Lao script: Difference between revisions
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} |
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{{Short description|Abugida script for the Lao language}}{{Infobox writing system |
{{Short description|Abugida script for the Lao language}} |
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{{Infobox writing system |
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|name=Lao |
| name = Lao |
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|languages=[[Lao language|Lao]], [[Thai language|Thai]] and others |
| languages = [[Lao language|Lao]], [[Isan language|Isan]], [[Thai language|Thai]] and others |
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| time = {{circa|1497}}AD – present<ref>https://hal.science/hal-02358511/document</ref> |
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|time=c. 1350–present |
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| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]] |
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|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]] |
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|fam2=[[ |
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]] |
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|fam3=[[ |
| fam3 = [[Phoenician script|Phoenician]] |
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|fam4=[[ |
| fam4 = [[Aramaic script|Aramaic]] |
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|fam5=[[ |
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script]] |
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|fam6=[[ |
| fam6 = [[Tamil-Brahmi]] |
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|fam7=[[ |
| fam7 = [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava]] |
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| fam8 = [[Khmer script|Khmer]] |
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|sisters=[[Thai alphabet|Thai]] |
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| fam9 = [[Sukhothai script|Sukhothai]] |
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|type=[[Alphabet]] |
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| fam10 = [[Fakkham script|Fakkham]] |
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|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E80.pdf U+0E80–U+0EFF] |
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| fam11 = [[Tai Noi script|Tai Noi]] |
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|iso15924=Laoo |
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| type = [[Abugida]] |
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|sample=Lao Script Sample.svg |
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| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E80.pdf U+0E80–U+0EFF] |
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|imagesize=300px |
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| iso15924 = Laoo |
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| native_name = ອັກສອນລາວ |
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| sample = Lao Script Sample.svg |
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| imagesize = 300px |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Contains special characters|Lao}} |
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{{LaoText}} |
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{{brahmic}} |
{{brahmic}} |
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'''Lao script''' or '''Akson Lao''' ( |
'''Lao script''' or '''Akson Lao''' ({{langx|lo|ອັກສອນລາວ|links=no}} {{IPA-lo|ʔák.sɔ̌ːn láːw|}}) is the primary script used to write the [[Lao language]] and other minority languages in [[Laos]]. Its earlier form, the [[Tai Noi script]], was also used to write the [[Isan language]], but was replaced by the [[Thai script]]. It has 27 [[consonants]] ({{lang|lo|ພະຍັນຊະນະ}} {{IPA-lo|pʰā.ɲán.sā.nāʔ|}}), 7 consonantal ligatures ({{lang|lo|ພະຍັນຊະນະປະສົມ}} {{IPA-lo|pʰā.ɲán.sā.nāʔ pā.sǒm|}}), 33 vowels ({{lang|lo|ສະຫລະ}}/{{lang|lo|ສະຫຼະ}} {{IPA-lo|sā.láʔ|}}), and 4 tone marks ({{lang|lo|ວັນນະຍຸດ}} {{IPA-lo|wán.nā.ɲūt|}}). |
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The Lao |
The Lao abugida was adapted from the [[Khmer script]], which itself was derived from the [[Pallava script]], a variant of the [[Grantha script]] descended from the [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī script]], which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Akson Lao is a sister system to the [[Thai script]], with which it shares many similarities and roots. However, Lao has fewer characters and is formed in a more curvilinear fashion than Thai. |
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Lao is written from left to right. Vowels can be written above, below, in front of, or behind consonants, with some vowel combinations written before, over and after. Spaces for separating words and punctuation were traditionally not used, but |
Lao is written from left to right. Vowels can be written above, below, in front of, or behind consonants, with some vowel combinations written before, over, and after. Spaces for separating words and punctuation were traditionally not used, but space is used and functions in place of a comma or period. The letters have no majuscule or minuscule (upper- and lowercase) differentiation. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{further|Tai Noi script}} |
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The Lao script derived locally from the [[Khmer script]] of [[Khmer Empire|Angkor]]<ref>Benedict, Paul K. "Languages and literatures of Indochina." ''The Far Eastern Quarterly'' (1947): 379–389.</ref> with additional influence from the [[Mon script]]. Both Khmer and Mon were ultimately derived from the [[Brahmi script]] of [[India]]. The Lao script was slowly standardized in the [[Mekong]] River valley after the various Tai principalities of the region were merged under [[Lan Xang]] in the 14th century. It has changed little since its inception and continued use in the Lao-speaking regions of modern-day Laos and [[Isan]]. Although the Thai script continued to evolve, both scripts still bear a resemblance.<ref>For comparison of the two, please see [[Peter T. Daniels|Daniels, Peter T.]] & [[William Bright|Bright, William]]. (Eds.). (1996). ''The World's Writing Systems'' (pp. 460–461). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</ref> However, this is less apparent today due to the communist party simplifying the spelling to be phonemic and omitting extra letters used to write words of Pali-Sanskrit origin. |
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The Lao script ultimately derived from a variant of the [[Khmer script|Old Khmer script]] of [[Khmer Empire|Angkor]], through the [[Sukhothai script]]. By the late 15th century, a form of the Sukhothai script had reached the Mekong River basin, after which the script developed differences between its Thai and Lao variants. In the 1960s, the [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] has simplified the spelling to be phonemic and omitted extra letters used to write words of Pali-Sanskrit origin.<ref>[[Peter T. Daniels|Daniels, Peter T.]] & [[William Bright|Bright, William]]. (Eds.). (1996). ''The World's Writing Systems'' (pp. 460–461). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>https://hal.science/hal-02358511/document</ref> |
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In the 1930s, [[Maha Sila Viravong]], a Buddhist scholar, backed by the Buddhist Institute in Vientiane and the Buddhist Academic Council, added an additional set of Lao characters to support Pali and Sanskrit, thereby filling the missing gaps in the existing script.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Vinodh |last2=Mitchell |first2=Ben |last3=Jansche |first3=Martin |last4=Brawer |first4=Sascha |title=Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17106-lao-for-pali.pdf}}</ref> While the Buddhist Institute published books that utilised these extended Indic characters, they did not see widespread usage, and fell out of usage by 1975.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, the extended Indic characters were added to [[Unicode]] 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lao Characters for Pali added to Unicode 12 {{!}} Computer Science Blog |url=https://blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/csblog/2019/03/06/lao-characters-for-pali-added-to-unicode-12/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk}}</ref> |
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In its earlier form, Lao would be considered an [[abugida]], in which the ''inherent vowel'' is embedded in the consonant letters. With the spelling reforms by the communist [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]], all vowels are now written explicitly.<ref>Unicode Consortium. (2019). Lao. In ''The Unicode Standard Version 12.0'' (p. 635). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium.</ref> However, many Lao outside of Laos, and some inside Laos, continue to write according to former spelling standards. For example, the old spelling of ສເຫຼີມ<ref>Allen Kerr, with the assistance of Sing Bourommavong, Houmpheng Phetmongkhonh, Samreung Singhavara, and Somsangouane Loungsisomkham, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1972, Catholic University Press, reprinted 1992 by White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok)</ref> 'to hold a ceremony, celebrate' contrasts with the new ສະເຫລີມ.<ref>William L. Patterson and Mario E. Severino, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1995, Dunwoody Press)</ref> |
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[[File:Evolution of the Lao Script.png|thumb|250px|Evolution of the Lao Script]] |
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[[File:WatThatLuang Sign.JPG|thumb|Lao script on a sign at Wat That Luang, Vientiane.]] |
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==Variant systems== |
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===Lao language in other scripts=== |
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#Traditionally, only secular literature was written with the Lao alphabet. Religious literature was often written in '''[[Tai Tham script|Tai Tham]]''', a Mon-based script that is still used for the [[Khün language|Tai Khün]], [[Tai Lue language|Tai Lü]], and formerly for [[Northern Thai language|Kham Mueang]].<ref>[[Michael Everson|Everson, Michael]], Hosken, Martin, & Constable, Peter. (2007). [http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07007r-n3207r-lanna.pdf ''Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS''].</ref> The Lao style of this script is known as '''Lao Tham'''.<ref>Kourilsky, Grégory & Berment, Vincent. (2005). [http://www.laosoftware.com/download/dekalb_gk-vb.pdf Towards a Computerization of the Lao Tham System of Writing]. In ''First International Conference on Lao Studies''.</ref> |
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#Mystical, magical, and some religious literature was written in '''Khom script''' (Aksar Khom), a modified version of the [[Khmer script]].<ref>Igunma, Jana. (2013). Aksoon Khoom: Khmer Heritage in Thai and Lao Manuscript Cultures. ''Tai Culture, 23: Route of the Roots: Tai-Asiatic Cultural Interaction''.</ref> |
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===Other languages in Lao script=== |
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According to Article 89 of the 2003 Amended Constitution of the [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]], the Lao alphabet, though originally used solely for transcribing the Lao language, is also used to write several minority languages.<ref>National Assembly No. 25/NA, 6 May 2003. Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180175 [[WIPO Lex]].</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=Article 89 as cited here did not specifically mentioned minority languages}} |
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#Additional Lao characters used to write [[Pali|Pāli]], the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]] of [[Theravada|Theravāda Buddhism]], are now available with the publication of Unicode 12.0.<ref>Rajan, V., Mitchell, B., Jansche, M., & Brawer, S. (2017). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17106r-lao-for-pali.pdf ''Revised Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali''].</ref> The font ''Lao Pali (Alpha)'' can be downloaded from Aksharamukha.<ref>[http://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/LaoPali ''Lao (Pali)'']. Aksharamukha. Retrieved 25 February 2020.</ref> |
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#Additional Lao characters used to write [[Khmu language|Khmu’]] were also encoded.<ref>Hosken, Martin. (2010). [http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10335r-n3893r.pdf ''Proposal to add minority characters to Lao script''].</ref><ref>Miller, Michelle. (2013). [http://www.sealang.net/mks/mks42miller.pdf A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography]. ''Mon-Khmer Studies, 42'', 12–25.</ref> |
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#An older version of Lao, '''Thai Noi''', was also used by the ethnic Lao of Thailand's [[Isan]] region before Isan was incorporated into Siam.<ref>Tsumura, Fumihiko. (2009). Magical Use of Traditional Scripts in Northeastern Thai Villages. ''Senri Ethnological Studies, 74'', 63–77.</ref> Its use was banned{{By whom|date=July 2016}} and supplemented with the very similar Thai alphabet in 1871; however, the region remained culturally and politically distant until further government campaigns and integration into the Thai state ([[Thaification]]) were imposed in the 20th century.<ref>Ronnakiat, Nantana (1992). Evidence of the Thai Noi alphabet found in inscriptions. ''The Third International Symposium on Language and Linguistics'', 1326 – 1334.</ref> |
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#Attempts to encode Thai Noi has been made.<ref>Mitchell, Ben. (2018). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18072-toward-thai-noi.pdf ''Towards a comprehensive proposal for Thai Noi/Lao Buhan script''].</ref> |
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#The applicability of Lao script for other minority languages require further evaluations.<ref>Lew, Sigrid. (2014). A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies. ''Writing Systems Research, 6''(1), 25–40. [[doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.846843]]</ref> |
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Some minority languages use other writing systems. For example, the [[Hmong people|Hmong]] adopted the [[Romanized Popular Alphabet]] to spell the [[Hmong language]]s. |
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==Consonants== |
==Consonants== |
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The twenty-seven consonants of the Lao alphabet are divided into three tone classes—high (ສູງ {{IPA-lo|sǔːŋ|}}), middle (ກາງ {{IPA-lo| |
The twenty-seven consonants of the Lao alphabet are divided into three tone classes—high (ສູງ {{IPA-lo|sǔːŋ|}}), middle (ກາງ {{IPA-lo|kàːŋ|}}), and low (ຕ່ຳ {{IPA-lo|tām|}})—which determine the tonal pronunciation of the word in conjunction with the four tone marks and distinctions between short and long vowels. Aside from tone, there are twenty-one distinct consonant sounds that occur in the Lao language. Each letter has an [[acrophony|acrophonical]] name that either begins with or features the letter prominently, and is used to teach the letter and serves to distinguish them from other, homophonous consonants. The letter ອ is a special null consonant used as a mandatory anchor for vowels, which cannot stand alone, and also to serve as a vowel in its own right. |
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The letter |
The letter ຣ (r) is a relatively new re-addition to the Lao alphabet. It was dropped as part of a language reform because most speakers pronounced it as "l", and had an ambiguous status for several decades. A 1999 dictionary does not include it when listing the full alphabet but does use it to spell many country names.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kangpajanpeng |first1=Kiao |last2= Vilaipan |first2=Vilaisat |last3= Vongnaty|first3= Kunlapan|date=1999|title= English-Lao, Lao-English Dictionary|trans-title=ວັດຈະນານຸກົມ ອັງກິດລາວ ລາວອັງກິດ |language=lo |publisher=Vientiane }}</ref> A comprehensive dictionary published by a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Information and Culture did not include it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Konnyvong |first=Syviengkhek |date=2005 |title=Dictionary of the Lao Language |trans-title=ວັດຈະນານຸກົມພາສາລາວ |language=lo |location=Vientiane}}.</ref> However, as the Lao vocabulary began to incorporate more foreign names (such as Europe, Australia, and America) it filled a need and is now taught in schools.<ref name="DoES">{{cite book |date= 2007|title= Lao Language, level 1|trans-title= ພາສາລາວ|language=lo |location=Vientiane |publisher=Ministry of Education and Sports}}</ref> The letter ຣ can also be found in Unit 14 (ບົດທີ 14 ຮ ຫ ຣ) of a textbook published by the government.<ref>ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກິລາ (Ministry of Education and Sports), & ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສຶກສາ (Research Institute for Educational Sciences). (2019). ແບບຮຽນ ພາສາລາວ ຊັ້ນປະຖົມສຶກສາ ປີທິ1 ເຫຼັ້ມ1. Retrieved 12 May 2020 from http://www.moes.edu.la/dge/primary-textbooks-grade-1.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301004605/http://www.moes.edu.la/dge/primary-textbooks-grade-1.php |date=1 March 2021 }}</ref> It is generally used as the first consonant of a syllable, or to follow a leading consonant, rarely as a final consonant. |
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===Consonant chart=== |
===Consonant chart=== |
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The table below shows the Lao consonant, its name, its pronunciation according to the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), as well as various |
The table below shows the Lao consonant, its name, its pronunciation according to the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), as well as various romanization schemes, such as the French-based systems in use by both the US ''Board of Geographic Names'' and the British ''Permanent Committee on Geographical Names'' (BGN/PCGN), the English-based system in use by the US [[Library of Congress]] (LC), [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription]] (RTGS) used in Thailand, and finally its [[Unicode]] name. A slash indicates the pronunciation at the beginning juxtaposed with its pronunciation at the end of a syllable. |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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| Line 65: | Line 57: | ||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ກ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ກ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ໄກ່</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[kāj]}}, ''chicken'' |
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|{{IPA|/k/}}||colspan=3|k |
|{{IPA|/k/}}||colspan=3|k |
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|{{IPA|/k/}}||colspan=3|k |
|{{IPA|/k/}}||colspan=3|k |
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|KO||Middle |
|KO||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຂ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຂ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ໄຂ່</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[kʰāj]}}, ''egg'' |
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|{{IPA|/kʰ |
|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}||colspan=3|kh |
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|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
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|KHO SUNG||High |
|KHO SUNG||style="background: #fcc"|High |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຄ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຄ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຄວາຍ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[kʰwáːj]}}, ''water buffalo'' |
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|{{IPA|/kʰ |
|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}||colspan=3|kh |
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|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
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|KHO TAM||Low |
|KHO TAM||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ງ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ງ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ງົວ</big>'' or''<big> ງູ </big>||align=left|{{IPA|[ŋúa]}}, ''ox'' or {{IPA|[ŋúː]}}, ''snake'' |
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|{{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||colspan=3|ng |
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||colspan=3|ng |
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|{{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||colspan=3|ng |
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||colspan=3|ng |
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|NGO||Low |
|NGO||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຈ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຈ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຈອກ</big>'' or ''<big>ຈົວ </big>||align=left|{{IPA|[tɕɔ̏ːk]}}, ''glass'' or {{IPA|[tɕùa]}} ''Buddhist novice'' |
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|{{IPA|/tɕ/}}||colspan=3|ch |
|{{IPA|/tɕ/}}||colspan=3|ch |
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|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
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|CO||Middle |
|CO||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ສ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ສ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ເສືອ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[sɯ̌a]}}, ''tiger'' |
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|{{IPA|/s/}}||colspan=3|s |
|{{IPA|/s/}}||colspan=3|s |
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|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
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|SO SUNG||High |
|SO SUNG||style="background: #fcc"|High |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຊ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຊ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຊ້າງ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[sâːŋ]}}, ''elephant'' |
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|{{IPA|/s/}}||x||colspan=2|s |
|{{IPA|/s/}}||x||colspan=2|s |
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|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
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|SO TAM||Low |
|SO TAM||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຍ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຍ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຍຸງ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[ɲúŋ]}}, ''mosquito'' |
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|{{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||gn||ny||y |
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||gn||ny||y |
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|{{IPA|/j/}}||colspan= |
|{{IPA|/j/}}||y||colspan=2|i |
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|NYO||Low |
|NYO||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ດ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ດ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ເດັກ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[dék]}}, ''child'' |
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|{{IPA|/d/}}||colspan=3|d |
|{{IPA|/d/}}||colspan=3|d |
||
|{{IPA|/t/}}||colspan=3|t |
|{{IPA|/t/}}||colspan=3|t |
||
|DO||Middle |
|DO||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຕ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຕ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຕາ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[tàː]}}, ''eye'' |
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|{{IPA|/t/}}||colspan=3|t |
|{{IPA|/t/}}||colspan=3|t |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|TO||Middle |
|TO||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຖ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຖ</span> |
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|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຖົງ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[tʰǒŋ]}}, ''stocking'', ''bag'' |
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|{{IPA|/tʰ/}}||colspan=3|th |
|{{IPA|/tʰ/}}||colspan=3|th |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|THO SUNG||High |
|THO SUNG||style="background: #fcc"|High |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ທ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ທ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ທຸງ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[tʰúŋ]}}, ''flag'' |
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|{{IPA|/tʰ/}}||colspan=3|th |
|{{IPA|/tʰ/}}||colspan=3|th |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|THO TAM||Low |
|THO TAM||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ນ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ນ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ນົກ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[nōk]}}, ''bird'' |
||
|{{IPA|/n/}}||colspan=3|n |
|{{IPA|/n/}}||colspan=3|n |
||
|{{IPA|/n/}}||ne||colspan=2|n |
|{{IPA|/n/}}||ne||colspan=2|n |
||
|NO||Low |
|NO||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ບ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ບ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ແບ້</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[bɛ̑ː]}}, ''goat'' |
||
|{{IPA|/b/}}||colspan=3|b |
|{{IPA|/b/}}||colspan=3|b |
||
|{{IPA|/p/}}||colspan=3|p |
|{{IPA|/p/}}||colspan=3|p |
||
|BO||Middle |
|BO||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ປ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ປ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ປາ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[pàː]}}, ''fish'' |
||
|{{IPA|/p/}}||colspan=3|p |
|{{IPA|/p/}}||colspan=3|p |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|PO||Middle |
|PO||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຜ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຜ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ເຜິ້ງ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[pʰɤ̏ŋ]}}, ''bee'' |
||
|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}||colspan=3|ph |
|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}||colspan=3|ph |
||
|– ||colspan=3|– |
|– ||colspan=3|– |
||
|PHO SUNG||High |
|PHO SUNG||style="background: #fcc"|High |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຝ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຝ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຝົນ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[fǒn]}}, ''rain'' |
||
|{{IPA|/f/}}||colspan=3|f |
|{{IPA|/f/}}||colspan=3|f |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|FO TAM{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຝຟ}}||style="background: #fcc"|High |
|||
|FO SUNG||High |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ພ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ພ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ພູ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[pʰúː]}}, ''mountain'' |
||
|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}||colspan=3|ph |
|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}||colspan=3|ph |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|PHO TAM||Low |
|PHO TAM||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຟ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຟ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ໄຟ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[fáj]}}, ''fire'' |
||
|{{IPA|/f/}}||colspan=3|f |
|{{IPA|/f/}}||colspan=3|f |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|FO SUNG{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຝຟ}}||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
|||
|FO TAM||Low |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ມ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ມ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ແມວ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[mɛ́ːw]}}, ''cat'' |
||
|{{IPA|/m/}}||colspan=3|m |
|{{IPA|/m/}}||colspan=3|m |
||
|{{IPA|/m/}}||colspan=3|m |
|{{IPA|/m/}}||colspan=3|m |
||
|MO||Low |
|MO||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຢ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຢ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຢາ</big> ||align=left|{{IPA|[jàː]}}, ''medicine'' |
||
|{{IPA|/j/}}||colspan=3|y |
|{{IPA|/j/}}||colspan=3|y |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|YO||Middle |
|YO||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຣ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຣ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຣົຖ (ລົດ)</big>'' or ''<big>ຣະຄັງ (ລະຄັງ)</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[rōt]}} ({{IPA|[lōt]}}), ''car'' or {{IPA|[rā.kʰáŋ]}}, ''bell'' |
||
|{{IPA|/r/}},{{IPA|/l/}}||colspan=3|r |
|{{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}||colspan=3|r |
||
|{{IPA|/n/}}||ne||colspan=2|n |
|{{IPA|/n/}}||ne||colspan=2|n |
||
|LO LING{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຣລ}}||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
|||
|LO LOOT||Low |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ລ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ລ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ລີງ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[líːŋ]}}, ''monkey'' |
||
|{{IPA|/l/}}||colspan=3|l |
|{{IPA|/l/}}||colspan=3|l |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|LO LOOT{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຣລ}}||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
|||
|LO LING||Low |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ວ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ວ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ວີ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[wíː]}}, ''fan'' |
||
| |
|{{IPA|/enwiki/w/}}||v||colspan=2|w |
||
|{{IPA|w}} |
|{{IPA|/w/}}||colspan=3|o |
||
|WO||Low |
|WO||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຫ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຫ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ຫ່ານ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[hāːn]}}, ''goose'' |
||
|{{IPA|/h/}}||colspan=3|h |
|{{IPA|/h/}}||colspan=3|h |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|HO SUNG||High |
|HO SUNG||style="background: #fcc"|High |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ອ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ອ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ໂອ</big>'' or ''<big>ອື່ງ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[ʔòː]}}, ''bowl'' or {{IPA|[ʔɯ̄ːŋ]}} ''frog'' |
||
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}||colspan=3|– |
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}||colspan=3|– |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|O||Middle |
|O||style="background: #cfc"|Middle |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຮ</span> |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຮ</span> |
||
|align=left|<big> |
|align=left|<big>ເຮືອນ</big>'' or ''<big>ເຮືອ</big>||align=left|{{IPA|[hɯ́an]}} ''house'', or {{IPA|[hɯ́a]}}, ''boat'' |
||
|{{IPA|/h/}}||colspan=3|h |
|{{IPA|/h/}}||colspan=3|h |
||
|–||colspan=3|– |
|–||colspan=3|– |
||
|HO TAM||Low |
|HO TAM||style="background: #ccf"|Low |
||
|} |
|} |
||
; Notes |
|||
Note that the Unicode names for the characters ຝ (FO TAM) and ຟ (FO SUNG) are reversed. The same is true for ຣ (LO LING) and ລ (LO LOOT). This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable. |
|||
{{Notelist|refs= |
|||
{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຝຟ|1=The Unicode names for the characters ຝ (FO TAM) and ຟ (FO SUNG) are reversed. This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable.}} |
|||
{{efn|name=alphabetic-ຣລ|1=The Unicode names for the characters ຣ (LO LING) and ລ (LO LOOT) are reversed. This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable.}} |
|||
}} |
|||
===Consonantal digraphs and ligatures=== |
===Consonantal digraphs and ligatures=== |
||
Lao also uses [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] based on combinations of the silent (unpronounced) ຫ ຫ່ານ with certain other consonants, some of which also have special [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] forms that are optionally used. |
|||
Lao also uses [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] based on combinations of silent ຫ ຫ່ານ with certain other consonants, some of which also have special [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] forms that are optionally used. Because the first silent component is of the 'high' tone class, all the digraphs and ligatures are also of the high tone class. The older versions of the script also included special forms for combinations of ພ (pʰ) + ຍ (ɲ), ສ (s) + ນ (n), and ມ (m) + ລ (l). In addition, consonant clusters that had the second component of ຣ (r) or ລ (l) were written with a special form ຼ underneath the consonant.<ref>Ronnakieat, N.</ref><ref>Davis, Garry W. (2015). The story of Lao r: Filling in the gaps. ''Journal of Lao Studies'' 2, 97–109. Retrieved from http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Davis.pdf</ref> Since these were not pronounced in Lao, they were removed during various spelling reforms, and this symbol only appears in the ligature ຫຼ.<ref>Ivarsson, Søren. (2008). Creating laos: the making of a lao space between indochina and siam, 1860–1945. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Inst of Asian Studies.</ref> |
|||
In the Thai script, certain consonants are preceded by '''tone modifiers'''. This is because high consonants or low consonants cannot produce the full 5 tones of Thai. For instance, tone modifier '''ห''' can turn low consonants into high ones. This also explains why the Lao script reserved consonants with the same sounds (e.g. ຂ and ຄ /kʰ/, ສ and ຊ /s/). Both high and low consonants are needed to produce full five (or six) tones of Lao. |
|||
Such design also exists in Lao. Sonorants ງ, ຍ, ນ, ມ, ລ, ວ are originally low consonants, but when they're preceded by ຫ, they become high consonants. |
|||
The older versions of the script also included special forms for combinations of ພ (pʰ) + ຍ (ɲ), ສ (s) + ນ (n), and ມ (m) + ລ (l). In addition, consonant clusters that had the second component of ຣ (r) or ລ (l) were written with a special form ◌ຼ underneath the consonant.<ref>Ronnakieat, N.</ref><ref>Davis, Garry W. (2015). The story of Lao r: Filling in the gaps. ''Journal of Lao Studies'' 2, 97–109. Retrieved from http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Davis.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309115625/http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Davis.pdf |date=9 March 2016 }}</ref> Since these were not pronounced in Lao, they were removed during various spelling reforms, and this symbol only appears in the ligature ຫຼ.<ref>Ivarsson, Søren. (2008). Creating laos: the making of a lao space between indochina and siam, 1860–1945. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Inst of Asian Studies.</ref> |
|||
{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! style="width:80px;" rowspan="2"|Letter!!colspan=4|Initial position |
! style="width:80px;" rowspan="2"|Letter!!colspan=4|Initial position |
||
!rowspan=2|Unicode!!rowspan=2| |
!rowspan=2|Unicode!!rowspan=2|Sample Word |
||
!rowspan=2|Tone Class |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
!IPA!!BGN/PCGN!!LC!!RTGS |
!IPA!!BGN/PCGN!!LC!!RTGS |
||
| Line 240: | Line 244: | ||
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫງ </span> |
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫງ </span> |
||
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||colspan=3|ng |
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||colspan=3|ng |
||
|ng||ເຫງົາ ''lonely''||style="background: #fcc"|High |
|||
|ng||High |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫຍ </span> |
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫຍ </span> |
||
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||gn|| |
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||gn||ny||y |
||
|ny||ຫຍ້າ ''grass''||style="background: #fcc"|High |
|||
|ny||High |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ໜ </span>or<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫນ </span> |
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ໜ </span>or<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫນ </span> |
||
|{{IPA|/n/}}||colspan=3|n |
|{{IPA|/n/}}||colspan=3|n |
||
|n||ໜູ ''rat''||style="background: #fcc"|High |
|||
|n||High |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ໝ </span>or<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫມ </span> |
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ໝ </span>or<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫມ </span> |
||
|{{IPA|/m/}}||colspan=3|m |
|{{IPA|/m/}}||colspan=3|m |
||
|m||ໝາ ''dog''||style="background: #fcc"|High |
|||
|m||High |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫຼ </span>or<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫລ </span> |
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫຼ </span>or<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫລ </span> |
||
|{{IPA|/l/}}||colspan=3|l |
|{{IPA|/l/}}||colspan=3|l |
||
|l||ຫຼັງ ''back''||style="background: #fcc"|High |
|||
|l||High |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫວ </span> |
|align=left|<span style="font-size:190%;"> ຫວ </span> |
||
| |
|{{IPA|/enwiki/w/}}||v||colspan=2|w |
||
|w||ແຫວນ ''ring''||style="background: #fcc"|High |
|||
|w||High |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
===Phonetic=== |
===Phonetic=== |
||
Lao characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). |
Lao characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). |
||
{|class=wikitable |
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |
||
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| |
|||
!colspan=2| !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!![[Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br>dental]] |
|||
! |
! rowspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
||
! |
! rowspan=2| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
||
! rowspan=2| [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-<br>palatal]] |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
! rowspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
|||
! colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
|||
! rowspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
|||
|- |
|||
! plain |
|||
! [[Labialization|lab.]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
!colspan=2|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
||
|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><big>ມ</big> |
|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><big>ມ</big>||{{IPA|[n]}}<br><big>ນ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[ɲ]}}<br><big>ຍ</big>||{{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br><big>ງ</big>|| || |
||
|- |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
!rowspan=3|[[ |
!rowspan=3|[[Plosive]] |
||
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] |
|||
|{{IPA|[b]}}<br><big>ບ</big> |
|{{IPA|[b]}}<br><big>ບ</big>||{{IPA|[d]}}<br><big>ດ</big>|| || || || || |
||
|- |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
![[voiceless]] |
![[voiceless]] |
||
|{{IPA|[p]}}<br><big>ປ</big> |
|{{IPA|[p]}}<br><big>ປ</big>||{{IPA|[t]}}<br><big>ຕ</big>|| || ||{{IPA|[k]}}<br><big>ກ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[ʔ]}}<br><big>ອ</big> |
||
|- |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
![[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] |
![[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] |
||
|{{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br><big>ຜ, ພ</big> |
|{{IPA|[pʰ]}}<br><big>ຜ, ພ</big>||{{IPA|[tʰ]}}<br><big>ຖ,ທ</big>|| || ||{{IPA|[kʰ]}}<br><big>ຂ, ຄ</big>|| || |
||
|- |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[ |
!colspan=2|[[Fricative]] |
||
|{{IPA|[f]}}<br><big>ຝ, ຟ</big>||{{IPA|[s]}}<br><big>ສ, ຊ</big>|| || ||{{IPA|[x]}}<br><big>ຂ, ຄ*</big>|| ||{{IPA|[h]}}<br><big>ຫ, ຮ</big> |
|||
|- |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[ |
!colspan=2|[[Affricate]] |
||
| || ||{{IPA|[tɕ]}}<br><big>ຈ</big>|| || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
|||
| ||{{IPA|[ʋ]}}<br><big>ວ*</big>|| || ||{{IPA|[j]}}<br><big>ຢ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[w]}}<br><big>ວ*</big> |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
!colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]] |
||
| ||{{IPA|[r]}}<br><big>ຣ</big>|| || || || || |
|||
|- |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
!colspan=2|[[ |
!colspan=2|[[Approximant]] |
||
| |
|{{IPA|[ʋ]}}<br><big>ວ**</big>||{{IPA|[l]}}<br><big>ລ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[j]}}<br><big>ຢ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[w]}}<br><big>ວ**</big>|| |
||
|} |
|} |
||
<small> |
|||
:<sup>*</sup> |
:<small><sup>*</sup> In Luang Prabang dialect.</small> |
||
:<small><sup>**</sup> Depends on the dialect.</small> |
|||
</small> |
|||
Lao characters in final position. In the old documents, the letter ຽ could be found in place of ຍ or ຢ. |
|||
Lao characters in final position. In the old documents, the letter ຽ could be found in place of ຍ. |
|||
{|class=wikitable |
|||
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |
|||
! !![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]!! |
|||
! rowspan=2| |
|||
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]!! |
|||
! |
! rowspan=2| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
||
! rowspan=2| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
|||
! rowspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
|||
! colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
|||
|- align=center |
|||
! plain |
|||
! [[Labialization|lab.]] |
|||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
||
|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><big>ມ</big> |
|{{IPA|[m]}}<br><big>ມ</big>||{{IPA|[n]}}<br><big>ນ,ຣ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br><big>ງ</big>|| |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
||
|{{IPA|[ |
|{{IPA|[p̚]}}<br><big>ບ</big>||{{IPA|[t̚]}}<br><big>ດ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[k̚]}}<br><big>ກ</big>|| |
||
|- align=center |
|- align=center |
||
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
||
||| ||{{IPA|[j]}}<br><big>ຍ</big>|| ||{{IPA|[w]}}<br><big>ວ</big> |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
== Vowels== |
== Vowels== |
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In its earlier form, Lao would be considered a full [[abugida]], in which the ''inherent vowel'' is embedded in the consonant letters. The spelling reforms by the communist [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] shallows the orthography: the main vowels are now written explicitly, but the rest of vowel diacritics still apply.<ref>Unicode Consortium. (2019). Lao. In ''The Unicode Standard Version 12.0'' (p. 635). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium.</ref> However, many Lao outside of Laos, and some inside Laos, continue to write according to former spelling standards. For example, the old spelling of ສເຫຼີມ<ref>Allen Kerr, with the assistance of Sing Bourommavong, Houmpheng Phetmongkhonh, Samreung Singhavara, and Somsangouane Loungsisomkham, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1972, Catholic University Press, reprinted 1992 by White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok)</ref> "to hold a ceremony, celebrate" contrasts with the new ສະເຫລີມ/ສະເຫຼີມ.<ref>William L. Patterson and Mario E. Severino, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1995, Dunwoody Press)</ref> |
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Vowels are constructed from only a handful of basic symbols, but they can be combined with other vowel forms and semi-vowels to represent the full repertoire of diphthongs and triphthongs used in the language. Vowels cannot stand alone or begin a syllable, so the silent consonant, ອ, which can function as a vowel in its own right, is used as a base when spelling a word that begins with a vowel sound. The names of the vowels are just as easy as saying sala (ສະຫລະ, {{IPA-lo|sáʔlāʔ|}}) before the vowel sign. Some vowels have unique names, and these are ໃ- (ໄມ້ມ້ວນ, {{IPA|mâj muân}}, ''rolled stem''), ໄ- (ໄມ້ມາຽ, {{IPA|mâj máːj}}, ''unwound stem''), -ົ (ໄມ້ກົງ, . {{IPA|mâj kòŋ}}, ''straight stem''), -ັ (ໄມ້ກັນ, . {{IPA|mâj kàn}}, ''ear stem''), -ຽ (ວິຣາມ, {{IPA|vī ráːm}}), and -ໍ (ນິກຄະຫິດ, {{IPA|nīk kʰā hǐt}}).<ref>Southeast asian language resource lao dictionary. (2005). Retrieved from http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm</ref> Although a short dash is used on this page to represent the consonant, in standard Lao orthography a small x symbol is used for this purpose.<ref name="DoES" /> Traditionally this was a simple, stylized, sans-serif x and it was included in Lao fonts before unicode became widespread. Unicode does not make it available as part of the Lao alphabet set, and a lower-case sans-serif x is often used instead. (Many of the letters listed below are now considered archaic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/LaoLanguage/LaoAlphabet/LaoVowelSounds.htm|title=Lao Vowel Sounds|website=seasite.niu.edu|accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laos-guide-999.com/lao-language.html|title=Lao Language – Its history, alphabet and numbers|accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref>) |
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Vowels are constructed from only a handful of basic symbols, but they can be combined with other vowel forms and semi-vowels to represent the full repertoire of diphthongs and triphthongs used in the language. |
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Vowels cannot stand alone or begin a syllable, so the silent consonant ອ, which can function as a vowel in its own right, is used as a base when spelling a word that begins with a vowel sound. |
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The names of the vowels are just as easy as saying ''sala'' (ສະຫຼະ, {{IPA-lo|sā.lāʔ|}}) before the vowel sign. |
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Some vowels have unique names, and these are ໃ◌ (ໄມ້ມ້ວນ, {{IPA|/mâj mûan/}}, "rolled stem"), ໄ◌ (ໄມ້ມາຍ, {{IPA|/mâj máːj/}}, "unwound stem"), ◌ົ (ໄມ້ກົງ, . {{IPA|/mâj kòŋ/}}, "straight stem"), ◌ັ (ໄມ້ກັນ, . {{IPA|/mâj kàn/}}, "ear stem"), ◌ຽ (ວິລາມ, {{IPA|/wīʔ láːm/}}), and ◌ໍ (ນິກຄະຫິດ, {{IPA|/nīk kʰāʔ hǐt/}}).<ref>Southeast asian language resource lao dictionary. (2005). Retrieved from http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612172359/http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm |date=12 June 2010 }}</ref> |
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Although a dotted circle ◌ is used on this page to represent the consonant, in standard Lao orthography a small x symbol is used for this purpose.<ref name="DoES" /> |
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Traditionally this was a simple, stylized, sans-serif x and it was included in Lao fonts before Unicode became widespread. |
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Unicode does not make it available as part of the Lao alphabet set, and a lower-case sans-serif x is often used instead. |
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Some vowels change their forms depending on whether they appear in the final or medial position. |
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=== Short and long vowels === |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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!colspan= |
!colspan=7|Short vowels!!rowspan=15| !!colspan=7|Long vowels |
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|- |
|- |
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!Letter!!IPA!!BGN/PCGN!!LC!!RTGS!!Unicode |
!colspan=2|Letter!!rowspan=2|IPA!!rowspan=2|BGN/PCGN!!rowspan=2|LC!!rowspan=2|RTGS!!rowspan=2|Unicode |
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!Letter!!IPA!!BGN/PCGN!!LC!!RTGS!!Unicode |
!colspan=2|Letter!!rowspan=2|IPA!!rowspan=2|BGN/PCGN!!rowspan=2|LC!!rowspan=2|RTGS!!rowspan=2|Unicode |
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|- |
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!Final!!Medial |
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!Final!!Medial |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ະ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ັ◌</span>||{{IPA|/aʔ/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}||colspan=3|a||a |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌າ</span>||{{IPA|/aː/}}||a||ā||a||aa |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ິ</span>||{{IPA|/i/}}||colspan=3|i||i |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ີ</span>||{{IPA|/iː/}}||i||ī||i||ii |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ຶ</span>||{{IPA|/ɯ/}}||u||ư||ue||y |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ື</span>||{{IPA|/ɯː/}}||u||ư̄||ue||yy |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ຸ</span>||{{IPA|/u/}}||ou||u||u||u |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ູ</span>||{{IPA|/uː/}}||ou||ū||u||uu |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ະ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ັ◌</span>||{{IPA|/eʔ/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}||é||e||e|| |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌</span>||{{IPA|/eː/}}||é||ē||e||e |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ແ◌ະ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">ແ◌ັ◌</span>||{{IPA|/ɛʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}||è||æ||ae|| |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">ແ◌</span>||{{IPA|/ɛː/}}||è||ǣ||ae||ei |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ໂ◌ະ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ົ◌</span>||{{IPA|/oʔ/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}||ô||o||o|| |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">ໂ◌</span>||{{IPA|/oː/}}||ô||ō||o||o |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌າະ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ັອ◌</span>||{{IPA|/ɔʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}||o||ǫ||o|| |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ໍ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ອ◌</span>||{{IPA|/ɔː/}}||o||ǭ||o|| |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ິ</span>||{{IPA|/ɤʔ/}}||eu||œ||oe|| |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ີ</span>||{{IPA|/ɤː/}}||eu||œ̄||oe|| |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ັຍ</span>||{{IPA|/iaʔ/}}||colspan=3|ia|| |
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|colspan=13| |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ຍ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ຽ◌</span>||{{IPA|/ia/}}||ia||īa||ia|| |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ຶອ</span>||{{IPA|/ɯaʔ/}}||ua||ưa||uea|| |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ືອ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ືອ◌</span>||{{IPA|/ɯa/}}||ua||ư̄a||uea|| |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|colspan=2|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ົວະ</span>||{{IPA|/uaʔ/}}||oua||ua||ua|| |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ົວ</span>||<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ວ◌ </span>||{{IPA|/ua/}}||oua||ūa||ua|| |
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|} |
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=== Special vowels === |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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!Letter!!IPA!!BGN/PCGN!!LC!!RTGS!!Unicode!!Old Alternative |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ໄ◌, ໃ◌<sup>*</sup></span>||{{IPA|/aj/}}||colspan=3|ai||ai ''or'' ay||<big>◌ັຍ</big> |
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|<big> -ົວ, -ວ- </big>||{{IPA|/uːə/}}||oua||ūa||ua|| |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">ເ◌ົາ</span>||{{IPA|/aw/}}||colspan=3|ao|| || |
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|<big> -າຍ </big>||{{IPA|/aːj/}}||ay||āi||ai|| |
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|- align=center |
|- align=center |
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|< |
|<span style="font-size:190%;">◌ໍາ</span>||{{IPA|/am/}}||colspan=3|am||||<big>◌ັມ</big> |
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|colspan=6| |
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|- align=center |
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|<big>-ຳ</big>||{{IPA|/am/}}||colspan=3|am|| |
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|colspan=6| |
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|} |
|} |
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:* In the Northern ([[Luang Prabang]]) dialect of Lao, ໃ- is pronounced as {{IPA|[aɰ]}} rather than {{IPA|[aj]}}; similarly, in the Northeastern ([[Houaphanh Province|Houaphanh]]) dialect, ໃ- is pronounced as {{IPA|/ɯ/}}. |
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:<small><sup>*</sup> In the Northern ([[Luang Prabang]]) dialect of Lao, ໃ◌ is pronounced as {{IPA|[aɰ]}} rather than {{IPA|[aj]}}; similarly, in the Northeastern ([[Houaphanh Province|Houaphanh]]) dialect, ໃ◌ is pronounced as {{IPA|/ɯ/}}.</small> |
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As in the neighboring [[Thai alphabet|Thai script]], [[Visarga|◌ະ]] is used to represent a [[glottal stop]] after a vowel. |
As in the neighboring [[Thai alphabet|Thai script]], [[Visarga|◌ະ]] is used to represent a [[glottal stop]] after a vowel. |
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==Punctuation== |
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Lao is traditionally not written with spaces between words. Spaces are reserved for ends of clauses or sentences. Periods are not used, and questions can be determined by question words in a sentence. Traditional punctuation marks include ◌໌, an obsolete mark indicating silenced consonants; ໆ, used to indicate repetition of the preceding word; ຯ, the Lao ellipsis that is also used to indicate omission of words; ฯ, a more or less obsolete symbol indicating shortened form of a phrase (such as royal names); and ฯລฯ, used to indicate ''et cetera''.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} |
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In more contemporary writing, punctuation marks are borrowed from French, such as exclamation point !, question mark ?, parentheses (), and «» for quotation marks, although "" is also common. Hyphens (-) and the ellipsis (...) are also commonly found in modern writing.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} |
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== Numerals == |
== Numerals == |
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==Other languages in Lao script== |
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==Lao compatible software== |
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According to Article 89 of the 2003 Amended Constitution of the [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]], the Lao alphabet, though originally used solely for transcribing the Lao language, is also used to write several minority languages.<ref>National Assembly No. 25/NA, 6 May 2003. Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180175 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229054452/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180175 |date=29 December 2013 }} [[WIPO Lex]].</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=Article 89 as cited here did not specifically mentioned minority languages}} |
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#Additional Lao characters used to write [[Pali]]/[[Sanskrit]], the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]] of [[Theravada|Theravāda Buddhism]], are now available with the publication of Unicode 12.0.<ref>Rajan, V., Mitchell, B., Jansche, M., & Brawer, S. (2017). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17106r-lao-for-pali.pdf ''Revised Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615000628/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17106r-lao-for-pali.pdf |date=15 June 2019 }}.</ref> The font ''Lao Pali (Alpha)'' can be downloaded from Aksharamukha.<ref>[http://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/LaoPali ''Lao (Pali)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224110819/http://aksharamukha.appspot.com/describe/LaoPali |date=24 February 2021 }}. Aksharamukha. Retrieved 25 February 2020.</ref> |
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Linux has been available in Lao since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/Survey/Lao.pdf|title=Survey of Language Computing in Asia}}</ref> |
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#Additional Lao characters used to write [[Khmu language|Khmu’]] were also encoded.<ref>Hosken, Martin. (2010). [http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10335r-n3893r.pdf ''Proposal to add minority characters to Lao script''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003043348/http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10335r-n3893r.pdf |date=3 October 2020 }}.</ref><ref>Miller, Michelle. (2013). [http://www.sealang.net/mks/mks42miller.pdf A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102170835/http://www.sealang.net/mks/mks42miller.pdf |date=2 January 2020 }}. ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'', 42, 12–25.</ref> The script has also been adapted for [[Katu language|Katu]], while Tai-speaking groups in Viet Nam including the Tai Dam and White Tai use a similar script (called [[Tai Viet script|Tai Viet]]).<ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Jenny |first=Mathias |title=Writing systems of MSEA |date=2021-08-23 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide |pages=879–906 |editor-last=Sidwell |editor-first=Paul |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142-036/html |access-date=2024-12-06 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110558142-036 |isbn=978-3-11-055814-2 |editor2-last=Jenny |editor2-first=Mathias}}</ref> |
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#An older version of Lao, ''[[Tai Noi script|Tai Noi]]'', was also used by the ethnic Lao of Thailand's [[Isan]] region before Isan was incorporated into Siam.<ref>Tsumura, Fumihiko. (2009). Magical Use of Traditional Scripts in Northeastern Thai Villages. ''Senri Ethnological Studies, 74'', 63–77.</ref> Its use was banned by the Thai government and supplemented with the very similar Thai alphabet in 1871; however, the region remained culturally and politically distant until further government campaigns and integration into the Thai state ([[Thaification]]) were imposed in the 20th century.<ref>Ronnakiat, Nantana (1992). Evidence of the Thai Noi alphabet found in inscriptions. ''The Third International Symposium on Language and Linguistics'', 1326 – 1334.</ref> Attempts to encode Thai Noi in [[Unicode]] have been made.<ref>Mitchell, Ben. (2018). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18072-toward-thai-noi.pdf ''Towards a comprehensive proposal for Thai Noi/Lao Buhan script''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615005555/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18072-toward-thai-noi.pdf |date=15 June 2019 }}.</ref> |
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#The applicability of Lao script for other minority languages requires further evaluations.<ref>Lew, Sigrid. (2014). A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies. ''Writing Systems Research, 6''(1), 25–40. [[doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.846843]]</ref> |
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Some minority languages use other writing systems. For example, the [[Hmong people|Hmong]] adopted the [[Romanized Popular Alphabet]] to spell the [[Hmong language]]s. |
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[[Windows]] did not officially support Lao until [[Windows Vista]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms776260(VS.85).aspx|title=Microsoft Windows help page|accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> User-generated fonts are freely available online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amerilao.org/faq_3.html|title=AMERILAO.org site How to "Setup Internet Explorer to read Lao font"|accessdate=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231249/http://www.amerilao.org/faq_3.html|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Lao compatible software== |
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In December 2011, the Lao Ministry of Science and Technology, in cooperation with the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, officially<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aihd.mahidol.ac.th/sites/default/files/images/new/pdf/aseannews/l1_30.pdf|title=New font drives IT development in Laos"|accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> authorized the use of Phetsarath OT<ref>[http://www.phetsarath.gov.la Phetsarath OT Information page"]</ref> as the standard national font. |
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Linux has been available in Lao since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/Survey/Lao.pdf|title=Survey of Language Computing in Asia|access-date=8 October 2019|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119204720/http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/Survey/Lao.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[Windows]] did not officially support Lao until [[Windows Vista]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms776260(VS.85).aspx|title=Microsoft Windows help page|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019130420/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms776260(VS.85).aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> User-generated fonts are freely available online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amerilao.org/faq_3.html|title=AMERILAO.org site How to "Setup Internet Explorer to read Lao font"|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231249/http://www.amerilao.org/faq_3.html|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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The Phetsarath OT font was already adopted by the government in 2009; however, Lao users were unable to use it, as international software manufactures did not include the font in their software systems. Mobile devices were not able to use or show Lao language. Instead, mobile phone users had to rely on Thai or English as language. |
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In December 2011, the Lao Ministry of Science and Technology, in cooperation with the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, officially<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aihd.mahidol.ac.th/sites/default/files/images/new/pdf/aseannews/l1_30.pdf|title=New font drives IT development in Laos|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213918/http://www.aihd.mahidol.ac.th/sites/default/files/images/new/pdf/aseannews/l1_30.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> authorized the use of Phetsarath OT<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phetsarath.gov.la/ |title=Phetsarath OT Information page" |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511201340/https://www.phetsarath.gov.la/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as the standard national font. |
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The Phetsarath OT font was already adopted by the government in 2009; however, Lao users were unable to use it, as international software manufacturers did not include the font in their software systems. Mobile devices were not able to use or show Lao language. Instead, mobile phone users had to rely on Thai or English as language. |
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The Laos Ministry of Post and Telecommunications asked local technicians to develop a software system of international standard that would enable the Phetsarath OT font to be like other font systems that local users could access. |
The Laos Ministry of Post and Telecommunications asked local technicians to develop a software system of international standard that would enable the Phetsarath OT font to be like other font systems that local users could access. |
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In March 2011, the Lao company XY Mobile presented<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Video_FileVDO/VDO_Lao_tablet.htm|title=Vientiane Times Laos unveils first Tablet |
In March 2011, the Lao company XY Mobile presented<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Video_FileVDO/VDO_Lao_tablet.htm|title=Vientiane Times Laos unveils first Tablet|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803001213/http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Video_FileVDO/VDO_Lao_tablet.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the Phetsarath OT on mobile phones as well as tablet PCs using the mobile device operating system [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. |
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[[iOS]] supports Lao script on [[iPhones]] and [[iPads]]. |
[[iOS]] supports Lao script on [[iPhones]] and [[iPads]]. |
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==Obsolete consonants== |
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[[File:Buddhapanditsabhacandapuri.jpg|thumb|right|These now-obsolete Lao letters were once used to spell words of [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]] derivation, but were removed, reducing the consonant inventory and the similarity of spelling between Thai and Lao.]] |
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The consonant letters below are obsolete, due to spelling reforms. Characters for these obsolete letters are added in later versions of Unicode. For additional details, see the Thai script page's sections for the [[Thai script#Alphabetic|alphabetic table]] and [[Thai script#Sanskrit and Pali|usage for Sanskrit and Pali]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Letter |
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! Unicode |
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! Similar Thai Letter |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຆ</span> |
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|PALI GHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฆ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຉ</span> |
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|PALI CHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฉ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຌ</span> |
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|PALI JHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฌ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຎ</span> |
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|PALI NYA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ญ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຏ</span> |
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|PALI TTA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฏ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຐ</span> |
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|PALI TTHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฐ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຑ</span> |
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|PALI DDA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฑ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຒ</span> |
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|PALI DDHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฒ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຓ</span> |
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|PALI NNA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ณ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຘ</span> |
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|PALI DHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ธ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຠ</span> |
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|PALI BHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ภ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຨ</span> |
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|SANSKRIT SHA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ศ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຩ</span> |
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|SANSKRIT SSA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ษ</span> |
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|- align="center" |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ຬ</span> |
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|PALI LLA |
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|<span style="font-size:190%;">ฬ</span> |
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|} |
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== Unicode == |
== Unicode == |
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{{Main |
{{Main|Lao (Unicode block)}} |
||
The Unicode block for the Lao script is U+0E80–U+0EFF, added in Unicode version 1.0. The first ten characters of the row U+0EDx are the Lao numerals 0 through 9. Throughout the chart, grey (unassigned) code points are shown because the assigned Lao characters intentionally match the relative positions of the corresponding Thai characters. This has created the anomaly that the Lao letter ສ is not in alphabetical order, since it occupies the same code-point as the Thai letter ส. |
The Unicode block for the Lao script is U+0E80–U+0EFF, added in Unicode version 1.0. The first ten characters of the row U+0EDx are the Lao numerals 0 through 9. Throughout the chart, grey (unassigned) code points are shown because the assigned Lao characters intentionally match the relative positions of the corresponding Thai characters. This has created the anomaly that the Lao letter {{lang|lo|ສ}} is not in alphabetical order, since it occupies the same code-point as the Thai letter {{lang|th|ส}}. |
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{{Unicode chart Lao}} |
{{Unicode chart Lao}} |
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| Line 443: | Line 556: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm Omniglot – Lao alphabet] |
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*[https://translate.google.com/?vi=c&hl=en#en/lo/ Google Translate] |
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*[http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html http://www.stars21.com/translator/english_to_lao.html] |
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*[http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php http://www.laosoftware.com/index.php] |
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*[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/lang2.htm The Lao Alphabet at SEAsite] |
*[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/lang2.htm The Lao Alphabet at SEAsite] |
||
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061012190818/http://www.mpi.nl/world/persons/private/enfni/Enfield_ELL2_Laos_lg_situation_2004.pdf Laos – language situation] by N. J. Enfield |
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061012190818/http://www.mpi.nl/world/persons/private/enfni/Enfield_ELL2_Laos_lg_situation_2004.pdf Laos – language situation] by N. J. Enfield |
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* [http://www.omniglot.com/language/numerals.htm Numerals in many different writing systems], which includes Lao numerals. Retrieved 2008-11-12 |
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*http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/lao/ |
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*{{cite web|url= http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E80.pdf |title=The Unicode Standard 5.0 Code Charts }} {{small|(90.4 KB)}} Lao Range: 0E80 – 0EFF, from the Unicode Consortium |
*{{cite web|url= http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0E80.pdf |title=The Unicode Standard 5.0 Code Charts }} {{small|(90.4 KB)}} Lao Range: 0E80 – 0EFF, from the Unicode Consortium |
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*[http://www.laoscript.net/ Free Lao script for Windows and Mac OS X] |
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*[http://www.phetsarath.gov.la Phetasarth OT Information page] |
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*[http://www.aihd.mahidol.ac.th/sites/default/files/images/new/pdf/aseannews/l1_30.pdf New font drives IT development in Laos] |
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*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Video_FileVDO/VDO_Lao_tablet.htm Vientiane Times article: Laos unveils first Tablet] |
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*https://web.archive.org/web/20141204014809/http://asiansouls.com/laofonts/ |
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*http://www.luangprabang-laos.com/Downloading-of-Lao-fonts |
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*http://www.seasite.niu.edu/lao/lao3.htm |
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*https://web.archive.org/web/20140531074308/http://clear-vu.com.hk/resources/lao_fonts.asp |
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{{list of writing systems}} |
{{list of writing systems}} |
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[[Category:Lao language]] |
[[Category:Lao language]] |
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[[Category:Brahmic scripts]] |
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Culture of Laos]] |
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[[Category:Writing systems without word boundaries]] |
[[Category:Writing systems without word boundaries]] |
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[[Category:Scripts encoded in Unicode 1.0]] |
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[[Category:14th-century establishments in Asia]] |
[[Category:14th-century establishments in Asia]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:01, 26 December 2024
| Lao ອັກສອນລາວ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Time period | c. 1497AD – present[1] |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages | Lao, Isan, Thai and others |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Laoo (356), Lao |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Lao |
| U+0E80–U+0EFF | |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
Lao script or Akson Lao (Lao: ອັກສອນລາວ [ʔák.sɔ̌ːn láːw]) is the primary script used to write the Lao language and other minority languages in Laos. Its earlier form, the Tai Noi script, was also used to write the Isan language, but was replaced by the Thai script. It has 27 consonants (ພະຍັນຊະນະ [pʰā.ɲán.sā.nāʔ]), 7 consonantal ligatures (ພະຍັນຊະນະປະສົມ [pʰā.ɲán.sā.nāʔ pā.sǒm]), 33 vowels (ສະຫລະ/ສະຫຼະ [sā.láʔ]), and 4 tone marks (ວັນນະຍຸດ [wán.nā.ɲūt]).
The Lao abugida was adapted from the Khmer script, which itself was derived from the Pallava script, a variant of the Grantha script descended from the Brāhmī script, which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Akson Lao is a sister system to the Thai script, with which it shares many similarities and roots. However, Lao has fewer characters and is formed in a more curvilinear fashion than Thai.
Lao is written from left to right. Vowels can be written above, below, in front of, or behind consonants, with some vowel combinations written before, over, and after. Spaces for separating words and punctuation were traditionally not used, but space is used and functions in place of a comma or period. The letters have no majuscule or minuscule (upper- and lowercase) differentiation.
History
[edit]The Lao script ultimately derived from a variant of the Old Khmer script of Angkor, through the Sukhothai script. By the late 15th century, a form of the Sukhothai script had reached the Mekong River basin, after which the script developed differences between its Thai and Lao variants. In the 1960s, the Lao People's Revolutionary Party has simplified the spelling to be phonemic and omitted extra letters used to write words of Pali-Sanskrit origin.[2][3]
In the 1930s, Maha Sila Viravong, a Buddhist scholar, backed by the Buddhist Institute in Vientiane and the Buddhist Academic Council, added an additional set of Lao characters to support Pali and Sanskrit, thereby filling the missing gaps in the existing script.[4] While the Buddhist Institute published books that utilised these extended Indic characters, they did not see widespread usage, and fell out of usage by 1975.[4] In 2019, the extended Indic characters were added to Unicode 12.[5]
Consonants
[edit]The twenty-seven consonants of the Lao alphabet are divided into three tone classes—high (ສູງ [sǔːŋ]), middle (ກາງ [kàːŋ]), and low (ຕ່ຳ [tām])—which determine the tonal pronunciation of the word in conjunction with the four tone marks and distinctions between short and long vowels. Aside from tone, there are twenty-one distinct consonant sounds that occur in the Lao language. Each letter has an acrophonical name that either begins with or features the letter prominently, and is used to teach the letter and serves to distinguish them from other, homophonous consonants. The letter ອ is a special null consonant used as a mandatory anchor for vowels, which cannot stand alone, and also to serve as a vowel in its own right.
The letter ຣ (r) is a relatively new re-addition to the Lao alphabet. It was dropped as part of a language reform because most speakers pronounced it as "l", and had an ambiguous status for several decades. A 1999 dictionary does not include it when listing the full alphabet but does use it to spell many country names.[6] A comprehensive dictionary published by a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Information and Culture did not include it.[7] However, as the Lao vocabulary began to incorporate more foreign names (such as Europe, Australia, and America) it filled a need and is now taught in schools.[8] The letter ຣ can also be found in Unit 14 (ບົດທີ 14 ຮ ຫ ຣ) of a textbook published by the government.[9] It is generally used as the first consonant of a syllable, or to follow a leading consonant, rarely as a final consonant.
Consonant chart
[edit]The table below shows the Lao consonant, its name, its pronunciation according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as well as various romanization schemes, such as the French-based systems in use by both the US Board of Geographic Names and the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (BGN/PCGN), the English-based system in use by the US Library of Congress (LC), Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) used in Thailand, and finally its Unicode name. A slash indicates the pronunciation at the beginning juxtaposed with its pronunciation at the end of a syllable.
| Letter | Name | Initial position | Final position | Unicode | Tone Class | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | BGN/PCGN | LC | RTGS | IPA | BGN/PCGN | LC | RTGS | |||||
| ກ | ໄກ່ | [kāj], chicken | /k/ | k | /k/ | k | KO | Middle | ||||
| ຂ | ໄຂ່ | [kʰāj], egg | /kʰ/ | kh | – | – | KHO SUNG | High | ||||
| ຄ | ຄວາຍ | [kʰwáːj], water buffalo | /kʰ/ | kh | – | – | KHO TAM | Low | ||||
| ງ | ງົວ or ງູ | [ŋúa], ox or [ŋúː], snake | /ŋ/ | ng | /ŋ/ | ng | NGO | Low | ||||
| ຈ | ຈອກ or ຈົວ | [tɕɔ̏ːk], glass or [tɕùa] Buddhist novice | /tɕ/ | ch | – | – | CO | Middle | ||||
| ສ | ເສືອ | [sɯ̌a], tiger | /s/ | s | – | – | SO SUNG | High | ||||
| ຊ | ຊ້າງ | [sâːŋ], elephant | /s/ | x | s | – | – | SO TAM | Low | |||
| ຍ | ຍຸງ | [ɲúŋ], mosquito | /ɲ/ | gn | ny | y | /j/ | y | i | NYO | Low | |
| ດ | ເດັກ | [dék], child | /d/ | d | /t/ | t | DO | Middle | ||||
| ຕ | ຕາ | [tàː], eye | /t/ | t | – | – | TO | Middle | ||||
| ຖ | ຖົງ | [tʰǒŋ], stocking, bag | /tʰ/ | th | – | – | THO SUNG | High | ||||
| ທ | ທຸງ | [tʰúŋ], flag | /tʰ/ | th | – | – | THO TAM | Low | ||||
| ນ | ນົກ | [nōk], bird | /n/ | n | /n/ | ne | n | NO | Low | |||
| ບ | ແບ້ | [bɛ̑ː], goat | /b/ | b | /p/ | p | BO | Middle | ||||
| ປ | ປາ | [pàː], fish | /p/ | p | – | – | PO | Middle | ||||
| ຜ | ເຜິ້ງ | [pʰɤ̏ŋ], bee | /pʰ/ | ph | – | – | PHO SUNG | High | ||||
| ຝ | ຝົນ | [fǒn], rain | /f/ | f | – | – | FO TAM[a] | High | ||||
| ພ | ພູ | [pʰúː], mountain | /pʰ/ | ph | – | – | PHO TAM | Low | ||||
| ຟ | ໄຟ | [fáj], fire | /f/ | f | – | – | FO SUNG[a] | Low | ||||
| ມ | ແມວ | [mɛ́ːw], cat | /m/ | m | /m/ | m | MO | Low | ||||
| ຢ | ຢາ | [jàː], medicine | /j/ | y | – | – | YO | Middle | ||||
| ຣ | ຣົຖ (ລົດ) or ຣະຄັງ (ລະຄັງ) | [rōt] ([lōt]), car or [rā.kʰáŋ], bell | /r/, /l/ | r | /n/ | ne | n | LO LING[b] | Low | |||
| ລ | ລີງ | [líːŋ], monkey | /l/ | l | – | – | LO LOOT[b] | Low | ||||
| ວ | ວີ | [wíː], fan | /enwiki/w/ | v | w | /enwiki/w/ | o | WO | Low | |||
| ຫ | ຫ່ານ | [hāːn], goose | /h/ | h | – | – | HO SUNG | High | ||||
| ອ | ໂອ or ອື່ງ | [ʔòː], bowl or [ʔɯ̄ːŋ] frog | /ʔ/ | – | – | – | O | Middle | ||||
| ຮ | ເຮືອນ or ເຮືອ | [hɯ́an] house, or [hɯ́a], boat | /h/ | h | – | – | HO TAM | Low | ||||
- Notes
- ^ a b The Unicode names for the characters ຝ (FO TAM) and ຟ (FO SUNG) are reversed. This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable.
- ^ a b The Unicode names for the characters ຣ (LO LING) and ລ (LO LOOT) are reversed. This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable.
Consonantal digraphs and ligatures
[edit]Lao also uses digraphs based on combinations of the silent (unpronounced) ຫ ຫ່ານ with certain other consonants, some of which also have special ligature forms that are optionally used.
In the Thai script, certain consonants are preceded by tone modifiers. This is because high consonants or low consonants cannot produce the full 5 tones of Thai. For instance, tone modifier ห can turn low consonants into high ones. This also explains why the Lao script reserved consonants with the same sounds (e.g. ຂ and ຄ /kʰ/, ສ and ຊ /s/). Both high and low consonants are needed to produce full five (or six) tones of Lao.
Such design also exists in Lao. Sonorants ງ, ຍ, ນ, ມ, ລ, ວ are originally low consonants, but when they're preceded by ຫ, they become high consonants.
The older versions of the script also included special forms for combinations of ພ (pʰ) + ຍ (ɲ), ສ (s) + ນ (n), and ມ (m) + ລ (l). In addition, consonant clusters that had the second component of ຣ (r) or ລ (l) were written with a special form ◌ຼ underneath the consonant.[10][11] Since these were not pronounced in Lao, they were removed during various spelling reforms, and this symbol only appears in the ligature ຫຼ.[12]
| Letter | Initial position | Unicode | Sample Word | Tone Class | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | BGN/PCGN | LC | RTGS | ||||
| ຫງ | /ŋ/ | ng | ng | ເຫງົາ lonely | High | ||
| ຫຍ | /ɲ/ | gn | ny | y | ny | ຫຍ້າ grass | High |
| ໜ or ຫນ | /n/ | n | n | ໜູ rat | High | ||
| ໝ or ຫມ | /m/ | m | m | ໝາ dog | High | ||
| ຫຼ or ຫລ | /l/ | l | l | ຫຼັງ back | High | ||
| ຫວ | /enwiki/w/ | v | w | w | ແຫວນ ring | High | |
Phonetic
[edit]Lao characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation).
| Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | |||||||
| Nasal | [m] ມ |
[n] ນ |
[ɲ] ຍ |
[ŋ] ງ |
||||
| Plosive | voiced | [b] ບ |
[d] ດ |
|||||
| voiceless | [p] ປ |
[t] ຕ |
[k] ກ |
[ʔ] ອ | ||||
| aspirated | [pʰ] ຜ, ພ |
[tʰ] ຖ,ທ |
[kʰ] ຂ, ຄ |
|||||
| Fricative | [f] ຝ, ຟ |
[s] ສ, ຊ |
[x] ຂ, ຄ* |
[h] ຫ, ຮ | ||||
| Affricate | [tɕ] ຈ |
|||||||
| Trill | [r] ຣ |
|||||||
| Approximant | [ʋ] ວ** |
[l] ລ |
[j] ຢ |
[w] ວ** |
||||
- * In Luang Prabang dialect.
- ** Depends on the dialect.
Lao characters in final position. In the old documents, the letter ຽ could be found in place of ຍ.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||
| Nasal | [m] ມ |
[n] ນ,ຣ |
[ŋ] ງ |
||
| Plosive | [p̚] ບ |
[t̚] ດ |
[k̚] ກ |
||
| Approximant | [j] ຍ |
[w] ວ | |||
Vowels
[edit]In its earlier form, Lao would be considered a full abugida, in which the inherent vowel is embedded in the consonant letters. The spelling reforms by the communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party shallows the orthography: the main vowels are now written explicitly, but the rest of vowel diacritics still apply.[13] However, many Lao outside of Laos, and some inside Laos, continue to write according to former spelling standards. For example, the old spelling of ສເຫຼີມ[14] "to hold a ceremony, celebrate" contrasts with the new ສະເຫລີມ/ສະເຫຼີມ.[15]
Vowels are constructed from only a handful of basic symbols, but they can be combined with other vowel forms and semi-vowels to represent the full repertoire of diphthongs and triphthongs used in the language. Vowels cannot stand alone or begin a syllable, so the silent consonant ອ, which can function as a vowel in its own right, is used as a base when spelling a word that begins with a vowel sound.
The names of the vowels are just as easy as saying sala (ສະຫຼະ, [sā.lāʔ]) before the vowel sign. Some vowels have unique names, and these are ໃ◌ (ໄມ້ມ້ວນ, /mâj mûan/, "rolled stem"), ໄ◌ (ໄມ້ມາຍ, /mâj máːj/, "unwound stem"), ◌ົ (ໄມ້ກົງ, . /mâj kòŋ/, "straight stem"), ◌ັ (ໄມ້ກັນ, . /mâj kàn/, "ear stem"), ◌ຽ (ວິລາມ, /wīʔ láːm/), and ◌ໍ (ນິກຄະຫິດ, /nīk kʰāʔ hǐt/).[16]
Although a dotted circle ◌ is used on this page to represent the consonant, in standard Lao orthography a small x symbol is used for this purpose.[8] Traditionally this was a simple, stylized, sans-serif x and it was included in Lao fonts before Unicode became widespread. Unicode does not make it available as part of the Lao alphabet set, and a lower-case sans-serif x is often used instead.
Some vowels change their forms depending on whether they appear in the final or medial position.
Short and long vowels
[edit]| Short vowels | Long vowels | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letter | IPA | BGN/PCGN | LC | RTGS | Unicode | Letter | IPA | BGN/PCGN | LC | RTGS | Unicode | |||
| Final | Medial | Final | Medial | |||||||||||
| ◌ະ | ◌ັ◌ | /aʔ/, /a/ | a | a | ◌າ | /aː/ | a | ā | a | aa | ||||
| ◌ິ | /i/ | i | i | ◌ີ | /iː/ | i | ī | i | ii | |||||
| ◌ຶ | /ɯ/ | u | ư | ue | y | ◌ື | /ɯː/ | u | ư̄ | ue | yy | |||
| ◌ຸ | /u/ | ou | u | u | u | ◌ູ | /uː/ | ou | ū | u | uu | |||
| ເ◌ະ | ເ◌ັ◌ | /eʔ/, /e/ | é | e | e | ເ◌ | /eː/ | é | ē | e | e | |||
| ແ◌ະ | ແ◌ັ◌ | /ɛʔ/, /ɛ/ | è | æ | ae | ແ◌ | /ɛː/ | è | ǣ | ae | ei | |||
| ໂ◌ະ | ◌ົ◌ | /oʔ/, /o/ | ô | o | o | ໂ◌ | /oː/ | ô | ō | o | o | |||
| ເ◌າະ | ◌ັອ◌ | /ɔʔ/, /ɔ/ | o | ǫ | o | ◌ໍ | ◌ອ◌ | /ɔː/ | o | ǭ | o | |||
| ເ◌ິ | /ɤʔ/ | eu | œ | oe | ເ◌ີ | /ɤː/ | eu | œ̄ | oe | |||||
| ເ◌ັຍ | /iaʔ/ | ia | ເ◌ຍ | ◌ຽ◌ | /ia/ | ia | īa | ia | ||||||
| ເ◌ຶອ | /ɯaʔ/ | ua | ưa | uea | ເ◌ືອ | ເ◌ືອ◌ | /ɯa/ | ua | ư̄a | uea | ||||
| ◌ົວະ | /uaʔ/ | oua | ua | ua | ◌ົວ | ◌ວ◌ | /ua/ | oua | ūa | ua | ||||
Special vowels
[edit]| Letter | IPA | BGN/PCGN | LC | RTGS | Unicode | Old Alternative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ໄ◌, ໃ◌* | /aj/ | ai | ai or ay | ◌ັຍ | ||
| ເ◌ົາ | /aw/ | ao | ||||
| ◌ໍາ | /am/ | am | ◌ັມ | |||
- * In the Northern (Luang Prabang) dialect of Lao, ໃ◌ is pronounced as [aɰ] rather than [aj]; similarly, in the Northeastern (Houaphanh) dialect, ໃ◌ is pronounced as /ɯ/.
As in the neighboring Thai script, ◌ະ is used to represent a glottal stop after a vowel.
Punctuation
[edit]Lao is traditionally not written with spaces between words. Spaces are reserved for ends of clauses or sentences. Periods are not used, and questions can be determined by question words in a sentence. Traditional punctuation marks include ◌໌, an obsolete mark indicating silenced consonants; ໆ, used to indicate repetition of the preceding word; ຯ, the Lao ellipsis that is also used to indicate omission of words; ฯ, a more or less obsolete symbol indicating shortened form of a phrase (such as royal names); and ฯລฯ, used to indicate et cetera.[citation needed]
In more contemporary writing, punctuation marks are borrowed from French, such as exclamation point !, question mark ?, parentheses (), and «» for quotation marks, although "" is also common. Hyphens (-) and the ellipsis (...) are also commonly found in modern writing.[citation needed]
Numerals
[edit]| Part of a series on |
| Numeral systems |
|---|
| List of numeral systems |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 20 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lao Numerals | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ | ໑໐ | ໒໐ |
| Lao Names | ສູນ | ໜຶ່ງ | ສອງ | ສາມ | ສີ່ | ຫ້າ | ຫົກ | ເຈັດ | ແປດ | ເກົ້າ | ສິບ | ຊາວ |
| Thai Numerals | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ | ๑๐ | ๒๐ |
| RTGS | sun | nueng | song | sam | si | ha | hok | chet | paet | kao | sip | sao |
| Transliteration | soun | nung | song | sam | si | ha | hok | chet | pèt | kao | sip | xao |
Other languages in Lao script
[edit]According to Article 89 of the 2003 Amended Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Lao alphabet, though originally used solely for transcribing the Lao language, is also used to write several minority languages.[17][clarification needed]
- Additional Lao characters used to write Pali/Sanskrit, the liturgical language of Theravāda Buddhism, are now available with the publication of Unicode 12.0.[18] The font Lao Pali (Alpha) can be downloaded from Aksharamukha.[19]
- Additional Lao characters used to write Khmu’ were also encoded.[20][21] The script has also been adapted for Katu, while Tai-speaking groups in Viet Nam including the Tai Dam and White Tai use a similar script (called Tai Viet).[22]
- An older version of Lao, Tai Noi, was also used by the ethnic Lao of Thailand's Isan region before Isan was incorporated into Siam.[23] Its use was banned by the Thai government and supplemented with the very similar Thai alphabet in 1871; however, the region remained culturally and politically distant until further government campaigns and integration into the Thai state (Thaification) were imposed in the 20th century.[24] Attempts to encode Thai Noi in Unicode have been made.[25]
- The applicability of Lao script for other minority languages requires further evaluations.[26]
Some minority languages use other writing systems. For example, the Hmong adopted the Romanized Popular Alphabet to spell the Hmong languages.
Lao compatible software
[edit]Linux has been available in Lao since 2005.[27]
Windows did not officially support Lao until Windows Vista.[28] User-generated fonts are freely available online.[29]
In December 2011, the Lao Ministry of Science and Technology, in cooperation with the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, officially[30] authorized the use of Phetsarath OT[31] as the standard national font.
The Phetsarath OT font was already adopted by the government in 2009; however, Lao users were unable to use it, as international software manufacturers did not include the font in their software systems. Mobile devices were not able to use or show Lao language. Instead, mobile phone users had to rely on Thai or English as language.
The Laos Ministry of Post and Telecommunications asked local technicians to develop a software system of international standard that would enable the Phetsarath OT font to be like other font systems that local users could access.
In March 2011, the Lao company XY Mobile presented[32] the Phetsarath OT on mobile phones as well as tablet PCs using the mobile device operating system Android.
iOS supports Lao script on iPhones and iPads.
Obsolete consonants
[edit]
The consonant letters below are obsolete, due to spelling reforms. Characters for these obsolete letters are added in later versions of Unicode. For additional details, see the Thai script page's sections for the alphabetic table and usage for Sanskrit and Pali.
| Letter | Unicode | Similar Thai Letter |
|---|---|---|
| ຆ | PALI GHA | ฆ |
| ຉ | PALI CHA | ฉ |
| ຌ | PALI JHA | ฌ |
| ຎ | PALI NYA | ญ |
| ຏ | PALI TTA | ฏ |
| ຐ | PALI TTHA | ฐ |
| ຑ | PALI DDA | ฑ |
| ຒ | PALI DDHA | ฒ |
| ຓ | PALI NNA | ณ |
| ຘ | PALI DHA | ธ |
| ຠ | PALI BHA | ภ |
| ຨ | SANSKRIT SHA | ศ |
| ຩ | SANSKRIT SSA | ษ |
| ຬ | PALI LLA | ฬ |
Unicode
[edit]The Unicode block for the Lao script is U+0E80–U+0EFF, added in Unicode version 1.0. The first ten characters of the row U+0EDx are the Lao numerals 0 through 9. Throughout the chart, grey (unassigned) code points are shown because the assigned Lao characters intentionally match the relative positions of the corresponding Thai characters. This has created the anomaly that the Lao letter ສ is not in alphabetical order, since it occupies the same code-point as the Thai letter ส.
| Lao[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+0E8x | ກ | ຂ | ຄ | ຆ | ງ | ຈ | ຉ | ຊ | ຌ | ຍ | ຎ | ຏ | ||||
| U+0E9x | ຐ | ຑ | ຒ | ຓ | ດ | ຕ | ຖ | ທ | ຘ | ນ | ບ | ປ | ຜ | ຝ | ພ | ຟ |
| U+0EAx | ຠ | ມ | ຢ | ຣ | ລ | ວ | ຨ | ຩ | ສ | ຫ | ຬ | ອ | ຮ | ຯ | ||
| U+0EBx | ະ | ັ | າ | ຳ | ິ | ີ | ຶ | ື | ຸ | ູ | ຺ | ົ | ຼ | ຽ | ||
| U+0ECx | ເ | ແ | ໂ | ໃ | ໄ | ໆ | ່ | ້ | ໊ | ໋ | ໌ | ໍ | ໎ | |||
| U+0EDx | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ | ໜ | ໝ | ໞ | ໟ | ||
| U+0EEx | ||||||||||||||||
| U+0EFx | ||||||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ https://hal.science/hal-02358511/document
- ^ Daniels, Peter T. & Bright, William. (Eds.). (1996). The World's Writing Systems (pp. 460–461). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- ^ https://hal.science/hal-02358511/document
- ^ a b Rajan, Vinodh; Mitchell, Ben; Jansche, Martin; Brawer, Sascha. "Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali" (PDF).
- ^ "Lao Characters for Pali added to Unicode 12 | Computer Science Blog". blogs.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Kangpajanpeng, Kiao; Vilaipan, Vilaisat; Vongnaty, Kunlapan (1999). English-Lao, Lao-English Dictionary [ວັດຈະນານຸກົມ ອັງກິດລາວ ລາວອັງກິດ] (in Lao). Vientiane.
- ^ Konnyvong, Syviengkhek (2005). Dictionary of the Lao Language [ວັດຈະນານຸກົມພາສາລາວ] (in Lao). Vientiane.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - ^ a b Lao Language, level 1 [ພາສາລາວ] (in Lao). Vientiane: Ministry of Education and Sports. 2007.
- ^ ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກິລາ (Ministry of Education and Sports), & ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສຶກສາ (Research Institute for Educational Sciences). (2019). ແບບຮຽນ ພາສາລາວ ຊັ້ນປະຖົມສຶກສາ ປີທິ1 ເຫຼັ້ມ1. Retrieved 12 May 2020 from http://www.moes.edu.la/dge/primary-textbooks-grade-1.php Archived 1 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ronnakieat, N.
- ^ Davis, Garry W. (2015). The story of Lao r: Filling in the gaps. Journal of Lao Studies 2, 97–109. Retrieved from http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Davis.pdf Archived 9 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ivarsson, Søren. (2008). Creating laos: the making of a lao space between indochina and siam, 1860–1945. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Inst of Asian Studies.
- ^ Unicode Consortium. (2019). Lao. In The Unicode Standard Version 12.0 (p. 635). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium.
- ^ Allen Kerr, with the assistance of Sing Bourommavong, Houmpheng Phetmongkhonh, Samreung Singhavara, and Somsangouane Loungsisomkham, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1972, Catholic University Press, reprinted 1992 by White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok)
- ^ William L. Patterson and Mario E. Severino, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1995, Dunwoody Press)
- ^ Southeast asian language resource lao dictionary. (2005). Retrieved from http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ National Assembly No. 25/NA, 6 May 2003. Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180175 Archived 29 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine WIPO Lex.
- ^ Rajan, V., Mitchell, B., Jansche, M., & Brawer, S. (2017). Revised Proposal to Encode Lao Characters for Pali Archived 15 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Lao (Pali) Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Aksharamukha. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
- ^ Hosken, Martin. (2010). Proposal to add minority characters to Lao script Archived 3 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Miller, Michelle. (2013). A Description of Kmhmu’ Lao Script-Based Orthography Archived 2 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Mon-Khmer Studies, 42, 12–25.
- ^ Jenny, Mathias (23 August 2021), Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.), "Writing systems of MSEA", The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 879–906, doi:10.1515/9783110558142-036, ISBN 978-3-11-055814-2, retrieved 6 December 2024
- ^ Tsumura, Fumihiko. (2009). Magical Use of Traditional Scripts in Northeastern Thai Villages. Senri Ethnological Studies, 74, 63–77.
- ^ Ronnakiat, Nantana (1992). Evidence of the Thai Noi alphabet found in inscriptions. The Third International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, 1326 – 1334.
- ^ Mitchell, Ben. (2018). Towards a comprehensive proposal for Thai Noi/Lao Buhan script Archived 15 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Lew, Sigrid. (2014). A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies. Writing Systems Research, 6(1), 25–40. doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.846843
- ^ "Survey of Language Computing in Asia" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ "Microsoft Windows help page". Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "AMERILAO.org site How to "Setup Internet Explorer to read Lao font"". Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "New font drives IT development in Laos" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "Phetsarath OT Information page"". Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Vientiane Times Laos unveils first Tablet". Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
Further reading
[edit]- Lew, Sigrid. "A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies". Writing Systems Research ahead-of-print (2013): 1–16.Authors’s accepted manuscript
- Simmala, Buasawan and Benjawan Poomsan Becker (2003), Lao for Beginners. Paiboon Publishing. ISBN 1-887521-28-3
External links
[edit]- The Lao Alphabet at SEAsite
- Laos – language situation by N. J. Enfield
- "The Unicode Standard 5.0 Code Charts" (PDF). (90.4 KB) Lao Range: 0E80 – 0EFF, from the Unicode Consortium