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Thomas Walker & Son were inventors and makers of nautical instruments in the 19th and 20th centuries. The firm made one of the most commonly used navigation instruments, the 'log' which allowed sailors to measure distance at sea,^[1]^[2] one of the main measurements used in nautical navigation. The firm was founded by Thomas Walker in Birmingham in the 1830s.

Thomas Walker

Thomas Walker was born in London in 1805.^[3] Before the age of ten he left home to find work in Stoke-on-Trent in the Potteries. He began his working life in the pottery industry, first as a labourer then later as a print assistant, when he revealed early signs of inventive skill by devising a rubber system for printing.

He was then apprenticed to a clockmaker which then grew into self-employment sustaining a struggling business as a clockmaker and repairer of watches and music boxes. His interest in nautical instruments was inspired by his uncle Edward Massey (1768-1852), who had invented and patented the first successful mechanical depth sounding machine and more importantly, the ship's log known as 'the Massey log'.^[4]

Massey Log

The Massey Log was a significant improvement over the traditional wooden log, a rudimentary device consisting of a piece of timber dropped from the stern of a ship, the speed of its movement measured by counting the number of knots tied in the line to which it was attached. This process did not give an accurate measurement, but it was the best method available at the time. The term 'knot' as a measure of speed through the water arose from this system.

The Massey log consisted of a rotating metal screw which turned as the ship moved through the water.^[5] The revolutions of the screw, or 'rotator' were registered on dials, which were part of the mechanism in the water. The purpose of the ship's log (or chip log) was to measure the distance travelled by a ship through the water, crucial information in maritime navigation.^[6] An instrument capable of measuring distance accurately was vital, alongside a compass, a clock and maritime charts in the safe and accurate navigation of the seas.

Thomas Walker & Son

Thomas Walker and his son, Thomas Ferdinand Walker^[7] (1838-1921) developed the original log design into a number of improved versions. An example is the Walker Harpoon Log, patented in 1861, which featured the inclusion of dials into the rotator, thereby reducing the total bulk of the instrument. This important innovation added to the company's success.

Thomas Walker died in 1871, leaving his business in the hands of his son Thomas Ferdinand Walker. The younger Walker made a further fundamental improvement to the design of the Walker Harpoon Log by taking the dial out of the rotator and installing it remotely, on the side of the ship.^[8] First known as 'Walker's Taffrail Log', it became officially named the 'Cherub' log.^[9] The Cherub log was designed so that the log did not have to be hauled in every time a reading was required – a highly significant development. Production of the Cherub log started in the 1880s with 400 sales in the first year, by ten years later they were selling around 2,000 per year^[3]

Several different mechanical logs were designed and manufactured by different companies. These were generally known as 'patent logs'. ^[10]

In 1902 a further improvement was made: the Walker Electric Log, designed so that the log could be read from various sites on the ship, including the ship's bridge. An important improvement made to the Walker logs was the use of a small impeller on the boat's hull below the waterline. This enabled the distance travelled by the ship to be calculated without the need to manually place a log in the water each time.^[11]

As well as ships logs, the company manufactured depth sounding instruments including the Harpoon Depth Finder. The instrument is lowered to the seabed and the rotor turns, rotating dials showing the depth of water. The rotor is free to rotate as the instrument is lowered, but when the line is drawn up a locking piece drops down and holds it in place. The lead weight has a depression in the bottom into which wax can be poured. By examining the wax, the sailor may be able to identify the nature of the seabed, for example, if it is sandy.

In 1905 the company was incorporated as a limited company (Ltd).

The firm was based at 58 Oxford Street, Digbeth, Birmingham. The factory was built for Thomas Walker & Son by Buckland & Farmer of Birmingham in 1912. It is a Grade II 'Listed building'.^[12]

In 2002 Lilley & Gillie Ltd, manufacturer of magnetic compasses, acquired Thomas Walker & Son Ltd (Walker Marine),^[13] adding Walker's electromechanical speed logs and anemometers to the firm's list of products.^[14] The name continued to trade, as it had since 1838, under the brand name Walker Marine.^[15]

References

^ Manual of Navigation. London: Stationery Office. 1914. p. 396.
^ Bartlett, Tim (1996). The Adlard Coles Book of Navigation. Bloomsbury USA. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-713-68939-6 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Wilmott, J (1951). Thomas Walker and Son Limited Birmingham: Nautical Instrument Makers. Birmingham. p. 1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Hill, Robert (1806). A short account of Massey's patent log, and sounding machine. Blacks and Parry.
^ Treherne, Alan (1977). The Massey Family: "Clock, Watch, Chronometer and Nautical Instrument Makers. Newcastle-under-Lyme: Museum, Newcastle-under-Lyme. p. 5.
^ May, W E (1973). A History of Marine Navigation. Henley-on-Thames: G T Foulis & Co Ltd. p. 108. ISBN 0-85429-143-1.
^ "Thomas Walker and Son". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History.
^ "Mischief Goes South". British Film Institute. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^ Sharp, A J (1999). Distance Run: A History of the Patent Ship-Log. Weymouth, Dorset: Brassbounders. pp. 89, (Now at Gunnsilake, Cornwall).
^ Worth, Claud (1947). Yacht Navigation and Voyaging. Brunel Institute, Bristol: J D Potter.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Edwards, Mike (1966). "Mischief Goes South". British Film Institute. A film on the British Film Institute website, entitled 'Mischief Goes South' by Mike Edwards, documenting Bill Tilman's voyage to the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands in 1966-67. The film shows a Walker Log in use on the Mischief at 05.05 and 06.36 mins.
^ "58, OXFORD STREET". Historic England. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^ "About Us". JGMarine.com. John Lilley and Gillie Ltd. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "Walker Equipment". John Lilley and Gillie Ltd. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
^ "Maritime Journal". 1 January 2003.

[1] Manual of Navigation. London: Stationery Office. 1914. p. 396.

[2] Bartlett, Tim (1996). The Adlard Coles Book of Navigation. Bloomsbury USA. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-713-68939-6 – via Google Books.

[:0-3] Wilmott, J (1951). Thomas Walker and Son Limited Birmingham: Nautical Instrument Makers. Birmingham. p. 1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[4] Hill, Robert (1806). A short account of Massey's patent log, and sounding machine. Blacks and Parry.

[5] Treherne, Alan (1977). The Massey Family: "Clock, Watch, Chronometer and Nautical Instrument Makers. Newcastle-under-Lyme: Museum, Newcastle-under-Lyme. p. 5.

[6] May, W E (1973). A History of Marine Navigation. Henley-on-Thames: G T Foulis & Co Ltd. p. 108. ISBN 0-85429-143-1.

[7] "Thomas Walker and Son". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History.

[8] "Mischief Goes South". British Film Institute. Retrieved January 17, 2021.

[9] Sharp, A J (1999). Distance Run: A History of the Patent Ship-Log. Weymouth, Dorset: Brassbounders. pp. 89, (Now at Gunnsilake, Cornwall).

[10] Worth, Claud (1947). Yacht Navigation and Voyaging. Brunel Institute, Bristol: J D Potter.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[11] Edwards, Mike (1966). "Mischief Goes South". British Film Institute. A film on the British Film Institute website, entitled 'Mischief Goes South' by Mike Edwards, documenting Bill Tilman's voyage to the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands in 1966-67. The film shows a Walker Log in use on the Mischief at 05.05 and 06.36 mins.

[12] "58, OXFORD STREET". Historic England. Retrieved January 17, 2021.

[13] "About Us". JGMarine.com. John Lilley and Gillie Ltd. Retrieved 1 May 2020.

[14] "Walker Equipment". John Lilley and Gillie Ltd. Retrieved January 17, 2021.

[15] "Maritime Journal". 1 January 2003.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{COI|date=April 2020}}
 [[File:Excelsior log rotator.jpg|thumb|Excelsior log rotator]]<!-- Do not remove this line! -->
 [[File:T Walker & Son.svg|thumb|Thomas Walker & Son insignia]]
-'''Thomas Walker & Son''' was a maker of nautical instruments in the 19th and 20th centuries. The firm made one of the most commonly used navigation instruments, the ‘log’ which allowed sailors to measure distance at sea<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Manual of Navigation|publisher=Stationery Office|year=1914|isbn=|location=London|pages=396}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bartlett|first=Tim|title=The Adlard Coles Book of Navigation|publisher=|year=1996|isbn=978-0-713-68939-6|location=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q0UubYH62bkC&lpg=PA15&ots=VcwLpLnYt-&dq=walker%20navigation%20log&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=walker%20navigation%20log&f=false|pages=}}</ref>, one of the main measurements used in nautical [[navigation]]. The firm was founded by Thomas Walker in Birmingham in the 1830s.
+'''Thomas Walker & Son''' were inventors and makers of nautical instruments in the 19th and 20th centuries. The firm made one of the most commonly used [[Navigational instrument|navigation instruments]], the 'log' which allowed sailors to measure distance at sea,<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Manual of Navigation|publisher=Stationery Office|year=1914|isbn=|location=London|pages=396}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bartlett|first=Tim|title=The Adlard Coles Book of Navigation|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|year=1996|isbn=978-0-713-68939-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0UubYH62bkC&pg=PA15|pages=15|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> one of the main measurements used in nautical [[navigation]]. The firm was founded by Thomas Walker in Birmingham in the 1830s.
 ==Thomas Walker==
 Thomas Walker was born in London in 1805.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wilmott|first=J|title=Thomas Walker and Son Limited Birmingham: Nautical Instrument Makers|publisher= |year=1951 |isbn=|location=Birmingham|pages=1}}</ref> Before the age of ten he left home to find work in Stoke-on-Trent in the Potteries. He began his working life in the pottery industry, first as a labourer then later as a print assistant, when he revealed early signs of inventive skill by devising a rubber system for printing.
+[[File:T Walker.jpg|thumb|Thomas Walker]]
+He was then apprenticed to a clockmaker which then grew into self-employment sustaining a struggling business as a clockmaker and repairer of watches and [[music boxes]]. His interest in nautical instruments was inspired by his uncle Edward Massey (1768-1852), who had invented and patented the first successful mechanical [[depth sounding]] machine and more importantly, the ship's log known as 'the Massey log'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Robert|title=A short account of Massey's patent log, and sounding machine|publisher=Blacks and Parry|year=1806|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
+==Massey Log==
-He was then apprenticed to a clockmaker which then grew into self-employment sustaining a struggling business as a clockmaker and repairer of watches and [[music boxes]]. His interest in nautical instruments was inspired by his uncle Edward Massey (1768-1852), who had invented a [[depth sounding]] machine and ship’s log known as ‘the Massey log’.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Robert|title=A short account of Massey's patent log, and sounding machine|publisher=Blacks and Parry|year=1806|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
+The Massey Log was a significant improvement over the traditional wooden log, a rudimentary device consisting of a piece of timber dropped from the stern of a ship, the speed of its movement measured by counting the number of knots tied in the line to which it was attached. This process did not give an accurate measurement, but it was the best method available at the time. The term '[[knot (unit)|knot]]' as a measure of speed through the water arose from this system.
+The Massey log consisted of a rotating metal screw which turned as the ship moved through the water.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Treherne|first=Alan|title=The Massey Family: "Clock, Watch, Chronometer and Nautical Instrument Makers|publisher=Museum, Newcastle-under-Lyme|year=1977|isbn=|location=Newcastle-under-Lyme|pages=5}}</ref> The revolutions of the screw, or 'rotator' were registered on dials, which were part of the mechanism in the water. The purpose of the ship's log (or [[chip log]]) was to measure the distance travelled by a ship through the water, crucial information in maritime navigation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=May|first=W E|title=A History of Marine Navigation|publisher=G T Foulis & Co Ltd|year=1973|isbn=0-85429-143-1|location=Henley-on-Thames|pages=108}}</ref> An instrument capable of measuring distance accurately was vital, alongside a compass, a clock and maritime charts in the safe and accurate navigation of the seas.
-==The Massey Log==
-The Massey Log was a significant improvement over the traditional wooden log, a rudimentary device consisting of a piece of timber dropped from the stern of a ship, the speed of its movement measured by counting the number of knots tied in the line to which it was attached. This process did not give an accurate measurement, but it was the best method available at the time. The term ‘[[knot (unit)|knot]]’ as a measure of speed through the water arose from this system.
-The Massey log consisted of a rotating metal screw which turned as the ship moved through the water. The revolutions of the screw, or ‘rotator’ were registered on dials, which were part of the mechanism in the water. The purpose of the ship's log (or [[Chip log]]) was to measure the distance travelled by a ship through the water, crucial information in maritime navigation<ref>{{Cite book|last=May|first=W E|title=A History of Marine Navigation|publisher=G T Foulis & Co Ltd|year=1973|isbn=0 85429 143 1|location=Henley-on-Thames|pages=108}}</ref>. An instrument capable of measuring distance accurately was vital, alongside a compass, a clock and maritime charts in the safe and accurate navigation of the seas.
 ==Thomas Walker & Son==
 Thomas Walker and his son, Thomas Ferdinand Walker<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Walker and Son |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Thomas_Walker_and_Son |website=Grace's Guide to British Industrial History}}</ref> (1838-1921) developed the original log design into a number of improved versions. An example is the Walker Harpoon Log, patented in 1861, which featured the inclusion of dials into the rotator, thereby reducing the total bulk of the instrument. This important innovation added to the company's success.
+[[File:Walker's "Cherbub" Ship-Log.jpg|thumb|Dial of Walker's Cherub Taffrail Log .([[Scalloway|Scalloway Museum]])]]
+Thomas Walker died in 1871, leaving his business in the hands of his son Thomas Ferdinand Walker. The younger Walker made a further fundamental improvement to the design of the Walker Harpoon Log by taking the dial out of the rotator and installing it remotely, on the side of the  ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-mischief-goes-south-1966-online?fbclid=IwAR3PfDekAfVu3782-PGQLIsohBWbrXSzVYM-LnC21W1nJSpJphv3kBi9vuY|title=Mischief Goes South|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> First known as 'Walker's [[Chip log#More modern logs and replacements|Taffrail Log]]', it became officially named the 'Cherub' log.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharp|first=A J|title=Distance Run: A History of the Patent Ship-Log|publisher=Brassbounders|year=1999|isbn=|location=Weymouth, Dorset|pages=89, (Now at Gunnsilake, Cornwall)}}</ref> The Cherub log was designed so that the log did not have to be hauled in every time a reading was required – a highly significant development. Production of the Cherub log started in the 1880s with 400 sales in the first year, by ten years later they  were selling around 2,000 per year<ref name=":0" />
+Several different mechanical logs were designed and manufactured by different companies. These were generally known as 'patent logs'. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Worth |first=Claud |title=Yacht Navigation and Voyaging |date=1947 |publisher=J D Potter |year=1947 |location=Brunel Institute, Bristol}}</ref>
-Thomas Walker died in 1871 aged [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/41933843# 67], leaving his business in the hands of his son Thomas Ferdinand Walker. The younger Walker made a further fundamental improvement to the design of the Walker Harpoon Log by taking the dial out of the rotator and installing it remotely, on the side of the [https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-mischief-goes-south-1966-online?fbclid=IwAR3PfDekAfVu3782-PGQLIsohBWbrXSzVYM-LnC21W1nJSpJphv3kBi9vuY ship]. First known as 'Walker’s [[Chip_log#More_modern_logs_and_replacements|Taffrail Log]]’, it became officially named the ‘Cherub’ log.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharp|first=A J|title=Distance Run: A History of the Patent Ship-Log|publisher=Brassbounders|year=1999|isbn=|location=Weymouth, Dorset|pages=89}}</ref>. The Cherub log was designed so that the log did not have to be hauled in every time a reading was required – a highly significant development. Production of the Cherub log started in the 1880s with 400 sales in the first year, by ten years later they  were selling around 2,000 per year<ref name=":0" />
-In 1902 a further improvement was made: the Walker Electric Log, designed so that the log could be read from various sites on the ship, including the ship’s bridge. An important improvement made to the Walker logs was the use of a small impeller on the boat's hull below the waterline. This enabled the distance travelled by the ship to be calculated without the need to manually place a log in the water each time<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mischief Goes South|url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-mischief-goes-south-1966-online?fbclid=IwAR3PfDekAfVu3782-PGQLIsohBWbrXSzVYM-LnC21W1nJSpJphv3kBi9vuY|last=Edwards|first=Mike|date=1966|website=British Film Institute|page=|pages=|others=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|quote=A film on the British Film Institute website, entitled ‘Mischief Goes South’ by Mike Edwards, documenting Bill Tilman’s voyage to the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands in 1966-67. The film shows a Walker Log in use on the Mischief at 05.05 and 06.36 mins.}}</ref>. In 1905 the company was incorporated as a [[limited company]] (Ltd).
+In 1902 a further improvement was made: the Walker Electric Log, designed so that the log could be read from various sites on the ship, including the ship's bridge. An important improvement made to the Walker logs was the use of a small impeller on the boat's hull below the waterline. This enabled the distance travelled by the ship to be calculated without the need to manually place a log in the water each time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mischief Goes South|url=https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-mischief-goes-south-1966-online?fbclid=IwAR3PfDekAfVu3782-PGQLIsohBWbrXSzVYM-LnC21W1nJSpJphv3kBi9vuY|last=Edwards|first=Mike|date=1966|website=British Film Institute|page=|pages=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|quote=A film on the British Film Institute website, entitled 'Mischief Goes South' by Mike Edwards, documenting Bill Tilman's voyage to the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands in 1966-67. The film shows a Walker Log in use on the Mischief at 05.05 and 06.36 mins.}}</ref>
+[[File:Walker depth gauge.jpg|thumb|Walker Harpoon Depth Gauge]]
+As well as ships logs, the company manufactured depth sounding instruments including the Harpoon Depth Finder. The instrument is lowered to the seabed and the rotor turns, rotating dials showing the depth of water.&nbsp; The rotor is free to rotate as the instrument is lowered, but when the line is drawn up a locking piece drops down and holds it in place. The lead weight has a depression in the bottom into which wax can be poured. By examining the wax, the sailor may be able to identify the nature of the seabed, for example, if it is sandy.
+In 1905 the company was incorporated as a [[limited company]] (Ltd).
 [[File:Thomas Walker mural.jpg|thumb|Mural at 28 Oxford Street where Thomas Walker & Son were based.]]
-The firm was based at 58 Oxford Street, Digbeth, Birmingham. The factory was built for Thomas Walker & Son by Buckland & Farmer of Birmingham in 1912. It is a Grade II '[[Listed building]]'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic England listing|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1380229|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
+The firm was based at 58 Oxford Street, Digbeth, Birmingham. The factory was built for Thomas Walker & Son by Buckland & Farmer of Birmingham in 1912. It is a Grade II '[[Listed building]]'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=58, OXFORD STREET|publisher=[[Historic England]]|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1380229|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref>
-In 2002 [[John Lilley and Gillie Ltd|Lilley & Gillie Ltd]], manufacturer of magnetic compasses, acquired Thomas Walker & Son Ltd (Walker Marine)<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.jlgmarine.com/index.php/products/walker-equipment?layout=edit&id=4 |website=JGMarine.com |accessdate=1 May 2020}}</ref>, adding Walker's electromechanical speed logs and anemometers to the firm's list of products. The name continued to trade, as it had since 1838, under the brand name Walker Marine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maritime Journal|url=https://www.maritimejournal.com/news101/industry-news/lilley__and__gillie_acquires_walker_marine|last=|first=|date=1 January 2003|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
+In 2002 [[John Lilley and Gillie Ltd|Lilley & Gillie Ltd]], manufacturer of magnetic compasses, acquired Thomas Walker & Son Ltd (Walker Marine),<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.jlgmarine.com/index.php/products/walker-equipment?layout=edit&id=4 |website=JGMarine.com |publisher=[[John Lilley and Gillie Ltd]]|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> adding Walker's electromechanical speed logs and anemometers to the firm's list of products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jlgmarine.com/index.php/products/walker-equipment|title=Walker Equipment|publisher=[[John Lilley and Gillie Ltd]]|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> The name continued to trade, as it had since 1838, under the brand name Walker Marine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maritime Journal|url=https://www.maritimejournal.com/news101/industry-news/lilley__and__gillie_acquires_walker_marine|last=|first=|date=1 January 2003|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom]]
+[[Category:British companies established in 1830]]
+[[Category:British companies disestablished in 2002]]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas Walker and Son}}