a larger Agni-III missile, with a heavier payload and a longer range but in a compact configuration, i.e. thicker but shorter length. This development is driven by need for a more assured retaliation that can defeat emerging [[anti ballistic missile]] (ABM) defence and countermeasures. Such capability requires a compact missile that can also carry ABM counter-measure payloads along with weapons, in a configuration similar to a [[MIRV]], albeit with state-of-the-art decoys.
India's [[credible minimum deterrence]] envisaged a [[nuclear triad]] of counter-strike capability which required a long-range missile to provide robust [[second strike]] capability. India developed a larger missile, with a heavier payload and longer range in a compact configuration. Driven by the need for retaliation to defeat emerging [[anti-ballistic missile]] (ABM) defence and countermeasures, this capability requires a compact missile which can carry ABM payloads and weapons in a configuration similar to a [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]].


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Agni-III ballistic missile.jpg|thumb|235x235px|Indian Army with Agni-III missile during the [[Republic Day (India)|Indian Republic Day]] parade in [[New Delhi]] on January 26, 2009.|left]]
Agni III was developed as the successor to [[Agni-II]].<ref name="expressindia.com"/> Designed by the [[Government of India|Indian government's]] [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], Agni III is a [[Multistage rocket|two-stage]] [[ballistic missile]] that is capable of [[nuclear weapons delivery]]. It was designed and developed by the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL),{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} a unit of DRDO, which was formed in September 2001 with its main objective being the development of large-sized rocket motors. ASL developed the propulsion plant for solid-fuel motors, including the infrastructure for propellant casting. The stubby two-stage solid fuel missile is compact and small enough for easy mobility and flexible deployment on various surface/sub-surface platforms.<ref name=hindu2636571>{{cite news|title=New kid on the nuclear block|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article2636571.ece|accessdate=4 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 November 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
The Agni-III was developed as the successor to the [[Agni-II]].<ref name="expressindia.com"/> Designed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), Agni-III is a [[Multistage rocket|two-stage]] [[ballistic missile]] capable of [[nuclear weapons delivery]]. DRDO formed a separate propulsion plant in September 2001 to develop large-sized [[solid-propellant rocket]] engines, including the infrastructure for propellant casting. The stubby, two-stage solid-fuel missile is compact enough for easy mobility and flexible deployment on a number of surface and sub-surface platforms.<ref name=hindu2636571>{{cite news|title=New kid on the nuclear block|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article2636571.ece|access-date=4 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 November 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>


The missile is equipped with sophisticated navigation, guidance and control systems along with advanced on-board computer systems. The electronic systems are hardened for higher vibration, thermal and acoustic effects. A high performance indigenous ring laser gyro-based navigation system was flight-tested for the first time during the Agni-III trial on 7 Feb 2010.<ref name=rediff.comNukeCapable>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Nuclear-capable Agni-III missile successfully tested|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/nuke-capable-agni-missile-tested-sucessfully/20100207.htm|accessdate=30 April 2012|newspaper=rediff.com|date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
The missile is equipped with sophisticated navigation, guidance and control systems and advanced on-board computer systems. The electronic systems are designed to withstand greater vibration, heat and noise. A high-performance, indigenous [[Ring laser gyroscope|ring laser gyro]]-based [[inertial navigation system]] was flight-tested for the first time on 7 Feb 2010.<ref name=rediff.comNukeCapable>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Nuclear-capable Agni-III missile successfully tested|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/nuke-capable-agni-missile-tested-sucessfully/20100207.htm|access-date=30 April 2012|work=Rediff.com|date=7 February 2015}}</ref>


The Agni-III has two stages with an overall diameter of two meters. Initially, the first stage mass was about 32 tonnes and 7.7 m long, the second stage mass was about 10 tonnes and 3.3 m long. The missile is likely to support a wide range of [[warhead]] configurations, with a 4,500&nbsp;km range and a total payload weight of 2490&nbsp;kg.<ref name="expressindia.com"/>
The two stages of Agni-III has an overall diameter of {{convert|2|m}}. Initially, The mass of first-stage is about 32 tonnes and {{convert|7.7|m}} long, and 10 tonnes and {{convert|3.3|m}} long for second stage. The missile was expected to support a wide range of [[warhead]] configurations, with a {{convert|4500|km|adj=on}} range and a total payload weight of {{convert|2490|kg}}.<ref name="expressindia.com"/> The ground support system and launcher are developed by [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ground Support System for Missile Programme |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/ground-support-system-missile-programme |website=DRDO |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>


The [[circular error probable]] (CEP) of Agni-III is within {{convert|40|m}}.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.8ak.in/8ak_india_defence_news/2010/02/successful-agniiii-missile-tests-provide-india-with-a-credible-deterrence-.html| title= Successful Agni-III missile tests provide India with a credible deterrent, boost for DRDO| access-date= 2010-02-07| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214090953/http://www.8ak.in/8ak_india_defence_news/2010/02/successful-agniiii-missile-tests-provide-india-with-a-credible-deterrence-.html| archive-date= 14 February 2010| url-status= dead}}</ref> The [[US Air Force]]'s [[National Air and Space Intelligence Center]] estimated that in June 2017, fewer than 10 launchers had been deployed.<ref name=nasic-20170601>{{cite report |page=25 |url=http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |id=NASIC-1031-0985-17 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee |date=June 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>
⚫
== Propulsion ==
The Agni-III features two [[Solid rocket|solid fuelled]] stages and with overall diameter of 2.0 meters. This diameter is compatible with a recently tested Indian sub-surface launch system, which has a 2.3 meter diameter launch tube aperture.<!--[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Images/Agni27_small.jpg Pontoon underwater launching platforms for Project K-15. Image DRDO]-->


⚫
== Propulsion ==
The first stage booster is made of advanced carbon composite materials to provide high [[Payload fraction|payload fraction (mass fraction)]]. It is 7.7 meters long, with a diameter of 2 metres. The second stage made of maraging steel and has a length of 3.3 metres. The second stage has [[vectoring nozzles]], to provide necessary flight trajectory control.
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
The Agni-III has two solid-fuelled stages and an overall diameter of {{convert|2|m}}, compatible with an Indian sub-surface launch system which has a {{convert|2.3|m|ft|adj=mid|-diameter}} launch-tube aperture.<!--[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Images/Agni27_small.jpg Pontoon underwater launching platforms for Project K-15. Image DRDO]--> The first-stage booster weighs around 32 [[tonne]] and is made of advanced carbon-composite materials to provide high [[Payload fraction|payload fraction (mass fraction)]]. It is {{convert|7.7|m}} long; the second stage weighs around 11 tonne, made of [[maraging steel]], is {{convert|3.3|m}} long and has [[Thrust vectoring|vectoring]] nozzles for flight-trajectory control.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agni Ballistic Missile System|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/agniballisticmissile/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Army Technology|language=en-GB}}</ref>


== Flight tests ==
== Flight tests ==
⚫
[[File:The Long Range Ballistic Missile successfully launched from the Wheeler Island about 12 Kms. from Damra off Orissa Coast, on May 07, 2008.jpg|thumb|alt=Rocket launch|The Agni-III was successfully launched from Wheeler Island on 7 May 2008.|left|206x206px]]On 9 July 2006, the first test of the Agni-III was conducted on [[Abdul Kalam Island]] (then known as Wheeler Island), near the [[Bhadrak]] coast.<ref name="expressindia.com" /> The launch was unsuccessful; the missile fell into the sea off the coast of [[Odisha]], short of the target. According to the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], the failure was due to a first-stage anomaly of recirculating hot gases which entered the missile-base shroud and damaged electronic components.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2408/stories/20070504003802300.htm | title = Next objective: a 5,000-km Agni | access-date = 2007-04-21 | author = T.S. Subramanian | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212405/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2408/stories/20070504003802300.htm | archive-date = 26 September 2007 | url-status = usurped}}</ref> Indian Defence Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] called it a "partial success" (a euphemism indicating that the test generated useful data for diagnosis and correction), since the missile was air-borne for five minutes instead of the expected 15.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5162416.stm | publisher = BBC | date = 10 July 2006 | title= Indian missile test 'was failure' }}</ref>
[[Image:Agni missile range.svg|thumb|right|Agni missile range]]
[[File:The Long Range Ballistic Missile successfully launched from the Wheeler Island about 12 Kms. from Damra off Orissa Coast, on May 07, 2008.jpg|thumb|Agni III successfully launched from the Wheeler Island on 7 May 2008]]
⚫
The first test for Agni III was conducted from [[Abdul Kalam Island]] (then known as Wheeler Island) off the [[Bhadrak]] coast on 9 July 2006.<ref name="expressindia.com"/> The launch proved to be unsuccessful, with the missile falling into the sea off the coast of [[Odisha]], short of reaching the target. According to [[DRDO]], the failure was due to a first stage anomaly that was caused by recirculating hot gases entering the missile-base shroud and damaging the electronic components.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2408/stories/20070504003802300.htm | title = Next objective: a 5,000-km Agni | accessdate = 2007-04-21 | author = T.S. Subramanian | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212405/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2408/stories/20070504003802300.htm | archive-date = 26 September 2007 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Indian Defence Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] reported it as "partial success" (a trade euphemism to indicate the test generated useful data for diagnosis and correction) as the missile was air-borne for only 5 minutes instead of the expected 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5162416.stm | publisher = BBC | date = 10 July 2006 | title= Indian missile test 'was failure' }}</ref>


Agni-III was test fired again on 12 April 2007, from the Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha. This time, the launch was declared as a success. India's [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] announced that<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/04_2007/india-test-fires-agniiii-missile-38382.html | title = Agni test fired successfully | accessdate = 2007-05-14 | work = IBN Live | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070515191024/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/04_2007/india-test-fires-agniiii-missile-38382.html| archivedate= 15 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> "This test confirms the extent of India's nuclear reach and India's [[nuclear deterrence]] as the missile can accurately hit targets at distance more than 3000&nbsp;km away".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=26817 | title = Agni iii launched successfully | accessdate = 2007-05-14 | work = Govt. of India }}</ref>
On 12 April 2007, Agni-III was successfully test-fired on from Abdul Kalam Island, off the coast of Odisha. India's [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] announced,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/04_2007/india-test-fires-agniiii-missile-38382.html | title = Agni test fired successfully | access-date = 2007-05-14 | work = IBN Live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070515191024/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/04_2007/india-test-fires-agniiii-missile-38382.html| archive-date= 15 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> "This test confirms the extent of India's nuclear reach and India's [[nuclear deterrence]] as the missile can accurately hit targets at distance more than 3000&nbsp;km away".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=26817 | title = Agni iii launched successfully | access-date = 2007-05-14 | work = Govt. of India }}</ref> The Agni-III is the most powerful and capable of India's missile inventory; capable of carrying a variety of warheads (including nuclear warheads), it can be launched from a number of platforms and extends India's regional [[power projection]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Agni.html |title=AGNI – Strategic Ballistic Missile |access-date=2007-05-14 |author=Arun Vishwakarma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410130240/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Agni.html |archive-date=10 April 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Washington |first=The |url=http://washingtontimes.com/article/20080522/COMMENTARY/364944950/1012/commentary |title=India's missile power lifts off – An U.S perspective on India's missile power |work=The Washington Times |date=22 May 2008 |access-date=2011-07-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606235950/http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20080522/COMMENTARY/364944950/1012/commentary| archive-date= 6 June 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>


On 7 May 2008, the missile was again test-fired successfully.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/gni-3-flight-tested-successfully-for-the-third-time |title=Agni-3 flight tested successfully for the third time |publisher=Frontierindia.net |date=7 May 2008 |access-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073242/http://frontierindia.net/gni-3-flight-tested-successfully-for-the-third-time |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After a flight of about 15 minutes, defence scientists confirmed that the test was successful and the missile met all requirements. With a velocity of 5,000 meters per second, the Agni-III has a range of {{convert|3500|km}}; new navigation software will increase the missile's accuracy and lethality.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560551400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508170913/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560551400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2008 |title=Agni-III launch on May 7 |date= 5 May 2008|access-date=2011-07-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The successful 2008 test opened the door for the next-generation Indian ICBM Agni V, with a {{convert|5000|to|6000|km|adj=on}} range.<ref name="timesofindia8May08">{{cite news|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|title=Agni-III test-fired, can reach Beijing, Shanghai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Agni-III-test-fired-can-reach-Beijing-Shanghai/articleshow/3019821.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218070655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-08/india/27756489_1_agni-iii-wheeler-island-miniaturised-third-stage|url-status=live|archive-date=18 December 2013|access-date=30 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 May 2008}}</ref> The Agni-III's development test was postponed for unknown reasons in August 2009.{{cn|date=April 2020}}[[Image:Agni missile range.svg|thumb|alt=Colour-coded world map|Agni series missile range|280x280px]]
Already the most powerful and capable in India's missile inventory, the Agni-III is capable of carrying a variety of warheads, including nuclear warheads and can be launched from various platforms giving India intermediate range ballistic missile firepower and greatly extending India's [[power projection]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Agni.html |title=AGNI – Strategic Ballistic Missile |accessdate=2007-05-14 |author=Arun Vishwakarma |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410130240/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Agni.html |archivedate=10 April 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Washington |first=The |url=http://washingtontimes.com/article/20080522/COMMENTARY/364944950/1012/commentary |title=India's missile power lifts off – An U.S perspective on India's missile power |publisher=Washingtontimes.com |date=22 May 2008 |accessdate=2011-07-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606235950/http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20080522/COMMENTARY/364944950/1012/commentary| archivedate= 6 June 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>


⚫
On 7 February 2010, it was again tested successfully on Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha. The missile hit the target accurately (witnessed by two ships near the target), and met all mission objectives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=57681 |title=Fourth Test Flight of Long Range Missile AGNI-3 Successful |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071628/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=57681 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Supporting a range of warhead configurations, the Agni-III has a total payload weight of {{convert|2490|kg}}.<ref name="hindu102369" /> The two-stage, solid-fuel missile is small enough for easy mobility and flexible deployment from a number of surface and sub-surface platforms. The test validated its nuclear-triggering mechanism, indicating that the Agni-III is intended for strategic nuclear deterrence.<ref name="hindu102369">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article102369.ece |title=AGNI-III test-fired successfully |work=The Hindu|date=7 February 2010 |access-date=2011-07-15 |location=Chennai, India |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian}}</ref> The test launch was part of the missile's pre-induction into the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Super Admin |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/02/07/indianarmy-ready-to-induct-long-range-missile-agni-3.html |title=Indian Army ready to induct long range missile Agni-3 |publisher=News.oneindia.in |date=7 February 2010 |access-date=2011-07-15}}</ref>
Agni III was test fired successfully for third time on 7 May 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.net/gni-3-flight-tested-successfully-for-the-third-time |title=Agni-3 flight tested successfully for the third time |publisher=Frontierindia.net |date=7 May 2008 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073242/http://frontierindia.net/gni-3-flight-tested-successfully-for-the-third-time |archivedate=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The missile was launched from Balasore, Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://livefist.blogspot.com/2009/08/agni-iiis-final-development-test-this.html |title=Livefist: Agni-III's Final Development Test This October |publisher=Livefist.blogspot.com |date=9 August 2009 |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> After a flight of roughly 15 minutes defence scientists confirmed that the test fire was successful and that the missile met all parameters. The missile has a velocity of 5,000 meters per second. Agni-III is a nuclear capable fully solid propellant fuelled surface-to-surface missile, and has a range of 3,500&nbsp;km. A new software for navigation system fitted on the missile will increase accuracy and
lethality.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/05/stories/2008050560551400.htm |title=Agni-III launch on May 7 |publisher=Hindu.com |date= 5 May 2008|accessdate=2011-07-15 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The successful test on 7 May opened the doors for the next generation Indian ICBM Agni V with a range of 5,000–6,000 kilometres.<ref name=timesofindia8May08>{{cite news|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|title=Agni-III test-fired, can reach Beijing, Shanghai|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-08/india/27756489_1_agni-iii-wheeler-island-miniaturised-third-stage|accessdate=30 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 May 2008}}</ref>


⚫
India's defence minister announced in August of that year that the Agni-III was ready for induction into the country's armed forces,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report_agni-iii-ready-for-induction-ak-antony_1420970 |title=Agni-III ready for induction: AK Antony – Sci/Tech – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=9 August 2010 |access-date=2011-07-15}}</ref> and its induction was reported in June 2011.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2073999.ece |title=Sci-Tech / Science : India to test fire Agni-V by year-end |work=The Hindu|date=3 June 2011 |access-date=2011-07-15 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In September 2012, it was reported that a missile group of Agni-IIIs was being raised.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ajai Shukla |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/military-to-buy-drdo-missiles-worth-rs-1-lakh-cr-in-10-yrs/485293/ |title=Military to buy DRDO missiles worth Rs 1 lakh cr in 10 yrs |work=Business Standard|date=4 September 2012 |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref>
The development test of Agni III was put off for unknown reasons in August 2009.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/agniiii-test-fire-india-puts-china-on-target/283446-3.html Agni-III test fire]</ref>


⚫
On 21 September 2012, the [[Strategic Forces Command]] successfully test-fired an Agni III missile from a rail mobile launcher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/agniiii-testfired-successfully/article3922230.ece|title=Agni-III test-fired successfully|first=Y.|last=Mallikarjun|date=21 September 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The missile was again successfully tested on 23 December 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/agniiii-testfired-by-sfc-personnel/article5493671.ece|title=Agni-III test-fired by SFC personnel|first=Y.|last=Mallikarjun|date=23 December 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> on 16 April 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/agni-iii-successfully-test-fired-from-odisha-coast/articleshow/46941664.cms|title=Agni-III successfully test fired from Odisha coast|date=16 April 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> and on 27 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-test-fires-nuclear-capable-agni-iii-ballistic-missile/articleshow/58396268.cms|title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Agni III ballistic missile |work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/27/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-agni-iii-missile-off-odisha-coast-1598412.html|title=India successfully test fires nuclear capable Agni-III missile off Odisha coast|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>
⚫
Agni III was tested successfully for the fourth time from Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha on 7 February 2010. The missile is said to have hit the target with pin point accuracy and met all the mission objectives. Two down range ships located near the target tracked and witnessed the Missile reaching the target accurately.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=57681 |title=Fourth Test Flight of Long Range Missile AGNI-3 Successful |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date=7 February 2010 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071628/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=57681 |archivedate=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The missile is likely to support a wide range of warhead configurations, with a 3,500&nbsp;km range and a total payload weight of 2490&nbsp;kg.<ref name="hindu102369" /> The two-stage solid fuel missile is compact and small enough for easy mobility and flexible deployment on various surface/sub-surface platforms. The test validated the nuclear triggering mechanism, meaning Agni-III is meant for strategic nuclear deterrence.<ref name="hindu102369" >{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article102369.ece |title=AGNI-III test-fired successfully |publisher=thehindu.com |date=7 February 2010 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |location=Chennai, India |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian}}</ref> The test launch is part of pre-induction of the missile into the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Super Admin |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/02/07/indianarmy-ready-to-induct-long-range-missile-agni-3.html |title=Indian Army ready to induct long range missile Agni-3 |publisher=News.oneindia.in |date=7 February 2010 |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref>


⚫
On 30 November 2019, the missile's first '''night trial''' was conducted. The test reportedly failed, with the missile beginning to diverge from its planned flight trajectory after {{convert|115|km}} and mission control aborting the flight. A manufacturing defect was thought to be a possible cause of the failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/dec/01/nuclear-capable-agni-iii-missile-fails-in-maiden-night-trial-2069737.html|title=Nuclear capable Agni-III missile fails in maiden night trial|date=2019-12-01|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>
⚫
In August 2010, the defence minister of India announced that Agni-III is ready for induction<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report_agni-iii-ready-for-induction-ak-antony_1420970 |title=Agni-III ready for induction: AK Antony – Sci/Tech – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=9 August 2010 |accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> and in June 2011, it was reported that the Agni-III missile had already been inducted into the armed forces.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2073999.ece |title=Sci-Tech / Science : India to test fire Agni-V by year-end |publisher=The Hindu |date=3 June 2011 |accessdate=2011-07-15 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In September 2012, it is reported that a missile group is now being raised with Agni-III missiles.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ajai Shukla |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/military-to-buy-drdo-missiles-worth-rs-1-lakh-cr-in-10-yrs/485293/ |title=Military to buy DRDO missiles worth Rs 1 lakh cr in 10 yrs |publisher=Business Standard |date=4 September 2012 |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref>

On 21 September 2012, as part of regular user-training the [[Strategic Forces Command]] test fired an Agni III missile from a rail mobile launcher. The missile was randomly chosen from a production lot. All mission objectives were achieved and the missile hit the pre-designated target with a two-digit accuracy.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3922230.ece Agni-III test-fired successfully]</ref>

On 23 December 2013, the missile was tested by the Strategic Forces Command of the Indian Army. The test was a success.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-testfires-nuclearcapable-agniiii-missile/article5493671.ece Agni-III test-fired successfully]</ref>

On 16 April 2015, Agni-III was tested successfully from Abdul Kalam Island off Odisha coast. "The trial, carried out by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC of the Indian Army), was fully successful," ITR Director M V K V Prasad told PTI.<ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/agni-iii-successfully-test-fired-from-odisha-coast/articleshow/46941664.cms</ref>

⚫
On 27 April 2017, Agni-III was tested successfully from the launch Pad No. 4 of the Integrated Test Range at 9.12 a.m off Odisha coast. The Strategic Forces Command (SFC) carried out test with support from DRDO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-test-fires-nuclear-capable-agni-iii-ballistic-missile/articleshow/58396268.cms|title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Agni III ballistic missile - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/27/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-agni-iii-missile-off-odisha-coast-1598412.html|title=India successfully test fires nuclear capable Agni-III missile off Odisha coast|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>

⚫
On 30 November 2019, the maiden night trial of the Agni-III was conducted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/first-night-trial-of-agni-iii-missile-held-at-abdul-kalam-island-integrated-test-range-2406819.html|title=First Night Trial of Agni-III Missile Held at Abdul Kalam Island Integrated Test Range|last=|first=|date=30 November 2019|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|via=[[News18]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> The test reportedly failed; the missile reportedly started diverging from its planned flight trajectory after traveling a distance of 115 kilometers. This caused the mission control to subsequently abort the flight. A manufacturing defect is thought to be the potential cause of the failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/dec/01/nuclear-capable-agni-iii-missile-fails-in-maiden-night-trial-2069737.html|title=Nuclear capable Agni-III missile fails in maiden night trial|last=|first=|date=2019-12-01|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 94: Line 83:
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Intermediate-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Intermediate-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

[[de:Agni III]]
[[de:Agni III]]

Latest revision as of 15:37, 16 October 2024

Agni-III
21 September 2012 Agni-III missile test
TypeIntermediate-range ballistic missile
Place of originIndia
Service history
In serviceActive[1]
Used byStrategic Forces Command
Production history
DesignerDefence Research and Development Organisation
ManufacturerBharat Dynamics Limited
Unit cost₹250 million (US$3 million) – ₹350 million (US$4 million)[2]
Specifications
Mass50,000 kg[3]
Length17 m[4]
Diameter2.0 m[4]
WarheadConventional, thermobaric, nuclear
Warhead weight2,490 kg[5]
EngineMulti-stage solid-propellant
PropellantHydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene[6]
Operational
range
3,500 km – 5,000 km[7]
Flight altitude> 450 km[8]
Guidance
system
Steering
system
Flex-nozzle thrust vectoring (first and second stage)[6]
Accuracy40 m CEP[9]
Launch
platform

The Agni-III (IAST: Agni, lit. 'Fire') is an Indian intermediate-range ballistic missile inducted into service in 2011 as the successor of the Agni-II.[7] It has a range of 3,500 to 5,000 kilometres (2,200 to 3,100 mi) and can reach targets deep inside neighbouring countries including Pakistan & China.[10][11]

Introduction

[edit]

India's credible minimum deterrence envisaged a nuclear triad of counter-strike capability which required a long-range missile to provide robust second strike capability. India developed a larger missile, with a heavier payload and longer range in a compact configuration. Driven by the need for retaliation to defeat emerging anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defence and countermeasures, this capability requires a compact missile which can carry ABM payloads and weapons in a configuration similar to a MIRV.

Description

[edit]
Indian Army with Agni-III missile during the Indian Republic Day parade in New Delhi on January 26, 2009.

The Agni-III was developed as the successor to the Agni-II.[7] Designed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Agni-III is a two-stage ballistic missile capable of nuclear weapons delivery. DRDO formed a separate propulsion plant in September 2001 to develop large-sized solid-propellant rocket engines, including the infrastructure for propellant casting. The stubby, two-stage solid-fuel missile is compact enough for easy mobility and flexible deployment on a number of surface and sub-surface platforms.[12]

The missile is equipped with sophisticated navigation, guidance and control systems and advanced on-board computer systems. The electronic systems are designed to withstand greater vibration, heat and noise. A high-performance, indigenous ring laser gyro-based inertial navigation system was flight-tested for the first time on 7 Feb 2010.[13]

The two stages of Agni-III has an overall diameter of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in). Initially, The mass of first-stage is about 32 tonnes and 7.7 metres (25 ft) long, and 10 tonnes and 3.3 metres (11 ft) long for second stage. The missile was expected to support a wide range of warhead configurations, with a 4,500-kilometre (2,800 mi) range and a total payload weight of 2,490 kilograms (5,490 lb).[7] The ground support system and launcher are developed by Research & Development Establishment (Engineers).[14]

The circular error probable (CEP) of Agni-III is within 40 metres (130 ft).[15] The US Air Force's National Air and Space Intelligence Center estimated that in June 2017, fewer than 10 launchers had been deployed.[16]

Propulsion

[edit]

The Agni-III has two solid-fuelled stages and an overall diameter of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in), compatible with an Indian sub-surface launch system which has a 2.3-metre-diameter (7.5 ft) launch-tube aperture. The first-stage booster weighs around 32 tonne and is made of advanced carbon-composite materials to provide high payload fraction (mass fraction). It is 7.7 metres (25 ft) long; the second stage weighs around 11 tonne, made of maraging steel, is 3.3 metres (11 ft) long and has vectoring nozzles for flight-trajectory control.[17]

Flight tests

[edit]
Rocket launch
The Agni-III was successfully launched from Wheeler Island on 7 May 2008.

On 9 July 2006, the first test of the Agni-III was conducted on Abdul Kalam Island (then known as Wheeler Island), near the Bhadrak coast.[7] The launch was unsuccessful; the missile fell into the sea off the coast of Odisha, short of the target. According to the Defence Research and Development Organisation, the failure was due to a first-stage anomaly of recirculating hot gases which entered the missile-base shroud and damaged electronic components.[18] Indian Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee called it a "partial success" (a euphemism indicating that the test generated useful data for diagnosis and correction), since the missile was air-borne for five minutes instead of the expected 15.[19]

On 12 April 2007, Agni-III was successfully test-fired on from Abdul Kalam Island, off the coast of Odisha. India's Cabinet Committee on Security announced,[20] "This test confirms the extent of India's nuclear reach and India's nuclear deterrence as the missile can accurately hit targets at distance more than 3000 km away".[21] The Agni-III is the most powerful and capable of India's missile inventory; capable of carrying a variety of warheads (including nuclear warheads), it can be launched from a number of platforms and extends India's regional power projection.[22][23]

On 7 May 2008, the missile was again test-fired successfully.[24] After a flight of about 15 minutes, defence scientists confirmed that the test was successful and the missile met all requirements. With a velocity of 5,000 meters per second, the Agni-III has a range of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi); new navigation software will increase the missile's accuracy and lethality.[25] The successful 2008 test opened the door for the next-generation Indian ICBM Agni V, with a 5,000-to-6,000-kilometre (3,100 to 3,700 mi) range.[26] The Agni-III's development test was postponed for unknown reasons in August 2009.[citation needed]

Colour-coded world map
Agni series missile range

On 7 February 2010, it was again tested successfully on Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha. The missile hit the target accurately (witnessed by two ships near the target), and met all mission objectives.[27] Supporting a range of warhead configurations, the Agni-III has a total payload weight of 2,490 kilograms (5,490 lb).[8] The two-stage, solid-fuel missile is small enough for easy mobility and flexible deployment from a number of surface and sub-surface platforms. The test validated its nuclear-triggering mechanism, indicating that the Agni-III is intended for strategic nuclear deterrence.[8] The test launch was part of the missile's pre-induction into the Indian Army.[28]

India's defence minister announced in August of that year that the Agni-III was ready for induction into the country's armed forces,[29] and its induction was reported in June 2011.[30] In September 2012, it was reported that a missile group of Agni-IIIs was being raised.[31]

On 21 September 2012, the Strategic Forces Command successfully test-fired an Agni III missile from a rail mobile launcher.[32] The missile was again successfully tested on 23 December 2013,[33] on 16 April 2015,[34] and on 27 April 2017.[35][36]

On 30 November 2019, the missile's first night trial was conducted. The test reportedly failed, with the missile beginning to diverge from its planned flight trajectory after 115 kilometres (71 mi) and mission control aborting the flight. A manufacturing defect was thought to be a possible cause of the failure.[37]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Subramanian, T.S. (2006). "Agni-V next". Frontline, The Hindu. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  2. ^ "Technical tune to Agni test before talks". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 30 August 2004. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
  3. ^ "India successfully test fires nuclear-capable Agni III ballistic missile". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 16 April 2015.
  4. ^ a b "India tests long-range nuclear-capable Agni-III missile". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  5. ^ "Agni Ballistic Missile System". Army Technology. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b Brügge, Norbert. "India's solid-fuel ballistic missile-family "Agni"". Presentation of Space Launch Vehicles. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Agni-III test fired by India". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 13 July 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006.
  8. ^ a b c Subramanian, T. S. (7 February 2010). "AGNI-III test-fired successfully". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  9. ^ a b "Agni-3". Missile Threat.
  10. ^ "Agni-3". MissileThreat. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  11. ^ "Agni – India Missile Special Weapons Deilivery System". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  12. ^ "New kid on the nuclear block". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  13. ^ PTI (7 February 2015). "Nuclear-capable Agni-III missile successfully tested". Rediff.com. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  14. ^ "Ground Support System for Missile Programme". DRDO. Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  15. ^ "Successful Agni-III missile tests provide India with a credible deterrent, boost for DRDO". Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  16. ^ Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat (Report). Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017. p. 25. NASIC-1031-0985-17. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  17. ^ "Agni Ballistic Missile System". Army Technology. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  18. ^ T.S. Subramanian. "Next objective: a 5,000-km Agni". Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
  19. ^ "Indian missile test 'was failure'". BBC. 10 July 2006.
  20. ^ "Agni test fired successfully". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
  21. ^ "Agni iii launched successfully". Govt. of India. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
  22. ^ Arun Vishwakarma. "AGNI – Strategic Ballistic Missile". Archived from the original on 10 April 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
  23. ^ Washington, The (22 May 2008). "India's missile power lifts off – An U.S perspective on India's missile power". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  24. ^ "Agni-3 flight tested successfully for the third time". Frontierindia.net. 7 May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  25. ^ "Agni-III launch on May 7". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 May 2008. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  26. ^ Pandit, Rajat (8 May 2008). "Agni-III test-fired, can reach Beijing, Shanghai". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  27. ^ "Fourth Test Flight of Long Range Missile AGNI-3 Successful". Pib.nic.in. 7 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  28. ^ Super Admin (7 February 2010). "Indian Army ready to induct long range missile Agni-3". News.oneindia.in. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  29. ^ "Agni-III ready for induction: AK Antony – Sci/Tech – DNA". Daily News and Analysis. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  30. ^ "Sci-Tech / Science : India to test fire Agni-V by year-end". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Press Trust of India. 3 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  31. ^ Ajai Shukla (4 September 2012). "Military to buy DRDO missiles worth Rs 1 lakh cr in 10 yrs". Business Standard. Hyderabad, India.
  32. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (21 September 2012). "Agni-III test-fired successfully". The Hindu.
  33. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (23 December 2013). "Agni-III test-fired by SFC personnel". The Hindu.
  34. ^ "Agni-III successfully test fired from Odisha coast". The Economic Times. 16 April 2015.
  35. ^ "India test-fires nuclear-capable Agni III ballistic missile". The Economic Times. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  36. ^ "India successfully test fires nuclear capable Agni-III missile off Odisha coast". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  37. ^ "Nuclear capable Agni-III missile fails in maiden night trial". The New Indian Express. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Agni-III&oldid=1251520792"