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{{short description|14th century Moroccan poet}}
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| birth_place = [[Zerhoun]], Morocco
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| death_date = 1348
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| language = [[Moroccan Arabic]]
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| nationality = [[Marinid Sultanate]]
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'''Abdullah al-Kafif az-Zarhuni''' ({{Lang-ar|عبد الله الكفيف الزرهوني}}; born in [[Zerhoun]] - died 1348) was a North African [[Zajal|''zajal'']] poet in the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] period. He is known for composing an [[Epic poetry|epic]] ''zajal'' poem known as ''[[Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni]]'' ({{Lang-ar|ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني}}, ''al-Kafif az-Zarhuni's Playground)'', considered the first text in [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan vernacular Arabic]], in the period of [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman al-Marini]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/2/data/2014/arabe/3.pdf|title=الخطاب السياسي لدة العامة في مغرب العصر المريني - ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني نموذجا|first=|date=|publisher=هيسبريس تمودا العدد XLIX، 2014، ص 13-32|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zamane.ma/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9%D8%8C-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/|title=الملعبة، أقدم نص بالدارجة المغربية|first=|date=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''Abdullah al-Kafif az-Zarhuni''' ({{Langx|ar|عبد الله الكفيف الزرهوني}}; born in [[Zerhoun]] - died 1348) was a Moroccan ''[[zajal]]'' poet in the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] period. He is known for composing an [[Epic poetry|epic]] ''zajal'' poem known as ''[[Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni]]'' ({{Langx|ar|ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني}}, ''al-Kafif az-Zarhuni's Playground)'', considered the first text in [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan vernacular Arabic]], in the period of [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman al-Marini]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/2/data/2014/arabe/3.pdf|title=الخطاب السياسي لدة العامة في مغرب العصر المريني - ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني نموذجا|first=|date=|publisher=هيسبريس تمودا العدد XLIX، 2014، ص 13-32|access-date=|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205231337/http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/2/data/2014/arabe/3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zamane.ma/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9%D8%8C-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/|title=الملعبة، أقدم نص بالدارجة المغربية|first=|date=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=2018-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005942/http://zamane.ma/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9%D8%8C-%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Sources on the life of al-Kafif az-Zarhuni are rare; the most important is [[Ibn Khaldun]]'s [[Muqaddimah]], which mentions ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' and refers to its author only by his ''[[Arabic name|laqab]].'' Ibn Khaldun mentions that al-Kafif az-Zarhuni was visually impaired, which explains his ''laqab'' al-Kafif ''({{Lang-ar|الكفيف}} the blind).'' Muḥammad Bin Sharīfah, an expert on ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' states that az-Zarhuni's name was Abdullah.
Sources on the life of al-Kafif az-Zarhuni are rare; the most important is [[Ibn Khaldun]]'s [[Muqaddimah]], which mentions ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' and refers to its author only by his ''[[Arabic name|laqab]].'' Ibn Khaldun mentions that al-Kafif az-Zarhuni was visually impaired, which explains his ''laqab'' al-Kafif ''({{Langx|ar|الكفيف}} the blind).'' Muḥammad Bin Sharīfah, an expert on ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' states that az-Zarhuni's name was Abdullah.


Ibn Khaldun states that al-Kafif came from the Sariwa tribe of the Beni Yazgha near [[Sefrou]], and lived in the time of Sultan [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al-Hasan al-Marini]].
Ibn Khaldun states that al-Kafif came from the Sariwa tribe of the Beni Yazgha near [[Sefrou]], and lived in the time of Sultan [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al-Hasan al-Marini]].


The second source is the Moroccan historian Muḥammad Bin Sharīfah's study of ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' published in 1987, which posits that al-Kafif might have died around 1348 in the plague that struck Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102091119/http://opac.fondation.org.ma:8086/uhtbin/cgisirsi.exe/x/0/0/5?searchdata1=%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%20%5B%D9%86%D8%B5%20%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%5D%20/%20%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9&srchfield1=TI%5ETITLE&query_type=exact|title=‫ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني [نص مطبوع]‬|date=2020-01-02|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>
The second source is the Moroccan historian Muḥammad Bin Sharīfah's study of ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' published in 1987, which posits that al-Kafif might have died around 1348 in the plague that struck Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opac.fondation.org.ma:8086/uhtbin/cgisirsi.exe/x/0/0/5?searchdata1=%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%20%5B%D9%86%D8%B5%20%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%5D%20/%20%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9&srchfield1=TI%5ETITLE&query_type=exact|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102091119/http://opac.fondation.org.ma:8086/uhtbin/cgisirsi.exe/x/0/0/5?searchdata1=%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%20%5B%D9%86%D8%B5%20%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%5D%20%2F%20%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%20%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9&srchfield1=TI%5ETITLE&query_type=exact|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-01-02|title=ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني [نص مطبوع]|date=2020-01-02|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>


== ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' ==
== ''Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni'' ==
''al-Mala'ba ''takes the form of an [[epic poem]] in the [[Zajal|''zajal'']] style. It took the name ''Mala'bat'' (playground) due to the al-Kafif's playing around with the ''qafiyas'', or rhyme schemes. This kind of poetry flourished in the Marinid period, and Ibn Khaldun discusses the spread of ''zajal'' in the ''Muqaddimah:''
''al-Mala'ba ''takes the form of an [[epic poem]] in the ''[[zajal]]'' style. It took the name ''Mala'bat'' (playground) due to the al-Kafif's playing around with the ''qafiyas'', or rhyme schemes. This kind of poetry flourished in the Marinid period, and Ibn Khaldun discusses the spread of ''zajal'' in the ''Muqaddimah:''


''"إن أهل فاس وغيرهم استحسنوا هذا الفن، وولعوا به، ونظموا على طريقته، وتركوا الإعراب الذي ليس من شأنهم، وكثر سماعه بينهم، واستفحل فيه كثير منهم ''
''"إن أهل فاس وغيرهم استحسنوا هذا الفن، وولعوا به، ونظموا على طريقته، وتركوا الإعراب الذي ليس من شأنهم، وكثر سماعه بينهم، واستفحل فيه كثير منهم ''


''Indeed the people of Fes and others improved this art and gave themselves to it, and composed in this style, and abandoned the [[ʾIʿrab|ʾiʿrab]] that they didn't care for, and it was heard more among them, and many of them thrived in it.''"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/2/data/2014/arabe/3.pdf|title=الخطاب السياسي لدة العامة في مغرب العصر المريني - ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني نموذجا|first=|date=|publisher=هيسبريس تمودا العدد XLIX، 2014، ص 13-32|access-date=}}</ref>
''Indeed the people of Fes and others improved this art and gave themselves to it, and composed in this style, and abandoned the [[ʾIʿrab|ʾiʿrab]] that they didn't care for, and it was heard more among them, and many of them thrived in it.''"<ref name=":0"/>


And he added, speaking specifically about al-Kafif az-Zarhuni and ''al-Mala'ba:''
And he added, speaking specifically about al-Kafif az-Zarhuni and ''al-Mala'ba:''


"An outstanding poet in Zarhun, 1925 in the region of Meknes, close to the present time, was a man known as alKafif (the blind one). He produced original specimens of these types of poetry."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khaldûn|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=XRCnDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=franz+rosenthal+muqaddimah&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKxvuL8s7nAhXQSxUIHceJBbQQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=franz%20rosenthal%20muqaddimah&f=false|title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History - Abridged Edition|date=2015-04-27|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16628-5|language=en}}</ref>
"An outstanding poet in Zarhun, 1295 in the region of Meknes, close to the present time, was a man known as alKafif (the blind one). He produced original specimens of these types of poetry."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khaldûn|first=Ibn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRCnDwAAQBAJ|title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History - Abridged Edition|date=2015-04-27|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16628-5|language=en}}</ref>


al-Zarhuni organized his Malaaba on the subejct of the military campaign into [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] territory, led by Sultan [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman]] of the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid dynasty]]. The goal of the campaign was to unite the Maghreb under one state. The campaign failed as the Marinids were defeated at [[Kairouan|Qairawan]]. The poem was a sort of consolation for the defeat, and it serves as a valuable historical document as it details the social and political situation at the time.<ref name=":0" />
al-Zarhuni organized his Malaaba on the subject of the military campaign into [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] territory, led by Sultan [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman]] of the [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid dynasty]]. The goal of the campaign was to unite the Maghreb under one state. The campaign failed as the Marinids were defeated at [[Kairouan|Qairawan]]. The poem was a sort of consolation for the defeat, and it serves as a valuable historical document as it details the social and political situation at the time.<ref name=":0" />


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|biography|Morocco|Literature|Middle Ages}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Morocco|Literature|Middle Ages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kafif az-Zarhuni}}
[[Category:1348 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Moroccan poets]]
[[Category:Marinid Sultanate]]
[[Category:Marinid Sultanate]]
[[Category:Moroccan poets]]
[[Category:Moroccan male poets]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Latest revision as of 05:42, 7 November 2024

Abdullah Al-Kafif az-Zarhuni
Native name
عبد الله الكفيف الزرهوني
BornZerhoun, Morocco
Died1348
LanguageMoroccan Arabic
NationalityMarinid Sultanate
Notable workملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني ("Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni")
Moroccan literature
Moroccan writers
Forms
Criticism and awards
See also

Abdullah al-Kafif az-Zarhuni (Arabic: عبد الله الكفيف الزرهوني; born in Zerhoun - died 1348) was a Moroccan zajal poet in the Marinid period. He is known for composing an epic zajal poem known as Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni (Arabic: ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني, al-Kafif az-Zarhuni's Playground), considered the first text in Moroccan vernacular Arabic, in the period of Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman al-Marini.[1][2]

Biography

[edit]

Sources on the life of al-Kafif az-Zarhuni are rare; the most important is Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah, which mentions Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni and refers to its author only by his laqab. Ibn Khaldun mentions that al-Kafif az-Zarhuni was visually impaired, which explains his laqab al-Kafif (Arabic: الكفيف the blind). Muḥammad Bin Sharīfah, an expert on Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni states that az-Zarhuni's name was Abdullah.

Ibn Khaldun states that al-Kafif came from the Sariwa tribe of the Beni Yazgha near Sefrou, and lived in the time of Sultan Abu al-Hasan al-Marini.

The second source is the Moroccan historian Muḥammad Bin Sharīfah's study of Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni published in 1987, which posits that al-Kafif might have died around 1348 in the plague that struck Morocco.[3]

Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni

[edit]

al-Mala'ba takes the form of an epic poem in the zajal style. It took the name Mala'bat (playground) due to the al-Kafif's playing around with the qafiyas, or rhyme schemes. This kind of poetry flourished in the Marinid period, and Ibn Khaldun discusses the spread of zajal in the Muqaddimah:

"إن أهل فاس وغيرهم استحسنوا هذا الفن، وولعوا به، ونظموا على طريقته، وتركوا الإعراب الذي ليس من شأنهم، وكثر سماعه بينهم، واستفحل فيه كثير منهم

Indeed the people of Fes and others improved this art and gave themselves to it, and composed in this style, and abandoned the ʾiʿrab that they didn't care for, and it was heard more among them, and many of them thrived in it."[1]

And he added, speaking specifically about al-Kafif az-Zarhuni and al-Mala'ba:

"An outstanding poet in Zarhun, 1295 in the region of Meknes, close to the present time, was a man known as alKafif (the blind one). He produced original specimens of these types of poetry."[4]

al-Zarhuni organized his Malaaba on the subject of the military campaign into Hafsid territory, led by Sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman of the Marinid dynasty. The goal of the campaign was to unite the Maghreb under one state. The campaign failed as the Marinids were defeated at Qairawan. The poem was a sort of consolation for the defeat, and it serves as a valuable historical document as it details the social and political situation at the time.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "الخطاب السياسي لدة العامة في مغرب العصر المريني - ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني نموذجا" (PDF). هيسبريس تمودا العدد XLIX، 2014، ص 13-32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-05.
  2. ^ "الملعبة، أقدم نص بالدارجة المغربية". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27.
  3. ^ "ملعبة الكفيف الزرهوني [نص مطبوع]". 2020-01-02. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  4. ^ Khaldûn, Ibn (2015-04-27). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History - Abridged Edition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16628-5.
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