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{{Short description|Japanese shaded green tea}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2019}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
{{Infobox Tea
{{Infobox Tea
Line 8: Line 8:
| Tea_origin = Japan
| Tea_origin = Japan
| Tea_names = 玉露, jewel dew / jade dew / pearl dew / precious dew
| Tea_names = 玉露, jewel dew / jade dew / pearl dew / precious dew
| Tea_quick = One of the highest grades of Japanese tea.
| Tea_quick =
}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Gyokuro'''''|[[wikt:玉|玉]] [[wikt:露|露]]|lead=yes|extra="jade dew"}} is a type of shaded [[green tea]] from Japan. It differs from the standard ''[[sencha]]'' (a classic unshaded green tea) in being grown under the shade rather than the full sun. Gyokuro is shaded longer than [[kabuse tea]] (lit., "covered tea"). While ''gyokuro'' is shaded for approximately three to four weeks, kabuse-cha is shaded for approximately one week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ippodo-tea.co.jp/en/tea/gyokuro_03.html|title=How Gyokuro is Processed - IPPODO|website=www.ippodo-tea.co.jp}}</ref> The name "gyokuro" translates as "jewel dew" (or "jade dew", referring to the pale green colour of the infusion). While most sencha is from the {{nihongo|Yabukita|薮北}} cultivar of ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'', gyokuro is often made from a specialized variety such as Asahi, Okumidori, Yamakai, and Saemidori.
{{nihongo|'''''Gyokuro'''''|[[wikt:玉|玉]][[wikt:露|露]]|lead=yes|extra="jade dew"}} is a type [[green tea]] from Japan that is grown in the shade. It differs from the standard ''[[sencha]]'' (a classic green tea grown in the sun) in being grown under the shade rather than the full sun.<ref name="myjapanesegreentea">{{cite web |title=Gyokuro |url=https://www.myjapanesegreentea.com/gyokuro |website=www.myjapanesegreentea.com}}</ref> The name "gyokuro" translates as "jewel dew" (or "jade dew").<ref>{{Citation |title=ぎょくろ |date=2018-10-16 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=%E3%81%8E%E3%82%87%E3%81%8F%E3%82%8D&oldid=50497091 |work=Wiktionary |language=en |access-date=2022-10-26}}</ref> According to the Japan Tea Central Association, gyokuro is defined as "a tea manufactured in the same manner as sencha from tea leaves picked from covered tea gardens that are almost completely shaded from sunlight for about 20 days using covering materials such as reed screens, straw, or shading nets, from the time when the new shoots of the first flush start to grow."<ref name="hyoujikijyun">{{Cite web |title=緑茶の表示基準 |url=https://www.nihon-cha.or.jp/pdf/hyoujikijyun.pdf |accessdate=2022-06-13 |publisher=公益社団法人日本茶業中央会}}</ref>


While most sencha is from the {{nihongo|Yabukita|薮北}} [[cultivar]] of ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'', gyokuro is often made from a specialized variety such as Asahi, Okumidori, Yamakai, and Saemidori. Most gyokuro is grown in the [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]], [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]], and [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]] prefectures.
== Preparation ==
Gyokuro is prepared differently from other green teas.
* Use between 1-2 [[gram|g]] per 30 [[millilitre|ml]] (or 1 [[ounce|oz]]) of water.<ref name="myjapanesegreentea">{{cite web|url=https://www.myjapanesegreentea.com/gyokuro|title=Gyokuro|website=www.myjapanesegreentea.com}}</ref><ref name="o-cha">{{cite web|url=https://www.o-cha.com/brew-gyokuro.html|title=Gyokuro - How to Brew Gyokuro Green Tea|website=www.o-cha.com}}</ref>
* Use a temperature range of 50&nbsp;°C–60&nbsp;°C (122&nbsp;°F–140&nbsp;°F) (instead of 65&nbsp;°C–75&nbsp;°C (149&nbsp;°F–167&nbsp;°F) for sencha).<ref name="myjapanesegreentea" /><ref name="o-cha" /> For high-end gyokuro (e.g. National Tea Jury rank), consider a lower temperature, such as 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F).<ref name="tea-jury07" />
* Steep between 2-3 minutes.<ref name="myjapanesegreentea" /><ref name="o-cha" />
* The larger quantity of tea and lower-temperature allows for approximately 4-6 steepings.<ref name="o-cha" />


Gyokuro tea production dates back to the 1830s, when the merchant [[Yamamoto Kahei]] discovered some Japanese farmers were covering tea plants with a netting to protect them from frost, and that this actually changed the flavor and aroma of the tea. He introduced the tea to Edo and it was immediately popular.<ref>『山本山の歴史』78頁</ref>
Since gyokuro is typically steeped at a lower temperature than most other teas, it is common practice to preheat the teaware to ensure a more steady brewing temperature during steeping time and to prolong the warmth of the lower-temperature tea.<ref name="myjapanesegreentea" /><ref name="o-cha" />


== Cultivation ==
== Cultivation and processing ==
[[file:Tee-beschatet-gross.jpg|thumb|Gyokuro with a scaffold ready to be deployed for shading]]
Though it is categorized as a type of [[sencha]] according to production methods, gyokuro cultivation differs from other sencha teas. Gyokuro tea leaves are shielded from the sun for at least 20 days<ref name="myjapanesegreentea" /> with straw mats before being harvested. This causes both the amino acid [[theanine]] and the [[alkaloid]] [[caffeine]] in the tea leaves to increase, which yields a sweet flavour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ippodo-tea.co.jp/en/tea/gyokuro_02.html|title=Components of Gyokuro｜ IPPODO|website=www.ippodo-tea.co.jp}}</ref> The tea also gains a distinct aroma from the covering process. This type of cultivation is also used in producing {{nihongo|tencha,|碾茶}} but records indicate this process had already been developed in the [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]].
Though it is categorized as a type of [[sencha]] according to production methods, gyokuro cultivation differs from other sencha teas. Gyokuro tea leaves are shielded from the sun before being harvested. The period can vary from twenty to thirty days. Three weeks / twenty days is a standard length of time for a tea to be considered gyokuro proper.<ref name=":0">Brekell, Oscar. ''Beginner's Guide to Japanese Tea: Selecting and Brewing the Perfect Cup of Sencha, Matcha, and Other Japanese Teas,'' p. 22. Tuttle Publishing, Dec 7, 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Gyokuro Tea Complete Guide {{!}} Nio Teas ® |url=https://nioteas.com/blogs/gyokuro/gyokuro-tea |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Nio Teas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="myjapanesegreentea" /> Anything shaded for under twenty days is considered [[Kabuse tea|kabuse]] tea.<ref name=":1">Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. ''The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide'', p. 182-183. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed, Mar 23, 2011.</ref>


The shading causes both the [[amino acid]] [[L-theanine]] and the [[alkaloid]] [[caffeine]] in the tea leaves to increase, and the [[catechins]] and [[Tannin|tannins]] to decrease, which yields significant differences from the flavor of sencha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Components of Gyokuro｜ IPPODO |url=https://www.ippodo-tea.co.jp/en/tea/gyokuro_02.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512005545/https://www.ippodo-tea.co.jp/en/tea/gyokuro_02.html |archive-date=2021-05-12 |website=www.ippodo-tea.co.jp}}</ref> The shading causes the plant to stop converting theanine into catechins to protect itself from UV light.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, the stress of shading also makes the plant produce more [[caffeine]] to protect itself. Gyokuro also has higher [[chlorophyll]] content, which accounts for the dark green color of the leaves. These chemical differences lead to unique flavor and aroma of the tea, giving it more [[umami]], a savory sweetness, and less [[Bitterness (taste)|bitterness]] and [[Astringent|astringency]]. The increased L-theanine content elicits the increased [[umami]] taste of gyokuro.<ref name="pmid24633359">{{cite journal |vauthors=Narukawa M, Toda Y, Nakagita T, Hayashi Y, Misaka T |date=June 2014 |title=L-Theanine elicits umami taste via the T1R1 + T1R3 umami taste receptor |journal=Amino Acids |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1583–1587 |doi=10.1007/s00726-014-1713-3 |pmid=24633359 |s2cid=17380461}}</ref> It also produces a calming effect which balances out the high caffeine content of gyokuro.<ref>Brekell, Oscar. ''Beginner's Guide to Japanese Tea: Selecting and Brewing the Perfect Cup of Sencha, Matcha, and Other Japanese Teas,'' p. 17. Tuttle Publishing, Dec 7, 2021.</ref> Studies on L-theanine indicate that it may also help reduce stress and anxiety and may have [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] effects.<ref name="pmid31758301">{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Williams JL, Everett JM, D'Cunha NM, Sergi D, Georgousopoulou EN, Keegan RJ, McKune AJ, Mellor DD, Anstice N, Naumovski N |date=March 2020 |title=The Effects of Green Tea Amino Acid L-Theanine Consumption on the Ability to Manage Stress and Anxiety Levels: a Systematic Review |url=https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/41068/1/Green_Tea_Amino_Acid.pdf |journal=Plant Foods for Human Nutrition |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=12–23 |doi=10.1007/s11130-019-00771-5 |pmc= |pmid=31758301 |s2cid=208213702}}</ref><ref name="nathan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nathan PJ, Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C |year=2006 |title=The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent |journal=Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.1300/J157v06n02_02 |pmid=17182482}}</ref><ref name="pmid15207710">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagasawa K, Aoki H, Yasuda E, Nagai K, Shimohama S, Fujimoto S |date=July 2004 |title=Possible involvement of group I mGluRs in neuroprotective effect of theanine |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=320 |issue=1 |pages=116–122 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.143 |pmid=15207710}}</ref>
== Market ==
⚫
Gyokuro is one of the most expensive types of sencha available in Japan. The name was originally the product name of the tea made by the [[:ja:山本山|Yamamotoyama Tea Company (Japanese)]]. The tea was first discovered by Yamamotoyama's sixth owner, Yamamoto Kahei, in 1835 ([[Tenpō]] year 6). The process was completed by another manufacturer at the start of the [[Meiji period]].


The length and type of shading or covering ([[Kabuse tea|kabuse]]) will affect the taste of the gyokuro tea. Shading may be done with a scaffolding built over the tea field or by covering the plants directly with the shading material (jikagise).<ref name=":1" /> The opacity of the shading material (which can be synthetic, straw, or reed) will also affect how much theanine is contained in the leaves, which affects the flavor, particularly umami. The process is often done in stages, initially blocking 70% of the sunlight, and ramping up to 80 and 90 percent before harvesting. The higher grades of gyokuro are shaded more extensively and for longer times.<ref name=":1" />
The greatest appellation of gyokuro in terms of both quality and quantity is Yamecha, which is produced in [[Yame, Fukuoka|Yame]] in [[Fukuoka Prefecture]]. More than 40% of gyokuro is produced in Yame, and in the national tea jury in August 2007, [[Yamecha]] held all the ranking positions from first to 26th as the best gyokuro.<ref name="tea-jury07">[http://www.pref.shiga.jp/g/nosan/teafestival/shinsakekka/kekkaitirangyoku.pdf Result of 2007 National Tea Jury] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515172924/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/g/nosan/teafestival/shinsakekka/kekkaitirangyoku.pdf |date=May 15, 2011 }} {{in lang|ja}}</ref> The [[Uji, Kyoto|Uji]] district is the oldest gyokuro-producing region in Japan.


The processing of the picked gyokuro leaves will also affect the aroma and taste of the tea. Like standard sencha, gyokuro is steamed after harvesting, usually in industrial machinery. The length of the steaming can be short (asamushi), middling (chumushi), or long (fukamushi, 1-2 minutes). This will also affect the aroma and flavor of the tea. After steaming, the leaves are then dried and rolled, traditionally by hand, but now it is common to use industrial machinery to roll the leaves. [[file:The-IMG 0016.jpg|thumb|[[Karigane (tea)|Karigane]] made from gyokuro, the lighter colored stems are visible]]
Gyokuro should not be confused with "[[tamaryokucha]]", a tea produced in the [[Kyushu]] region. Tamaryokucha also has a sweet flavour, but its production process differs from that of gyokuro.
If the leaves were harvested mechanically, the stems and other parts of the plant must be separated out from the leaves. Hand picked gyokuro exists, but it commands higher prices.

The stems, stalks, twigs and other by-products of gyokuro processing may be used to make a higher end [[kukicha]] (twig tea), which is called ''karigane'' or ''shiraore'' when processed from gyokuro stems and parts.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ultimate Guide to Kukicha and Karigane |url=https://japanesetea.sg/japanese-tea-pedia/kukicha-and-karigane/ |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref> These parts have a high concentration of theanine due to their lower photosynthetic activity compared to the leaves, have less caffeine, and also contain different aromatic and flavorful compounds, making their flavor distinct from standard gyokuro. A rough unprocessed mix of gyokuro leaves, broken particles, stalks and stems, is also sold separately as unprocessed tea / unrefined tea ([[aracha]]). These rougher types of gyokuro tend to be less expensive than standard leaf only gyokuro.

==Brewing==
[[File:Japanese traditional tea by yomi955 in Kyoto.jpg|thumb|Gyokuro brewed in a traditional [[Kyūsu]] teapot]]

Brewing gyokuro is generally done with lower temperature water (between 40 to 70 [[celsius]]; 104 to 158 [[fahrenheit]] depending on the leaf and personal preference).

The traditional Japanese method of brewing gyokuro uses a high water to leaf ratio, usually around 5 grams of leaves for 150 millileters of water.

Since the leaves are tightly rolled and need time to open, the steeping time is usually longer than other green teas (2 minutes).

After the leaves have opened, the same gyokuro can then be re-steeped three or four more times for 20-30 seconds.

In the practice of ''[[Senchadō]]'' (the way of sencha), many schools use a "two-step brewing" method. First, low-temperature water, cooled by initially pouring it into a separate cooling vessel, is used to extract sweetness. Then, high-temperature water is used to extract bitterness. There are also schools that add a "three-step brewing" method, which use water of intermediate temperature for the second infusion to extract astringency. However, due to the increased time required for each session and the fact that the components may be almost fully extracted by the second infusion for some tea leaves, the "two-step brewing" method is more prevalent at large tea gatherings. Small teapots such as koburi or houhin (small teapots without a handle) are often used, and the tea bowls are also smaller compared to those used for sencha.

== Regions and market ==
More than 40% of gyokuro is produced in [[Yame]] ([[Fukuoka Prefecture]]), and in the national tea jury in August 2007, [[Yamecha]] (Yame tea) held all the ranking positions from first to 26th as the best gyokuro.<ref name="tea-jury07">[http://www.pref.shiga.jp/g/nosan/teafestival/shinsakekka/kekkaitirangyoku.pdf Result of 2007 National Tea Jury] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515172924/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/g/nosan/teafestival/shinsakekka/kekkaitirangyoku.pdf|date=May 15, 2011}} {{in lang|ja}}</ref> A high amount of [[Uji tea|Ujicha]] gyokuro is also produced around [[Uji, Kyoto|Uji]], in the [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto prefecture]] (140 [[Ton|tons]] in 2008).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=20年産工芸農作物の収穫量（全国農業地域別・都道府県別・主産県別） - 茶 - 茶期別・茶種別荒茶生産量（主産県別）- 年間計 |url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/GL71050103.do?_xlsDownload_&fileId=000003606381&releaseCount=3 |accessdate=2014-09-21 |publisher=農林水産省}}</ref> In 2008, the production volume of gyokuro in [[Mie Prefecture]] increased more than 40 times compared to the previous year (132 tons in 2008, 3 tons in 2007).<ref name=":2" />

⚫
Gyokuro is one of the most expensive types of sencha available in Japan.<ref name="myjapanesegreentea" /> The name was originally the product name of the tea made by [[Yamamotoyama (tea company)|Yamamotoyama]]. The tea was first discovered by Yamamotoyama's sixth owner, Yamamoto Kahei, in 1835 ([[Tenpō]] year 6).<ref>{{Cite web |date= 12 July 2022|title=Gyokuro tea |url=https://nioteas.com/blogs/gyokuro/gyokuro-tea |website=nioteas.com}}</ref> The process was completed by another manufacturer at the start of the [[Meiji period]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Green tea#Japanese green tea|List of Japanese teas]]
* [[Green tea#Japanese green tea|List of Japanese teas]]
* [[Theanine]], a [[nootropic]] extracted from Gyokuro
* [[Theanine]], a [[nootropic]] extracted from Gyokuro
* [[Tea Culture in Japan]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{Japanese food and drink}}
{{Teas}}
{{Teas}}


[[Category:Japanese tea]]
[[Category:Japanese green tea]]
[[Category:Green tea]]
[[Category:Japanese cuisine terms]]
[[Category:Japanese cuisine terms]]

Latest revision as of 13:51, 2 September 2024

Gyokuro
TypeGreen
Other names玉露, jewel dew / jade dew / pearl dew / precious dew
OriginJapan

Gyokuro (Japanese: 玉露, "jade dew") is a type green tea from Japan that is grown in the shade. It differs from the standard sencha (a classic green tea grown in the sun) in being grown under the shade rather than the full sun.[1] The name "gyokuro" translates as "jewel dew" (or "jade dew").[2] According to the Japan Tea Central Association, gyokuro is defined as "a tea manufactured in the same manner as sencha from tea leaves picked from covered tea gardens that are almost completely shaded from sunlight for about 20 days using covering materials such as reed screens, straw, or shading nets, from the time when the new shoots of the first flush start to grow."[3]

While most sencha is from the Yabukita (薮北) cultivar of Camellia sinensis, gyokuro is often made from a specialized variety such as Asahi, Okumidori, Yamakai, and Saemidori. Most gyokuro is grown in the Fukuoka, Kyoto, and Mie prefectures.

Gyokuro tea production dates back to the 1830s, when the merchant Yamamoto Kahei discovered some Japanese farmers were covering tea plants with a netting to protect them from frost, and that this actually changed the flavor and aroma of the tea. He introduced the tea to Edo and it was immediately popular.[4]

Cultivation and processing

[edit]
Gyokuro with a scaffold ready to be deployed for shading

Though it is categorized as a type of sencha according to production methods, gyokuro cultivation differs from other sencha teas. Gyokuro tea leaves are shielded from the sun before being harvested. The period can vary from twenty to thirty days. Three weeks / twenty days is a standard length of time for a tea to be considered gyokuro proper.[5][6][1] Anything shaded for under twenty days is considered kabuse tea.[7]

The shading causes both the amino acid L-theanine and the alkaloid caffeine in the tea leaves to increase, and the catechins and tannins to decrease, which yields significant differences from the flavor of sencha.[8] The shading causes the plant to stop converting theanine into catechins to protect itself from UV light.[5] Furthermore, the stress of shading also makes the plant produce more caffeine to protect itself. Gyokuro also has higher chlorophyll content, which accounts for the dark green color of the leaves. These chemical differences lead to unique flavor and aroma of the tea, giving it more umami, a savory sweetness, and less bitterness and astringency. The increased L-theanine content elicits the increased umami taste of gyokuro.[9] It also produces a calming effect which balances out the high caffeine content of gyokuro.[10] Studies on L-theanine indicate that it may also help reduce stress and anxiety and may have neuroprotective effects.[11][12][13]

The length and type of shading or covering (kabuse) will affect the taste of the gyokuro tea. Shading may be done with a scaffolding built over the tea field or by covering the plants directly with the shading material (jikagise).[7] The opacity of the shading material (which can be synthetic, straw, or reed) will also affect how much theanine is contained in the leaves, which affects the flavor, particularly umami. The process is often done in stages, initially blocking 70% of the sunlight, and ramping up to 80 and 90 percent before harvesting. The higher grades of gyokuro are shaded more extensively and for longer times.[7]

The processing of the picked gyokuro leaves will also affect the aroma and taste of the tea. Like standard sencha, gyokuro is steamed after harvesting, usually in industrial machinery. The length of the steaming can be short (asamushi), middling (chumushi), or long (fukamushi, 1-2 minutes). This will also affect the aroma and flavor of the tea. After steaming, the leaves are then dried and rolled, traditionally by hand, but now it is common to use industrial machinery to roll the leaves.

Karigane made from gyokuro, the lighter colored stems are visible

If the leaves were harvested mechanically, the stems and other parts of the plant must be separated out from the leaves. Hand picked gyokuro exists, but it commands higher prices.

The stems, stalks, twigs and other by-products of gyokuro processing may be used to make a higher end kukicha (twig tea), which is called karigane or shiraore when processed from gyokuro stems and parts.[14] These parts have a high concentration of theanine due to their lower photosynthetic activity compared to the leaves, have less caffeine, and also contain different aromatic and flavorful compounds, making their flavor distinct from standard gyokuro. A rough unprocessed mix of gyokuro leaves, broken particles, stalks and stems, is also sold separately as unprocessed tea / unrefined tea (aracha). These rougher types of gyokuro tend to be less expensive than standard leaf only gyokuro.

Brewing

[edit]
Gyokuro brewed in a traditional Kyūsu teapot

Brewing gyokuro is generally done with lower temperature water (between 40 to 70 celsius; 104 to 158 fahrenheit depending on the leaf and personal preference).

The traditional Japanese method of brewing gyokuro uses a high water to leaf ratio, usually around 5 grams of leaves for 150 millileters of water.

Since the leaves are tightly rolled and need time to open, the steeping time is usually longer than other green teas (2 minutes).

After the leaves have opened, the same gyokuro can then be re-steeped three or four more times for 20-30 seconds.

In the practice of Senchadō (the way of sencha), many schools use a "two-step brewing" method. First, low-temperature water, cooled by initially pouring it into a separate cooling vessel, is used to extract sweetness. Then, high-temperature water is used to extract bitterness. There are also schools that add a "three-step brewing" method, which use water of intermediate temperature for the second infusion to extract astringency. However, due to the increased time required for each session and the fact that the components may be almost fully extracted by the second infusion for some tea leaves, the "two-step brewing" method is more prevalent at large tea gatherings. Small teapots such as koburi or houhin (small teapots without a handle) are often used, and the tea bowls are also smaller compared to those used for sencha.

Regions and market

[edit]

More than 40% of gyokuro is produced in Yame (Fukuoka Prefecture), and in the national tea jury in August 2007, Yamecha (Yame tea) held all the ranking positions from first to 26th as the best gyokuro.[15] A high amount of Ujicha gyokuro is also produced around Uji, in the Kyoto prefecture (140 tons in 2008).[16] In 2008, the production volume of gyokuro in Mie Prefecture increased more than 40 times compared to the previous year (132 tons in 2008, 3 tons in 2007).[16]

Gyokuro is one of the most expensive types of sencha available in Japan.[1] The name was originally the product name of the tea made by Yamamotoyama. The tea was first discovered by Yamamotoyama's sixth owner, Yamamoto Kahei, in 1835 (Tenpō year 6).[17] The process was completed by another manufacturer at the start of the Meiji period.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Gyokuro". www.myjapanesegreentea.com.
  2. ^ "ぎょくろ", Wiktionary, 2018-10-16, retrieved 2022-10-26
  3. ^ "緑茶の表示基準" (PDF). 公益社団法人日本茶業中央会. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  4. ^ 『山本山の歴史』78頁
  5. ^ a b Brekell, Oscar. Beginner's Guide to Japanese Tea: Selecting and Brewing the Perfect Cup of Sencha, Matcha, and Other Japanese Teas, p. 22. Tuttle Publishing, Dec 7, 2021.
  6. ^ "Gyokuro Tea Complete Guide | Nio Teas ®". Nio Teas. 2024-04-05. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  7. ^ a b c Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide, p. 182-183. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed, Mar 23, 2011.
  8. ^ "Components of Gyokuro｜ IPPODO". www.ippodo-tea.co.jp. Archived from the original on 2021-05-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  9. ^ Narukawa M, Toda Y, Nakagita T, Hayashi Y, Misaka T (June 2014). "L-Theanine elicits umami taste via the T1R1 + T1R3 umami taste receptor". Amino Acids. 46 (6): 1583–1587. doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1713-3. PMID 24633359. S2CID 17380461.
  10. ^ Brekell, Oscar. Beginner's Guide to Japanese Tea: Selecting and Brewing the Perfect Cup of Sencha, Matcha, and Other Japanese Teas, p. 17. Tuttle Publishing, Dec 7, 2021.
  11. ^ Williams JL, Everett JM, D'Cunha NM, et al. (March 2020). "The Effects of Green Tea Amino Acid L-Theanine Consumption on the Ability to Manage Stress and Anxiety Levels: a Systematic Review" (PDF). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 75 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1007/s11130-019-00771-5. PMID 31758301. S2CID 208213702.
  12. ^ Nathan PJ, Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C (2006). "The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent". Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy. 6 (2): 21–30. doi:10.1300/J157v06n02_02. PMID 17182482.
  13. ^ Nagasawa K, Aoki H, Yasuda E, Nagai K, Shimohama S, Fujimoto S (July 2004). "Possible involvement of group I mGluRs in neuroprotective effect of theanine". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 320 (1): 116–122. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.143. PMID 15207710.
  14. ^ "The Ultimate Guide to Kukicha and Karigane". Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  15. ^ Result of 2007 National Tea Jury Archived May 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)
  16. ^ a b "20年産工芸農作物の収穫量（全国農業地域別・都道府県別・主産県別） - 茶 - 茶期別・茶種別荒茶生産量（主産県別）- 年間計". 農林水産省. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  17. ^ "Gyokuro tea". nioteas.com. 12 July 2022.
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