Jump to content

Music of Morocco: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,382,502 edits
Alter: url. Add: jstor. Removed URL that duplicated unique identifier. | You can use this bot yourself. Report bugs here. | Activated by Headbomb | via #UCB_webform
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,695,952 edits
m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 2);
 
(65 intermediate revisions by 42 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Music of Morocco}}
{{Music of Morocco}}
'''Moroccan music''' varies greatly between geographic regions and social groups. It is influenced by musical styles including [[Arabic music|Arab]], [[Berber music|Berber]], [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusi]], [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]], [[Music of Western Sahara|Saharan]], [[Music of Africa|West African]], and others.
'''Moroccan music''' is characterized by its great diversity from one region to another, as well as according to different social groups. It includes [[Arabic music]] as the [[chaâbi]] and the [[aita]] of the Atlantic plains ([[Doukkala-Abda]], [[Chaouia-Ouardigha]], [[Rehamna Province|Rehamna]] ...), the [[melhoune]] of the Andalusian cities ([[Meknes]], [[Fes]], [[Salé]], [[Tetouan]], [[Oujda]]...) as well as the [[Hassani]] in the [[Moroccan Sahara]]. There is also [[Berber music|Amazigh music]] such as the [[Rif]] [[reggada]], the [[ahidus]] of the [[Middle Atlas]] and the [[Souss]] [[ahwash]]. Southern Morocco, with its strong Berber population, is the home of the ''deqqa Marrakshia'' and of [[gnawa music]]. Since the 20th century, musicians have synthesized the Moroccan musical traditions with influences from around the world (blues, rock, metal, reggae, Moroccan rap, etc.). Each genre and musical style is made up of regional subgroups, and is further divided between 'modern' and 'traditional' music.

Musical styles vary by geography. [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusi music]] and [[melhoune|''malhun'']] are associated with urban centers in the north, [[Chaabi (Morocco)|''chaabi'']] and [[Aita (Morocco)|''aita'']] are associated with the Atlantic coastal plains, ''[[reggada]]'' is associated with the [[Iznasen|Beni-Znassen]] region ( [[Oujda]], [[Berkane]]..), [[Gnawa music|gnawa]] with [[Essaouira]] and Marrakesh, ''[[ahidus]]'' with the [[Middle Atlas]], ''[[ahwash]]'' with the [[Sous]] region, and ''[[guedra]]'' in the Sahara.

Particularly since the 20th century, musicians have been synthesizing Moroccan musical traditions with influences from around the world, such as [[blues]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[Heavy metal music|metal]], [[reggae]], [[Rapping|rap]], etc. Each genre and musical style is made up of regional subgroups, and is further divided between 'modern' and 'traditional' music.


==Traditional music styles==
==Traditional music styles==


===Andalusian classical music===
=== ''Aita'' ===
[[Aita (Morocco)|Aita]] ({{Lang|ar|عيطة}} "call, cry or lament") is a popular [[Bedouin]] musical style that originates from the countryside of [[Morocco]], especially the Atlantic plains—areas such as [[Doukkala-Abda]], [[Chaouia-Ouardigha]], and [[Rehamna Province|Rehamna]].
⚫
Andalusian classical music ({{lang-ar|طرب أندَلُسي, موسيقى الآلة لاب}} transliterated ''ṭarab andalusi'' or ''Musiqa al-Ala'', Spanish: música andalusí) is a style of Arabic music found in different styles across the [[Maghreb]] (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the [[Ma'luf]] style). It originated out of the music of [[Al-Andalus]] (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries. Some of its poems were found to be composed by authors such as [[Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari|Al-Shushtari]], [[Ibn al-Khatib]] and [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad]]. Andalusian music is a part of the longest traditions of art and music in the world. Andalusian music was introduced during the arrival of ''Ziryab,'' a freed Persian slave and musical pioneer, in the early 9th century. After ''Ziryab's'' death, two new styles of Arabic poetry were introduced in Al-Andalus: ''Muwashshahat'' and ''Zajal''. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuyler|first=Philip D|date=1978|title=Moroccan Andalusian Music|journal=The World of Music|volume=20|issue=1|pages=33–46|jstor=43562538|issn=0043-8774}}</ref>


===Berber folk music===
===Amazigh folk music===
{{Main article|Berber music}}
{{Main article|Berber music}}There are many varieties of Berber folk music and dance, such as the ''[[ahwash]]'' and ''[[ahidus]]'' or the ''guedra'' in the [[Southern Provinces|Moroccan sahara]].
There are many varieties of Berber folk music and dance, such as [[Rif]], [[Eastern Middle Atlas Berber|Atlas]], [[Chawia]], and [[Music of the Canary Islands|Canaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agraw - Amazigh Music|url=http://www.agraw.com/amazigh-music/|website=www.agraw.com|date=18 June 2010 |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref>

==== ''Ahwash'' ====
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dansgroep uit het Atlasgebergte TMnr 10028647.jpg|thumb|''[[Ahwash]]'' in the [[High Atlas]] in 1955.]]
''[[Ahwash]]'' ({{Lang|ar|أحواش}}, {{Lang|ber|ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ}}) is a collective musical form associated with Amazigh communities in southern Morocco, particularly around [[Ouarzazate]], the [[Draa River|Dra'a Valley]], and [[Sous]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=La 8ème édition du Festival national des Arts d'Ahwach à Ouarzazate|url=https://leseco.ma/la-8eme-edition-du-festival-national-des-arts-d-ahwach-a-ouarzazate/|last=LesEco.ma|date=2019-06-26|website=LesEco.ma|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> ''Ahwash'' involves dance, singing, poetry, and percussion.

==== ''Ahidus'' ====
[[File:AHIDUS.jpg|thumb|''Ahidus'' in 2002.]]
''[[Ahidus]]'' ({{Lang|ar|أحيدوس}}, {{Lang|ber|ⴰⵃⵉⴷⵓⵙ}}) is a style of collective dance and song of the Amazigh tribes in [[Middle Atlas|Middle]] and Eastern [[High Atlas]].

==== ''Guedra'' ====
''[[Guedra]]'' is a music and dance style associated with the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] "blue people" of the [[Southern Provinces|Moroccan sahara]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=AlZayer|first=Penni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvagQ_5vTLkC&pg=PA45 |title=Middle Eastern Dance|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-60413-482-7|language=en}}</ref> The name comes from an earthen cookingware over which a hide is stretched to form a drum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Au festival Taragalte, les femmes du Sahara entre traditions et guitares électriques|url=https://www.telerama.fr/musique/au-festival-taragalte,-les-femmes-du-sahara-entre-traditions-et-guitares-electriques,n5319316.php|website=Télérama.fr|date=3 November 2017 |language=fr|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

In 2021, the anthology of the art of "Rrways - a journey into the realm of Amazigh wandering poet- singers", presenting a booklet and ten compact discs with current recordings received the ' Prix Coups de Cœur - Musiques du Monde' of the [[Académie Charles Cros]]s in France.<ref>{{Cite web|last=El Bayane|date=2021-03-11|title=L'Anthologie sur l'art des Rrways primée en France|url=https://www.msn.com/fr-xl/afrique-du-nord/other/l-anthologie-sur-l-art-des-rrways-prim%C3%A9e-en-france/ar-BB1eu7zs?getstaticpage=true|access-date=2021-04-17|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

===Andalusi classical music===
[[File:ربابة معرضة في دار الآلة بمدينة الدار البيضاء المغربية.jpg|thumb|A [[Maghreb rebab]] on display at [[Dar al-Aala]], a museum and conservatory dedicated to Andalusi musical heritage located in Casablanca.]]{{Main|Andalusi music}}
''For the music of Andalusia, Spain, see'' ''main article:'' [[Music of Andalusia]]

Andalusi classical music ({{langx|ar|طرب أندَلُسي, موسيقى الآلة}} transliterated ''ṭarab andalusi'' or ''Musiqa al-Ala'', Spanish: música andalusí) is a major genre of [[Arabic music]] found in different local substyles across the [[Maghreb]] (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the [[Ma'luf]] style). It originated in the music of [[Al-Andalus]] (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries.

⚫
Some of its lyrics are based on poetic works written by authors from Al-Andalus, such as [[Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari|Al-Shushtari]], [[Ibn al-Khatib]] and [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad]]. Andalusi music is considered part of the longest traditions of art and music in the world. Andalusi music was greatly influenced by [[Ziryab]]'','' a freed Persian slave and musical pioneer, in the early 9th century. After Ziryab's death, two new styles of Arabic poetry were introduced in Al-Andalus: [[Muwashshah]]at and [[Zajal]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuyler|first=Philip D|date=1978|title=Moroccan Andalusian Music|journal=The World of Music|volume=20|issue=1|pages=33–46|jstor=43562538|issn=0043-8774}}</ref>


=== Chaabi "popular" folk music ===
=== Chaabi "popular" folk music ===
{{Main article|Chaabi}}
{{Main article|Chaabi}}
Chaabi ({{lang-ar|الشعبي|links=no}}, meaning ''popular'' in English) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.
Chaabi ({{langx|ar|الشعبي|links=no}}, meaning ''popular'' in English) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.


=== Raï Music ===
=== Raï Music ===
Main article: [[Raï]]
{{Main|Raï}}


Rai is more closely associated with [[Algeria]], but Morocco has produced its own stars like Cheb Mimoun and Hanino. Rai music originated from Algeria, but is just as effective and popular in Morocco. This style of music was created during a period of political turmoil, and served a purpose of social and political commentary. Rai music has gained massive support over the years from the urban populace for its purpose of addressing taboo topics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McMurray|first=David|last2=Swedenburg|first2=Ted|date=1991|title=Rai Tide Rising|journal=Middle East Report|issue=169|pages=39–42|doi=10.2307/3012952|jstor=3012952|issn=0899-2851}}</ref> It was also greatly known for [[Code-switching|code switching]] between French and Arabic.Rai artists use this method to add to the rhetorical and aesthetic effect of the lyrics , as well as a method of opening the lyrics to a wider range of an audience.
Morocco has produced its own stars like [[Mimoun El Oujdi]] and [[Hanino]]. Rai music originated from Algeria, but is just as effective and popular in Morocco. This style of music was created during a period of political turmoil, and served a purpose of social and political commentary. Rai music has gained massive support over the years from the urban populace for its purpose of addressing taboo topics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McMurray|first1=David|last2=Swedenburg|first2=Ted|date=1991|title=Rai Tide Rising|journal=Middle East Report|issue=169|pages=39–42|doi=10.2307/3012952|jstor=3012952|issn=0899-2851}}</ref> It was also greatly known for [[Code-switching|code switching]] between French and Arabic. Rai artists use this method to add to the rhetorical and aesthetic effect of the lyrics, as well as a method of opening the lyrics to a wider range of an audience.


=== Gnawa music ===
=== Gnawa music ===
{{main article|Gnawa|Gnawa music}}
{{main article|Gnawa|Gnawa music}}
[[File:معلم الگناوة.jpg|thumb|A [[gnawa]] [[Street performance|street performer]] wearing traditional gnawi clothing in [[Rabat]]'s [[Kasbah of the Udayas|Qasbat al-Widaya]].]]
[[File:معلم الگناوة.jpg|thumb|A [[gnawa]] [[Street performance|street performer]] wearing traditional gnawi clothing in [[Rabat]]'s [[Kasbah of the Udayas|Qasbat al-Widaya]].]]
Gnawa music is a m[[mysticism|ystical]] form of music and incantation of West African origin. It was initially brought to Morocco by [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africans]] and gradually became part of the Moroccan musical tradition. The gnawa musicians are respected for their spiritual performances. Through oral traditions, they have handed down a specific cultural ceremony, called ''derdeba'' or ''lila,'' which consists of song, dance, the burning of incense and of specific costumes and colours. The instruments used are large drums called “''[[Davul|tbel]]''” or “qanqa” and metal double castanets called “garageb”. The main instrument is a three-stringed bass [[lute]], called the “''[[Sintir|gimbri]]''” accompanied by the chanting of the singers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weissleder|first=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC&pg=PA319&dq=Gnawa+ceremony#v=onepage|title=The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes|date=2011-06-15|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081023-3|language=en}}</ref>
Gnawa music is a [[mysticism|mystical]] form of music and incantation of West African origin. It was initially brought to Morocco by [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]ns and gradually became part of the Moroccan musical tradition. The gnawa musicians are respected for their spiritual performances. Through oral traditions, they have handed down a specific cultural ceremony, called ''derdeba'' or ''lila,'' which consists of song, dance, the burning of incense and of specific costumes and colours. The instruments used are large drums called “{{transl|ar|[[Davul|tbel]]}}” or “{{transl|ar|qanqa}}” and metal double castanets called “{{transl|ar|garageb}}”. The main instrument is a three-stringed bass [[lute]], called the “''[[Sintir|gimbri]]''” accompanied by the chanting of the singers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weissleder|first=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC&q=Gnawa+ceremony&pg=PA319|title=The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes|date=2011-06-15|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081023-3|language=en}}</ref>

===Classical Malhun===
===Classical Malhun===
{{Main article|Malhun}}
{{Main article|Malhun}}
Classical Malhun is peaceful and very interesting to listen to. It has been played around in the streets of Morocco for over a thousand years. It is very common music to hear in Morocco.
Classical Malhun is peaceful music associated with urban centers such as [[Meknes]], [[Fes]], [[Salé]], [[Tetouan]], and [[Oujda]]. It has been played around in the streets of Morocco for over a thousand years. It is very common music to hear in Morocco.


===Classical Sufi music===
===Classical Sufi music===
{{Main article|Sufi brotherhoods}}
{{Main article|Sufi brotherhoods}}
[[Sufism|Sufi brotherhoods]] (''[[Tariqa|tariqas]]'') are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a [[altered state of consciousness|trance state]] which inspires [[Religious ecstasy|mystical ecstasy]].
[[Sufism|Sufi brotherhoods]] (''[[tariqa]]s'') are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a [[altered state of consciousness|trance state]] which inspires [[Religious ecstasy|mystical ecstasy]].

== Recent styles ==

=== Funk ===
[[Attarazat Addahabia]] was one of the pioneers of [[Funk|funk music]] in Morocco.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Marcus J.|date=2019-09-17|title=The Making of Moroccan Funk|journal=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/morocco-faradjallah-attarazat-addahabia-habibi-funk-album-review/|access-date=2020-05-02|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> [[Jil Jilala]] was also influential in this genre.

=== Rock ===
[[Nass El Ghiwane]], led by [[Larbi Batma]], was an icon of Moroccan music in the late 20th century.

[[Hoba Hoba Spirit]] is a rock band that draws influence from traditional Moroccan styles such as [[Gnawa music|gnawa]], as well as styles from abroad such as [[reggae]].

[[Bab L' Bluz]] combine [[Gnawa music]] with various influences such as [[blues]] and [[psychedelia]] to embody the "Nayda" movement among young people in Morocco.
=== Hip hop ===
Notable Moroccan [[hip hop music]]ians include [[L'Morphine]], [[ElGrandeToto|El Grande Toto]], [[:fr:Don_Bigg|Don Big]], [[Dizzy DROS|Dizzy Dros]] and others. Among the younger generation there are [[Issam (rapper)|Issam]], [[JIMMY BLANKA (music artists from north Morocco)]] and [[Manal (singer)|Manal Benchlikha]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}


==Music education==
==Music education==
Line 35: Line 77:


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Morocco}}
⚫
* [[Ahmed El Bidaoui]]
* [[Arabic music]]
* [[Arabic pop music]]
* [[Berber music]]
* [[Culture of Morocco]]
* [[Culture of Morocco]]
* [[Festival Taragalte]]
* [[Moroccan literature]]
* [[Moroccan literature]]
⚫
* [[Ahmed El Bidaoui]]


==References==
==References==
Line 47: Line 94:
== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
*''Chants et Danses Berbères (Moyen Atlas - Foire au Mouton de Timhadit)'' par Alexis Chottin 16 juin 1935 in Revue de musicologie, T. 17e, No. 58e (1936), pp.&nbsp;65–69
*''Chants et Danses Berbères (Moyen Atlas - Foire au Mouton de Timhadit)'' par Alexis Chottin 16 juin 1935 in Revue de musicologie, T. 17e, No. 58e (1936), pp.&nbsp;65–69
* Olsen, Myriam ; Lortat-Jacob, Bernard, pref. ''Musiques de l’Atlas'', Arles : Actes Sud : Cité de la musique, 1997 .
* Olsen, Myriam; Lortat-Jacob, Bernard, pref. ''Musiques de l’Atlas'', Arles : Actes Sud : Cité de la musique, 1997 .
* Guettat, Mahmoud, ''La musique classique du Maghreb'', Paris : Sindbad, 1980 . (La bibliothèque arabe).
* Guettat, Mahmoud, ''La musique classique du Maghreb'', Paris : Sindbad, 1980 . (La bibliothèque arabe).
* Aydoun, Ahmed, ''Musiques du Maroc'', Casablanca : Editions EDDIF, 1994.
* Aydoun, Ahmed, ''Musiques du Maroc'', Casablanca : Editions EDDIF, 1994.
* Mohamed Belghazi (dir.), ''Instruments des musiques populaires et de confréries du Maroc''. Fragments de musées, Aix-en-Provence : Edisud, La croisée des chemins, 1998.
* Mohamed Belghazi (dir.), ''Instruments des musiques populaires et de confréries du Maroc''. Fragments de musées, Aix-en-Provence : Edisud, La croisée des chemins, 1998.
* Catherine Homo-Lechner et Christian Rault, ''Instruments de musique du Maroc et d'al-Andalus'', Fondation Royaumont / CERIMM, 1999.
* Catherine Homo-Lechner et Christian Rault, ''Instruments de musique du Maroc et d'al-Andalus'', Fondation Royaumont / CERIMM, 1999.
*{{Cite web|last=Schuyler|first=Philip |title=Morocco, Kingdom of |series=Grove Music online |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019156|date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19156|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 }}
*Aydoun, Ahmed. ''La Musique Juive Du Maroc = Morocco's Jewish Music''. Rabat: Marsam, 2019.


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.marrakeshvoyage.com/moroccomusic.htm Morocco Travel - Morocco Music]
* [http://www.marrakeshvoyage.com/moroccomusic.htm Morocco Travel - Morocco Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926123438/http://www.marrakeshvoyage.com/moroccomusic.htm |date=2009-09-26 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121008034705/http://natureculture.org/wiki/index.php?title=Musique_marocaine Musique marocaine by Nature et Culture - GFDL ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121008034705/http://natureculture.org/wiki/index.php?title=Musique_marocaine Musique marocaine by Nature et Culture - GFDL ]
* [http://archnet.org/collections/872 Music of Morocco: The Paul Bowles Recordings (1959-1962)]
* [http://archnet.org/collections/872 Music of Morocco: The Paul Bowles Recordings (1959-1962)]
Line 62: Line 111:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of Morocco}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of Morocco}}
[[Category:Moroccan music| ]]
[[Category:Music of Morocco| ]]
[[Category:Arabic music]]
[[Category:Arabic music]]
[[Category:Music scenes]]
[[Category:Music scenes]]
[[Category:Berber music]]

Latest revision as of 19:34, 21 October 2024

Music of Morocco
Genres
Specific forms
Regional music

Moroccan music varies greatly between geographic regions and social groups. It is influenced by musical styles including Arab, Berber, Andalusi, Mediterranean, Saharan, West African, and others.

Musical styles vary by geography. Andalusi music and malhun are associated with urban centers in the north, chaabi and aita are associated with the Atlantic coastal plains, reggada is associated with the Beni-Znassen region ( Oujda, Berkane..), gnawa with Essaouira and Marrakesh, ahidus with the Middle Atlas, ahwash with the Sous region, and guedra in the Sahara.

Particularly since the 20th century, musicians have been synthesizing Moroccan musical traditions with influences from around the world, such as blues, rock, metal, reggae, rap, etc. Each genre and musical style is made up of regional subgroups, and is further divided between 'modern' and 'traditional' music.

Traditional music styles

[edit]

Aita

[edit]

Aita (عيطة "call, cry or lament") is a popular Bedouin musical style that originates from the countryside of Morocco, especially the Atlantic plains—areas such as Doukkala-Abda, Chaouia-Ouardigha, and Rehamna.

Amazigh folk music

[edit]
Main article: Berber music

There are many varieties of Berber folk music and dance, such as Rif, Atlas, Chawia, and Canaria.[1]

Ahwash

[edit]
Ahwash in the High Atlas in 1955.

Ahwash (أحواش, ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ) is a collective musical form associated with Amazigh communities in southern Morocco, particularly around Ouarzazate, the Dra'a Valley, and Sous.[2] Ahwash involves dance, singing, poetry, and percussion.

Ahidus

[edit]
Ahidus in 2002.

Ahidus (أحيدوس, ⴰⵃⵉⴷⵓⵙ) is a style of collective dance and song of the Amazigh tribes in Middle and Eastern High Atlas.

Guedra

[edit]

Guedra is a music and dance style associated with the Tuareg "blue people" of the Moroccan sahara.[3] The name comes from an earthen cookingware over which a hide is stretched to form a drum.[4]

In 2021, the anthology of the art of "Rrways - a journey into the realm of Amazigh wandering poet- singers", presenting a booklet and ten compact discs with current recordings received the ' Prix Coups de Cœur - Musiques du Monde' of the Académie Charles Cross in France.[5]

Andalusi classical music

[edit]
A Maghreb rebab on display at Dar al-Aala, a museum and conservatory dedicated to Andalusi musical heritage located in Casablanca.
Main article: Andalusi music

For the music of Andalusia, Spain, see main article: Music of Andalusia

Andalusi classical music (Arabic: طرب أندَلُسي, موسيقى الآلة transliterated ṭarab andalusi or Musiqa al-Ala, Spanish: música andalusí) is a major genre of Arabic music found in different local substyles across the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the Ma'luf style). It originated in the music of Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries.

Some of its lyrics are based on poetic works written by authors from Al-Andalus, such as Al-Shushtari, Ibn al-Khatib and Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad. Andalusi music is considered part of the longest traditions of art and music in the world. Andalusi music was greatly influenced by Ziryab, a freed Persian slave and musical pioneer, in the early 9th century. After Ziryab's death, two new styles of Arabic poetry were introduced in Al-Andalus: Muwashshahat and Zajal.[6]

Chaabi "popular" folk music

[edit]
Main article: Chaabi

Chaabi (Arabic: الشعبي, meaning popular in English) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.

Raï Music

[edit]
Main article: Raï

Morocco has produced its own stars like Mimoun El Oujdi and Hanino. Rai music originated from Algeria, but is just as effective and popular in Morocco. This style of music was created during a period of political turmoil, and served a purpose of social and political commentary. Rai music has gained massive support over the years from the urban populace for its purpose of addressing taboo topics.[7] It was also greatly known for code switching between French and Arabic. Rai artists use this method to add to the rhetorical and aesthetic effect of the lyrics, as well as a method of opening the lyrics to a wider range of an audience.

Gnawa music

[edit]
Main articles: Gnawa and Gnawa music
A gnawa street performer wearing traditional gnawi clothing in Rabat's Qasbat al-Widaya.

Gnawa music is a mystical form of music and incantation of West African origin. It was initially brought to Morocco by Sub-Saharan Africans and gradually became part of the Moroccan musical tradition. The gnawa musicians are respected for their spiritual performances. Through oral traditions, they have handed down a specific cultural ceremony, called derdeba or lila, which consists of song, dance, the burning of incense and of specific costumes and colours. The instruments used are large drums called “tbel” or “qanqa” and metal double castanets called “garageb”. The main instrument is a three-stringed bass lute, called the “gimbri” accompanied by the chanting of the singers.[8]

Classical Malhun

[edit]
Main article: Malhun

Classical Malhun is peaceful music associated with urban centers such as Meknes, Fes, Salé, Tetouan, and Oujda. It has been played around in the streets of Morocco for over a thousand years. It is very common music to hear in Morocco.

Classical Sufi music

[edit]
Main article: Sufi brotherhoods

Sufi brotherhoods (tariqas) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy.

Recent styles

[edit]

Funk

[edit]

Attarazat Addahabia was one of the pioneers of funk music in Morocco.[9] Jil Jilala was also influential in this genre.

Rock

[edit]

Nass El Ghiwane, led by Larbi Batma, was an icon of Moroccan music in the late 20th century.

Hoba Hoba Spirit is a rock band that draws influence from traditional Moroccan styles such as gnawa, as well as styles from abroad such as reggae.

Bab L' Bluz combine Gnawa music with various influences such as blues and psychedelia to embody the "Nayda" movement among young people in Morocco.

Hip hop

[edit]

Notable Moroccan hip hop musicians include L'Morphine, El Grande Toto, Don Big, Dizzy Dros and others. Among the younger generation there are Issam, JIMMY BLANKA (music artists from north Morocco) and Manal Benchlikha.[citation needed]

Music education

[edit]
Main article: Conservatories of Morocco

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Agraw - Amazigh Music". www.agraw.com. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  2. ^ LesEco.ma (2019-06-26). "La 8ème édition du Festival national des Arts d'Ahwach à Ouarzazate". LesEco.ma (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  3. ^ AlZayer, Penni (2010). Middle Eastern Dance. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60413-482-7.
  4. ^ "Au festival Taragalte, les femmes du Sahara entre traditions et guitares électriques". Télérama.fr (in French). 3 November 2017. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  5. ^ El Bayane (2021-03-11). "L'Anthologie sur l'art des Rrways primée en France". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  6. ^ Schuyler, Philip D (1978). "Moroccan Andalusian Music". The World of Music. 20 (1): 33–46. ISSN 0043-8774. JSTOR 43562538.
  7. ^ McMurray, David; Swedenburg, Ted (1991). "Rai Tide Rising". Middle East Report (169): 39–42. doi:10.2307/3012952. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 3012952.
  8. ^ Weissleder, Wolfgang (2011-06-15). The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-081023-3.
  9. ^ Moore, Marcus J. (2019-09-17). "The Making of Moroccan Funk". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2020-05-02.

Notes

[edit]
  • Muddyman, Dave. "A Basic Expression of Life". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 567–578. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Chants et Danses Berbères (Moyen Atlas - Foire au Mouton de Timhadit) par Alexis Chottin 16 juin 1935 in Revue de musicologie, T. 17e, No. 58e (1936), pp. 65–69
  • Olsen, Myriam; Lortat-Jacob, Bernard, pref. Musiques de l’Atlas, Arles : Actes Sud : Cité de la musique, 1997 .
  • Guettat, Mahmoud, La musique classique du Maghreb, Paris : Sindbad, 1980 . (La bibliothèque arabe).
  • Aydoun, Ahmed, Musiques du Maroc, Casablanca : Editions EDDIF, 1994.
  • Mohamed Belghazi (dir.), Instruments des musiques populaires et de confréries du Maroc. Fragments de musées, Aix-en-Provence : Edisud, La croisée des chemins, 1998.
  • Catherine Homo-Lechner et Christian Rault, Instruments de musique du Maroc et d'al-Andalus, Fondation Royaumont / CERIMM, 1999.
  • Schuyler, Philip (2001). "Morocco, Kingdom of". Grove Music online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19156. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
  • Aydoun, Ahmed. La Musique Juive Du Maroc = Morocco's Jewish Music. Rabat: Marsam, 2019.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Morocco&oldid=1252532348"