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{{short description|Song}}
{{About|the jazz composition|other uses|Mood Indigo (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the jazz composition|other uses|Mood Indigo (disambiguation)}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with "[[Moog Indigo]]".}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{infobox song
| name = Mood Indigo
| image = Duke Ellington orchestra mood indigo.jpg
| type = song
| artist = [[Duke Ellington]] and His Famous Orchestra
| composer = Duke Ellington, [[Barney Bigard]]
| lyricist = [[Irving Mills]]
| genre = [[Jazz standard]]
| published = 1930
| label = RCA Victor
}}


⚫
"'''Mood Indigo'''" is a [[jazz]] song with music by [[Duke Ellington]] and [[Barney Bigard]] and lyrics by [[Irving Mills]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ascap.com/ace/|title=ACE Repertory|website=www.ascap.com|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Duke Ellington orchestra mood indigo.jpg|thumb|200px|"Mood Indigo" disc by Duke Ellington]]

⚫
"'''Mood Indigo'''" is a [[jazz]] song with music by [[Duke Ellington]] and [[Barney Bigard]] and lyrics by [[Irving Mills]].<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/ace/ ASCAP Title Search on author credits]</ref>


==Composition==
==Composition==
Although Irving Mills—Jack Mills's brother and publishing partner—took credit for the lyrics, [[Mitchell Parish]] claimed in a 1987 interview that he had written the lyrics.<ref name="Holden">{{cite web |last1=Holden |first1=Stephen |title=Theater; Mitchell Parish: A Way With Words |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/01/theater/theater-mitchell-parish-a-way-with-words.html |website=The New York Times |accessdate=8 November 2018 |date=1 February 1987}}</ref>
Although Irving Mills—Jack Mills's brother and publishing partner—took credit for the lyrics, [[Mitchell Parish]] claimed in a 1987 interview that he had written the lyrics.<ref name="Holden">{{cite web |last1=Holden |first1=Stephen |title=Theater; Mitchell Parish: A Way With Words |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/01/theater/theater-mitchell-parish-a-way-with-words.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=8 November 2018 |date=1 February 1987}}</ref>


The tune was composed for a radio broadcast in October 1930 and was originally titled "Dreamy Blues". It was "the first tune I ever wrote specially for microphone transmission", Ellington recalled. "The next day wads of mail came in raving about the new tune, so Irving Mills put a lyric to it." Renamed "Mood Indigo", it became a [[jazz standard]].<ref name="Hasse1995">{{citation|last=Hasse|first=John Edward |title=Beyond Category: The Life And Genius Of Duke Ellington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAvP43QuUyEC&pg=PA134|accessdate=8 November 2018|date=22 March 1995|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-80614-8|pages=134–}}</ref>
The tune was composed for a radio broadcast in October 1930 and was originally titled "Dreamy Blues". It was "the first tune I ever wrote specially for microphone transmission", Ellington recalled. "The next day wads of mail came in raving about the new tune, so Irving Mills put a lyric to it." Renamed "Mood Indigo", it became a [[jazz standard]].<ref name="Hasse1995">{{citation|last=Hasse|first=John Edward |title=Beyond Category: The Life And Genius Of Duke Ellington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAvP43QuUyEC&pg=PA134|access-date=8 November 2018|date=22 March 1995|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-80614-8|pages=134–}}</ref>


The main theme was provided by Bigard, who learned it in New Orleans, Louisiana from his clarinet teacher [[Lorenzo Tio]], who called it a "Mexican Blues". Ellington's arrangement was first recorded by his band for [[Brunswick Records|Brunswick]] on October 17, 1930. It was recorded twice more in 1930. These recordings included [[Arthur Whetsol]] (trumpet), [[Joe Nanton]] (trombone), Barney Bigard (clarinet), [[Duke Ellington]] (piano), [[Fred Guy]] (banjo), [[Wellman Braud]] (bass), [[Sonny Greer]] (drums). Ellington blended muted trumpet, muted trombone, and clarinet.
The main theme was provided by Bigard, who learned it in New Orleans, Louisiana from his clarinet teacher [[Lorenzo Tio]], who called it a "Mexican Blues". Ellington's arrangement was first recorded by his band for [[Brunswick Records|Brunswick]] on October 17, 1930. It was recorded twice more in 1930. These recordings included [[Arthur Whetsel]] (trumpet), [[Tricky Sam Nanton]] (trombone), Barney Bigard (clarinet), [[Duke Ellington]] (piano), [[Fred Guy]] (banjo), [[Wellman Braud]] (bass), [[Sonny Greer]] (drums). Ellington blended muted trumpet, muted trombone, and clarinet.


Ellington took the traditional front-line—trumpet, trombone, and clarinet—and inverted them. At the time of these first three recordings in 1930, the usual voicing of the horns would be clarinet at the top (highest pitch), trumpet in the middle, and the trombone at the bottom (lowest pitch). In "Mood Indigo" Ellington voices the trombone right at the top of the instrument's register, and the clarinet at the very lowest. This was unheard of at the time, and also created (in the studio) a so-called "mike-tone"&mdash;an effect generated by the [[overtone]]s of the clarinet and trombone (which was tightly muted as well). The "mike-tone" gives the audio-illusion of the presence of a fourth "voice" or instrument. Ellington used this effect in "[[(In My) Solitude]]" (1932), "Dusk" (1940), and many other pieces throughout his career. The Ellington band performed and recorded the song continuously throughout its 50 years, both in its original form and as a vehicle for individual soloists.
Ellington took the traditional front-line—trumpet, trombone, and clarinet—and inverted them. He chose Yvonne Luanauze (real name Eve Duke) as the band’s vocalist because her mellow timbre was similar to the sound of a saxophone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://altrockchick.com/2018/07/04/frank-sinatra-in-the-wee-small-hours-classic-music-review/|title = Frank Sinatra – in the Wee Small Hours – Classic Music Review|date = 4 July 2018}}</ref> At the time of these first three recordings in 1930, the usual voicing of the horns would be clarinet at the top (highest pitch), trumpet in the middle, and the trombone at the bottom (lowest pitch). In "Mood Indigo" Ellington voices the trombone right at the top of the instrument's register, and the clarinet at the very lowest. This was unheard of at the time, and also created (in the studio) a so-called "mike-tone"—an effect generated by the [[overtone]]s of the clarinet and trombone (which was tightly muted as well). The "mike-tone" gives the audio-illusion of the presence of a fourth "voice" or instrument. Ellington used this effect in "[[(In My) Solitude]]" (1932), "Dusk" (1940), and many other pieces throughout his career. The Ellington band performed and recorded the song continuously throughout its 50 years, both in its original form and as a vehicle for individual soloists.

In 1975, the 1931 release of "Mood Indigo" by [[Duke Ellington]] on [[Brunswick Records]] was inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]].<ref>https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award#m {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>


==Other versions==
==Other versions==
* Duke Ellington – 1930<ref name="standards">{{cite book |last1=Gioia |first1=Ted |title=The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-19-993739-4 |pages=158}}</ref>
* Duke Ellington – 1930<ref name="standards">{{cite book |last1=Gioia |first1=Ted |title=The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-19-993739-4 |pages=158}}</ref>
*[[Lee Morse]] - 1932
*[[The Boswell Sisters]] - 1933
*[[Jimmie Lunceford]] – 1934<ref name="standards" />
*[[Jimmie Lunceford]] – 1934<ref name="standards" />
*Duke Ellington – ''Masterpieces by Ellington'' (1950)<ref name="standards" />
*Duke Ellington – ''[[Masterpieces by Ellington]]'' (1950)<ref name="standards" />
*In 1954, the [[Norman Petty Trio]] had a hit with the song, which reached No. 14 on the pop charts.<ref name="Lonergan2005">{{citation|last=Lonergan|first=David F.|title=Hit Records, 1950-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP6OdDrutyAC&pg=PA151|pages=151–|year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5129-0|accessdate=8 November 2018}}</ref>
*In 1954, the [[Norman Petty Trio]] had a hit with the song, which reached No. 14 on the pop charts.<ref name="Lonergan2005">{{citation|last=Lonergan|first=David F.|title=Hit Records, 1950–1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP6OdDrutyAC&pg=PA151|pages=151–|year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5129-0|access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref>
*[[The Four Freshmen]]– 1954<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/f2961|title=45cat.com|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref>
*[[The Four Freshmen]]– 1954<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/f2961|title=45cat.com|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref>
*[[Frank Sinatra]] - ''[[In the Wee Small Hours|In The Wee Small Hours]]'' (1955)
*[[Frank Sinatra]] - ''[[In the Wee Small Hours|In The Wee Small Hours]]'' (1955)
*[[Thelonious Monk]] – ''[[Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington]]'' (Riverside 1955)<ref name="standards" />

*[[Thelonious Monk]] – ''Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington'' (1955)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Nina Simone]] – ''[[Little Girl Blue (album)|Little Girl Blue]]'' (1959)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Charles Mingus]] – ''[[Mingus Dynasty]]'' (Columbia 1960) & ''[[Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus]]'' (Impulse! 1964)
*[[Nina Simone]] – ''Little Girl Blue'' (1958)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Linda Lawson (actress)|Linda Lawson]] - ''Introducing Linda Lawson'' (1960)<ref name="Adinolfi">{{cite book|author=Adinolfi, Francesco|title=Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation|url=https://books.google.com/?id=x8Runh23VIEC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Linda+Lawson+Mood+Indigo#v=onepage&q=Linda%20Lawson%20Mood%20Indigo&f=false|page=118|date=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822341567|accessdate=3 January 2019}}</ref>
*[[Linda Lawson (actress)|Linda Lawson]] – ''Introducing Linda Lawson'' (1960)<ref name="Adinolfi">{{cite book|author=Adinolfi, Francesco|title=Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8Runh23VIEC&q=Linda+Lawson+Mood+Indigo&pg=PA118|page=118|date=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822341567|access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>
*Duke Ellington and [[Coleman Hawkins]] – ''Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins'' (1962)<ref name="standards" />
*Duke Ellington and [[Coleman Hawkins]] – ''[[Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins]]'' (Impulse! 1962)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Clark Terry]] and [[Bob Brookmeyer]] with [[Hank Jones]] – ''Gingerbread Men'' (1966)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Clark Terry]] and [[Bob Brookmeyer]] with [[Hank Jones]] – ''[[Gingerbread Men (album)|Gingerbread Men]]'' (Mainstream 1966)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Mina_(Italian_singer)|Mina]] (arr. [[Gianni Ferrio]]) – ''Plurale'' (1976)
*[[Yukihiro Takahashi]] – ''[[Saravah!]]'' (1978)
*[[The Singers Unlimited]] (arr. [[Clare Fischer]]; voc arr. [[Gene Puerling]]) – ''A Special Blend'' (1980)<ref>Stevens, Peter (July 11, 1980). [http://www.mediafire.com/view/zjv9m4yemnvrf4f "Some interesting music from across the Atlantic"]. ''The Windsor Star''. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</ref>
*[[Marcus Roberts]] – ''Alone with Three Giants'' (1990)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Marcus Roberts]] – ''Alone with Three Giants'' (1990)<ref name="standards" />
*[[Dave Grusin]] - ''[[Homage to Duke]]'' (1993)
*[[Dave Grusin]] – ''[[Homage to Duke]]'' (1993)
*[[Dee Dee Bridgewater]] (arr. [[Clare Fischer]]) – ''[[Prelude to a Kiss: The Duke Ellington Album]]'' (1996)<ref>Lawson, Terry (October 18, 1996). [http://www.mediafire.com/view/oulicsdvqtfzem9 "Prelude to a Kiss"]. ''Detroit Free Press''. Retrieved 7 May 2020.</ref><ref>.[https://www.deccaclassics.com/us/cat/4786685 "'Prelude to a Kiss' Track List"]. Decca Classics. Retrieved 6 May 2020.</ref>
*[[Mulgrew Miller]] and [[Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen]] – ''[[The Duets (Mulgrew Miller album)|The Duets]]'' (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jazzdisco.org/mulgrew-miller/discography/|title=Mulgrew Miller Discography|publisher=jazzdisco.org|accessdate=7 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mulgrew Miller]] and [[Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen]] – ''[[The Duets (Mulgrew Miller album)|The Duets]]'' (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jazzdisco.org/mulgrew-miller/discography/|title=Mulgrew Miller Discography|publisher=jazzdisco.org|access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>


==Film appearances==
==Film appearances==
"Mood Indigo" is featured in the films ''[[All Night Long (1962 film)|All Night Long]]'' (1962), ''[[Bait (1954 film)|Bait]]'' (1954), ''[[The Continental Twist]]'' (1961), ''[[The Cotton Club (film)|The Cotton Club]]'' (1984), [[Curtain Call (1999 film)|Curtain Call]] (1999), ''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]'' (2002), ''[[Frances (film)|Frances]]'' (1982), ''[[Harlem Nights]]'' (1989), ''[[Hart's War]]'' (2002), ''[[Julia (1977 film)|Julia]]'' (1977), ''[[Keep On Keepin' On (film)|Keep On Keepin' On]]'' (2014), ''[[The Legend of Bagger Vance]]'' (2000), ''[[Paris Blues]]'' (1961), ''[[Pitch People]]'' (1999), ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Reborn (1981 film)|es|3=Renacer (película)|lt=Renacer}}'' (1981), ''[[Rough Cut (1980 film)|Rough Cut]]'' (1980), ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]'' (1987), ''[[Up in the Air (2009 film)|Up In the Air]]'' (2009), ''[[The White Countess]]'' (2005) and ''[[White Men Can't Jump]]'' (1992). It can also be heard in the [[TV movie]] ''[[Relentless: Mind of a Killer]]'' (1993) and in the [[miniseries]] ''[[Come In Spinner#Film and television|Come In Spinner]]'' (1990) and ''[[Mildred Pierce (TV miniseries)|Mildred Pierce]]'' (2011), as well as in episodes from two [[HBO]] series created by [[David Chase]]: [[Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)|"Walk Like a Man"]] from ''[[The Sopranos]]'' (1999–2007) and [[Eldorado (Boardwalk Empire)|"El Dorado,"]] the series finale of ''[[Boardwalk Empire]]'' (2011–2014).<ref>Meeker, David. [https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/jots-search?query=%22mood%20indigo%22%20%2B(note:%22feature%20film%22)&start=0&view=thumbnail&label= "Jazz on the Screen"]. [[Library of Congress]]. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref>
"Mood Indigo" is featured in the films ''[[Bait (1954 film)|Bait]]'' (1954); ''[[The Continental Twist]]'' (1961); ''[[Paris Blues]]'' (1961); ''[[All Night Long (1962 film)|All Night Long]]'' (1962); ''[[Julia (1977 film)|Julia]]'' (1977); ''[[Rough Cut (1980 film)|Rough Cut]]'' (1980); ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Reborn (1981 film)|es|3=Renacer (película)|lt=Renacer}}'' (1981); ''[[Frances (film)|Frances]]'' (1982); ''[[The Cotton Club (film)|The Cotton Club]]'' (1984); ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]'' (1987); ''[[Harlem Nights]]'' (1989); ''[[The White Countess]]'' (2005); ''[[White Men Can't Jump]]'' (1992); ''[[Curtain Call (1999 film)|Curtain Call]]'' (1999); ''[[Pitch People]]'' (1999); ''[[The Legend of Bagger Vance]]'' (2000); ''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]'' (2002); ''[[Hart's War]]'' (2002); ''[[Up in the Air (2009 film)|Up In the Air]]'' (2009); and ''[[Keep On Keepin' On (film)|Keep On Keepin{{'}} On]]'' (2014).

It can also be heard in the [[TV movie]] ''[[Relentless: Mind of a Killer]]'' (1993); in the [[miniseries]] ''[[Come In Spinner#Film and television|Come In Spinner]]'' (1990) and ''[[Mildred Pierce (TV miniseries)|Mildred Pierce]]'' (2011); and in episodes from two [[HBO]] series created by [[David Chase]]: [[Walk Like a Man (The Sopranos)|"Walk Like a Man"]] from ''[[The Sopranos]]'' (1999–2007) and [[Eldorado (Boardwalk Empire)|"El Dorado,"]] the series finale of ''[[Boardwalk Empire]]'' (2011–2014).<ref>Meeker, David. [https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/jots-search?query=%22mood%20indigo%22%20%2B(note:%22feature%20film%22)&start=0&view=thumbnail&label= "Jazz on the Screen"]. [[Library of Congress]]. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Duke Ellington}}
{{Duke Ellington}}


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[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mood Indigo}}
[[Category:1930 songs]]
[[Category:1930 songs]]
[[Category:1930 singles]]
[[Category:Jazz songs]]
[[Category:Jazz songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Duke Ellington]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Duke Ellington]]
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[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:1930s jazz standards]]
[[Category:1930s jazz standards]]
[[Category:Jazz compositions in A-flat major]]

Latest revision as of 18:55, 18 August 2024

This article is about the jazz composition. For other uses, see Mood Indigo (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with "Moog Indigo".
"Mood Indigo"
Song by Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra
Published1930
GenreJazz standard
LabelRCA Victor
Composer(s)Duke Ellington, Barney Bigard
Lyricist(s)Irving Mills

"Mood Indigo" is a jazz song with music by Duke Ellington and Barney Bigard and lyrics by Irving Mills.[1]

Composition

[edit]

Although Irving Mills—Jack Mills's brother and publishing partner—took credit for the lyrics, Mitchell Parish claimed in a 1987 interview that he had written the lyrics.[2]

The tune was composed for a radio broadcast in October 1930 and was originally titled "Dreamy Blues". It was "the first tune I ever wrote specially for microphone transmission", Ellington recalled. "The next day wads of mail came in raving about the new tune, so Irving Mills put a lyric to it." Renamed "Mood Indigo", it became a jazz standard.[3]

The main theme was provided by Bigard, who learned it in New Orleans, Louisiana from his clarinet teacher Lorenzo Tio, who called it a "Mexican Blues". Ellington's arrangement was first recorded by his band for Brunswick on October 17, 1930. It was recorded twice more in 1930. These recordings included Arthur Whetsel (trumpet), Tricky Sam Nanton (trombone), Barney Bigard (clarinet), Duke Ellington (piano), Fred Guy (banjo), Wellman Braud (bass), Sonny Greer (drums). Ellington blended muted trumpet, muted trombone, and clarinet.

Ellington took the traditional front-line—trumpet, trombone, and clarinet—and inverted them. He chose Yvonne Luanauze (real name Eve Duke) as the band’s vocalist because her mellow timbre was similar to the sound of a saxophone.[4] At the time of these first three recordings in 1930, the usual voicing of the horns would be clarinet at the top (highest pitch), trumpet in the middle, and the trombone at the bottom (lowest pitch). In "Mood Indigo" Ellington voices the trombone right at the top of the instrument's register, and the clarinet at the very lowest. This was unheard of at the time, and also created (in the studio) a so-called "mike-tone"—an effect generated by the overtones of the clarinet and trombone (which was tightly muted as well). The "mike-tone" gives the audio-illusion of the presence of a fourth "voice" or instrument. Ellington used this effect in "(In My) Solitude" (1932), "Dusk" (1940), and many other pieces throughout his career. The Ellington band performed and recorded the song continuously throughout its 50 years, both in its original form and as a vehicle for individual soloists.

In 1975, the 1931 release of "Mood Indigo" by Duke Ellington on Brunswick Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[5]

Other versions

[edit]

Film appearances

[edit]

"Mood Indigo" is featured in the films Bait (1954); The Continental Twist (1961); Paris Blues (1961); All Night Long (1962); Julia (1977); Rough Cut (1980); Renacer [es] (1981); Frances (1982); The Cotton Club (1984); The Untouchables (1987); Harlem Nights (1989); The White Countess (2005); White Men Can't Jump (1992); Curtain Call (1999); Pitch People (1999); The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000); Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002); Hart's War (2002); Up In the Air (2009); and Keep On Keepin' On (2014).

It can also be heard in the TV movie Relentless: Mind of a Killer (1993); in the miniseries Come In Spinner (1990) and Mildred Pierce (2011); and in episodes from two HBO series created by David Chase: "Walk Like a Man" from The Sopranos (1999–2007) and "El Dorado," the series finale of Boardwalk Empire (2011–2014).[14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ACE Repertory". www.ascap.com. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  2. ^ Holden, Stephen (1 February 1987). "Theater; Mitchell Parish: A Way With Words". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  3. ^ Hasse, John Edward (22 March 1995), Beyond Category: The Life And Genius Of Duke Ellington, Da Capo Press, pp. 134–, ISBN 978-0-306-80614-8, retrieved 8 November 2018
  4. ^ "Frank Sinatra – in the Wee Small Hours – Classic Music Review". 4 July 2018.
  5. ^ https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award#m [bare URL]
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Gioia, Ted (2012). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-19-993739-4.
  7. ^ Lonergan, David F. (2005), Hit Records, 1950–1975, Scarecrow Press, pp. 151–, ISBN 978-0-8108-5129-0, retrieved 8 November 2018
  8. ^ "45cat.com". Retrieved 2019-01-02.
  9. ^ Adinolfi, Francesco (2008). Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation. Duke University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780822341567. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  10. ^ Stevens, Peter (July 11, 1980). "Some interesting music from across the Atlantic". The Windsor Star. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  11. ^ Lawson, Terry (October 18, 1996). "Prelude to a Kiss". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  12. ^ ."'Prelude to a Kiss' Track List". Decca Classics. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  13. ^ "Mulgrew Miller Discography". jazzdisco.org. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  14. ^ Meeker, David. "Jazz on the Screen". Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
[edit]
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