Jump to content

Material: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(128 intermediate revisions by 99 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object}}
{{Short description|Substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object}}
{{Distinguish-otheruses2|Materiel|Material}}
{{Other uses|Material (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Materiel}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Stainless kitchen container with cover.jpg
| image2 = Red terracotta flowerpots.jpg
| image3 = Plastic objects.jpg
| image4 = Wooden-pallets stacked 8.jpg
| footer = Various different materials classified by microstructure. Clockwise from top-left: steel kitchen container ([[metal]]s), terracotta flowerpots ([[ceramic]]s), wooden pallets ([[composite material|composites]]), and plastics ([[polymers]]).
| alt1 = Steel kitchen container
| alt2 = Terracotta flowerpots
| alt3 = Various plastic objects, including a bowl, CD, water bottle, and roll of tape
| alt4 = A stack of wooden pallets
}}
⚫
A '''material''' is a [[matter|substance]] or [[mixture]] of substances that constitutes an [[Physical object|object]]. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their [[physical property|physical]] and [[chemical property|chemical properties]], or on their [[geological]] origin or [[biological]] function. [[Materials science]] is the study of materials, their properties and their applications.


⚫
[[Raw material]]s can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]].
⚫
A '''material''' is a [[substance]] or [[mixture]] of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified based on their [[physical property|physical]] and [[chemical property|chemical properties]], or on their [[geological]] origin or [[biological]] function. [[Materials science]] is the study of materials and their applications.


⚫
In [[Industrial sector|industry]], materials are inputs to [[list of manufacturing processes|manufacturing processes]] to produce products or more complex materials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=Definition of MATERIAL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/material |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
[[Raw materials]] can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by [[Chemical synthesis|synthesis]].


==Historical elements==
⚫
In [[industry]], materials are inputs to [[list of manufacturing processes|manufacturing processes]] to produce products or more complex materials.
Materials chart the history of humanity. The system of the three prehistoric ages ([[Stone Age]], [[Bronze Age]], [[Iron Age]]) were succeeded by historical ages: steel age in the 19th century, polymer age in the middle of the following century (plastic age) and silicon age in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Materials that shaped history {{!}} School of Materials Science and Engineering – UNSW Sydney |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/science/our-schools/materials/engage-with-us/high-school-students-and-teachers/materials-shaped-history |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en}}</ref>


==Classification by use==
==Classification by use==
Materials can be broadly categorised in terms of their use, for example:
Materials can be broadly categorized in terms of their use, for example:
*[[Building material|Building materials]] are used for construction
*[[Building material]]s are used for construction
*[[Building insulation materials]] are used to retain heat within buildings
*[[Building insulation materials]] are used to retain heat within buildings
*[[Refractory materials]] are used for high-temperature applications
*[[Refractory materials]] are used for high-temperature applications
*[[Nuclear materials]] are used for nuclear power and weapons
*[[Nuclear materials]] are used for nuclear power and weapons
*[[Aerospace materials]] are used in aircraft and other aerospace applications
*[[Aerospace materials]] are used in aircraft and other aerospace applications
*[[Biomaterial|Biomaterials]] are used for applications interacting with living systems
*[[Biomaterial]]s are used for applications interacting with living systems


[[Material selection]] is a process to determine which material should be used for a given application.
[[Material selection]] is a process to determine which material should be used for a given application.
Line 21: Line 38:
==Classification by structure==
==Classification by structure==
The relevant structure of materials has a different length scale depending on the material. The structure and composition of a material can be determined by [[microscopy]] or [[spectroscopy]].
The relevant structure of materials has a different length scale depending on the material. The structure and composition of a material can be determined by [[microscopy]] or [[spectroscopy]].

===Microstructure===
===Microstructure===
In engineering, materials can be categorised according to their microscopic structure:<ref name=ashby>{{Cite book|title=Materials engineering, science, processing and design|last=Ashby|first=Michael|last2=Shercliff|first2=Hugh|last3=Cebon|first3=David|publisher=Elsevier|year=2010|isbn=9781856178952|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|}}</ref>{{rp|15-17}}
In [[engineering]], materials can be categorised according to their microscopic structure:<ref name=ashby>{{Cite book|title=Materials engineering, science, processing and design|last1=Ashby|first1=Michael|last2=Shercliff|first2=Hugh|last3=Cebon|first3=David|publisher=Elsevier|year=2010|isbn=9781856178952|edition=2nd|location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|15–17}}
* [[Plastic]]s: a wide range of [[Synthetic polymers|synthetic]] or [[Semisynthesis|semi-synthetic]] materials that use [[polymer]]s as a main ingredient.
* [[ceramic|Ceramics]]: non-metal, inorganic solids
* [[Ceramic]]s: [[Nonmetallic material|non-metal]], [[Inorganic chemistry|inorganic]] [[solid]]s
*[[Glass|Glasses]]: [[amorphous]] solids
*[[Glass]]es: [[amorphous solid]]s
⚫
* [[Metals]]: pure or [[alloy|combined]] chemical elements with [[Metallic bonding|specific chemical bonding behavior]]
*[[Crystal]]s: a solid material whose constituents (such as [[atom]]s, [[molecule]]s, or [[ion]]s) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a [[crystal lattice]] that extends in all directions.
⚫
* [[Polymers]]: materials based on long carbon or silicon chains
⚫
* [[Metal]]s: [[Chemical element|pure]] or [[alloy|combined]] [[chemical element]]s with [[Metallic bonding|specific chemical bonding behavior]]
⚫
* Hybrids: combinations of multiple materials, for example [[composite materials| composites]].
* [[Alloy]]s: a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is often a metal.
⚫
* [[Polymers]]: materials based on long [[carbon]] or [[silicon]] chains
⚫
* [[Hybrid material|Hybrids]]: Combinations of multiple materials, for example [[composite materials|composites]].


===Larger-scale structure===
===Larger-scale structure===
A [[metamaterial]] is any material engineered to have a property that is not found in naturally occurring materials, usually by combining several materials to form a composite and / or tuning the [[shape]], [[geometry]], [[Dimensions|size]], [[Orientation (geometry)|orientation]] and arrangement to achieve the desired property.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kshetrimayum |first=R.S. |date=January 2005 |title=A brief intro to metamaterials |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1368916 |journal=IEEE Potentials |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=44–46 |doi=10.1109/MP.2005.1368916 |s2cid=36925376 |issn=0278-6648}}</ref>
⚫
In [[foams]] and [[textiles]], the chemical structure is less relevant to immediately observable properties than larger-scale material features: the holes in foams, and the weave in materials.

⚫
In [[foams]] and [[textiles]], the chemical structure is less relevant to immediately observable [[Chemical property|properties]] than larger-scale material features: the holes in foams, and the weave in textiles.


==Classification by properties==
==Classification by properties==
Line 50: Line 73:


===Other properties===
===Other properties===
Materials can be compared and categorised by any quantitative measure of their behavior under various conditions. Notable additional properties include the optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of materials.<ref name=ashby />{{rp|5-7}}
Materials can be compared and categorized by any quantitative measure of their behavior under various conditions. Notable additional properties include the optical, electrical, and magnetic behavior of materials.<ref name=ashby />{{rp|5–7}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 57: Line 80:
*[[:Category:Materials]]
*[[:Category:Materials]]


⚫
[[Category:Broad-concept articles]]
⚫
[[Category:Goods (economics)]]
⚫
[[Category:Material handling]]
[[Category:Materials| ]]
[[Category:Matter]]
== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}{{Material-stub}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Navbox materials}}
{{Solid objects}}
{{Authority control}}

⚫
[[Category:Broad-concept articles]]
⚫
[[Category:Materials| ]]
⚫
[[Category:Materials science]]

Latest revision as of 02:36, 22 November 2024

For other uses, see Material (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Materiel.
Steel kitchen container
Terracotta flowerpots
Various plastic objects, including a bowl, CD, water bottle, and roll of tape
A stack of wooden pallets
Various different materials classified by microstructure. Clockwise from top-left: steel kitchen container (metals), terracotta flowerpots (ceramics), wooden pallets (composites), and plastics (polymers).

A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Materials science is the study of materials, their properties and their applications.

Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by synthesis.

In industry, materials are inputs to manufacturing processes to produce products or more complex materials.[1]

Historical elements

[edit]

Materials chart the history of humanity. The system of the three prehistoric ages (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age) were succeeded by historical ages: steel age in the 19th century, polymer age in the middle of the following century (plastic age) and silicon age in the second half of the 20th century.[2]

Classification by use

[edit]

Materials can be broadly categorized in terms of their use, for example:

Material selection is a process to determine which material should be used for a given application.

Classification by structure

[edit]

The relevant structure of materials has a different length scale depending on the material. The structure and composition of a material can be determined by microscopy or spectroscopy.

Microstructure

[edit]

In engineering, materials can be categorised according to their microscopic structure:[3]: 15–17 

Larger-scale structure

[edit]

A metamaterial is any material engineered to have a property that is not found in naturally occurring materials, usually by combining several materials to form a composite and / or tuning the shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement to achieve the desired property.[4]

In foams and textiles, the chemical structure is less relevant to immediately observable properties than larger-scale material features: the holes in foams, and the weave in textiles.

Classification by properties

[edit]
Main article: Material properties

Materials can be compared and classified by their large-scale physical properties.

Mechanical properties

[edit]

Mechanical properties determine how a material responds to applied forces.

Examples include:

Thermal properties

[edit]

Materials may degrade or undergo changes of properties at different temperatures. Thermal properties also include the material's thermal conductivity and heat capacity, relating to the transfer and storage of thermal energy by the material.

Other properties

[edit]

Materials can be compared and categorized by any quantitative measure of their behavior under various conditions. Notable additional properties include the optical, electrical, and magnetic behavior of materials.[3]: 5–7 

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Definition of MATERIAL". Merriam-Webster. 2023-08-20. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  2. ^ "Materials that shaped history | School of Materials Science and Engineering – UNSW Sydney". UNSW Sites. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  3. ^ a b Ashby, Michael; Shercliff, Hugh; Cebon, David (2010). Materials engineering, science, processing and design (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN 9781856178952.
  4. ^ Kshetrimayum, R.S. (January 2005). "A brief intro to metamaterials". IEEE Potentials. 23 (5): 44–46. doi:10.1109/MP.2005.1368916. ISSN 0278-6648. S2CID 36925376.
[edit]
Look up material in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Material&oldid=1258872687"