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Foeticide (British English), or feticide (North American English), is the act of killing a fetus, or causing a miscarriage.^[1] Definitions differ between legal and medical applications, whereas in law, feticide frequently refers to a criminal offense,^[2] in medicine the term generally refers to a part of an abortion procedure in which a provider intentionally induces fetal demise to avoid the chance of an unintended live birth, or as a standalone procedure in the case of selective reduction.^[3]

Etymology

Foeticide derives from two constituent Latin roots. Foetus, meaning child, is an alternate form of fetus coming from the writings of Isidorus, who preferred oe due to its association with foveo "I cherish" as opposed to feo "I beget".^[4] Foetus is compounded with the suffix -cide, from caedere, "to cut down, to kill." Also see homicide, genocide, infanticide, matricide, and regicide.

As a crime

Laws in North America

Laws in the United States

In the U.S., most crimes of violence are covered by state law, not federal law. 38 states currently recognize the unborn child (the term usually used) or fetus as a homicide victim, and 29 of those states apply this principle throughout the period of pre-natal development.^[5] These laws do not apply to legally induced abortions. Federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not contradict the U.S. Supreme Court's rulings on abortion.

In 2004, Congress enacted, and President Bush signed, the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, which recognizes the "child in utero" as a legal victim if he or she is injured or killed during the commission of any of the 68 existing federal crimes of violence. These crimes include some acts that are federal crimes no matter where they occur (e.g., certain acts of terrorism), crimes in federal jurisdictions, crimes within the military system, crimes involving certain federal officials, and other special cases. The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species Homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb." This federal law (as well as many similar state laws, such as the one in California), does not require any proof that the person charged with the crime actually knew the woman was pregnant when the crime was committed.^[6]

Of the 38^[5]^[7] states that recognize fetal homicide, approximately two-thirds apply the principle throughout the period of pre-natal development, while one-third establish protection at some later stage, which varies from state to state. For example, California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, but does not treat the killing of an embryo (prior to approximately eight weeks) as homicide, by construction of the California Supreme Court.^[8] Some other states do not consider the killing of a fetus to be homicide until the fetus has reached quickening or viability.^[9]

In states where the overturning of Roe v. Wade has resulted in the complete illegalization of abortion except to preserve the life of the carrier, such laws may be used to prosecute any such procedure resulting in fetal demise.^[10]

Fetal homicide laws have also been used to prosecute women for recklessly causing stillbirths, such as in the cases of Rennie Gibbs, Bei Bei Shuai, and Purvi Patel. Gibbs was charged with murder in Mississippi in 2006 for having a stillborn daughter while addicted to cocaine. Gibbs is the first woman in Mississippi to be charged with murder relating to the loss of her unborn baby.^[7] The judge in that case ruled that the charges be dismissed.^[11] In 2011 Shuai was charged by Indiana authorities with murder and foeticide after her suicide attempt resulted in the death of the child she was pregnant with. Shuai's case was the first in the history of Indiana in which a woman was prosecuted for murder for a suicide attempt while pregnant.^[12] In 2013 Shuai pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of criminal recklessness and was released, having been sentenced to time served. In 2015 Purvi Patel became the first woman in the United States to be charged, convicted, and sentenced on a foeticide charge.^[13] However, her conviction was later overturned, and she was resentenced to time served for a lesser charge.^[14]

Laws in Canada

Feticide is not considered a crime in Canada, as the Revised Statutes of Canada does not define a fetus as a person until it has either (1) taken a breath, (2) had independent circulation, or (3) had its umbilical cord severed.^[15] However, if the feticide occurs in the process of birth, it is a criminal offense.^[16]

Laws in the Central America

Laws in Belize

In Belizean Law, Feticide is a crime, although the prosecution and exact legality of such a such an action is difficult to conclusively ascertain, as legal experts disagree on how the law, and its requirement for Mens rea should be applied.^[17]

Laws in Costa Rica

In Costa Rican law, feticide exists as a crime, but it does not stand equivalent to homicide, nor does it result in similar penalties.^[18]

Laws in El Salvador

In Salvadoran law, any act which results in the death of a fetus is heavily criminalized.^[18] This has resulted in numerous women being charged and convicted for miscarriages, as was the case with Evelyn Beatriz Hernandez Cruz,^[19] María Teres, and others.^[20]

Laws in Guatemala

In Guatemalan law, anyone who, during "acts of violence" causes on abortion "when the pregnant state of the victim is evident" has committed what the law calls an unintended abortion, and faces penalties up of up to three years imprisonment.^[21]

Laws in Honduras

In Honduran law, causing the death of a fetus where the mother is visibly pregnant is known legally as feticide.^[18]^[22]

Laws in Nicaragua

In Nicaraguan law, feticide is known legally as Reckless Abortion, and the law specifies that whoever causes "abortion through recklessness" is guilty of the offense and shall face six months to one year in prison.^[23]

Laws in the Caribbean

Laws in Bahamas

In Bahaman Law, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage).^[24] In cases tried both recently and historically the murder of pregnant women, even when the women was obviously pregnant, resulted in no greater penalty for the destruction of the fetus.^[25]

Laws in Jamaica

In Jamaican law, feticide is not a crime.^[26] In recent history there have however been repeated calls for this to change.^[27]

Laws in Haiti

In Haitian law, feticide is a crime.^[18] Under Section 2, Article 262 of the Penal Code of Haiti, "Anyone who, by means of food, drink, medicine, violence or any other means, procures the abortion of a pregnant woman, whether she has consented to it or not, will be punished by imprisonment."^[28]

Laws in The Dominican Republic

In Dominican law, feticide is a crime.^[18] Under Article 317 of the Criminal Code of the Dominican Republic, "Whoever, by means of food, medicines, medicines, probes, treatments or in any other way, causes or directly cooperates to cause the abortion of a pregnant woman, even if she consents to it, shall be punished with the penalty of minor imprisonment."^[29]

Laws in St. Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, and Dominica

In the countries listed above, English Common Law remains the law of the land, and as such, feticide is prohibited by a combination of two acts, the first, the Offences Against the Person Act, makes feticide a crime, but only when the act that induced it was itself intended "to procure... (a) miscarriage", defining the act as an abortion. The second act on the subject, the Infant Life (Preservation) Act further outlines a separate crime, child destruction, which occurs when a person with "intent to destroy the life of a child capable of being born alive" takes an action which, "causes a child to die before it has an existence independent of its mother". The act goes on to specify that any fetus which has gestated for 28 weeks or more is to be considered capable of being born alive.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Laws in St. Lucia

In St. Lucia, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, known as "causing a termination of a pregnancy" occurs when someone causes the pregnant person to "be prematurely delivered of a child" but only if they also have "intent unlawfully to cause or hasten the death of the child"^[33]

Laws in St. Vincent and the Grenadines

In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, which is known simply as abortion occurs when someone "unlawfully administers to her (a pregnant person), or causes her to take, any poison or other noxious thing, or uses any force of any kind, or uses any other means whatsoever" but only if they also have "intent to procure the miscarriage of a woman".^[34]

Laws in Barbados

In Barbados, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage) or, when the pregnant person "is about to be delivered of a child". The crime for intentionally inducing a miscarriage, which is known as "Administering drugs or using instruments to procure abortion" occurs when someone "with intent to procure the miscarriage of any woman,... unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatsoever". The crime for feticide where the pregnant person "is about to be delivered of a child", is defined as "Killing an unborn child" and occurs when a person "prevents the child from being born alive by any act or omission of such a nature that, if the child had been born alive and had then died, he would be deemed to have unlawfully killed the child"^[35]

Laws in Grenada

In Grenada, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime is known simply as causing abortion, and is committed when someone takes an action "causing a woman to be prematurely delivered of a child, with intent unlawfully to cause or hasten the death of the child."^[36]

Laws in Trinidad and Tobago

In Trinidad and Tobago, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, which is known simply as abortion occurs when someone "unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing, or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatsoever with the like intent" but only if they also have "intent to procure a miscarriage".^[37]

Laws in Europe

Laws in the United Kingdom

In English law, "child destruction" is the crime of killing a fetus "capable of being born alive", before it has "a separate existence".^[38] The Crimes Act 1958 defined "capable of being born alive" as 28 weeks' gestation, later reduced to 24 weeks.^[38] The 1990 Amendment to the Abortion Act 1967 means a medical practitioner cannot be guilty of the crime.^[38]

The charge of child destruction is rare.^[39] A woman who had an unsafe abortion while 7½ months pregnant was given a suspended sentence of 12 months in 2007;^[40] the Crown Prosecution Service was unaware of any similar conviction.^[39]

Laws in Asia

Laws in India

In Indian Law, feticide is considered a form of "culpable homicide". Section 316 of the Indian Penal Code defines the crime as "an act (that) cause(s) the death of a quick unborn child", but only applies when it occurs as an effect of another crime which would cause death, such as the murder of the mother.^[41]

In the case of sex-selective abortion, the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act prohibits the act, although there is question as to the degree of enforcement, as the ratio of male to female live births continue to be misaligned with the international average.^[42]

As a medical practice

In medical use, the word "foeticide" is used simply to mean the induction of fetal demise, either as a precursor to a further abortion procedure, or as a primary abortive method during selective reduction due to fetal abnormality or multiples. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends foeticide be performed "before medical abortion after 21 weeks and 6 days of gestation to ensure that there is no risk of a live birth".^[43] In abortions after 20 weeks, an injection of digoxin or potassium chloride into the fetal heart to stop the fetal heart can be used to achieve foeticide.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48] In the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled that a legal ban on intact dilation and extraction procedures does not apply if foeticide is completed before surgery starts.^[48]

Historically, a multitude of methods both mechanical and pharmaceutical were used to induce fetal demise. These included intrafetal injection with meperidine and xylocaine,^[49] injection of lidocaine into the umbilical vain,^[50] intracardiac calcium gluconate^[51] or fibrin adhesive^[52] injection, umbilical occlusion by way of alcohol or embucrilate gel injection,^[53] umbilical cord ligation, intraarterial coil placement, and cardiac puncture.^[54] These methods are rarely if ever used in modern practice, as both digoxin and potassium chloride have better, and more reliable outcomes.

Injecting potassium chloride into the heart of a fetus causes immediate asystole, but depending on the method used, digoxin may fail to induce fetal demise in some cases (up to 5% if injected into the fetus and up to a third if injected into the amniotic sac)^[55] even though it is the preferred drug in many clinics. Digoxin is preferred because it is technically difficult to inject KCl into the heart or umbilical cord.^[56]

The most common method of selective reduction—a procedure to reduce the number of fetuses in a multifetus pregnancy—is foeticide via a chemical injection into the selected fetus or fetuses. The reduction procedure is usually performed during the first trimester of pregnancy.^[57] It often follows detection of a congenital defect in the selected fetus or fetuses, but can also reduce the risks of carrying more than three fetuses to term.^[58]

References

^ Definitions of feticide from dictionary.com.
^ Hardy, Benjamin (1999). "Crimes Against The Unborn Child". Connecticut General Assembly Office of Legal Research.
^ Guilbaud, L.; Maurice, P.; Dhombres, F.; Maisonneuve, É.; Rigouzzo, A.; Darras, A. -M.; Jouannic, J. -M. (2020-09-01). "Geste d'arrêtde vie fœtale : techniques pour les interruptions médicales de grossesse des deuxième et troisième trimestres". Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie (in French). 48 (9): 687–692. doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2020.02.009. ISSN 2468-7189. PMID 32092488. S2CID 213657224.
^ Boyd, J. D.; Hamilton, W. J. (1967-02-18). "Foetus—or Fetus?". British Medical Journal. 1 (5537): 425. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5537.425. PMC 1841520.
^ ^a ^b Fetal Homicide Laws. National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2018
^ "What the California Fetal Homicide Law Does and Doesn't Cover". 5 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b Pilkington, Ed (June 24, 2011). "Outcry in America as pregnant women who lose babies face murder charges". The Guardian.
^ People v. Davis, 7 Cal.4th 797, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 50, 872 P.2d 591 (Calif. 1994).
^ Hedden, Andrew. When is the Death of a Fetus a Homicide? Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine (Center for Homicide Research 2007).
^ See, e.g., Women’s Medical Professional Corporation v. Taft (6th Cir. 2003).
^ Fowler, Sarah (April 3, 2014). "Judge dismisses Rennie Gibbs' depraved heart murder case". The Dispatch. No. April 3, 2014. The Commercial Dispatch Publishing Company. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
^ Pilkington, Ed (15 July 2012). "Indiana prosecutor accused of silencing Chinese woman on murder charge". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
^ NBC News (2015-03-31). "First woman in US sentenced for killing a fetus". Raleigh, Durham, Fayetteville: WNCN. Archived from the original on 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
^ "Judge says Purvi Patel should be freed immediately after feticide conviction overturned". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
^ Branch, Legislative Services (2022-12-15). "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ Branch, Legislative Services (2022-12-15). "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ "Justice for pregnant woman stabbing?". Amandala Newspaper. 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e De Jesus, Ligia M (2013). "Abortion In Latin America And The Caribbean: A Comparative Study Of Domestic Laws And Relevant Jurisprudence Following The Adoption Of The American Convention On Human Rights". ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law. 20 (1).
^ "A Teen Rape Victim in El Salvador Has Been Jailed 30 Years". Time. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ "El Salvador Imprisons 17 Women Who Lost Their Newborns as Murderers". Global Voices. 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
^ "Guatemala's Abortion Provisions". Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ Writer, Bridget Mire Staff. "Larose resident sentenced to life in prison for woman's death". The Courier. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "Nicaragua's Abortion Provisions". Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "BAHAMAS". cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "Murder convict gets two life sentences | Bahamas Local News". www.bahamaslocal.com. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "Pregnant female vs foetus rights". jamaica-gleaner.com. 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "OCA head bats for foetal homicide law". Jamaica Observer. 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ Code Penal Haiti En.
^ Penal Code of the Dominican Republic (EN).
^ "SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS". cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "ANTIGUA". cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "Laws of Dominica: Offenses Against the Person Act" (PDF). 28 January 2023.
^ "Saint Lucia - Access Government". Saint Lucia - Access Government. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "Chapter 171 - Criminal Code of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" (PDF). The Organization of American States. 28 January 2023.
^ "Barbados Offences Against The Person, 1994 - 18" (PDF). September 1994.
^ "WIPO Lex". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^ "Laws of Trinidad and Tobago: Offences Against The Person Act" (PDF). Organization of American States. December 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Knight, Bernard (1998). Lawyers guide to forensic medicine (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 1-85941-159-2.
^ ^a ^b "Child destruction: charge is rarely used". Daily Telegraph. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
^ Britten, Nick (27 May 2007). "Jury convicts mother who destroyed foetus". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
^ "316 IPC Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide 316 Indian Penal Code 1860". www.lawdadi.in. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
^ "Un-Natural Selection: Female Feticide in India | The Public Health Advocate". pha.berkeley.edu. 10 April 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
^ "3270 RCOG Abortion guideline.qxd" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
^ Vause, S; Sands, J; Johnston, TA; Russell, S; Rimmer, S (May 2002). "Could some fetocides be avoided by more prompt referral after diagnosis of fetal abnormality?". J Obstet Gynaecol. 22 (3): 243–5. doi:10.1080/01443610220130490. PMID 12521492. S2CID 41055699.
^ Dommergues, M; Cahen, F; Garel, M; Mahieu-Caputo, D; Dumez, Y (2003). "Feticide during second- and third-trimester termination of pregnancy: opinions of health care professionals". Fetal Diagn Ther. 18 (2): 91–7. doi:10.1159/000068068. PMID 12576743. S2CID 43211417.
^ Bhide, A; Sairam, S; Hollis, B; Thilaganathan, B (Sep 2002). "Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 20 (3): 230–2. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00797.x. PMID 12230443. S2CID 21824579.
^ Senat, MV; Fischer, C; Bernard, JP; Ville, Y (Mar 2003). "The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy". BJOG. 110 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1016/s1470-0328(02)02217-6. PMID 12628271.
^ ^a ^b Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. ____ (2007). Findlaw.com. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
^ Brandes, Joseph M.; Itskovitz, Joseph; Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E.; Drugan, Arie; Frydman, Rene (1987-08-01). "Reduction of the number of embryos in a multiple pregnancy: quintuplet to triplet". Fertility and Sterility. 48 (2): 326–327. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59366-2. ISSN 0015-0282. PMID 3609345.
^ Senat, M.V.; Fischer, C.; Bernard, J.P.; Ville, Y. (March 2003). "The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 110 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02217.x. ISSN 1470-0328. PMID 12628271. S2CID 45900160.
^ Antsaklis, Aris; Politis, John; Karagiannopoulos, Costas; Kaskarelis, Dionysios; Karababa, Photini; Panourgias, John; Boussiou, Marina; Loukopoulos, Dimitris (1984). "Selective survival of only the healthy fetus following prenatal diagnosis of thalassaemia major in binovular twin gestation". Prenatal Diagnosis. 4 (4): 289–296. doi:10.1002/pd.1970040408. PMID 6483789. S2CID 42413318.
^ Dumler, E. A.; Kolben, M.; Schneider, K. T. M. (1996-03-01). "Intracardiac fibrin adhesive for selective fetocide in twin pregnancy: report of three cases: Selective fetocide". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 7 (3): 213–215. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.07030213.x. PMID 8705418. S2CID 20665573.
^ Denbow, M.L.; Overton, T.G.; Duncan, K.R.; Cox, P.M.; Fisk, N.M. (1999). <527%3A%3AAID-PD576>3.0.CO%3B2-N "High failure rate of umbilical vessel occlusion by ultrasound-guided injection of absolute alcohol or enbucrilate gel". Prenatal Diagnosis. 19 (6): 527–532. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199906)19:6<527::aid-pd576>3.0.co;2-n. PMID 10416967. S2CID 9829503.
^ Åberg, Anders; Mitelman, Felix; Cantz, Michael; Gehler, Jürgen (1978-11-04). "Cardiac Puncture of Fetus with Hurler's Disease Avoiding Abortion of Unaffected Co-Twin". The Lancet. 312 (8097): 990–991. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92550-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 82009. S2CID 46345247.
^ Hammond, Cassing (April 2009). "Recent advances in second-trimester abortion: an evidence-based review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 200 (4): 347–356. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.016. PMID 19318143. Retrieved 31 October 2015. Furthermore, although intracardiac KCl elicits immediate fetal asystole, intrafetal digoxin may fail to effect demise in up to 5% of cases whereas intraamniotic digoxin may fail to cause demise in up to one third of cases.
^ Paul; Lichtenberg; Borgatta; Grimes; Stubblefield; Creinin, eds. (2011). "First-trimester aspiration abortion". Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care. John Wiley & Sons. p. 10. ISBN 978-1444358476. Intra-amniotic or intrafetal digoxin is likely to be the procedure of choice in most settings, as funic or intracardiac KCl administration is technically much more difficult.
^ Komaroff, Anthony (1999). Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide. Simon and Schuster. p. 913. ISBN 0-684-84703-5. Selective reduction is usually performed during the first trimester...
^ See, e.g. Berkowitz, Richard; et al. (1993). "First-Trimester Transabdominal Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction: A Report of Two Hundred Completed Cases". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 169 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90124-2. PMID 8333448. "All of the procedures were performed in the first trimester by the transabdominal injection of potassium chloride into the thoraces of those fetuses that underwent feticide."

[1] Definitions of feticide from dictionary.com.

[2] Hardy, Benjamin (1999). "Crimes Against The Unborn Child". Connecticut General Assembly Office of Legal Research.

[3] Guilbaud, L.; Maurice, P.; Dhombres, F.; Maisonneuve, É.; Rigouzzo, A.; Darras, A. -M.; Jouannic, J. -M. (2020-09-01). "Geste d'arrêtde vie fœtale : techniques pour les interruptions médicales de grossesse des deuxième et troisième trimestres". Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie (in French). 48 (9): 687–692. doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2020.02.009. ISSN 2468-7189. PMID 32092488. S2CID 213657224.

[4] Boyd, J. D.; Hamilton, W. J. (1967-02-18). "Foetus—or Fetus?". British Medical Journal. 1 (5537): 425. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5537.425. PMC 1841520.

[ncsl-5] Fetal Homicide Laws. National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2018

[6] "What the California Fetal Homicide Law Does and Doesn't Cover". 5 June 2015.

[guardian-7] Pilkington, Ed (June 24, 2011). "Outcry in America as pregnant women who lose babies face murder charges". The Guardian.

[8] People v. Davis, 7 Cal.4th 797, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 50, 872 P.2d 591 (Calif. 1994).

[9] Hedden, Andrew. When is the Death of a Fetus a Homicide? Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine (Center for Homicide Research 2007).

[10] See, e.g., Women’s Medical Professional Corporation v. Taft (6th Cir. 2003).

[Dispatch-11] Fowler, Sarah (April 3, 2014). "Judge dismisses Rennie Gibbs' depraved heart murder case". The Dispatch. No. April 3, 2014. The Commercial Dispatch Publishing Company. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

[The_Guardian_15_July_2012-12] Pilkington, Ed (15 July 2012). "Indiana prosecutor accused of silencing Chinese woman on murder charge". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

[13] NBC News (2015-03-31). "First woman in US sentenced for killing a fetus". Raleigh, Durham, Fayetteville: WNCN. Archived from the original on 2015-04-15. Retrieved 2015-04-15.

[14] "Judge says Purvi Patel should be freed immediately after feticide conviction overturned". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2018-05-21.

[15] Branch, Legislative Services (2022-12-15). "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-27.

[16] Branch, Legislative Services (2022-12-15). "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-27.

[17] "Justice for pregnant woman stabbing?". Amandala Newspaper. 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2023-01-27.

[:02-18] De Jesus, Ligia M (2013). "Abortion In Latin America And The Caribbean: A Comparative Study Of Domestic Laws And Relevant Jurisprudence Following The Adoption Of The American Convention On Human Rights". ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law. 20 (1).

[19] "A Teen Rape Victim in El Salvador Has Been Jailed 30 Years". Time. Retrieved 2023-01-27.

[20] "El Salvador Imprisons 17 Women Who Lost Their Newborns as Murderers". Global Voices. 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2023-01-27.

[21] "Guatemala's Abortion Provisions". Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[22] Writer, Bridget Mire Staff. "Larose resident sentenced to life in prison for woman's death". The Courier. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[23] "Nicaragua's Abortion Provisions". Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[24] "BAHAMAS". cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[25] "Murder convict gets two life sentences | Bahamas Local News". www.bahamaslocal.com. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[26] "Pregnant female vs foetus rights". jamaica-gleaner.com. 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[27] "OCA head bats for foetal homicide law". Jamaica Observer. 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[28] Code Penal Haiti En.

[29] Penal Code of the Dominican Republic (EN).

[30] "SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS". cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[31] "ANTIGUA". cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[32] "Laws of Dominica: Offenses Against the Person Act" (PDF). 28 January 2023.

[33] "Saint Lucia - Access Government". Saint Lucia - Access Government. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[34] "Chapter 171 - Criminal Code of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" (PDF). The Organization of American States. 28 January 2023.

[35] "Barbados Offences Against The Person, 1994 - 18" (PDF). September 1994.

[36] "WIPO Lex". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2023-01-28.

[37] "Laws of Trinidad and Tobago: Offences Against The Person Act" (PDF). Organization of American States. December 2007.

[bknight-38] Knight, Bernard (1998). Lawyers guide to forensic medicine (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 1-85941-159-2.

[rare-39] "Child destruction: charge is rarely used". Daily Telegraph. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-31.

[40] Britten, Nick (27 May 2007). "Jury convicts mother who destroyed foetus". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-03-31.

[41] "316 IPC Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide 316 Indian Penal Code 1860". www.lawdadi.in. Retrieved 2023-01-26.

[42] "Un-Natural Selection: Female Feticide in India | The Public Health Advocate". pha.berkeley.edu. 10 April 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-26.

[43] "3270 RCOG Abortion guideline.qxd" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2014-02-23.

[44] Vause, S; Sands, J; Johnston, TA; Russell, S; Rimmer, S (May 2002). "Could some fetocides be avoided by more prompt referral after diagnosis of fetal abnormality?". J Obstet Gynaecol. 22 (3): 243–5. doi:10.1080/01443610220130490. PMID 12521492. S2CID 41055699.

[45] Dommergues, M; Cahen, F; Garel, M; Mahieu-Caputo, D; Dumez, Y (2003). "Feticide during second- and third-trimester termination of pregnancy: opinions of health care professionals". Fetal Diagn Ther. 18 (2): 91–7. doi:10.1159/000068068. PMID 12576743. S2CID 43211417.

[46] Bhide, A; Sairam, S; Hollis, B; Thilaganathan, B (Sep 2002). "Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 20 (3): 230–2. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00797.x. PMID 12230443. S2CID 21824579.

[47] Senat, MV; Fischer, C; Bernard, JP; Ville, Y (Mar 2003). "The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy". BJOG. 110 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1016/s1470-0328(02)02217-6. PMID 12628271.

[SCOTUS-48] Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. ____ (2007). Findlaw.com. Retrieved 24 April 2007.

[49] Brandes, Joseph M.; Itskovitz, Joseph; Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E.; Drugan, Arie; Frydman, Rene (1987-08-01). "Reduction of the number of embryos in a multiple pregnancy: quintuplet to triplet". Fertility and Sterility. 48 (2): 326–327. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59366-2. ISSN 0015-0282. PMID 3609345.

[50] Senat, M.V.; Fischer, C.; Bernard, J.P.; Ville, Y. (March 2003). "The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 110 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02217.x. ISSN 1470-0328. PMID 12628271. S2CID 45900160.

[51] Antsaklis, Aris; Politis, John; Karagiannopoulos, Costas; Kaskarelis, Dionysios; Karababa, Photini; Panourgias, John; Boussiou, Marina; Loukopoulos, Dimitris (1984). "Selective survival of only the healthy fetus following prenatal diagnosis of thalassaemia major in binovular twin gestation". Prenatal Diagnosis. 4 (4): 289–296. doi:10.1002/pd.1970040408. PMID 6483789. S2CID 42413318.

[52] Dumler, E. A.; Kolben, M.; Schneider, K. T. M. (1996-03-01). "Intracardiac fibrin adhesive for selective fetocide in twin pregnancy: report of three cases: Selective fetocide". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 7 (3): 213–215. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.07030213.x. PMID 8705418. S2CID 20665573.

[53] Denbow, M.L.; Overton, T.G.; Duncan, K.R.; Cox, P.M.; Fisk, N.M. (1999). <527%3A%3AAID-PD576>3.0.CO%3B2-N "High failure rate of umbilical vessel occlusion by ultrasound-guided injection of absolute alcohol or enbucrilate gel". Prenatal Diagnosis. 19 (6): 527–532. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199906)19:6<527::aid-pd576>3.0.co;2-n. PMID 10416967. S2CID 9829503.

[54] Åberg, Anders; Mitelman, Felix; Cantz, Michael; Gehler, Jürgen (1978-11-04). "Cardiac Puncture of Fetus with Hurler's Disease Avoiding Abortion of Unaffected Co-Twin". The Lancet. 312 (8097): 990–991. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92550-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 82009. S2CID 46345247.

[55] Hammond, Cassing (April 2009). "Recent advances in second-trimester abortion: an evidence-based review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 200 (4): 347–356. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.016. PMID 19318143. Retrieved 31 October 2015. Furthermore, although intracardiac KCl elicits immediate fetal asystole, intrafetal digoxin may fail to effect demise in up to 5% of cases whereas intraamniotic digoxin may fail to cause demise in up to one third of cases.

[Wiley_2011-56] Paul; Lichtenberg; Borgatta; Grimes; Stubblefield; Creinin, eds. (2011). "First-trimester aspiration abortion". Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care. John Wiley & Sons. p. 10. ISBN 978-1444358476. Intra-amniotic or intrafetal digoxin is likely to be the procedure of choice in most settings, as funic or intracardiac KCl administration is technically much more difficult.

[57] Komaroff, Anthony (1999). Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide. Simon and Schuster. p. 913. ISBN 0-684-84703-5. Selective reduction is usually performed during the first trimester...

[58] See, e.g. Berkowitz, Richard; et al. (1993). "First-Trimester Transabdominal Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction: A Report of Two Hundred Completed Cases". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 169 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90124-2. PMID 8333448. "All of the procedures were performed in the first trimester by the transabdominal injection of potassium chloride into the thoraces of those fetuses that underwent feticide."

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Type of homicide}}
+{{see also|abortion}}
 {{Multiple issues|
 {{Globalize|article|Anglophone|2name=[[English-speaking world|the English-speaking world]]|date=June 2010}}
@@ Line 5: / Line 7: @@
 {{homicide}}
+'''Foeticide''' (British English), or '''feticide''' (North American English), is the act of killing a [[fetus]], or causing a miscarriage.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/feticide Definitions of feticide from dictionary.com].</ref> Definitions differ between legal and medical applications, whereas in law, feticide frequently refers to a criminal offense,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Benjamin |date=1999 |title=Crimes Against The Unborn Child |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/PS99/rpt%5Colr%5Chtm/99-R-0272.htm#:~:text=Feticide%20is%20the%20willful%20killing%20of%20an%20unborn%20quick%20child.&text=Intentional%20homicide%20of%20an%20unborn,known%20the%20woman%20was%20pregnant. |website=Connecticut General Assembly Office of Legal Research}}</ref> in medicine the term generally refers to a part of an abortion procedure in which a provider intentionally induces fetal demise to avoid the chance of an unintended live birth, or as a standalone procedure in the case of [[selective reduction]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guilbaud |first1=L. |last2=Maurice |first2=P. |last3=Dhombres |first3=F. |last4=Maisonneuve |first4=É. |last5=Rigouzzo |first5=A. |last6=Darras |first6=A. -M. |last7=Jouannic |first7=J. -M. |date=2020-09-01 |title=Geste d'arrêtde vie fœtale : techniques pour les interruptions médicales de grossesse des deuxième et troisième trimestres |journal=Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie |language=fr |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=687–692 |doi=10.1016/j.gofs.2020.02.009 |pmid=32092488 |s2cid=213657224 |issn=2468-7189|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-'''Feticide''' (or '''feticide''') is the act of destroying a [[fetus]] or causing an [[abortion]].<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/feticide Definitions of feticide from dictionary.com].</ref>
 ==Etymology==
+Foeticide derives from two constituent Latin roots. ''Foetus'', meaning child, is an alternate form of ''fetus'' coming from the writings of Isidorus, who preferred ''oe'' due to its association with ''foveo'' "I cherish" as opposed to ''feo'' "I beget".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=J. D. |last2=Hamilton |first2=W. J. |title=Foetus—or Fetus? |journal=British Medical Journal |date=1967-02-18 |volume=1 |issue=5537 |pages=425 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5537.425 |pmc=1841520 }}</ref> ''Foetus'' is compounded with the suffix ''[[wikt:-cide|-cide]]'', from ''[[wikt:caedō|caedere]]'', "to cut down, to kill." Also see [[homicide]], [[genocide]], [[infanticide]], [[matricide]], and [[regicide]].
-The suffix ''[[wikt:-icide|-icide]]'' is added in place of ''fetus''' last syllable. It derives back to ''occido'', a Latin term meaning "to fell or to kill." Other examples include [[homicide]], [[genocide]], [[infanticide]], [[matricide]], and [[regicide]].
-==Fetal homicide==
+==As a crime==
-===Laws in the United States===
+===Laws in North America===
-[[File:Map of US, feticide laws.svg|thumb|260px|left|Fetal homicide laws in the United States {{legend|#02ffff;|"Homicide" or "murder".}}
+==== Laws in the United States ====
+[[File:Map of US, feticide laws.svg|thumb|260px|left|Fetal homicide laws in the United States {{legend|#02ffff;|Homicide or murder.}}
 {{legend|#ffff00;|Other crime against fetus.}}
 {{legend|#ff3399;|Depends on age of fetus.}}
@@ Line 18: / Line 22: @@
 {{legend|#c0c0c0;|No law on feticide.}}]]
-In the U.S., most crimes of violence are covered by state law, not federal law. 38 states currently recognize the "unborn child" (the term usually used) or fetus as a homicide victim, and 23 of those states apply this principle throughout the period of pre-natal development.<ref name="ncsl">[http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/fetal-homicide-state-laws.aspx Fetal Homicide Laws]. National Conference of State Legislatures, March 2015</ref> These laws do not apply to legally induced abortions. Federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not contradict the U.S. Supreme Court's rulings on abortion.
+In the U.S., most crimes of violence are covered by state law, not federal law. 38 states currently recognize the unborn child (the term usually used) or fetus as a homicide victim, and 29 of those states apply this principle throughout the period of pre-natal development.<ref name="ncsl">[https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/fetal-homicide-state-laws.aspx Fetal Homicide Laws]. National Conference of State Legislatures, May 2018</ref> These laws do not apply to legally induced abortions. Federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not contradict the U.S. Supreme Court's rulings on abortion.
-In 2004, Congress enacted, and President Bush signed, the [[Unborn Victims of Violence Act]], which recognizes the "child in utero" as a legal victim if he or she is injured or killed during the commission of any of the 68 existing ''federal'' crimes of violence.  These crimes include some acts that are federal crimes no matter where they occur (e.g., certain acts of terrorism), crimes in federal jurisdictions, crimes within the military system, crimes involving certain federal officials, and other special cases.  The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species ''Homo sapiens'', at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb."
+In 2004, Congress enacted, and [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] signed, the [[Unborn Victims of Violence Act]], which recognizes the "child in utero" as a legal victim if he or she is injured or killed during the commission of any of the 68 existing ''federal'' crimes of violence.  These crimes include some acts that are federal crimes no matter where they occur (e.g., certain acts of terrorism), crimes in federal jurisdictions, crimes within the military system, crimes involving certain federal officials, and other special cases.  The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species ''Homo sapiens'', at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb." This federal law (as well as many similar state laws, such as the one in California), does not require any proof that the person charged with the crime actually knew the woman was pregnant when the crime was committed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vistacriminallaw.com/killing-a-fetus-in-california-crime-can-be-murder/|title = What the California Fetal Homicide Law Does and Doesn't Cover|date = 5 June 2015}}</ref>
 Of the 38<ref name="ncsl"/><ref name="guardian"/> states that recognize fetal homicide, approximately two-thirds apply the principle throughout the period of pre-natal development, while one-third establish protection at some later stage, which varies from state to state.  For example, California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, but does not treat the killing of an embryo (prior to approximately eight weeks) as homicide, by construction of the California Supreme Court.<ref>''People v. Davis'', 7 Cal.4th 797, 30 Cal.Rptr.2d 50, 872 P.2d 591 (Calif. 1994).</ref>  Some other states do not consider the killing of a fetus to be homicide until the fetus has reached [[Quickening (medical)|quickening]] or [[Viability (fetal)|viability]].<ref>Hedden, Andrew. [http://www.chronline.org/Feticide%20versus%20Homicide.pdf When is the Death of a Fetus a Homicide?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725165204/http://www.chronline.org/Feticide%20versus%20Homicide.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }} (Center for Homicide Research 2007).</ref>
-Unlawful abortion may be considered "foeticide".<ref>See, e.g., ''[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&case=/data2/circs/6th/014124.html Women’s Medical Professional Corporation v. Taft]'' (6th Cir. 2003).</ref>
+In states where the overturning of Roe v. Wade has resulted in the complete illegalization of abortion except to preserve the life of the carrier, such laws may be used to prosecute any such procedure resulting in fetal demise.<ref>See, e.g., ''[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&case=/data2/circs/6th/014124.html Women’s Medical Professional Corporation v. Taft]'' (6th Cir. 2003).</ref>
+Fetal homicide laws have also been used to prosecute women for recklessly causing stillbirths, such as in the cases of Rennie Gibbs, [[Bei Bei Shuai]], and [[Purvi Patel]]. Gibbs was charged with murder in [[Mississippi]] in 2006 for having a [[Stillbirth|stillborn]] daughter while addicted to cocaine. Gibbs is the first woman in Mississippi to be charged with murder relating to the loss of her unborn baby.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/24/america-pregnant-women-murder-charges |date=June 24, 2011 |title=Outcry in America as pregnant women who lose babies face murder charges |first=Ed |last=Pilkington}}</ref> The judge in that case ruled that the charges be dismissed.<ref name=Dispatch>{{cite news|last1=Fowler|first1=Sarah|title=Judge dismisses Rennie Gibbs' depraved heart murder case|url=http://www.cdispatch.com/news/article.asp?aid=32344|access-date=31 August 2015|work=The Dispatch|issue=April 3, 2014|publisher=The Commercial Dispatch Publishing Company|date=April 3, 2014}}</ref> In 2011 Shuai was charged by [[Indiana]] authorities with murder and foeticide after her suicide attempt resulted in the death of the child she was pregnant with. Shuai's case was the first in the history of Indiana in which a woman was prosecuted for murder for a suicide attempt while pregnant.<ref name="The Guardian 15 July 2012">{{cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|title=Indiana prosecutor accused of silencing Chinese woman on murder charge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/15/indiana-abortion|access-date=15 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 July 2012}}</ref> In 2013 Shuai pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of criminal recklessness and was released, having been sentenced to time served. In 2015 Purvi Patel became the first woman in the United States to be charged, convicted, and sentenced on a foeticide charge.<ref>{{cite web|author=NBC News |url=http://www.wncn.com/story/28664509/first-woman-in-us-sentenced-for-killing-a-fetus |title=First woman in US sentenced for killing a fetus  |location=Raleigh, Durham, Fayetteville |publisher=WNCN |date=2015-03-31 |access-date=2015-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415230601/http://www.wncn.com/story/28664509/first-woman-in-us-sentenced-for-killing-a-fetus |archive-date=2015-04-15 }}</ref> However, her conviction was later overturned, and she was resentenced to time served for a lesser charge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/01/purvi-patel-freed-immediately-feticide-conviction-overturned|title=Judge says Purvi Patel should be freed immediately after feticide conviction overturned|agency=Associated Press|date=2016-09-01|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-21}}</ref>
-Fetal homicide laws, as well as ordinary murder statutes, are increasingly used to prosecute pregnant women accused of intentionally or recklessly causing miscarriages or [[stillbirth]]s. According to the organization National Advocates for Pregnant Women, [[South Carolina]], one of the first states to pass a foeticide law, has charged only one man who assaulted a pregnant woman under this law, while approximately 300 women have been arrested {{citation needed|date=June 2019}}. Widely publicized cases include that of Rennie Gibbs, [[Bei Bei Shuai]], and [[Purvi Patel]].
+==== Laws in Canada ====
-Gibbs was charged with murder in [[Mississippi]] in 2006 for having a [[Stillbirth|stillborn]] daughter while addicted to cocaine. Gibbs is the first woman in Mississippi to be charged with murder relating to the loss of her unborn baby.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/24/america-pregnant-women-murder-charges |date=June 24, 2011 |title=Outcry in America as pregnant women who lose babies face murder charges |first=Ed |last=Pilkington}}</ref> The judge in that case ruled that the charges be dismissed.<ref name=Dispatch>{{cite news|last1=Fowler|first1=Sarah|title=Judge dismisses Rennie Gibbs' depraved heart murder case|url=http://www.cdispatch.com/news/article.asp?aid=32344|accessdate=31 August 2015|work=The Dispatch|issue=April 3, 2014|publisher=The Commercial Dispatch Publishing Company|date=April 3, 2014}}</ref> In 2011 Shuai was charged by [[Indiana]] authorities with murder and foeticide after her suicide attempt resulted in the death of the child she was pregnant with. Shuai's case was the first in the history of Indiana in which a woman was prosecuted for murder for a suicide attempt while pregnant.<ref name="The Guardian 15 July 2012">{{cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|title=Indiana prosecutor accused of silencing Chinese woman on murder charge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/15/indiana-abortion|accessdate=15 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 July 2012}}</ref> In 2013 Shuai pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of criminal recklessness and was released, having been sentenced to time served. In 2015 Purvi Patel became the first woman in the United States to be charged, convicted, and sentenced on a foeticide charge.<ref>{{cite web|author=NBC News |url=http://www.wncn.com/story/28664509/first-woman-in-us-sentenced-for-killing-a-fetus |title=INDIANAPOLIS: First woman in US sentenced for killing a fetus - WNCN: News, Weather, Raleigh, Durham, Fayetteville |publisher=WNCN |date=2015-03-31 |accessdate=2015-04-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415230601/http://www.wncn.com/story/28664509/first-woman-in-us-sentenced-for-killing-a-fetus |archivedate=2015-04-15 }}</ref> However, her conviction was later overturned, and she was resentenced to time served for a lesser charge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/01/purvi-patel-freed-immediately-feticide-conviction-overturned|title=Judge says Purvi Patel should be freed immediately after feticide conviction overturned|last=Press|first=Associated|date=2016-09-01|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-21}}</ref>
+Feticide is not considered a crime in Canada, as the Revised Statutes of Canada does not define a fetus as a person until it has either (1) taken a breath, (2) had independent circulation, or (3) had its umbilical cord severed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |date=2022-12-15 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-223.html |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> However, if the feticide occurs in the process of birth, it is a criminal offense.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Legislative Services |date=2022-12-15 |title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Criminal Code |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-238.html |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref>
+=== Laws in the Central America ===
-==Child destruction==
+==== Laws in Belize ====
+In Belizean Law, Feticide is a crime, although the prosecution and exact legality of such a such an action is difficult to conclusively ascertain, as legal experts disagree on how the law, and its requirement for [[Mens rea]] should be applied.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-13 |title=Justice for pregnant woman stabbing? |url=https://amandala.com.bz/news/justice-for-pregnant-woman-stabbing/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Amandala Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Costa Rica ====
+In Costa Rican law, feticide exists as a crime, but it does not stand equivalent to homicide, nor does it result in similar penalties.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=De Jesus |first=Ligia M |date=2013 |title=Abortion In Latin America And The Caribbean: A Comparative Study Of Domestic Laws And Relevant Jurisprudence Following The Adoption Of The American Convention On Human Rights |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1861&context=ilsajournal |journal=ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law |volume=20 |issue=1}}</ref>
+==== Laws in El Salvador ====
+In Salvadoran law, any act which results in the death of a fetus is heavily criminalized.<ref name=":02"/> This has resulted in numerous women being charged and convicted for miscarriages, as was the case with Evelyn Beatriz Hernandez Cruz,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=A Teen Rape Victim in El Salvador Has Been Jailed 30 Years |url=https://time.com/4848547/el-salvador-rape-victim-stillbirth-murder-jail/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> María Teres, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-16 |title=El Salvador Imprisons 17 Women Who Lost Their Newborns as Murderers |url=https://globalvoices.org/2014/12/16/el-salvador-imprisons-17-women-who-lost-their-newborns-as-murderers/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Guatemala ====
+In Guatemalan law, anyone who, during "acts of violence" causes on abortion "when the pregnant state of the victim is evident" has committed what the law calls an unintended abortion, and faces penalties up of up to three years imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guatemala's Abortion Provisions |url=https://reproductiverights.org/maps/provision/guatemalas-abortion-provisions/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Center for Reproductive Rights |language=en-US}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Honduras ====
+In Honduran law, causing the death of a fetus where the mother is visibly pregnant is known legally as feticide.<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Bridget Mire Staff |title=Larose resident sentenced to life in prison for woman's death |url=https://www.houmatoday.com/story/news/2015/10/07/larose-resident-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-for-womans-death/27144935007/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Courier |language=en-US}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Nicaragua ====
+In Nicaraguan law, feticide is known legally as Reckless Abortion, and the law specifies that whoever causes "abortion through recklessness" is guilty of the offense and shall face six months to one year in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicaragua's Abortion Provisions |url=https://reproductiverights.org/maps/provision/nicaraguas-abortion-provisions/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Center for Reproductive Rights |language=en-US}}</ref>
+=== Laws in the Caribbean ===
+==== Laws in Bahamas ====
+In Bahaman Law, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage).<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAHAMAS |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/population/abortion/Bahamas.abo.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=cyber.harvard.edu}}</ref> In cases tried both recently and historically the murder of pregnant women, even when the women was obviously pregnant, resulted in no greater penalty for the destruction of the fetus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murder convict gets two life sentences {{!}} Bahamas Local News |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/99811/Murder_convict_gets_two_life_sentences.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Jamaica ====
+In Jamaican law, feticide is not a crime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-14 |title=Pregnant female vs foetus rights |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20131014/cleisure/cleisure3.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref> In recent history there have however been repeated calls for this to change.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-31 |title=OCA head bats for foetal homicide law |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/oca-head-bats-for-foetal-homicide-law/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Jamaica Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Haiti ====
+In Haitian law, feticide is a crime.<ref name=":02"/> Under Section 2, Article 262 of the Penal Code of Haiti, "Anyone who, by means of food, drink, medicine, violence or any other means, procures the abortion of a pregnant woman, whether she has consented to it or not, will be punished by imprisonment."<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/code-penal-haiti-en |title=Code Penal Haiti En}}</ref>
+==== Laws in The Dominican Republic ====
+In Dominican law, feticide is a crime.<ref name=":02" /> Under Article 317 of the Criminal Code of the Dominican Republic, "Whoever, by means of food, medicines, medicines, probes, treatments or in any other way, causes or directly cooperates to cause the abortion of a pregnant woman, even if she consents to it, shall be punished with the penalty of minor imprisonment."<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dominican-republic-penal-code |title=Penal Code of the Dominican Republic (EN)}}</ref>
+==== Laws in St. Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, and Dominica ====
+In the countries listed above, [[English law|English Common Law]] remains the law of the land, and as such, feticide is prohibited by a combination of two acts, the first, the Offences Against the Person Act, makes feticide a crime, but only when the act that induced it was itself intended "to procure... (a) miscarriage", defining the act as an abortion. The second act on the subject, the Infant Life (Preservation) Act further outlines a separate crime, child destruction, which occurs when a person with "intent to destroy the life of a child capable of being born alive" takes an action which, "causes a child to die before it has an existence independent of its mother". The act goes on to specify that any fetus which has gestated for 28 weeks or more is to be considered capable of being born alive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/population/abortion/Stkitts.abo.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=cyber.harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANTIGUA |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/population/abortion/Antigua.abo.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=cyber.harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2023 |title=Laws of Dominica: Offenses Against the Person Act |url=https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Dominica-Offences-against-the-Person-Act.pdf}}</ref>
+==== Laws in St. Lucia ====
+In St. Lucia, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, known as "causing a termination of a pregnancy" occurs when someone causes the pregnant person to "be prematurely delivered of a child" but only if they also have "intent unlawfully to cause or hasten the death of the child"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Lucia - Access Government |url=http://www.govt.lc/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Saint Lucia - Access Government}}</ref>
+==== Laws in St. Vincent and the Grenadines ====
+In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, which is known simply as abortion occurs when someone "unlawfully administers to her (a pregnant person), or causes her to take, any poison or other noxious thing, or uses any force of any kind, or uses any other means whatsoever" but only if they also have "intent to procure the miscarriage of a woman".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2023 |title=Chapter 171 - Criminal Code of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |url=https://www.oas.org/en/sla/dlc/mesicic/docs/mesicic5_svg_annex8.pdf |website=The Organization of American States}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Barbados ====
+In Barbados, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage) or, when the pregnant person "is about to be delivered of a child". The crime for intentionally inducing a miscarriage, which is known as "Administering drugs or using instruments to procure abortion" occurs when someone "with intent to procure the miscarriage of any woman,... unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatsoever". The crime for feticide where the pregnant person "is about to be delivered of a child", is defined as "Killing an unborn child" and occurs when a person "prevents the child from being born alive by any act or omission of such a nature that, if the child had been born alive and had then died, he would be deemed to have unlawfully killed the child"<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1994 |title=Barbados Offences Against The Person, 1994 - 18 |url=https://www.warnathgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Barbados-Offences-Against-the-Person-Act.pdf}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Grenada ====
+In Grenada, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime is known simply as causing abortion, and is committed when someone takes an action "causing a woman to be prematurely delivered of a child, with intent unlawfully to cause or hasten the death of the child."<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIPO Lex |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/253233 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.wipo.int}}</ref>
+==== Laws in Trinidad and Tobago ====
+In Trinidad and Tobago, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage). The crime, which is known simply as abortion occurs when someone "unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing, or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatsoever with the like intent" but only if they also have "intent to procure a miscarriage".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2007 |title=Laws of Trinidad and Tobago: Offences Against The Person Act |url=http://www.scm.oas.org/pdfs/2011/CIM03055-IV.pdf |website=Organization of American States}}</ref>
+=== Laws in Europe ===
+==== Laws in the United Kingdom ====
 {{Main|Child destruction}}
 In [[English law]], "child destruction" is the crime of killing a fetus "[[viability (fetal)|capable of being born alive]]", before it has "a separate existence".<ref name="bknight">{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Bernard |title=Lawyers guide to forensic medicine |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1998 |edition=2nd |page=70 |isbn=1-85941-159-2}}</ref> The [[Crimes Act]] 1958 defined "capable of being born alive" as 28 weeks' gestation, later reduced to 24 weeks.<ref name="bknight"/>  The 1990 Amendment to the [[Abortion Act 1967]] means a medical practitioner cannot be guilty of the crime.<ref name="bknight"/>
-The charge of child destruction is rare.<ref name="rare">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552650/Child-destruction-charge-is-rarely-used.html |title=Child destruction: charge is rarely used |date=27 May 2007 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=2009-03-31}}</ref> A woman who had an [[unsafe abortion]] while 7½ months pregnant was given a [[suspended sentence]] of 12 months in 2007;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552651/Jury-convicts-mother-who-destroyed-foetus.html |title=Jury convicts mother who destroyed foetus |last=Britten |first=Nick |date=27 May 2007 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=2009-03-31}}</ref> the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] was unaware of any similar conviction.<ref name="rare"/>
+The charge of child destruction is rare.<ref name="rare">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552650/Child-destruction-charge-is-rarely-used.html |title=Child destruction: charge is rarely used |date=27 May 2007 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=2009-03-31}}</ref> A woman who had an [[unsafe abortion]] while 7½ months pregnant was given a [[suspended sentence]] of 12 months in 2007;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552651/Jury-convicts-mother-who-destroyed-foetus.html |title=Jury convicts mother who destroyed foetus |last=Britten |first=Nick |date=27 May 2007 |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=2009-03-31}}</ref> the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] was unaware of any similar conviction.<ref name="rare"/>
-==Use during legal abortion==
+=== Laws in Asia ===
+====Laws in India====
+{{Main|Female foeticide in India}}
+In [[Law of India|Indian Law]], feticide is considered a form of "culpable homicide". Section 316 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] defines the crime as "an act (that) cause(s) the death of a quick unborn child", but only applies when it occurs as an effect of another crime which would cause death, such as the murder of the mother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=316 IPC Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide 316 Indian Penal Code 1860 |url=https://www.lawdadi.in/ipc/316-ipc-causing-death-of-quick-unborn-child-by-act-amounting-to-culpable-homicide-316-indian-penal-code.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.lawdadi.in}}</ref>
+In the case of [[sex-selective abortion]], the [[Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994|Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act]] prohibits the act, although there is question as to the degree of enforcement, as the ratio of male to female live births continue to be misaligned with the international average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Un-Natural Selection: Female Feticide in India {{!}} The Public Health Advocate |url=https://pha.berkeley.edu/2021/04/10/un-natural-selection-female-feticide-in-india/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=pha.berkeley.edu |date=10 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+==As a medical practice==
 [[File:Sex determination ban.JPG|thumb|right|320px|A sign in an Indian hospital stating that prenatal sex determination is a crime. The concern is that it will lead to [[female foeticide in India|female foeticide]].]]
-In medical use, the word "foeticide" is used simply to mean causing the death of the fetus, usually prior to some form of abortion. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends foeticide be performed "before medical abortion after 21 weeks and 6 days of gestation to ensure that there is no risk of a live birth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/Abortion%20guideline_web_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529004416/http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/Abortion%20guideline_web_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-29 |title=3270 RCOG Abortion guideline.qxd |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-02-23 }}</ref> In abortions after 20 weeks, an [[medical injection|injection]] of [[digoxin]] or [[potassium chloride]] into the fetal heart to stop the fetal heart can be used to achieve foeticide.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vause | first1 = S | last2 = Sands | first2 = J | last3 = Johnston | first3 = TA | last4 = Russell | first4 = S | last5 = Rimmer | first5 = S | date = May 2002 | title = Could some fetocides be avoided by more prompt referral after diagnosis of fetal abnormality? | url = | journal = J Obstet Gynaecol | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 243–5 | doi = 10.1080/01443610220130490 | pmid = 12521492 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dommergues | first1 = M | last2 = Cahen | first2 = F | last3 = Garel | first3 = M | last4 = Mahieu-Caputo | first4 = D | last5 = Dumez | first5 = Y | year = 2003 | title = Feticide during second- and third-trimester termination of pregnancy: opinions of health care professionals | url = | journal = Fetal Diagn Ther | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 91–7 | pmid = 12576743 | doi=10.1159/000068068}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bhide | first1 = A | last2 = Sairam | first2 = S | last3 = Hollis | first3 = B | last4 = Thilaganathan | first4 = B | date = Sep 2002 | title = Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture | url = | journal = Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 230–2 | doi = 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00797.x | pmid = 12230443 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Senat | first1 = MV | last2 = Fischer | first2 = C | last3 = Bernard | first3 = JP | last4 = Ville | first4 = Y | date = Mar 2003 | title = The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy | url = | journal = BJOG | volume = 110 | issue = 3| pages = 296–300 | pmid = 12628271 | doi=10.1016/s1470-0328(02)02217-6}}</ref><ref name="SCOTUS">''[[Gonzales v. Carhart]]'', [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=05-380 550 U.S. ____ (2007)]. Findlaw.com. Retrieved 24 April 2007.</ref> In the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled that a [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act|legal ban]] on [[intact dilation and extraction]] procedures does not apply if foeticide is completed before surgery starts.<ref name="SCOTUS" />
+In medical use, the word "foeticide" is used simply to mean the induction of fetal demise, either as a precursor to a further abortion procedure, or as a primary abortive method during selective reduction due to fetal abnormality or multiples. The [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] recommends foeticide be performed "before medical abortion after 21 weeks and 6 days of gestation to ensure that there is no risk of a live birth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/Abortion%20guideline_web_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529004416/http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/Abortion%20guideline_web_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-29 |title=3270 RCOG Abortion guideline.qxd |access-date=2014-02-23 }}</ref> In abortions after 20 weeks, an [[medical injection|injection]] of [[digoxin]] or [[potassium chloride]] into the fetal heart to stop the fetal heart can be used to achieve foeticide.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vause | first1 = S | last2 = Sands | first2 = J | last3 = Johnston | first3 = TA | last4 = Russell | first4 = S | last5 = Rimmer | first5 = S | date = May 2002 | title = Could some fetocides be avoided by more prompt referral after diagnosis of fetal abnormality? | journal = J Obstet Gynaecol | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 243–5 | doi = 10.1080/01443610220130490 | pmid = 12521492 | s2cid = 41055699 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dommergues | first1 = M | last2 = Cahen | first2 = F | last3 = Garel | first3 = M | last4 = Mahieu-Caputo | first4 = D | last5 = Dumez | first5 = Y | year = 2003 | title = Feticide during second- and third-trimester termination of pregnancy: opinions of health care professionals | journal = Fetal Diagn Ther | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 91–7 | pmid = 12576743 | doi=10.1159/000068068| s2cid = 43211417 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bhide | first1 = A | last2 = Sairam | first2 = S | last3 = Hollis | first3 = B | last4 = Thilaganathan | first4 = B | date = Sep 2002 | title = Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture | journal = Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 230–2 | doi = 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00797.x | pmid = 12230443 | s2cid = 21824579 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Senat | first1 = MV | last2 = Fischer | first2 = C | last3 = Bernard | first3 = JP | last4 = Ville | first4 = Y | date = Mar 2003 | title = The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy | journal = BJOG | volume = 110 | issue = 3| pages = 296–300 | pmid = 12628271 | doi=10.1016/s1470-0328(02)02217-6| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="SCOTUS">''[[Gonzales v. Carhart]]'', [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=05-380 550 U.S. ____ (2007)]. Findlaw.com. Retrieved 24 April 2007.</ref> In the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled that a [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act|legal ban]] on [[intact dilation and extraction]] procedures does not apply if foeticide is completed before surgery starts.<ref name="SCOTUS" />
+Historically, a multitude of methods both mechanical and pharmaceutical were used to induce fetal demise. These included intrafetal injection with [[Pethidine|meperidine]] and [[Lidocaine|xylocaine]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brandes |first1=Joseph M. |last2=Itskovitz |first2=Joseph |last3=Timor-Tritsch |first3=Ilan E. |last4=Drugan |first4=Arie |last5=Frydman |first5=Rene |date=1987-08-01 |title=Reduction of the number of embryos in a multiple pregnancy: quintuplet to triplet |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028216593662 |journal=Fertility and Sterility |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=326–327 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59366-2 |pmid=3609345 |issn=0015-0282}}</ref> injection of lidocaine into the [[Umbilical vein|umbilical vain]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Senat |first1=M.V. |last2=Fischer |first2=C. |last3=Bernard |first3=J.P. |last4=Ville |first4=Y. |date=March 2003 |title=The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02217.x |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |language=en |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=296–300 |doi=10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02217.x |pmid=12628271 |s2cid=45900160 |issn=1470-0328}}</ref> intracardiac [[calcium gluconate]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antsaklis |first1=Aris |last2=Politis |first2=John |last3=Karagiannopoulos |first3=Costas |last4=Kaskarelis |first4=Dionysios |last5=Karababa |first5=Photini |last6=Panourgias |first6=John |last7=Boussiou |first7=Marina |last8=Loukopoulos |first8=Dimitris |date=1984 |title=Selective survival of only the healthy fetus following prenatal diagnosis of thalassaemia major in binovular twin gestation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pd.1970040408 |journal=Prenatal Diagnosis |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=289–296 |doi=10.1002/pd.1970040408|pmid=6483789 |s2cid=42413318 }}</ref> or [[Fibrin glue|fibrin adhesive]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dumler |first1=E. A. |last2=Kolben |first2=M. |last3=Schneider |first3=K. T. M. |date=1996-03-01 |title=Intracardiac fibrin adhesive for selective fetocide in twin pregnancy: report of three cases: Selective fetocide |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=213–215 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.07030213.x|pmid=8705418 |s2cid=20665573 |doi-access=free }}</ref> injection, umbilical occlusion by way of alcohol or [[Butyl cyanoacrylate|embucrilate]] gel injection,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Denbow |first1=M.L. |last2=Overton |first2=T.G. |last3=Duncan |first3=K.R. |last4=Cox |first4=P.M. |last5=Fisk |first5=N.M. |date=1999 |title=High failure rate of umbilical vessel occlusion by ultrasound-guided injection of absolute alcohol or enbucrilate gel |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0223%28199906%2919%3A6<527%3A%3AAID-PD576>3.0.CO%3B2-N |journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=527–532 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199906)19:6<527::aid-pd576>3.0.co;2-n |pmid=10416967 |s2cid=9829503 |doi-access=free }}</ref> umbilical cord ligation, intraarterial coil placement, and cardiac puncture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Åberg |first1=Anders |last2=Mitelman |first2=Felix |last3=Cantz |first3=Michael |last4=Gehler |first4=Jürgen |title=Cardiac Puncture of Fetus with Hurler's Disease Avoiding Abortion of Unaffected Co-Twin |date=1978-11-04 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(78)92550-3/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=312 |issue=8097 |pages=990–991 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92550-3 |pmid=82009 |s2cid=46345247 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref> These methods are rarely if ever used in modern practice, as both digoxin and potassium chloride have better, and more reliable outcomes.
-Injecting potassium chloride into the heart of a fetus causes immediate asystole, but depending on the method used, digoxin may fail to induce fetal demise in some cases (up to 5% if injected into the fetus and up to a third if injected into the amniotic sac)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hammond|first1=Cassing|title=Recent advances in second-trimester abortion: an evidence-based review|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|date=April 2009|volume=200|issue=4|pages=347–356|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.016|url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(08)02214-X/fulltext|accessdate=31 October 2015|quote=Furthermore, although intracardiac KCl elicits immediate fetal asystole, intrafetal digoxin may fail to effect demise in up to 5% of cases whereas intraamniotic digoxin may fail to cause demise in up to one third of cases.|pmid=19318143}}</ref> even though it is the preferred drug in many clinics. Digoxin is preferred because it is technically difficult to inject KCl into the heart or umbilical cord.<ref name=Wiley_2011>{{cite book|author1=Paul (editor)|author2=Lichtenberg (editor)|author3=Borgatta (editor)|author4=Grimes (editor)|author5=Stubblefield (editor)|author6=Creinin (editor)|title=Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care|date=24 August 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=1444358472|pages=10 First-trimester aspiration abortion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iK7xrRr2p9sC&pg=RA1-PT334&lpg=RA1-PT334&dq=despite+attempted+abortion&source=bl&ots=S1QLfDPdPD&sig=jDiirVVoJHQk3s1KXLwGqrsBJlU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwBDgUahUKEwiDlPW9vO3IAhUI5GMKHd_ND_U#v=onepage&q=intra-amniotic%20or%20intrafetal%20digoxin&f=false|quote=Intra-amniotic or intrafetal digoxin is likely to be the procedure of choice in most settings, as funic or intracardiac KCl administration is technically much more difficult.}}</ref>
+Injecting potassium chloride into the heart of a fetus causes immediate asystole, but depending on the method used, digoxin may fail to induce fetal demise in some cases (up to 5% if injected into the fetus and up to a third if injected into the amniotic sac)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hammond|first1=Cassing|title=Recent advances in second-trimester abortion: an evidence-based review|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|date=April 2009|volume=200|issue=4|pages=347–356|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.016|url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(08)02214-X/fulltext|access-date=31 October 2015|quote=Furthermore, although intracardiac KCl elicits immediate fetal asystole, intrafetal digoxin may fail to effect demise in up to 5% of cases whereas intraamniotic digoxin may fail to cause demise in up to one third of cases.|pmid=19318143}}</ref> even though it is the preferred drug in many clinics. Digoxin is preferred because it is technically difficult to inject KCl into the heart or umbilical cord.<ref name="Wiley_2011">{{cite book|editor1=Paul |editor2=Lichtenberg|editor3=Borgatta|editor4=Grimes|editor5=Stubblefield|editor6=Creinin|title=Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy: Comprehensive Abortion Care|year= 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1444358476|page=10 |chapter=First-trimester aspiration abortion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iK7xrRr2p9sC&q=intra-amniotic+or+intrafetal+digoxin&pg=RA1-PT334|quote=Intra-amniotic or intrafetal digoxin is likely to be the procedure of choice in most settings, as funic or intracardiac KCl administration is technically much more difficult.}}</ref>
-The most common method of [[selective reduction]]—a procedure to reduce the number of fetuses in a multifetus pregnancy—is foeticide via a chemical injection into the selected fetus or fetuses. The reduction procedure is usually performed during the first trimester of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Komaroff|first=Anthony|url=https://archive.org/details/harvardmedicalsc00koma|url-access=registration|title=Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide|page=[https://archive.org/details/harvardmedicalsc00koma/page/913 913]|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1999|quote=Selective reduction is usually performed during the first trimester...|isbn=0-684-84703-5}}</ref> It often follows detection of a congenital defect in the selected fetus or fetuses, but can also reduce the risks of carrying more than three fetuses to term.<ref>See, e.g. {{cite journal|last1=Berkowitz|first1=Richard|display-authors=etal|year=1993|title=First-Trimester Transabdominal Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction: A Report of Two Hundred Completed Cases|url=http://pt.wkhealth.com/pt/re/ajog/abstract.00000447-199307000-00004.htm;jsessionid=GFGYhbJDPq6hpQ9y31S6jMvtMTdjQny5xhG3nNs1DnNHl0sGCdS2!-1870145763!-949856144!8091!-1|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=169|issue=|pages=17–21|doi=10.1016/0002-9378(93)90124-2}} "All of the procedures were performed in the first trimester by the transabdominal injection of potassium chloride into the thoraces of those fetuses that underwent feticide."</ref>
+The most common method of [[selective reduction]]—a procedure to reduce the number of fetuses in a multifetus pregnancy—is foeticide via a chemical injection into the selected fetus or fetuses. The reduction procedure is usually performed during the first trimester of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Komaroff|first=Anthony|url=https://archive.org/details/harvardmedicalsc00koma|url-access=registration|title=Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide|page=[https://archive.org/details/harvardmedicalsc00koma/page/913 913]|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1999|quote=Selective reduction is usually performed during the first trimester...|isbn=0-684-84703-5}}</ref> It often follows detection of a congenital defect in the selected fetus or fetuses, but can also reduce the risks of carrying more than three fetuses to term.<ref>See, e.g. {{cite journal|last1=Berkowitz|first1=Richard|display-authors=etal|year=1993|title=First-Trimester Transabdominal Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction: A Report of Two Hundred Completed Cases|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9378%2893%2990124-2|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=169|issue=1|pages=17–21|doi=10.1016/0002-9378(93)90124-2|pmid=8333448}} "All of the procedures were performed in the first trimester by the transabdominal injection of potassium chloride into the thoraces of those fetuses that underwent feticide."</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 55: / Line 123: @@
 {{Reflist}}
-[[Category:Abortion]]
+[[Category:Pregnancy with abortive outcome]]
 [[Category:Killings by type]]