Bektashism and folk religion: Difference between revisions

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Folk religious beliefs and practices exist in Bektashism.^[1]^[2]^[3] While Bektashism was originally founded as an Islamic Sufi order,^[4]^[5] it became widespread in the Ottoman Empire, throughout Anatolia as well as in the Balkans, where it acquired beliefs and practices from many folk religions, mainly of the Albanians and northern Greeks, and also from Anatolian and Balkan Eastern Orthodox Christians and Gnostics, and therefore Bektashism became a syncretic and perennialist Sufi order.^[6] The other Balkan and Anatolian religious communities, such as Christians also had this habit of acquiring folk religious beliefs and practices.^[7]

References

^ Evans, A. 1901. Mycenean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 21. pp99-204.
^ Crowfoot J.W. 1900. Survivals among the Kappadokian Kizilbash (Bektash). The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 30. pp305-20.
^ Antonaccio, Carla M (1994). "Contesting the past: hero cult, tomb cult, and epic in early Greece". American Journal of Archaeology: 390.
^ DOJA, ALBERT (2006). "A Political History of Bektashism from Ottoman Anatolia to Contemporary Turkey". Journal of Church and State. 48 (2): 423–450. doi:10.1093/jcs/48.2.423. ISSN 0021-969X. JSTOR 23922338.
^ J. K. Birge (1937), The Bektashi Order of Dervishes, London.
^ Nicolle, David; pg 29
^ Filipova, Snežana. Notes on the continuous multi-confessional use of shrines, cult places, Christian relics and springs of holy water in the Republic of Macedonia.

Birge, John Kingsley (1937). The Bektashi order of dervishes, London and Hartford.
Brown, John (1927), The Darvishes of Oriental Spiritualism.
Küçük, Hülya (2002) The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle. Leiden: Brill.
Mélikoff, Irène (1998). Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie. Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, ISBN 90-04-10954-4.
Yaman, Ali (undated). "Kizilbash Alevi Dedes." (Based on his MA thesis for Istanbul University.)
Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), “Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey.” Swedish Research Institute.

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[1] Evans, A. 1901. Mycenean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 21. pp99-204.

[2] Crowfoot J.W. 1900. Survivals among the Kappadokian Kizilbash (Bektash). The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 30. pp305-20.

[3] Antonaccio, Carla M (1994). "Contesting the past: hero cult, tomb cult, and epic in early Greece". American Journal of Archaeology: 390.

[4] DOJA, ALBERT (2006). "A Political History of Bektashism from Ottoman Anatolia to Contemporary Turkey". Journal of Church and State. 48 (2): 423–450. doi:10.1093/jcs/48.2.423. ISSN 0021-969X. JSTOR 23922338.

[5] J. K. Birge (1937), The Bektashi Order of Dervishes, London.

[6] Nicolle, David; pg 29

[7] Filipova, Snežana. Notes on the continuous multi-confessional use of shrines, cult places, Christian relics and springs of holy water in the Republic of Macedonia.

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+{{Short description|Group of religious practices}}
-{{multiple issues|
-{{context|date=January 2015}}
+{{Notability|date=July 2024}}
+{{Shia Islam|Branches}}
-{{expert-subject|1=Religion|date=January 2015}}
+Folk religious beliefs and practices exist in [[Bektashism]].<ref>Evans, A. 1901. Mycenean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 21. pp99-204.</ref><ref>Crowfoot J.W. 1900. Survivals among the Kappadokian Kizilbash (Bektash). The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 30. pp305-20.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Antonaccio | first1 = Carla M | title = Contesting the past: hero cult, tomb cult, and epic in early Greece | journal = American Journal of Archaeology | year = 1994 | page = 390}}</ref> While Bektashism was originally founded as an Islamic Sufi order,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DOJA|first=ALBERT|date=2006|title=A Political History of Bektashism from Ottoman Anatolia to Contemporary Turkey|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23922338|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=48|issue=2|pages=423–450|doi=10.1093/jcs/48.2.423|jstor=23922338|issn=0021-969X}}</ref><ref>J. K. Birge (1937), ''The Bektashi Order of Dervishes'', London.</ref> it became widespread in the [[Ottoman Empire]], throughout Anatolia as well as in the [[Balkans]], where it acquired beliefs and practices from many [[Folk religion|folk religions]], mainly of the [[Albanians]] and northern [[Greeks]], and also from Anatolian and Balkan [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] and [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], and therefore Bektashism became a [[Religious syncretism|syncretic]] and [[Perennial philosophy|perennialist]] Sufi order.<ref>Nicolle, David; pg 29</ref> The other Balkan and Anatolian religious communities, such as [[Christians]] also had this habit of acquiring folk religious beliefs and practices.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Filipova |first1 = Snežana | title= Notes on the continuous multi-confessional use of shrines, cult places, Christian relics and springs of holy water in the Republic of Macedonia.}}</ref>
-{{Expand Turkish|Bektaşi inancı|date=August 2015}}
-}}
-{{Shia Islam|collapsed=1}}
-{{Alevism|Related Muslim tariqah}}
-{{Twelvers|collapsed=1}}
+==References==
-[[Folk religion|Folk religious practices]] remain in the [[Bektashiyyah]] [[tariqa]] and certain practices are also found to a lesser extent in [[Balkan]] [[Christianity]] and non-[[Bektashi]] Balkan [[Islam]] as well, according to some [[Western world|Western]] [[Islamic scholar]]s.
-== Rites, rituals, and holy things in the Balkan villages common to both to Muslims and Christians ==
-{{main|Islam|Christianity|Paganism}}
-Famous archaeologist [[Arthur Evans]], after studying ancient religions of Europe, noted that there were [[cult]]s centered around the use of trees and pillars, often acting like [[Cult image|idols]]. While in [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] he entered a temple/shrine that was maintained by [[Dervish]]es in the town of Tekekioii (possibly the [[Zawiyya|tekke]] in modern [[Tetovo]]). He was permitted to take part in a ritual at the shrine, the focus of which was a large upright rectangular stone, possibly a "local" [[Kaaba]]. The stone was said to have fallen from heaven, and it was venerated or at least respected by [[Muslim]]s and [[Christians]] in the region. It was stained black by years of being anointed with holy oils. The stone was around {{cvt|6.5|ft|m|0}} tall, with a second smaller stone placed on top of it and a sash tied like a belt around it. A sick man was [[circumambulating]] the pillar, kissing and hugging it at each pass. In a ritual connected to it, a person prays before the stone, hugs it, draws water from a nearby spring, and climbs a small hill at the top of which is an Islamic "saint's grave". Growing over the grave is a thorn tree, which has rags and fabric hanging from it placed there by the sick seeking divine cures. The water is poured into a hole in the center of the grave, mixed with grave-dirt, and then the suppliant drinks this mixture three times, then anoints their head three times. Then a circumambulation around the grave is started, with three passes, each time kissing and touching with the forehead "the stone at the head and foot of it". Afterwards, grave dust was given to Evans, to be made up into a triangular amulet. The Dervish then cast some pebbles, read them ([[divination]]) as falling good, a [[priest]] sacrificed a [[Sheep|ram]] outside the grave site, with the blood of the ram used to anoint the forehead of the suppliant. Finally, Evans was instructed to give something to attach to the pillar overnight, and he himself resides with the stone and his guide, lighting candles after sunset and eating the sacrificial ram.<ref>Evans, A. 1901. Mycenean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 21. pp99-204.</ref>
-{{further|topic=Bektashism|Bektashi Order|Schools of Islamic theology#Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)}}
-== Pre-Islamic influences ==
-In addition to schools of Islamic thought, the Bektashis in [[Turkey]] and the Balkans also maintain ancient practices from pre-Islamic societies. For instance, upon visiting the village of Haidar-es-Sultan and Hassan-dede in the summer of 1900, enthographer J.W. Crowfoot witnessed survivals of the ancient Hero Cult and the pythian oracle.<ref>Crowfoot J.W. 1900. Survivals among the Kappadokian Kizilbash (Bektash). The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 30. pp305-20.</ref>
-In Haidar-es-Sultan, an old Bektashi woman would inhale the sulfurous fumes of a special well in the center of the town, and go into an ecstasy in which she would divine a person's future, much like at the [[Delphic Sibyl|Oracle at Delphi]]. This well was also associated with a central tomb, which stood out from other local graves in the town because it wasn't neglected and it was given special care. At Hassan-dede there was also a central tomb, maintained by a family that stated that they were direct descendants of the occupant of the tomb, who had come from Korashan. These are elements that are strongly associated with the older pagan [[Hero|Hero Cults]] of that area.  For example, Mycenaean royalty were buried in tombs and worshipped for centuries later.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Antonaccio | first1 = Carla M | title = Contesting the past: hero cult, tomb cult, and epic in early Greece | journal = American Journal of Archaeology | year = 1994 | page = 390}}</ref>  The Balkans and Anatolia also shared this common pattern of saint veneration, as shrines in Macedonia were used in both Muslim and Christian traditions.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Filipova |first1 = Snežana | title= Notes on the continuous multi-confessional use of shrines, cult places, Christian relics and springs of holy water in the Republic of Macedonia.}}</ref>
-=== Influences on Zoroaster and Yazidis' conviction ===
-{{main|Zoroaster|Mazdaism|Yazidis}}
-Furthermore, some{{which|date=January 2015}} pre-Islamic accounts note that the people in these Bekthashi regions of Turkey are not native and that they originally come from Babylon. Their 'piety' is handed down from father to son and they have unusual institutions (which might very well be referring to initiation rituals and the rites of the mystery religions).{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} These pre-Islamic peoples considered fire to be divine, and they mark as the founder of their nation a man named "Zarnuas", which appears to be a derivations of [[Zoroaster]].{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} They were also said to be "prey to the devil", which is what followers of pagan religions were usually condescendingly referred to as. The Bektashi of this region are noted to, in modern times, always use two hands when drinking wine, even if the cup used is small enough to make this unnecessary. Such a trait is also exhibited by the [[Yazidis]] of northern Iraq, and is thought to also be a survival of pre-Islamic times, when the special cups used for drinking wines contained two large handles.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Unusually, the ancient inhabitants of the region also were noted for having extreme ear piercings, and the Bektashi of the hills of Turkey also keep this tradition.
-Nevertheless, such beliefs and practices are not particular to Bektashism and they form, rather, part of a larger Balkan and Turkish pre-Islamic and pre-Christian tradition.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
-=== Influences of the faith of the Baktāsh’īyyah and Qizilbāsh tāriqāt on the folk religion throughout Anatolia and the Balkans ===
-{{main|Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar|Bektaşi|Hajji Bektash|Kızılbaş|Tariqat}}
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-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:#A4F4F9;| | |!| |F|-| YES |E| ELM |J| PAV |-| MNH |:| ONİ | | KEY |!| SAH |:| ARS |,| HYH |!| |!| | | |!| | | | |ELM='''[[Alamut| Alamut State]]'''|PAV='''[[Turkestan]] [[:tr:Türkistan Alevîliği|Alevism]]'''|MNH='''[[Nasir Khusraw|Nāsir Khusraw]]'''|YES='''[[Khoja Akhmet Yassawi|Yassaw’īyyah]] [[Tariqa]]'''|ONİ='''[[The Twelve Imams]]'''<ref>''"Encyclopaedia of Islam of the Foundation of the [[Presidency of Religious Affairs]],"'' Volume 4, pages 373–374, Istanbul, 1991.</ref>|KEY='''[[Kaysanites Shia|Kaysān’īyyah]]'''|SAH='''[[Sahl al-Tustari|Sahl al-Tūstārī]]'''|HYH='''[[Yusuf Hamdani|Yusūf Hamadānī]]'''|ARS='''Arslan Baba'''}}
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-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:#A4F4F9;| | |!| |:| | |:| KIZ |~| BBK |~| HÜR |~| MUK |~| SİN |J| | | HUR | | |:| | | |!| |`| ZAH | | AKB | | | | | |KIZ='''[[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism|Sāfav’īyyah-Kızılbaş]]'''|GİA='''[[Şîʿa-i Bâtın’îyye]]'''|HÜR='''[[Khurramites|Khurrām’īyyah]]'''|SİN='''[[Sunpadh|Sunbādh’īyyah]]'''|BBK='''[[Babak Khorramdin|Bābak’īyyah]]'''|MUK='''[[Al-Muqanna|Mukannaʿīyyah]]'''|HUR='''[[Hurufiyya|Hurūf’īyyah]]'''<ref>Balcıoğlu, Tahir Harimî, ''Türk Tarihinde Mezhep Cereyanları – The course of [[madhhab]] events in [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[history]] – Two crucial front in [[Anatolia]]n [[Shiism]]: The fundamental [[Islamic theology]] of the [[Hurufiyya]] [[madhhab]]'','' (Preface and notes by Hilmi Ziya Ülken), Ahmet Sait Press, page 198, Kanaat Publications, Istanbul, 1940. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> '''[[Tariqa]]'''|AKB='''[[Al Akbariyya (Sufi school)|Akbar’īyyah]] [[Sufi|Sūfī]]sm'''|ZAH='''[[Zahediyeh|Zāhed’īyyah]] [[Tariqa]]'''}}
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-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:#A4F4F9;| | |!| |:| | HBV |`| SKT |~| KUL |~| PSA |y| GÜL |~| BLM |~| NES | | |:| | | |!| | | KHW | | WAV | |HBV='''[[Hacı Bektash Veli|Hājjı Bektsh]]'''|KUL='''[[Kul Nesîmî]]'''|PSA='''[[Pir Sultan]]'''|GÜL='''[[Gül Baba]]'''|BLM='''[[Balım Sultan]]'''|NES='''[[Nesîmî|Nāsīmī]]'''|SKT='''[[Qizilbash]]'''<ref>According to Turkish scholar, researcher, author and [[tariqa]] expert [[Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı]], ''"[[Qizilbash]]s"'' (''"Red-Heads"'') of the 16th century – a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the [[Safavid dynasty]] – were nothing but "spiritual descendants of the [[Khurramites]]". Source: Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005.</ref>|WAV='''[[Wahdat-ul-Wujood|Wāhdat’ūl`Wūjood]]'''|KHW='''[[Khalwatiyya|Khālwat’īyyah]]'''}}
-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:#A4F4F9;| | |:| |!|,|~|^|~|.| | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |`|-|-|-|(| | | |!|}}
-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:#A4F4F9;| | |!| | YEM | | ABM |-| KAY |-| BKT |~| BEK | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | BAY |-| HBV  | | |BEK='''[[Bektashism|Baktāshi folk religion]]'''<ref>According to the famous [[Alevism]] expert Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, ''"[[Bektashiyyah]]"'' was nothing but the reemergence of [[Shamanism]] in [[Turkish people|Turkish]] societies under the polishment of [[Islam]]. (Source: Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar ''XII yüzyılda Anadolu'da Babâîler İsyânı – [[Babai Revolt]] in [[Anatolia]] in the Twelfth Century,'' pages 83–89, Istanbul, 1980. {{in lang|tr}})</ref>|BKT='''[[Bektashiyyah|Baktāsh’īyyah]] [[Tariqa]]'''|ABM='''[[Abdal]] [[:tr:Abdal Musa|Mūsā]]'''|KAY='''[[Kaygusuz Abdal]]'''|HBV='''[[Hacı Bayram-ı Veli]]''' |BAY='''[[Bayramiyye|Bāyrām’īyyah]] [[Tariqa]]'''|YEM='''[[Yunus Emre]]'''}}
-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:#A4F4F9;| | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:#A4F4F9;| | |`|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|~|-|J| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree/end}}
-<br />
-{{chart top|The historical emergence of the [[Shī‘ah]] [[Imāmī]] [[Alevi|Alevī]]-[[Bektaşi]] [[Ṭarīqah]] }}
-{| class="{{{class|navbox}}}" style="float:{{{1|center}}}; margin: 2ex 0 0.6em 0.5em; width: 8em; line-height:111%;"
-!<small>The schematic history of the development of the [[Imāmī]]-[[Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Bakt.C4.81shism_.28Bekta.C5.9Filik.29|Bektāşīlik]] from other [[Shī‘ah]] [[Muslim sects]] </small>
-|-   [[Shī‘ah]] [[Imāmī]] [[Alevi|Alevī]] [[Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Bakt.C4.81shism_.28Bekta.C5.9Filik.29|Bektāshī]] [[Ṭarīqah]]
-|
-{{chart/start|align=right}}
-{{chart|WAM|v|BAU| |FBA|v|AMJ|v|NBJ| |BAU=[[Barrah bint Abdul Uzza| Barrah]]|WAM=[[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf|Wahb]]|FBA=[[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah]]|AMJ=[[Abdul-Muttalib]]|NBJ=[[Natila bint Janab|Natīla]] |boxstyle_AMJ= background-color:Aquamarine; |boxstyle_FBA= background-color:Aquamarine; |boxstyle_WAM= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_BAU= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; }}
-{{chart| |,|-|'| |,|-|v|-|-|-|'| | | |`|-|.| |}}
-{{chart|ABW|v|ABM|!|ABH|v|FBQ| |ABB|ABW=[[Aminah bint Wahab]]|ABM=[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|ʿAbd Allāh]]  |HMZ=[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]]|ABB= [[‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|‘Abbas]]|FBQ=Fatimah bint Qays|ABH=[[Asad ibn Hashim|Asad]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf|Hashim]]|boxstyle_ABH= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABT= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_ABW= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_FBQ= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABM= background-color:Aquamarine; }}
-{{chart| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|.| |`|-|.| | | |!| | }}
-{{chart|HBH|v|MHD| |ABT|v|FBA| |ABA| | | | | | | |MHD= '''[[Muhammad]]'''<br><small>([[Family tree of Muhammad|Family tree]])</small> |HBH=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]] bint [[Khuwaylid ibn Asad|Khuwaylid]]|ABA=[[Abdullah ibn Abbas|ʿAbd Allāh]] |ABT=[[Abi Talib]]| FBA=[[Fatimah bint Asad]]|boxstyle_MHD= background-color:DeepSkyBlue;  |boxstyle_HBH= background-color:Aqua; |boxstyle_ABH= background-color:MediumSpringGreen; |boxstyle_FBA= background-color:PaleGreen; |boxstyle_ABT= background-color:Aquamarine; }}
-{{chart| |,|-|'| | | |,|-|-|-|'| | | | | |!|}}
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-{{chart| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |`|-|-|-|.| | |!| | | |}}
-{{chart| |HAS| |HUS|v|SBN| |MBH|7|`|.|SBN=[[Shahr Banu]]|MBH='''[[Ibn al hanifiyyah|Ibn al-Hanifiyyah]]'''|HAS='''[[Hasan al Mujtaba]]'''|HUS='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]''' <small>([[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|Family]])</small>|boxstyle_HAS= background-color:LightSkyBlue; |boxstyle_HUS= background-color:LightSkyBlue; |boxstyle_MBH= background-color:LightSteelBlue; }}
-{{chart| | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| |:| |!| }}
-{{chart| |FTM|-|v|-|ZAYN|v|JSN|!|KAY|!| | | | | |ZAYN=[[Zayn al-'Abidin]]|FTM=[[Fatimah bint Hasan|Fatimah]] bint [[Hasan al Mujtaba|Hasan]]|JSN=Jayda al-Sindhi|KAY=[[Kaysanites]]<br /><small>([[Al-Mukhtar]])</small>|boxstyle_KAY= background-color:Thistle;|boxstyle_ZAYN= background-color:Turquoise;|boxstyle_FTM= background-color:Turquoise;  }}
-{{chart | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| |:| |!| }}
-{{chart|UFQ|v|BAQ| | |ZAY| |AHS|J| |!|BAQ=[[Muhammad al-Baqir]]|UFQ=[[Farwah bint al-Qasim|Farwah]] bint<br><small>[[Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr|Al-Qasim]] ibn [[Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr|Muhammad]]</small>|ZAY=[[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd ash-Shahīd]] <small>([[Zaydiyyah]])</small>||AHS= <small>First [[Sufism|Sufi]]</small><br> [[Abu Hashim]] <small>([[Hashimiyya]])</small>|boxstyle_HUS1= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AHS= background-color:Lavender; |boxstyle_UFQ= background-color:Azure; |boxstyle_ZAY= background-color:PaleTurquoise;|boxstyle_BAQ= background-color:Turquoise; }}
-{{familytree| | | |!| | | | | | |:| | | |L|~|~|T|'|}}
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-{{chart| |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | }}
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-{{chart| |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| | | |:| | |}}
-{{chart|İSM|7|AAA| |İBR|!|İSN| |MUS| |İSM=[[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Imāmī]] [[Ismā'īlī]]sm|MUS=[[Abu Muslim Khorasani|Muslim’īyyah]] <small>([[Sinbad the Magean|Sīnbād]])</small>|boxstyle_İSM= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_İSN= background-color:#FFFFCC;|İSN=[[Imāmī]] [[Athnā‘ashariyyah]]|AAA=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah|Muhammad al-Aftah]]|İBR=[[Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Kazim|Ibrāhim ibn Mūsā]]|boxstyle_MUS= background-color:LightPink; }}
-{{familytree| |F|~|A|~|7| | | |,|-|'| |!| |,|-|(| | }}
-{{chart|MBİ| |SEV| |FTM|F|ARD|!|TUR|TUR=[[Ishaq al-Turk]]|MBİ= [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il|Al-Maktūm]] <br><small>(Mubārakʾiyya)</small>| |SEV=[[Seveners]]|FTM=[[Fatima bint Musa|Fātimā al-Ma‘sūmah]] | |ARD= [[Ali al-Rida]]| |boxstyle_MBİ= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_SEV= background-color:PeachPuff;}}
-{{chart| |!| | | |:| |F|~|~|~|J| |!| |`|-|.| | }}
-{{familytree|WAF| |QAR|D|TUS|,|JAW| |MUH|QAR=<small>[[Hamdan Qarmat|Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ'l-ʾAšʿaṯ]]</small>| | |WAF= [[Ahmad al-Wafi|ʿAbadullāh<small> ''(Wafī Aḥmad)''</small>]]|TUS=[[Al-Tustari]]<br /><small>([[Taṣawwuf]])</small>|JAW= [[Muhammad al-Jawad|Muhammad al-Taqī ''(Jawad)'']]|MUH=[[Muḥammirah|Muhammerah]] <small>([[Muqanna]])</small>|boxstyle_MUH= background-color:HotPink; |boxstyle_TUS= background-color:Linen;}}
-{{chart| |!| | | |:| |:| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | }}
-{{chart|HAS1132| |SAD|:|MUS|,|HAD|7|KHR|HAD= [[Ali al Hadi]]|SAD=[[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi|Abū Sa'id]]|HAS1132= [[Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)|Aḥmad <small> ''(Taqī Muhammad)'' </small>]]|MUS=[[Musa al-Mubarraqa|Mūsā al-Mūbārraqā]]|KHR=[[Khurramites|Khurrāmīyah]] <small>([[Babak Khorramdin|Pāpak]], [[Maziar]])</small>| boxstyle_KHR= background-color:Coral; }}
-{{chart| |!| | | |:| |:| |,|-|^|-|.| |:| |:| | }}
-{{chart|HAS2132| |TAH|:|MAH| |HAS|:|KIZ| |HAS2132= [[Radi Abdullah|Ḥusayn<small><br> ''(Raḍī ʿAbdillāh)''</small>]]| |HAS=[[Hasan al-Askari]]| TAH=[[Abū-Tāhir Al-Jannābī|Abū-Tāhir]]|KIZ=[[Kızılbaş]]|MAH=[[Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi|Muhammad]] ibn [[Ali al-Hadi|Ali]] |boxstyle_KIZ= background-color:LightCoral; }}
-{{familytree|boxstyle=background:LightBlue;| |!| | | |!| |L|~|~|7| | |!| |:| |:| | | | }}
-{{familytree|UAM| |QAR| | |NAM| |!|NUS|:|NUS=[[Ibn Nusayr]] <small>([[Namiriya|‘Ulyāʾiyya]])</small>|UAM= [[Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah|Ubayd Allāh]] <small>([[Fatimids]])</small>|NAM=[[Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)|Nāimī]]-[[Hurufi|Ḥurūfīs]]|QAR=[[Qarmati]]s| |boxstyle_QAR= background-color:PeachPuff; |boxstyle_UAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NUS= background-color:Moccasin; |boxstyle_NAM= background-color:Linen;}}
-{{familytree| |!| | | |,|-|v|-|-|'| | |!| |:| |:| | | | }}
-{{chart|HAS223|HAS223= [[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|al-Qāʾim]]| |AAA|!| | |MAH|^|ALK|:| |AAA=ʿAlī Al-Aʿlā <small>([[Bektashiyyah|Baktāsh’īyyah]])</small>|MAH=[[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Muhammad]] <br /><small>([[Imam e Zamana|Imām Zāmān]])</small>|ALK=[[Al-Khaṣībī]] <small>([[Nusairi]]s)</small>|boxstyle_NAM= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_MAH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALK= background-color:Moccasin;|boxstyle_AAA= background-color:Linen; }}
-{{chart| |!| | | |:| |!| | | |!| | | | | |:| | | | }}
-{{chart|HAS224| | |:|MPS| |TWE| |SAR|:|HAS224= [[al-Mansur Billah|al-Manṣūr]]|MPS=[[Mahmoud Pasikhani|Pasīkhānī]] <small>([[Nuktawiyya]])</small>|NUS=[[Nusairi]]s| |TWE=[[Imamiyyah]] <small>([[Theology of Twelvers|Twelvers]])</small>|SAR=[[Sarı Saltuk]] <small>([[Bektaşi|Baktāshī]]s)</small>|boxstyle_NUS= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_TWE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_MPS= background-color:Linen; |boxstyle_SAR= background-color:MistyRose; }}
-{{chart| |!| | | |:| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |:| |:| | }}
-{{familytree|HAS225| |NES| |JAF| |ALE|X|OTM|OTM=[[Otman Baba]]|HAS225= [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Muʿizz]]|NES=[[Nesîmî|Nasīmī]]|JAF=[[Ja'fari]]s|ALE=[[Alevi]]s| boxstyle_JAF= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_ALE= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_NES= background-color:Linen;|boxstyle_OTM= background-color:MistyRose;}}
-{{chart| |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |:| |!| }}
-{{chart|ALA| |AKH| |SHY| |USL|:|BAL|BAL=[[Balım Sultan]]| |ALA= [[Al-Aziz Billah|al-ʿAzīz]]|AKH=[[Akhbari]]s|SHY=[[Shaykhi]]s|USL=[[Usuli]]s | | | boxstyle_QAR= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AKH= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_SHY= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_USL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_BAL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
-{{chart| |!| | | |!| | | |:| | | |!| |:| |!|  }}
-{{chart|HAS234|7|SAF| |BAB|.|VEF|:|HAS234=[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Ḥākim]]|BAB=[[Nuqta-yi Ula]] <small>([[Bábis]])</small>| VEF=[[Velayat-e-faqih]] <small>([[Iran, Islamic Rep.]])</small>|GÜL|GÜL=[[Gül Baba]] <small>([[Hurufi]]-[[Bektaşi]])</small>|SAF=[[Safavids]] <small>([[Safaviyya|Safavī]] [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Iran]])</small>| | | |boxstyle_GÜL= background-color:MistyRose;}}
-{{chart| |!| |L|~|7| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |L|~|7| |  }}
-{{chart|HAS312|HAS312=[[Ali az-Zahir|al-Ẓāhir]]| |DRZ| |AZL| |BHI|F|OAL|DRZ=[[Durzi]]s <br><small>([[Al-Muqtana]]) </small>|OAL=[[Aleviler|Other Alevis]] <small>([[Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Bakt.C4.81shism_.28Bekta.C5.9Filik.29|Bektashism]])</small>|AZL=[[Mirza Yahya|Mírzá Yaḥyá]] <small>([[Azalis]])</small>|BHI=[[Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí|Mírzá Ḥusayn]] <small>([[Bahá'ís]])</small>|boxstyle_OAL= background-color:Pink; }}
-{{chart| |`|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |:| |!|  }}
-{{chart| | |ALM|~|NKH|-|BAP|F|YAR|!|YAR=[[Yarsani]]s <br><small>([[Sultan Sahak]])</small>|ALM=[[Al-Mustansir Billah|Al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh]]|NKH=[[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq|Dā'ī]] [[Nasir Khusraw]]| | | | | |BAP=[[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region|Badakhshan]] & [[Badakhshan Province|Afgan]] [[Pamiris]] | boxstyle_NKH= background-color:Seashell; | boxstyle_BAP= background-color:Seashell;}}
-{{familytree| |,|-|^|-|u|-|-|-|.| |!| |:| |:| |!| | | | }}
-{{familytree|HAS3112|HAS3112=[[Al-Musta'li]] <small>([[Musta'li]]s)</small>| |MBM| |NIZ|!|NIZ=[[Nizār ibn al-Mustanṣir billāh|Al-Nizār]] <br><small>([[Nizārī]]s)</small>|YEZ|:| |!|YEZ=[[Ostad Elahi]] <br><small>([[‘Ali-Ilahis]])</small>| |BAM=[[Baha'uddin al-Muqtana|Baha'uddin Muqtana]]|ADD=<small>[[Nashtakin al-Darazi|Nashtakin<br>al-Darazi]]</small>|MBM=<small>Muḥammad ibn [[Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh|Abū Tamīm]] </small>| boxstyle_HAS3112= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ADD= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_NIZ= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
-{{familytree| |`|-|.| |!| | | |:| |!| | | |:| |!| | }}
-{{familytree| |,|AMR|AMR=[[Al-Amir|Al-Āmir]]|k| | |SAB|!| | |BFR|!|BFR=[[Ishikism|Işık Alevis]]|SAB=[[Hashshashins]] <small>([[Hassan Sabbah|Ḥ. bin Sabbah]]) </small>| |boxstyle_SAB= background-color:PapayaWhip; }}
-{{familytree| |!| |:| |:| | | |:| |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| }}
-{{chart|TAQ|TAQ=[[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|At-Tayyib]] <small>([[Tayyibi]]s)</small>|:|HAF|HAF=[[Al-Hafiz|Al-Ḥāfīz]] <small>([[Hafizi]]s)</small>| |HAS|!|HAS=[[Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam|Ḥasan ʿAlā]] <small>([[Alamut Castle|Alamūt]] [[Nizārī Ismā'īlī state|Nizārī]]s) </small>| | |ALN|!|HAR|HAR=[[Harabati baba tekke|Harabatis]] <br><small>([[Baba Rexheb]]) </small>|ALN=[[Alians]]<br /> <small>([[Demir Baba Teke|Demir Baba]]) </small>| | |boxstyle_HAR= background-color:LavenderBlush; |boxstyle_HAF= background-color:LightYellow; | boxstyle_HAS= background-color:PapayaWhip; |boxstyle_TAQ= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_ALN= background-color:LavenderBlush; }}
-{{familytree| |G|~|J| | | | | |!| |`|-|.| | | |!|}}
-{{chart|ARW|ARW=[[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Arwa <br>al-Sulayhi]]|-|DAW|.|AGA| |PAM| |CEP| |CEP=[[Chepni]]s|DAW=[[Zoeb bin musa|Zoeb Musa]] <small>([[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]])</small>|AGA=[[Aga Khan|Agha Khans]] <small>([[Imamate in Nizari doctrine|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]]s)</small>|boxstyle_DRZ= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_DAW= background-color:#FFFFCC; | boxstyle_AGA= background-color:PapayaWhip; |HUS2232=[[Dawoodi_Bohra#Intra-Bohra_schisms|Other Bohra]]s  |PAM=[[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] [[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Ismāʿīlīsm]] | boxstyle_CEP= background-color:LavenderBlush; | boxstyle_PAM= background-color:Seashell;}}
-{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
-{{chart|SUL| |ALA|!|HEB|,|ATB| |SUL=[[Sulayman bin Hassan|Sulayman]] <small>([[Sulaymanis]])</small> |HEB=<small>[[Hebtiahs Bohra]]</small>|ALA=<small>Ali bin Ibrāhim<br>([[Alavi Bohra]])</small> |PDB=[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] |boxstyle_HEB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|ATB=<small>[[Abdul Hussain Jivaji|A . Hussain Jivaji]]<br> ([[Atba-i-Malak]])</small> | boxstyle_SUL= background-color:#FFFFCC; |boxstyle_ALA= background-color:#FFFFCC;| boxstyle_ATB= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
-{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|'| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
-{{chart|JAF| |PDB| |AMV| |AMB| |JAF=<small>[[Jafari Bohras]] ([[Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi]])</small>|PDB=<small>[[Progressive Dawoodi Bohra|Progressive Dawoodis]] ([[Asghar Ali Engineer|Asghar Ali]])</small>|AMB=<small>[[Atba-e-Malak Badar|Atba-i-Malak Badar]] ([[Badruddin Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan Saheb|Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan]])</small>|AMV=<small>[[Atba-i-Malak Vakil]] ([[Abdul Qadir Ebrahimji|A. Qadir Ebrahimji]])</small>|  boxstyle_PDB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMB= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_AMV= background-color:#FFFFCC;| }}
-{{chart/end}}
-{{familytree/end}}
-{{chart bottom}}
-==Notes==
 <references/>
 ===Further reading===
 {{Refbegin|2}}
+;
-;[[Alevi]] / Bektashi history
 * Birge, John Kingsley (1937). [http://www.hermetics.org/bektashi.html ''The Bektashi order of dervishes''], London and Hartford.
 * Brown, John (1927), ''The Darvishes of Oriental Spiritualism.''
 * Küçük, Hülya (2002) ''The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle.'' Leiden: Brill.
 * Mélikoff, Irène (1998). ''Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie.'' Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, {{ISBN|90-04-10954-4}}.
-* Shankland, David (1994). “Social Change and Culture: Responses to Modernization in an Alevi Village in Anatolia.”In  C.N. Hann, ed., ''When History Accelerates: Essays on Rapid Social Change, Complexity, and Creativity.'' London: Athlone Press.
 * Yaman, Ali (undated). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022200049/http://www.alevibektasi.org/dedes.htm Kizilbash Alevi Dedes]." (Based on his MA thesis for Istanbul University.)
+* Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), “Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey.”  Swedish Research Institute.
-;Bibliographies
-* Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), “Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey.” In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute, pp.&nbsp;23–50.
 {{Refend}}
+{{Shia-stub}}
 {{Islamic Theology|state=uncollapsed|schools}}
 {{Theology}}