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{{Short description|Steel roller coaster}} |
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{{Infobox roller coaster |
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'''Scream''' (originally |
'''Scream''' (originally stylized as '''Scream!''') is a [[steel roller coaster]] at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]]. Manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]], the [[Floorless Coaster]] model was the park's sixteenth roller coaster and is located in the Screampunk District area of the park. The {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} ride consists of a series of [[roller coaster elements]] including seven [[Roller coaster inversion|inversion]]s ranging from a [[zero-g roll]] to [[interlocking corkscrews]]. The ride is a mirror image of [[Medusa (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Medusa]] at [[Six Flags Great Adventure]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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In 1999, [[Six Flags Great Adventure]] spent $42 million on new attractions including a prototype [[Floorless Coaster]], [[ |
In 1999, [[Six Flags Great Adventure]] spent $42 million on new attractions including a prototype [[Floorless Coaster]], [[Medusa (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Medusa]], developed and built by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=Tim|title=Six Flags Great Adventure to turn into 'superpark'|journal=Amusement Business|date=February 1, 1999|volume=111|issue=5|page=3}}</ref> The immediate popularity of the ride led to several parks installing Floorless Coasters in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=Tim|title=Park attendance off to a great start for 1999|journal=Amusement Business|date=June 7, 1999|volume=111|issue=23|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Floorless roller coasters">{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Roller Coaster Search Results|location=Category = Floorless|access-date=June 27, 2013|url=http://rcdb.com/r.htm?ot=2&ca=111&page=1&order=10}}</ref> |
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In November 2002, parts for Scream began arriving at Six Flags Magic Mountain.<ref name="Scream leaves you dangling">{{cite news|last=Niles|first=Robert|title=Scream leaves you dangling|url= |
In November 2002, parts for Scream began arriving at Six Flags Magic Mountain.<ref name="Scream leaves you dangling">{{cite news|last=Niles|first=Robert|title=Scream leaves you dangling|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-wk-niles14nov14-story.html|access-date=June 27, 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 14, 2002}}</ref> On November 14, 2002, the park officially announced that they would be adding Scream for the 2003 season, making it the park's sixteenth roller coaster.<ref name="PR announce">{{Cite press release|title=Six Flags 'S c r e a m s' Xtreme With Announcement of 16th World-Class Mega Coaster|url=http://rcdb.com/2169.htm?dt=126&d=78|access-date=June 27, 2013|date=November 14, 2002|publisher=Six Flags Magic Mountain|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315072237/http://www.rcdb.com/2169.htm?dt=126|archive-date=March 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Magic Mountain to 'Scream'">{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=Tim|title=Magic Mountain to 'Scream'|journal=Amusement Business|date=November 25, 2002|volume=114|issue=47|page=10}}</ref> According to the park, the ride was added to fill the "missing link to our coaster collection".<ref name="Scream leaves you dangling" /> After five months construction, Scream officially opened to the public on April 12, 2003. |
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On April 9, 2004, a park employee was killed when they were hit by one of Scream's trains during an after-hours test run. According to a statement issued by the park, the employee "deviated from safety training procedures and walked underneath the ride". The ride was closed immediately pending clearance by the [[California Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]. The administration cleared the ride for operation within two weeks.<ref name="Scream Coaster Back In Service After Accident">{{cite journal|last=Zoltak|first=James|title=Scream Coaster Back In Service After Accident|journal=Amusement Business|date=April 19, 2004|volume=116|issue=16|page=6}}</ref> |
On April 9, 2004, a park employee was killed when they were hit by one of Scream's trains during an after-hours test run. According to a statement issued by the park, the employee "deviated from safety training procedures and walked underneath the ride". The ride was closed immediately pending clearance by the [[California Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]. The administration cleared the ride for operation within two weeks.<ref name="Scream Coaster Back In Service After Accident">{{cite journal|last=Zoltak|first=James|title=Scream Coaster Back In Service After Accident|journal=Amusement Business|date=April 19, 2004|volume=116|issue=16|page=6}}</ref> |
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===Statistics=== |
===Statistics=== |
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The {{convert|3985|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} Scream stands {{convert|150|ft|m}} tall. With a top speed of {{Convert|63|mph}}, the ride features seven inversions including a {{convert|128|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[vertical loop]], a {{Convert|96|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[dive loop]], a [[zero-g roll]], a {{Convert|78|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[cobra roll]] and two [[Corkscrew (roller coaster element)|interlocking corkscrews]].<ref name=RCDB>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Scream|location=Six Flags Magic Mountain|rcdb_number=2169| |
The {{convert|3985|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} Scream stands {{convert|150|ft|m}} tall. With a top speed of {{Convert|63|mph}}, the ride features seven inversions including a {{convert|128|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[vertical loop]], a {{Convert|96|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[dive loop]], a [[zero-g roll]], a {{Convert|78|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[cobra roll]] and two [[Corkscrew (roller coaster element)|interlocking corkscrews]].<ref name=RCDB>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Scream|location=Six Flags Magic Mountain|rcdb_number=2169|access-date=June 27, 2013}}</ref> Although the ride is a mirrored clone of the first Floorless Coaster (''Medusa'' at Six Flags Great Adventure), they feature a slight difference in height of about {{convert|8|ft|m}} and a difference in speed of {{convert|2|mi/h|km/h}}.<ref name=RCDB /><ref>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Medusa|location=Six Flags Great Adventure|rcdb_number=502|access-date=June 27, 2013}}</ref> |
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===Trains=== |
===Trains=== |
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Scream operates with three floorless [[train (roller coaster)|train]]s. Each train seats 32 riders in eight rows of four. This gives the ride a theoretical capacity of 1,440 riders per hour.<ref name=RCDB /> The open-air trains feature seats which leave riders' legs dangling above the track.<ref name="PR announce" /> Riders are restrainted with over-the-shoulder restraints.<ref name="Scream- Ride out Loud" /> As the trains are floorless, the [[Station (roller coaster)|station]] has a retractable floor for safe boarding. The third train of the ride is painted blue and orange. |
Scream operates with three floorless [[train (roller coaster)|train]]s. Each train seats 32 riders in eight rows of four. This gives the ride a theoretical capacity of 1,440 riders per hour.<ref name=RCDB /> The open-air trains feature seats which leave riders' legs dangling above the track.<ref name="PR announce" /> Riders are restrainted with over-the-shoulder restraints.<ref name="Scream- Ride out Loud" /> As the trains are floorless, the [[Station (roller coaster)|station]] has a retractable floor for safe boarding. The third train of the ride is painted blue and orange.<ref name="Scream- Ride out Loud" /> |
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{{multiple image |
{{multiple image |
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|caption3=Scream's interlocking corkscrews |
|caption3=Scream's interlocking corkscrews |
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==Ride experience== |
==Ride experience== |
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Once the train is loaded and secured, the floor is retracted and the train departs the station. A U-turn to the right leads to the {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[chain lift hill]]. Once riders reach the top, they go through a small [[pre-drop]] before dropping {{convert|141|ft|m}} to the right. The train then reaches a top speed of {{convert|63|mph}} and enters the {{convert|128|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} vertical loop followed by a turn to the left into the {{convert|96|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} dive loop. After the diving loop, the train passes the station and goes through a zero-g roll, where riders experience a feeling of [[Air-time|weightlessness]]. The train then goes through the {{convert|78|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} cobra roll, a roller coaster element which inverts riders twice. Riders then enter the [[mid-course brake run]] which is located next to the lift hill. The train drops out of the brake run to the right and enters a 270-degree helix followed by the two interlocking corkscrews. Riders go through a small dip then enter the final [[brake run]] before returning to the station.<ref name="PR announce" /><ref name=RCDB /><ref name=POV>{{cite web|title=Scream (HD POV Front) Six Flags Magic Mountain California|work=Sharp Productions|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKwCOG0q5vE|publisher=YouTube| |
Once the train is loaded and secured, the floor is retracted and the train departs the station. A U-turn to the right leads to the {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[chain lift hill]]. Once riders reach the top, they go through a small [[pre-drop]] before dropping {{convert|141|ft|m}} to the right. The train then reaches a top speed of {{convert|63|mph}} and enters the {{convert|128|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[vertical loop]] followed by a turn to the left into the {{convert|96|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[dive loop]]. After the diving loop, the train passes the station and goes through a [[zero-g roll]], where riders experience a feeling of [[Air-time|weightlessness]]. The train then goes through the {{convert|78|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} [[cobra roll]], a roller coaster element which inverts riders twice. Riders then enter the [[mid-course brake run]] which is located next to the lift hill. The train drops out of the brake run to the right and enters a 270-degree helix followed by the two [[interlocking corkscrews]]. Riders go through a small dip then enter the final [[brake run]] before returning to the station.<ref name="PR announce" /><ref name=RCDB /><ref name=POV>{{cite web|title=Scream (HD POV Front) Six Flags Magic Mountain California|work=Sharp Productions|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKwCOG0q5vE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/ZKwCOG0q5vE |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|publisher=YouTube|access-date=June 27, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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==Reception== |
==Reception== |
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[[File:Scream lift hill.jpg|thumb|Scream{{'}}s lift hill and interlocking corkscrews, with a former parking lot below]] |
[[File:Scream lift hill.jpg|thumb|Scream{{'}}s lift hill and interlocking corkscrews, with a former parking lot below]] |
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The reception of Scream has been mixed. Arthur Levine of [[About.com]] gives the ride 4 out of 5 stars. He states "it's remarkably smooth, loaded with airtime, and has plenty of surprises to warrant its name". Levine did |
The reception of Scream has been mixed. Arthur Levine of [[About.com]] gives the ride 4 out of 5 stars. He states "it's remarkably smooth, loaded with airtime, and has plenty of surprises to warrant its name". Levine did criticize the lack of theming and landscaping around the ride noting the immediate area surrounding the ride "includes a bone yard of coaster seats and parts".<ref name="Scream- Ride out Loud">{{cite news|last=Levine|first=Arthur|title=Scream- Ride out Loud|url=http://themeparks.about.com/cs/sixflagsparks/fr/sfmmscream.htm|access-date=June 27, 2013|newspaper=[[About.com]]|publisher=[[New York Times Company]]|year=2004|archive-date=May 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514131518/http://themeparks.about.com/cs/sixflagsparks/fr/sfmmscream.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Robert Niles of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' shared a similar sentiment, stating "Scream creates an effective illusion that you are alone, flying above the track" but questions the ride's location on a former parking lot. He highlights "a good story can elicit extreme thoughts and emotions. [...] Why ignore those opportunities when building a thrill ride?". Niles concluded by stating "I feel a little neglected as I shuffle off the otherwise exciting ride", referring to the lack of theming or storyline.<ref name="It has its ups and downs">{{cite news|last=Niles|first=Robert|title=It has its ups and downs|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-17-wk-alt17-story.html|access-date=June 27, 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 17, 2003}}</ref> Lynn Arave of the ''[[Deseret News]]'' praised the ride, rating it alongside the ''[[Riddler's Revenge]]'' for the best rides in the park.<ref name="It's almost magic: New roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain is a Scream!">{{cite news|last=Arave|first=Lynn|title=It's almost magic: New roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain is a Scream!|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/984184/Its-almost-magic-New-roller-coaster-at-Six-Flags-Magic-Mountain-is-a-Scream.html?pg=all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025039/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/984184/Its-almost-magic-New-roller-coaster-at-Six-Flags-Magic-Mountain-is-a-Scream.html?pg=all|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=June 27, 2013|newspaper=[[Deseret News]]|date=May 18, 2003|publisher=[[Deseret News Publishing Company]]}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Scream has never featured in [[Amusement Today]]'s annual [[Golden Ticket Awards]] top 50 steel roller coasters. The mirrored clone at Six Flags Great Adventure peaked at position 16 in its debut year before ranking a further six times in the list.<ref name="GTA1999">{{cite journal|title=Top 25 steel roller coasters |url=http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/1999gta/1999gta.pdf |journal=[[Amusement Today]] |date=September 1999 |
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⚫ | Scream has never featured in [[Amusement Today]]'s annual [[Golden Ticket Awards]] top 50 steel roller coasters. The mirrored clone at Six Flags Great Adventure peaked at position 16 in its debut year before ranking a further six times in the list.<ref name="GTA1999">{{cite journal|title=Top 25 steel roller coasters |url=http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/1999gta/1999gta.pdf |journal=[[Amusement Today]] |date=September 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019224523/http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/1999gta/1999gta.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="GTA2000">{{cite journal|title=Top 25 steel roller coasters|url=http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2000gta/2000gta.pdf|journal=[[Amusement Today]]|date=September 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222040/http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2000gta/2000gta.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="GTA2001">{{cite journal|title=Top 25 steel roller coasters|url=http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2001gta/2001gta.pdf|journal=[[Amusement Today]]|date=September 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019224631/http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2001gta/2001gta.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="GTA2004">{{cite journal|url=http://www.amusementtoday.com/image/GoldenTicket2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403175010/http://www.amusementtoday.com/image/GoldenTicket2004.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2007|title=Top 50 steel roller coasters|journal=[[Amusement Today]]|access-date=June 27, 2013|date=September 2004}}</ref><ref name="GTA2005">{{cite journal|title=Top 50 steel roller coasters |url=http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2005gta/2005gta.pdf |journal=[[Amusement Today]] |date=September 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019224730/http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2005gta/2005gta.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="GTA2006">{{cite journal|title=Top 50 steel roller coasters |url=http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2006gta/2006gta.pdf |journal=[[Amusement Today]] |date=September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505080254/http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2006gta/2006gta.pdf |archive-date=May 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="GTA2007">{{cite journal|title=Top 50 steel roller coasters|url=http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2007gta/2007gta.pdf|journal=[[Amusement Today]]|date=September 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060132/http://www.goldenticketawards.com/issuearchive/2007gta/2007gta.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|group=nb}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 00:27, 8 November 2024
Scream | |
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Six Flags Magic Mountain | |
Location | Six Flags Magic Mountain |
Park section | Screampunk District |
Coordinates | 34°25′43″N 118°35′54″W / 34.42861°N 118.59833°W |
Status | Operating |
Opening date | April 12, 2003 |
General statistics | |
Type | Steel |
Manufacturer | Bolliger & Mabillard |
Designer | Werner Stengel |
Model | Floorless Coaster |
Lift/launch system | Chain lift hill |
Height | 150 ft (46 m) |
Drop | 141 ft (43 m) |
Length | 3,985 ft (1,215 m) |
Speed | 63 mph (101 km/h) |
Inversions | 7 |
Duration | 3:00 |
Capacity | 1,440 riders per hour |
G-force | 4[1] |
Height restriction | 54 in (137 cm) |
Trains | 3 trains with 8 cars. Riders are arranged 4 across in a single row for a total of 32 riders per train. |
Flash Pass available | |
Must transfer from wheelchair | |
Scream at RCDB |
Scream (originally stylized as Scream!) is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Floorless Coaster model was the park's sixteenth roller coaster and is located in the Screampunk District area of the park. The 150-foot-tall (46 m) ride consists of a series of roller coaster elements including seven inversions ranging from a zero-g roll to interlocking corkscrews. The ride is a mirror image of Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure.
History
[edit]In 1999, Six Flags Great Adventure spent $42 million on new attractions including a prototype Floorless Coaster, Medusa, developed and built by Bolliger & Mabillard.[2] The immediate popularity of the ride led to several parks installing Floorless Coasters in the early 2000s.[3][4]
In November 2002, parts for Scream began arriving at Six Flags Magic Mountain.[5] On November 14, 2002, the park officially announced that they would be adding Scream for the 2003 season, making it the park's sixteenth roller coaster.[6][7] According to the park, the ride was added to fill the "missing link to our coaster collection".[5] After five months construction, Scream officially opened to the public on April 12, 2003.
On April 9, 2004, a park employee was killed when they were hit by one of Scream's trains during an after-hours test run. According to a statement issued by the park, the employee "deviated from safety training procedures and walked underneath the ride". The ride was closed immediately pending clearance by the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The administration cleared the ride for operation within two weeks.[8]
In 2015, the coaster received a brand new color scheme of blue track and orange supports for the opening of Twisted Colossus.[9]
Characteristics
[edit]Statistics
[edit]The 3,985-foot-long (1,215 m) Scream stands 150 feet (46 m) tall. With a top speed of 63 miles per hour (101 km/h), the ride features seven inversions including a 128-foot-tall (39 m) vertical loop, a 96-foot-tall (29 m) dive loop, a zero-g roll, a 78-foot-tall (24 m) cobra roll and two interlocking corkscrews.[10] Although the ride is a mirrored clone of the first Floorless Coaster (Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure), they feature a slight difference in height of about 8 feet (2.4 m) and a difference in speed of 2 miles per hour (3.2 km/h).[10][11]
Trains
[edit]Scream operates with three floorless trains. Each train seats 32 riders in eight rows of four. This gives the ride a theoretical capacity of 1,440 riders per hour.[10] The open-air trains feature seats which leave riders' legs dangling above the track.[6] Riders are restrainted with over-the-shoulder restraints.[12] As the trains are floorless, the station has a retractable floor for safe boarding. The third train of the ride is painted blue and orange.[12]
Ride experience
[edit]Once the train is loaded and secured, the floor is retracted and the train departs the station. A U-turn to the right leads to the 150-foot-tall (46 m) chain lift hill. Once riders reach the top, they go through a small pre-drop before dropping 141 feet (43 m) to the right. The train then reaches a top speed of 63 miles per hour (101 km/h) and enters the 128-foot-tall (39 m) vertical loop followed by a turn to the left into the 96-foot-tall (29 m) dive loop. After the diving loop, the train passes the station and goes through a zero-g roll, where riders experience a feeling of weightlessness. The train then goes through the 78-foot-tall (24 m) cobra roll, a roller coaster element which inverts riders twice. Riders then enter the mid-course brake run which is located next to the lift hill. The train drops out of the brake run to the right and enters a 270-degree helix followed by the two interlocking corkscrews. Riders go through a small dip then enter the final brake run before returning to the station.[6][10][13]
Reception
[edit]The reception of Scream has been mixed. Arthur Levine of About.com gives the ride 4 out of 5 stars. He states "it's remarkably smooth, loaded with airtime, and has plenty of surprises to warrant its name". Levine did criticize the lack of theming and landscaping around the ride noting the immediate area surrounding the ride "includes a bone yard of coaster seats and parts".[12] Robert Niles of the Los Angeles Times shared a similar sentiment, stating "Scream creates an effective illusion that you are alone, flying above the track" but questions the ride's location on a former parking lot. He highlights "a good story can elicit extreme thoughts and emotions. [...] Why ignore those opportunities when building a thrill ride?". Niles concluded by stating "I feel a little neglected as I shuffle off the otherwise exciting ride", referring to the lack of theming or storyline.[1] Lynn Arave of the Deseret News praised the ride, rating it alongside the Riddler's Revenge for the best rides in the park.[14]
Scream has never featured in Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards top 50 steel roller coasters. The mirrored clone at Six Flags Great Adventure peaked at position 16 in its debut year before ranking a further six times in the list.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Niles, Robert (April 17, 2003). "It has its ups and downs". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ O'Brien, Tim (February 1, 1999). "Six Flags Great Adventure to turn into 'superpark'". Amusement Business. 111 (5): 3.
- ^ O'Brien, Tim (June 7, 1999). "Park attendance off to a great start for 1999". Amusement Business. 111 (23): 1.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results (Category = Floorless)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
- ^ a b Niles, Robert (November 14, 2002). "Scream leaves you dangling". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Six Flags 'S c r e a m s' Xtreme With Announcement of 16th World-Class Mega Coaster" (Press release). Six Flags Magic Mountain. November 14, 2002. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ O'Brien, Tim (November 25, 2002). "Magic Mountain to 'Scream'". Amusement Business. 114 (47): 10.
- ^ Zoltak, James (April 19, 2004). "Scream Coaster Back In Service After Accident". Amusement Business. 116 (16): 6.
- ^ "Scream! Finally Getting New Paint - The Coaster Guy". The Coaster Guy. February 2, 2015.
- ^ a b c d Marden, Duane. "Scream (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
- ^ Marden, Duane. "Medusa (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
- ^ a b c Levine, Arthur (2004). "Scream- Ride out Loud". About.com. New York Times Company. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ "Scream (HD POV Front) Six Flags Magic Mountain California". Sharp Productions. YouTube. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ Arave, Lynn (May 18, 2003). "It's almost magic: New roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain is a Scream!". Deseret News. Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ "Top 25 steel roller coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
- ^ "Top 25 steel roller coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
- ^ "Top 25 steel roller coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
- ^ "Top 50 steel roller coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ "Top 50 steel roller coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
- ^ "Top 50 steel roller coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2013.
- ^ "Top 50 steel roller coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.