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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|name = Tidore |
| name = Tidore |
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| official_name = City of Tidore Islands<br>{{nobold|{{lang|id|Kota Tidore Kepulauan}}}} |
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| native_name = |
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| nickname = |
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| motto = ''Toma Loa Se Banari''<br />(The Conscience of the People) |
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|settlement_type=[[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]] |
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| settlement_type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]] |
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| image_skyline = Tidore Island Indonesia Daytime.jpg |
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|imagesize = |
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| imagesize = |
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|image_caption = Tidore Island, as seen from [[Ternate]] Island. |
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| image_caption = Tidore Island, as seen from [[Ternate]] Island. |
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|image_flag = |
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| image_flag = |
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|image_seal = Lambang Kota Tidore Kepulauan.png |
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| image_seal = |
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| image_shield = Lambang Kota Tidore Kepulauan.png |
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| image_map = ID Tidore.PNG |
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| mapsize = |
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| map_caption = Location within [[Maluku Islands]] |
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|pushpin_map =Indonesia_Maluku#Indonesia_Halmahera#Indonesia |
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| pushpin_map = Indonesia_Maluku_and Western New Guinea#Indonesia Halmahera#Indonesia |
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|pushpin_label_position =bottom |
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| pushpin_label_position = bottom |
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|pushpin_map_caption =Location in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[Halmahera]] and [[Indonesia]] |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[Halmahera]] and [[Indonesia]] |
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]] |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Maluku Islands]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Maluku Islands]] |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]] |
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|subdivision_name2 = {{flag|North Maluku}} |
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| subdivision_name2 = {{flag|North Maluku}} |
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|government_type = |
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| government_type = |
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|leader_title = Mayor |
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| leader_title = Mayor |
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| leader_name = Ali Ibrahim |
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| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor |
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| leader_name1 = Muhammad Senin |
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| leader_title2 = |
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| leader_name2 = |
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| leader_title3 = |
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| leader_name3 = |
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|established_title = <!-- Settled --> |
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| established_title = <!-- Settled --> |
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|established_date = |
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| established_date = |
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|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
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| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
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|established_date2 = |
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| established_date2 = |
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|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |
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| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |
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|established_date3 = |
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| established_date3 = |
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|area_magnitude = |
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| area_magnitude = |
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|area_total_km2 = 1550.37 |
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| area_total_km2 = 1703.32 |
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|area_total_sq_mi = |
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| area_total_sq_mi = |
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|area_land_km2 = |
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| area_land_km2 = |
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| area_land_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_km2 = |
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| area_water_km2 = |
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| area_water_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_percent = |
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| area_water_percent = |
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|area_urban_km2 = |
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| area_urban_km2 = |
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| area_urban_sq_mi = |
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|area_metro_km2 = |
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| area_metro_km2 = 150.12 |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = |
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| area_metro_sq_mi = |
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|population_as_of = 2015 |
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| population_as_of = mid 2023 estimate |
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|population_note = |
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| population_note = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Tidore Kepulauan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8272)</ref> |
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|population_total = 48678 |
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| population_total = 118613 |
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|population_density_km2 = auto |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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|population_density_sq_mi = |
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| population_density_sq_mi = |
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|population_metro = |
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| population_metro = 65459 |
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|population_density_metro_km2 = |
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| population_density_metro_km2 = auto |
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|population_density_metro_mi2 = |
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| population_density_metro_mi2 = |
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|population_urban = |
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| population_urban = |
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|population_density_urban_km2 = |
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| population_density_urban_km2 = |
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|population_density_urban_mi2 = |
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| population_density_urban_mi2 = |
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|timezone = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Eastern Time]] |
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| timezone = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Eastern Time]] |
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|utc_offset = +9 |
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| utc_offset = +9 |
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| timezone_DST = |
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| utc_offset_DST = |
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|coordinates = {{coord|0|41|N|127|24|E|region:ID-MU_type:isle|display=inline,title}} |
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| coordinates = {{coord|0|41|N|127|24|E|region:ID-MU_type:isle|display=inline,title}} |
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|elevation_m = |
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| elevation_m = |
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| elevation_ft = |
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|postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postcodes]] |
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| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postcodes]] |
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|postal_code = 9xxxx |
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| postal_code = 978xx |
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| area_code = (+62) 921 |
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|area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]] |
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| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]] |
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| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia|DG]] |
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|website = [http://tidorekota.go.id/ tidorekota.go.id] |
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| website = [http://tidorekota.go.id/ tidorekota.go.id] |
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| footnotes = |
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| image_map1 = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Tidore''' ({{ |
'''Tidore''' ({{langx|id|Kota Tidore Kepulauan}}, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the [[Maluku Islands]] of eastern [[Indonesia]], west of the larger island of [[Halmahera]]. Part of [[North Maluku]] Province, the city includes the island of Tidore (with three smaller outlying islands - [[Mare Island (Indonesia)|Mare]], Maitara and Filonga) together with a large part of Halmahera Island to its east. In the pre-colonial era, the [[Sultanate of Tidore]] was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby [[Ternate]], just to the north. Within the city is the provincial capital, [[Sofifi]]. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{See also|Sultanate of Tidore}} |
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Tidore was the center of a spice-funded sultanate that arose in the 15th century It spent much of its history in the shadow of [[Ternate]], another sultanate with which it had a dualistic relationship.<ref name="LP" >{{Cite book| last =Witton | first =Patrick | title =Indonesia | publisher =Lonely Planet | year =2003 | location =Melbourne | pages =827–828| isbn=1-74059-154-2 }}</ref> |
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Tidore was the center of a spice-funded sultanate that arose in the 15th century. It spent much of its history in the shadow of [[Ternate]], another sultanate with which it had a dualistic relationship.<ref name="LP" >{{Cite book| last =Witton | first =Patrick | title =Indonesia | publisher =Lonely Planet | year =2003 | location =Melbourne | pages =827–828| isbn=1-74059-154-2 }}</ref> |
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[[Islam]] spread to Tidore around the late 15th century but Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Azra|first=Azyumardi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePSkf-DHu5YC&pg=PA26|title=Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation|publisher=Mizan Pustaka|year=2006|isbn=978-979-433-430-0|pages=39–40|author-link=Azyumardi Azra}}</ref> |
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The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern [[Halmahera]], and, at times, controlled [[Buru]], East [[Seram Island|Ceram]] and many of the islands off the coast of [[New Guinea]].<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993) ''The world of Maluku''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 99-110.</ref> Tidore established an alliance with the [[Spain|Spanish]] in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spaniards but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 169-74.</ref> |
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The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern [[Halmahera]], and, at times, controlled [[Buru]], East [[Seram Island|Ceram]] and many of the islands off the coast of [[New Guinea]].<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993) ''The world of Maluku''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 99-110.</ref> Tidore established an alliance with the [[Spain|Spanish]] in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spanish but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 169-74.</ref> |
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Before the Spanish withdrawal from Tidore and Ternate in 1663, the Tidore sultanate, although nominally part of the Spanish East Indies, established itself as one of the strongest and most independent states in the region. After the Spanish withdrawal it continued to resist direct control by the [[Dutch East India Company]] (the VOC). Particularly under Sultan [[Saifuddin of Tidore|Saifuddin]] (r. 1657–1687), the Tidore court was skilled at using Dutch payment for [[spices]] for gifts to strengthen traditional ties with Tidore's traditional peripheral territories. As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations, and had little need to call on foreign military help for governing the kingdom, unlike Ternate which frequently relied upon Dutch military assistance.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 190-2.</ref> |
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Although nominally part of the [[Spanish East Indies]] in the later sixteenth century and well into the seventeenth century, the Tidore [[sultanate]] established itself as one of the strongest and most independent states in the region. After the Spanish left in 1663, it continued to resist direct control by the [[Dutch East India Company]] (the VOC). Particularly under Sultan [[Saifuddin of Tidore|Saifuddin]] (r. 1657–1687), the Tidore court was skilled at using Dutch payment for [[spices]] for gifts to strengthen traditional ties with Tidore's traditional peripheral territories. As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations, and had little need to call on foreign military help for governing the kingdom, unlike Ternate which frequently relied upon Dutch military assistance.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 190-2.</ref> |
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Tidore long remained an independent state, albeit with growing Dutch interference, until the late eighteenth century. Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program (''extirpatie'') to proceed in its territories.<ref>Muridan Widjojo (2009) ''The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810''. Leiden: Brill, p. 33-7.</ref> This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to a few places, impoverished Tidore and weakened its control over its periphery. |
Tidore long remained an independent state, albeit with growing Dutch interference, until the late eighteenth century. Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program (''extirpatie'') to proceed in its territories.<ref>Muridan Widjojo (2009) ''The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810''. Leiden: Brill, p. 33-7.</ref> This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to a few places, impoverished Tidore and weakened its control over its periphery. |
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In 1780 Tidore was forced to sign a treaty that reduced it to a Dutch vassal. The discontented Prince [[Nuku of Tidore|Nuku]] left Tidore and declared himself Sultan of the Papuan Islands. This was the beginning of a guerilla war which lasted for many years.<ref>Muridan widjojo (2009), p. 55-8.</ref> The Papuans, south-east Halmaherans and east [[Seram Island|Ceramese]] sided with the rebellious Prince Nuku. The British sponsored Nuku as part of their campaign against the Dutch in the Moluccas. Captain [[Thomas Forrest (navigator)|Thomas Forrest]] was intimately connected with Nuku and represented the British as ambassador. Nuku could finally take Tidore in 1797 and helped the British to conquer Ternate in 1801.<ref>Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 75-88.</ref> However, his successor Zainal Abidin was expelled by Dutch forces in 1806 and Tidore was firmly brought under colonial rule.<ref>Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 88-94.</ref> |
In 1780 Tidore was forced to sign a treaty that reduced it to a Dutch vassal. The discontented Prince [[Nuku of Tidore|Nuku]] left Tidore and declared himself Sultan of the Papuan Islands. This was the beginning of [[Nuku Rebellion|a guerilla war]] which lasted for many years.<ref>Muridan widjojo (2009), p. 55-8.</ref> The Papuans, south-east Halmaherans and east [[Seram Island|Ceramese]] sided with the rebellious Prince Nuku. The British sponsored Nuku as part of their campaign against the Dutch in the Moluccas. Captain [[Thomas Forrest (navigator)|Thomas Forrest]] was intimately connected with Nuku and represented the British as ambassador. Nuku could finally take Tidore in 1797 and helped the British to conquer Ternate in 1801.<ref>Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 75-88.</ref> However, his successor Zainal Abidin was expelled by Dutch forces in 1806 and Tidore was firmly brought under colonial rule.<ref>Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 88-94.</ref> |
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The sultanate was abolished in the [[Sukarno]] era and re-established in 1999 with the 36th sultan.<ref name="LP"/> Tidore was largely spared from the [[Maluku sectarian conflict|sectarian conflict of 1999]] across the Maluku Islands.<ref name="LP"/> |
The sultanate was abolished in the [[Sukarno]] era and re-established in 1999 with the 36th sultan.<ref name="LP"/> Tidore was largely spared from the [[Maluku sectarian conflict|sectarian conflict of 1999]] across the Maluku Islands.<ref name="LP"/> |
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==Administration== |
==Administration== |
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[[File:Indonesia 2000 1000r r.jpg|thumb|right|Tidore Island featured on the Indonesian [[Indonesian rupiah|1,000-rupiah banknote]]]] |
[[File:Indonesia 2000 1000r r.jpg|thumb|right|Tidore Island featured on the Indonesian [[Indonesian rupiah|1,000-rupiah banknote]]]] |
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The island constitutes a municipality (''kotamadya'') within the province of [[North Maluku]]. |
The island, together with three smaller islands ([[Mare Island (Indonesia)|Mare]], Maitara and Filonga) and an adjacent much larger section (called "Oba") of [[Halmahera]] Island, constitutes a municipality (''kotamadya'') within the province of [[North Maluku]]. It is officially called the "Tidore Islands City" because it includes four islands (the main island of Tidore, plus the three nearby smaller islands of [[Mare Island (Indonesia)|Mare]], Maitara and Filonga) as well as the Oba area on mainland Halmahera (also including minor offshore islands). The whole municipality covers an area of {{convert|1,703.32|km2|sqmi}} and had a 2010 Census population of 90,530;<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> the 2020 Census produced a total of 114,480<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> and the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 118,613 (comprising 60,041 males and 58,572 females).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Tidore Kepulauan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8272)</ref> |
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It is divided into eight [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan''), of which four constitute the island of Tidore (including the three small islands) and the other four constitute the Oba area on the 'mainland' of Halmahera. These are tabulated below with their areas (in sq km) and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Tidore Kepulauan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8272)</ref> The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of [[administrative village]]s in each district (totaling 49 rural ''desa'' and 40 urban ''kelurahan''), and its post code. |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" |
{| class="sortable wikitable" |
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! Name || English name || Area |
! Kode <br>Wilayah || Name of<br>District<br>(''kecamatan'') || English name || Area<br>in <br> km<sup>2</sup>|| Pop'n<br>Census<br>2010 || Pop'n<br>Census<br>2020 || Pop'n<br>Estimate<br>mid 2023 ||Admin<br>centre||No.<br>of<br>''kelurahan''||No.<br>of<br>''desa''||Post<br>code |
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| Tidore || (Tidore town) ||align="right"| |
| 82.72.01 || Tidore <sup>(a)</sup> || (Tidore town,<br> or Soasio) ||align="right"|36.08||align="right"|18,477||align="right"|22,975||align="right"|22,602||Tomagoba||align="center"|13||align="center"|-||97811<br>-97813 |
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|- |
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| Tidore Selatan || South Tidore ||align="right"| |
| 82.72.04 || Tidore Selatan <sup>(b)</sup> || South Tidore ||align="right"|42.40||align="right"|13,129||align="right"|14,671||align="right"|15,190||Gurabati||align="center"|6||align="center"|2||97821 |
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|- |
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| 82.72.05 || Tidore Utara <sup>(c)</sup> || North Tidore ||align="right"|37.64||align="right"|14,573||align="right"|17,294||align="right"|17,895||Rum||align="center"|10||align="center"|4||97823 |
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| Tidore Timur || East Tidore ||align="right"| |
| 82.72.08 || Tidore Timur || East Tidore ||align="right"|34.00||align="right"|7,657||align="right"|9,608||align="right"|9,772||Tosa||align="center"|7||align="center"|-||97822 |
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| '''(''totals on |
| || '''(''totals on<br>Tidore Island'')''' || ||align="right"|''150.12''||align="right"|''53,836''||align="right"|''64,548''||align="right"|''65,459''|| ||align="center"|''36''||align="center"|''6''|| |
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| Oba Utara || North Oba ||align="right"| |
| 82.72.02 || Oba Utara <sup>(d)</sup> || North Oba ||align="right"|376.00||align="right"|13,331||align="right"|19,552||align="right"|21,210||Sofifi||align="center"|2 <sup>(e)</sup> ||align="center"|11||97827 |
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| Oba Tengah || Central Oba ||align="right"| |
| 82.72.06 || Oba Tengah || Central Oba ||align="right"|424.00||align="right"|7,659||align="right"|10,096||align="right"|10,681||Akelamo||align="center"|1||align="center"|13||97826 |
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|- |
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| Oba || Oba ||align="right"| |
| 82.72.03 || Oba || Oba ||align="right"|403.67||align="right"|10,337||align="right"|13,628||align="right"|14,349||Payahe||align="center"|1||align="center"|12||97824 |
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|- |
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| Oba Selatan || South Oba ||align="right"| |
| 82.72.07 || Oba Selatan || South Oba ||align="right"|196.58||align="right"|4,892||align="right"|6,656||align="right"|6,914||Lifofa||align="center"|-||align="center"|7||97825 |
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|- |
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| '''(''totals on |
| || '''(''totals on<br>Halmahera Island'')''' || ||align="right"|''1,400.25''||align="right"|''36,219''||align="right"|''49,932''||align="right"|''53,154''|| ||align="center"|''4''||align="center"|''43''|| |
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|} |
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Notes: (a) including Filonga Island to the northeast of Tidore Island. (b) including Mare Island (with an area of 11 km<sup>2</sup>), another stratovolcano island to the south of Tidore. (c) including Maitara island, to the northwest of Tidore (and between Tidore and Ternate), with an area of 2 km<sup>2</sup> and about 3,600 inhabitants. <br>(d) including the town of [[Sofifi]], which since 2010 has been the provincial capital of North Maluku. (e) Sofifi and Guraping. |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Andaya, Leonard Y. 1993. ''The world of Maluku: eastern Indonesia in the early modern period''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1490-8}}. |
* Andaya, Leonard Y. 1993. ''The world of Maluku: eastern Indonesia in the early modern period''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1490-8}}. |
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* Hanna, Willard A. & Des Alwi. 1990. ''Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore''. Banda Naira: Rumah Budaya Banda Naira. |
* [[Hanna, Willard A.]] & [[Des Alwi]]. 1990. ''Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore''. Banda Naira: Rumah Budaya Banda Naira. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{EB1911 poster|Tidore}} |
{{EB1911 poster|Tidore}} |
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{{ |
{{Commons category|Tidore}} |
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* [http://www.colonialvoyage.com/tidore-spanish-forts-island-tidore-1606-1663/ The History of the Spanish Presence in the Moluccas (Indonesia): the Spanish Forts in Tidore Island, Maluku, Indonesia by Marco Ramerini] |
* [http://www.colonialvoyage.com/tidore-spanish-forts-island-tidore-1606-1663/ The History of the Spanish Presence in the Moluccas (Indonesia): the Spanish Forts in Tidore Island, Maluku, Indonesia by Marco Ramerini] |
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* {{cite gvp| |
* {{cite gvp|vn=268061|name=Tidore}} |
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{{North Maluku}} |
{{North Maluku}} |
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{{Maluku-islands}} |
{{Maluku-islands}} |
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{{Spanish Empire}} |
{{Spanish Empire}} |
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{{Portuguese overseas empire}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Tidore| ]] |
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[[Category:Former Dutch colonies]] |
[[Category:Former Dutch colonies]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in North Maluku]] |
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[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia]] |
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia]] |
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Halmahera]] |
[[Category:Volcanoes of Halmahera]] |
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[[Category:Islands of the Maluku Islands]] |
[[Category:Islands of the Maluku Islands]] |
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[[Category:Cities in North Maluku]] |
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[[Category:Landforms of North Maluku]] |
[[Category:Landforms of North Maluku]] |
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[[Category:1109 establishments in Asia]] |
[[Category:1109 establishments in Asia]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Indonesia]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:17, 14 November 2024
Tidore | |
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| City of Tidore Islands Kota Tidore Kepulauan | |
 Tidore Island, as seen from Ternate Island. | |
 Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s): Toma Loa Se Banari (The Conscience of the People) | |
 Location within Maluku Islands | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates: 0°41′N 127°24′E / 0.683°N 127.400°E | |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Region | Maluku Islands |
| Province |  North Maluku |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Ali Ibrahim |
| • Vice Mayor | Muhammad Senin |
| Area | |
• City | 1,703.32 km2 (657.66 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 150.12 km2 (57.96 sq mi) |
| Population (mid 2023 estimate) | |
• City | 118,613 |
| • Density | 70/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 65,459 |
| • Metro density | 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| [1] | |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Indonesia Eastern Time) |
| Postcodes | 978xx |
| Area code | (+62) 921 |
| Vehicle registration | DG |
| Website | tidorekota.go.id |
Tidore (Indonesian: Kota Tidore Kepulauan, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. Part of North Maluku Province, the city includes the island of Tidore (with three smaller outlying islands - Mare, Maitara and Filonga) together with a large part of Halmahera Island to its east. In the pre-colonial era, the Sultanate of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate, just to the north. Within the city is the provincial capital, Sofifi.
Geography
[edit]Tidore Island consists of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor to an elevation of 1,730 m (5,676 ft) above sea level at the conical Mount Kie Matubu on the south end of the island. The northern side of the island contains a caldera, Sabale, with two smaller volcanic cones within it.
Soasio is Tidore's capital. It has its own port, Goto, and it lies on the eastern edge of the island. It has a mini bus terminal and a market. The sultan's palace was rebuilt with completion in 2010.[2]
History
[edit]Tidore was the center of a spice-funded sultanate that arose in the 15th century. It spent much of its history in the shadow of Ternate, another sultanate with which it had a dualistic relationship.[3]
Islam spread to Tidore around the late 15th century but Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century.[4]
The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern Halmahera, and, at times, controlled Buru, East Ceram and many of the islands off the coast of New Guinea.[5] Tidore established an alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spanish but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally the Dutch, who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade.[6]
Although nominally part of the Spanish East Indies in the later sixteenth century and well into the seventeenth century, the Tidore sultanate established itself as one of the strongest and most independent states in the region. After the Spanish left in 1663, it continued to resist direct control by the Dutch East India Company (the VOC). Particularly under Sultan Saifuddin (r. 1657–1687), the Tidore court was skilled at using Dutch payment for spices for gifts to strengthen traditional ties with Tidore's traditional peripheral territories. As a result, he was widely respected by many local populations, and had little need to call on foreign military help for governing the kingdom, unlike Ternate which frequently relied upon Dutch military assistance.[7]
Tidore long remained an independent state, albeit with growing Dutch interference, until the late eighteenth century. Like Ternate, Tidore allowed the Dutch spice eradication program (extirpatie) to proceed in its territories.[8] This program, intended to strengthen the Dutch spice monopoly by limiting production to a few places, impoverished Tidore and weakened its control over its periphery.
In 1780 Tidore was forced to sign a treaty that reduced it to a Dutch vassal. The discontented Prince Nuku left Tidore and declared himself Sultan of the Papuan Islands. This was the beginning of a guerilla war which lasted for many years.[9] The Papuans, south-east Halmaherans and east Ceramese sided with the rebellious Prince Nuku. The British sponsored Nuku as part of their campaign against the Dutch in the Moluccas. Captain Thomas Forrest was intimately connected with Nuku and represented the British as ambassador. Nuku could finally take Tidore in 1797 and helped the British to conquer Ternate in 1801.[10] However, his successor Zainal Abidin was expelled by Dutch forces in 1806 and Tidore was firmly brought under colonial rule.[11]
The sultanate was abolished in the Sukarno era and re-established in 1999 with the 36th sultan.[3] Tidore was largely spared from the sectarian conflict of 1999 across the Maluku Islands.[3]
Administration
[edit]
The island, together with three smaller islands (Mare, Maitara and Filonga) and an adjacent much larger section (called "Oba") of Halmahera Island, constitutes a municipality (kotamadya) within the province of North Maluku. It is officially called the "Tidore Islands City" because it includes four islands (the main island of Tidore, plus the three nearby smaller islands of Mare, Maitara and Filonga) as well as the Oba area on mainland Halmahera (also including minor offshore islands). The whole municipality covers an area of 1,703.32 square kilometres (657.66 sq mi) and had a 2010 Census population of 90,530;[12] the 2020 Census produced a total of 114,480[13] and the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 118,613 (comprising 60,041 males and 58,572 females).[1]
It is divided into eight districts (kecamatan), of which four constitute the island of Tidore (including the three small islands) and the other four constitute the Oba area on the 'mainland' of Halmahera. These are tabulated below with their areas (in sq km) and their populations at the 2010 Census[12] and the 2020 Census,[13] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 49 rural desa and 40 urban kelurahan), and its post code.
| Kode Wilayah |
Name of District (kecamatan) |
English name | Area in km2 |
Pop'n Census 2010 |
Pop'n Census 2020 |
Pop'n Estimate mid 2023 |
Admin centre |
No. of kelurahan |
No. of desa |
Post code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 82.72.01 | Tidore (a) | (Tidore town, or Soasio) |
36.08 | 18,477 | 22,975 | 22,602 | Tomagoba | 13 | - | 97811 -97813 |
| 82.72.04 | Tidore Selatan (b) | South Tidore | 42.40 | 13,129 | 14,671 | 15,190 | Gurabati | 6 | 2 | 97821 |
| 82.72.05 | Tidore Utara (c) | North Tidore | 37.64 | 14,573 | 17,294 | 17,895 | Rum | 10 | 4 | 97823 |
| 82.72.08 | Tidore Timur | East Tidore | 34.00 | 7,657 | 9,608 | 9,772 | Tosa | 7 | - | 97822 |
| (totals on Tidore Island) |
150.12 | 53,836 | 64,548 | 65,459 | 36 | 6 | ||||
| 82.72.02 | Oba Utara (d) | North Oba | 376.00 | 13,331 | 19,552 | 21,210 | Sofifi | 2 (e) | 11 | 97827 |
| 82.72.06 | Oba Tengah | Central Oba | 424.00 | 7,659 | 10,096 | 10,681 | Akelamo | 1 | 13 | 97826 |
| 82.72.03 | Oba | Oba | 403.67 | 10,337 | 13,628 | 14,349 | Payahe | 1 | 12 | 97824 |
| 82.72.07 | Oba Selatan | South Oba | 196.58 | 4,892 | 6,656 | 6,914 | Lifofa | - | 7 | 97825 |
| (totals on Halmahera Island) |
1,400.25 | 36,219 | 49,932 | 53,154 | 4 | 43 |
Notes: (a) including Filonga Island to the northeast of Tidore Island. (b) including Mare Island (with an area of 11 km2), another stratovolcano island to the south of Tidore. (c) including Maitara island, to the northwest of Tidore (and between Tidore and Ternate), with an area of 2 km2 and about 3,600 inhabitants.
(d) including the town of Sofifi, which since 2010 has been the provincial capital of North Maluku. (e) Sofifi and Guraping.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Tidore Kepulauan Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.8272)
- ^ Kompas
- ^ a b c Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 827–828. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
- ^ Azra, Azyumardi (2006). Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation. Mizan Pustaka. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-979-433-430-0.
- ^ Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 99-110.
- ^ Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 169-74.
- ^ Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 190-2.
- ^ Muridan Widjojo (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810. Leiden: Brill, p. 33-7.
- ^ Muridan widjojo (2009), p. 55-8.
- ^ Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 75-88.
- ^ Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 88-94.
- ^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- Andaya, Leonard Y. 1993. The world of Maluku: eastern Indonesia in the early modern period. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1490-8.
- Hanna, Willard A. & Des Alwi. 1990. Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Rumah Budaya Banda Naira.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tidore.
- The History of the Spanish Presence in the Moluccas (Indonesia): the Spanish Forts in Tidore Island, Maluku, Indonesia by Marco Ramerini
- "Tidore". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
Regencies and cities of North Maluku | ||
|---|---|---|
Capital: Sofifi | ||
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
