United States Women's Bureau: Difference between revisions
Ganesha811 (talk | contribs) Using "he" as a generic term for a position always filled by a woman is illogical - singular "they" or "she" will work better and not confuse the reader |
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{{Short description|US government agency}} |
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{{Expert needed|Organized Labour|date=June 2010}} |
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{{Infobox government agency |
{{Infobox government agency |
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|agency_name = Women's Bureau |
|agency_name = Women's Bureau |
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|jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States]] |
|jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States]] |
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|headquarters = [[Frances Perkins Building]]<br>[[Washington, D.C.]] |
|headquarters = [[Frances Perkins Building]]<br>[[Washington, D.C.]] |
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|employees = 100<ref>{{cite web|title=DOL Shutdown Plan, Page Three|url=http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/opa/shutdown_plan2013.pdf|work=dol.gov| |
|employees = 100<ref>{{cite web|title=DOL Shutdown Plan, Page Three|url=http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/opa/shutdown_plan2013.pdf|work=dol.gov|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003205748/http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/opa/shutdown_plan2013.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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|budget = |
|budget = |
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|chief1_name = |
|chief1_name = Wendy Chun-Hoon |
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|chief1_position = Director |
|chief1_position = Director |
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|chief2_name = Analilia Mejia |
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|chief2_position = Deputy Director |
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|chief3_name = Joan Harrigan-Farrelly |
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|chief3_position = Deputy Director |
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|website = [ |
|website = [https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb dol.gov/wb] |
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|footnotes = |
|footnotes = |
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The '''United States Women's Bureau''' ('''WB''') is an agency of the [[United States government]] within the [[United States Department of Labor]]. The Women's Bureau works to create parity for women in the labor force by conducting research and policy analysis, to inform and promote policy change, and to increase public awareness and education. |
The '''United States Women's Bureau''' ('''WB''') is an agency of the [[United States government]] within the [[United States Department of Labor]]. The Women's Bureau works to create parity for women in the labor force by conducting research and policy analysis, to inform and promote policy change, and to increase public awareness and education. |
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The Director is appointed by the [[President of the United States|President]] and |
The Director is appointed by the [[President of the United States|President]]. Prior to the [[Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011]], the position required confirmation by advice and consent of the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=[USC05] 29 USC Ch. 2: WOMEN'S BUREAU |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title29/chapter2&edition=prelim |website=uscode.house.gov |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> Since its founding in 1920, the Director of the Women's Bureau has always been a woman. She is supported by a staff in the national office as well as ten regional offices.<ref>{{Cite web|title = WB – Regional Map|url = http://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/regions/regions.htm|website = www.dol.gov|access-date = 2015-10-13}}</ref> |
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==Establishment== |
==Establishment== |
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The Women's Bureau evolved out of the Woman in Industry Service, which was established on July 1, 1918 as a war-time service to employ women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=WB – Our History (An Overview 1920–2012)|website=www.dol.gov| |
The Women's Bureau evolved out of the Woman in Industry Service, which was established on July 1, 1918, as a war-time service to employ women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=WB – Our History (An Overview 1920–2012)|website=www.dol.gov|access-date=2015-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/086.html|title=Records of the Women's Bureau|website=www.archives.gov|access-date=2015-10-15}}</ref> It was headed by social activist [[Mary van Kleeck]], who was the head of the Department of Industrial Studies at the [[Russell Sage Foundation]]. In 1917, amidst [[World War I]], van Kleeck undertook an investigation of the possibility of employment of women in Army warehouses at the behest of the [[War Industries Board]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JBZAAAAYAAJ&q=alliance%20employment%20bureau%20nyc%20van%20kleeck&pg=PA113 |title=Life and Labor |date=1918 |publisher=National Women's Trade Union League |editor-last=Robins |editor-first=Margaret Dreier |volume=8 |language=en |editor-last2=Rippey |editor-first2=Sarah Cory}}</ref> She recommended the creation of a Women's Bureau in the [[United States Department of War|War Department]], and as a result [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]] appointed<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCHLa6mBmj8C&q=van+Kleeck+new+deal&pg=PA63|title=The Road Not Taken: A History of Radical Social Work in the United States|last1=Reisch|first1=Michael|last2=Andrews|first2=Janice|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415933995|pages=61–65|language=en}}</ref> van Kleeck to lead a new Women in Industry Service group, a sub-agency of the [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-States-Womens-Bureau|title=United States Women's Bureau {{!}} United States federal agency|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> Van Kleeck wrote that the great numbers of [[American women in World War I|women brought into the workforce by the war]] represented a "new freedom" for women: "freedom to serve their country through their industry not as women but as workers judged by the same standards and rewarded by the same recompense as men".<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=https://insidefraser.stlouisfed.org/2019/03/the-woman-power-behind-the-woman-in-industry-service/|title=Uncurrent Events: The Woman-Power Behind the "Woman in Industry Service"|date=March 4, 2019|website=Inside FRASER|publisher=St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of the United States|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816192721/https://insidefraser.stlouisfed.org/2019/03/the-woman-power-behind-the-woman-in-industry-service/|archive-date=August 16, 2019|access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The Women in Industry Service group produced a series of reports documenting [[Gender pay gap|wage disparities]], [[Occupational safety and health|unsafe working conditions]], and discrimination against female laborers, conducting investigations in 31 states.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=Women's Bureau (WB) – About Us, Our History|website=www.dol.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619072633/https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|archive-date=June 19, 2019|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> However, their recommendations were often ignored, and at an October 1918 conference to discuss women's labor organized by van Kleeck, [[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]] [[William Bauchop Wilson|William Wilson]] declined to take action to address wage inequality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&q=van+Kleeck&pg=PA342|title=Women and War|last=McGuire|first=John Thomas|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851097708|pages=624|language=en}}</ref> In December 1918, the group published a wide-ranging report entitled ''Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry'', which was later used as the basis for the groundbreaking [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]], which applied basic working standards to men and women throughout the country.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41Mc6YEN_3kC&q=fair+labor+standards+act+%22employment+of+women+in+industry%22&pg=PA522|title=Handbook of labor statistics|last=Bureau of Labor Statistics|first=United States|date=1942|publisher=U.S. G.P.O.|pages=522–535|language=en}}</ref> |
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As such, she became the first woman in America appointed to a position of authority in the federal government.<ref name=":22" /> Van Kleeck wrote that the great numbers of [[American women in World War I|women brought into the workforce by the war]] represented a "new freedom" for women: "freedom to serve their country through their industry not as women but as workers judged by the same standards and rewarded by the same recompense as men".<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=https://insidefraser.stlouisfed.org/2019/03/the-woman-power-behind-the-woman-in-industry-service/|title=Uncurrent Events: The Woman-Power Behind the "Woman in Industry Service"|last=|first=|date=March 4, 2019|website=Inside FRASER|publisher=St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of the United States|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816192721/https://insidefraser.stlouisfed.org/2019/03/the-woman-power-behind-the-woman-in-industry-service/|archive-date=August 16, 2019|access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> |
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⚫ | After the war, van Kleeck's group became the United States Women's Bureau. Van Kleeck helped write the law enabling this transition in June 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/elgarwe/mary_abby_van_kleeck/0|title=Mary Abby Van Kleeck {{!}} A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists|website=search.credoreference.com|publisher=Credo Reference|language=en|access-date=December 3, 2018}}</ref> On July 14, van Kleeck was appointed as the head of the new agency within the Department of Labor.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Gender and American social science : the formative years|last=Alchon|first=Guy|date=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691017492|editor-last=Silverberg|editor-first=Helene|location=Princeton, N.J.|chapter=The "Self-Applauding Sincerity" of Overreaching Theory, Biography as Ethical Practice, and the Case of Mary van Kleeck|oclc=37806197}}</ref> Although she was expected to lead the Bureau permanently, van Kleeck was called away to help care for her dying mother and resigned after a few weeks. [[Mary Anderson (labor leader)|Mary Anderson]], her close friend and colleague, became its first long-term director instead.<ref name="Papers2">{{cite web|url=http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss150_bioghist.html|title=Sophia Smith Collection: Mary van Kleeck Papers, 1849–1998|work=Five College Archives and Manuscript Collections|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185450/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/sophiasmith/mnsss150_bioghist.html|archive-date=June 21, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":62"/> |
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⚫ | The Women in Industry Service group produced a series of reports documenting [[Gender pay gap|wage disparities]], [[Occupational safety and health|unsafe working conditions]], and discrimination against female laborers, conducting investigations in 31 states.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=Women's Bureau (WB) – About Us, Our History|website=www.dol.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619072633/https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|archive-date=June 19, 2019|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> However, their recommendations were often ignored, and at an October 1918 conference to discuss women's labor organized by van Kleeck, [[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]] [[William Bauchop Wilson|William Wilson]] declined to take action to address wage inequality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lyZYS_GxglIC& |
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⚫ | The Bureau was established by Congress on June 5, 1920, just two months before women achieved the right to vote, and continues its responsibility to carry out Public Law 66-259; 29 U.S.C. 11–16.29 (1920)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Open Collections Program: Women Working, Women's Bureau|url = http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/womensbureau.html|website = ocp.hul.harvard.edu|access-date = 2015-10-13}}</ref> Their enabling legislation gives them the duty to formulate policies and standards to promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment. The Women's Bureau's collaboration with the [[National Consumers League]] and the [[Women's Educational and Industrial Union]] allowed the Bureau to effectively research and advocate for women workers.<ref name=":1" /> |
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⚫ | After the war, van Kleeck's group became the United States Women's Bureau. Van Kleeck helped write the law enabling this transition in June 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/elgarwe/mary_abby_van_kleeck/0|title=Mary Abby Van Kleeck {{!}} A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists|website=search.credoreference.com|publisher=Credo Reference|language=en|access-date=December 3, 2018}}</ref> On July 14, van Kleeck was appointed as the head of the new agency within the Department of Labor.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Gender and American social science : the formative years|last=Alchon|first=Guy|date=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691017492|editor-last=Silverberg|editor-first=Helene|location=Princeton, N.J. |
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⚫ | The Bureau was established by Congress on June 5, 1920, just two months before women achieved the right to vote, and continues its responsibility to carry out Public Law 66-259; 29 U.S.C. 11–16.29 (1920)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Open Collections Program: Women Working, Women's Bureau|url = http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/womensbureau.html|website = ocp.hul.harvard.edu| |
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== History == |
== History == |
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In the 1920s and 30s, the Women's Bureau focused on women's working conditions in industries including manufacturing, household employment and clothing industry.<ref name=":0" /> 21% of American's employed at this time were women, who worked long hours with little wages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = The Women's Bureau: A Continuous Fight Against Inequality {{!}} Section of Civil Rights and Social Justice|url = http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol37_2010/summer2010/the_womens_bureau_a_continuous_fight_against_inequality.html|website = www.americanbar.org| |
In the 1920s and 30s, the Women's Bureau focused on women's working conditions in industries including manufacturing, household employment and clothing industry.<ref name=":0" /> 21% of American's employed at this time were women, who worked long hours with little wages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = The Women's Bureau: A Continuous Fight Against Inequality {{!}} Section of Civil Rights and Social Justice|url = http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol37_2010/summer2010/the_womens_bureau_a_continuous_fight_against_inequality.html|website = www.americanbar.org|access-date = 2015-10-13}}</ref> In 1922, the WB began investigating the conditions facing 'negro women in industry.' By focusing on minority groups, [[Mary Anderson (labor leader)|Mary Anderson]], the Bureau's first director, was able to get [[social justice]] legislation passed for women since the administration largely ignored these groups.<ref name="WB – Directors' Gallery">{{Cite web|title = WB – Directors' Gallery|url = http://www.dol.gov/wb/edu/gallery.htm|website = www.dol.gov|access-date = 2015-10-13}}</ref> The WB successfully advocated for the inclusion of women under the [[Fair Labor Standards Act|Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]], which, for the first time, set minimum wages and maximum working hours. |
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As American men were mobilized for entering [[World War II]], many women began working in nontraditional roles such as in aircraft plants, shipyards, and manufacturing companies. These jobs also paid more than traditional "[[women's work]]". The Bureau shifted its focus in this time to achieve more skills training, wider job opportunities, higher wages and better working conditions for the 'new' female workforce.<ref>{{Cite web|title = "Continued Employment after the War?": The Women's Bureau Studies Postwar Plans of Women Workers|url = http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/7027/|website = historymatters.gmu.edu| |
As American men were mobilized for entering [[World War II]], many women began working in nontraditional roles such as in aircraft plants, shipyards, and manufacturing companies. These jobs also paid more than traditional "[[women's work]]". The Bureau shifted its focus in this time to achieve more skills training, wider job opportunities, higher wages and better working conditions for the 'new' female workforce.<ref>{{Cite web|title = "Continued Employment after the War?": The Women's Bureau Studies Postwar Plans of Women Workers|url = http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/7027/|website = historymatters.gmu.edu|access-date = 2015-10-15}}</ref> The WB was an esteemed agency by 1942 and reports were consistently conservative, often repeating stereotypical ideas of women's strengths and weaknesses. However, the records of the Bureau during World War II contain a wealth of data and information about women with the focus remaining on the conditions of employed women, often neglecting middle-class women and continual support for special legislation for women's employment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url = http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/2642_WomBureauPt2SerB.pdf|title = A guide to the Microfilm Edition of Records of the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor, 1918-1965. Part II: Women in World War II|date = 1991|access-date = 16 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117101928/http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/2642_WomBureauPt2SerB.pdf|archive-date = 17 November 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> |
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In the 1940s and 50s, the WB turned its attention how women's employment outlook and opportunities changed in the postwar period.<ref name=":0" /> After 1942, the Bureau officials hoped to have an audience in the federal government and to play a large role in labor mobilization. This hope never came to fruition and in April 1942, the [[War Manpower Commission]] headed labor mobilization. The commission, led by [[Paul V. McNutt|Paul McNutt]], rejected the idea of having any woman on his labor advisory commission instead creating a Women's Advisory Committee. However, both the Bureau and the Advisory Committee's advice regarding women's employment was often disregarded.<ref name=":3" /> |
In the 1940s and 50s, the WB turned its attention how women's employment outlook and opportunities changed in the postwar period.<ref name=":0" /> After 1942, the Bureau officials hoped to have an audience in the federal government and to play a large role in labor mobilization. This hope never came to fruition and in April 1942, the [[War Manpower Commission]] headed labor mobilization. The commission, led by [[Paul V. McNutt|Paul McNutt]], rejected the idea of having any woman on his labor advisory commission instead creating a Women's Advisory Committee. However, both the Bureau and the Advisory Committee's advice regarding women's employment was often disregarded.<ref name=":3" /> |
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in the 1950s and 60s, the WB developed policies and programs to increase women college graduates. The WB played an instrumental role in the passage of the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which amended the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]]. It effectively removed the ability to pay employees differently, based on sex. [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John F. Kennedy]] signed the law on June 10, 1963.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://research.archives.gov/id/4397822|title = House Resolution 5056 Prohibiting Discrimination in Pay on Account of Sex|date = 1944-06-19| |
in the 1950s and 60s, the WB developed policies and programs to increase women college graduates. The WB played an instrumental role in the passage of the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which amended the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]]. It effectively removed the ability to pay employees differently, based on sex. [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John F. Kennedy]] signed the law on June 10, 1963.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://research.archives.gov/id/4397822|title = House Resolution 5056 Prohibiting Discrimination in Pay on Account of Sex|date = 1944-06-19|access-date = 13 October 2015}}</ref> However, during this time, the Bureau was opposed to the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA) introduced by the [[National Woman's Party]] in 1923 until Kennedy took office in 1961. This was due to the commitment the WB had in maintaining protective labor legislation for women. During Kennedy's campaign, he needed to recognize a political constituency. However instead of supporting an ERA during his presidency, he created a [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women]]. The commission was headed by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], an ERA supporter, until her death 1962, after which the commission was unofficially headed by Women's Bureau director and ERA opponent, [[Esther Peterson]], who had advocated for the formation of the Commission early on. With Peterson as the de facto head, the final report by the commission made no flat statement for or against passage of the ERA. It did, however, urge the courts to expand the 14th amendment to grant full Constitutional equality to women.<ref>Harrison, C. (1988). On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968. Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref> |
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[[Elizabeth Duncan Koontz]] was the first Black woman to head the Bureau in 1969. The [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]] named Koontz a U.S. Delegate and with this added role, she worked with the Bureau to share research and expertise in developing countries. Under Koontz's leadership, the WB also worked to address and eliminate description against women and minorities in the workforce. They supported the proposed [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA). Carmen Rosa Maymi headed the Women's Bureau in 1975 as the highest-ranking Hispanic woman in the Federal Government and the first Hispanic Director of the Bureau.<ref name=":0" /> |
[[Elizabeth Duncan Koontz]] was the first Black woman to head the Bureau in 1969. The [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]] named Koontz a U.S. Delegate and with this added role, she worked with the Bureau to share research and expertise in developing countries. Under Koontz's leadership, the WB also worked to address and eliminate description against women and minorities in the workforce. They supported the proposed [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA). Carmen Rosa Maymi headed the Women's Bureau in 1975 as the highest-ranking Hispanic woman in the Federal Government and the first Hispanic Director of the Bureau.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Following the 1973 [[Comprehensive Employment and Training Act]] (CETA) designed to train workers and provide them with public service jobs, the Bureau began developing programs for CETA funds that focused on special counseling and referral services, women in non-traditional jobs, pre-apprenticeship training and job development. Many of these new programs were also designed to help low-income women.<ref name=":0" /> The Bureau also had a role in the passage of the [[Pregnancy Discrimination Act|Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978]].<ref name=":2" /> |
Following the 1973 [[Comprehensive Employment and Training Act]] (CETA) designed to train workers and provide them with public service jobs, the Bureau began developing programs for CETA funds that focused on special counseling and referral services, women in non-traditional jobs, pre-apprenticeship training and job development. Many of these new programs were also designed to help low-income women.<ref name=":0" /> The Bureau also had a role in the passage of the [[Pregnancy Discrimination Act|Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978]].<ref name=":2" /> |
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From 1978 to 1980, the Bureau contracted with [[Coal Employment Project]] to carry out a two-phase, experimental program in the five county mining area of Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Morgan, and Scott in Tennessee. CEP was a non-profit women's organization founded in 1977 with the goal of women gaining employment as miners. With local support groups in both the eastern and western coalfields, CEP also advocated for women on issues such as sexual harassment, mine safety, equal access to training and promotions, parental leave, and wages.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |date=2002 |title=Women's bureau publication touts benefits of high-tech employment of women. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e303132004-001 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset|doi=10.1037/e303132004-001 }}</ref> |
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The program with CEP centered on the development of a training program that considered the needs of women—which was accomplished with the aid of federal and state mining officials, coal industry leaders, union officials, U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health officials, state training instructors, and actual women miners. Its focus was on federally required safety instruction, information on federal and state antidiscrimination laws, union rights, physical development, techniques on assertiveness, and credit and social security rights. Also involved were all-women panels that discussed how they handled problems that often concerned women, like sexual harassment.<ref name=":4" /> |
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In the 1960s, the Bureau started an on-site day care center. This led to the Bureau launching a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored child care in 1982. The result of this initiative was the establishment of a multi-media Work and Family Clearinghouse in 1989 and the [[Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993]], that mandated employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.<ref name=":0" /> |
In the 1960s, the Bureau started an on-site day care center. This led to the Bureau launching a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored child care in 1982. The result of this initiative was the establishment of a multi-media Work and Family Clearinghouse in 1989 and the [[Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993]], that mandated employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.<ref name=":0" /> |
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In 2014, the WB teamed up with the [[White House]] and the [[Center for American Progress]] for the White House Summit on Working Families convening businesses, economists, labor leaders, legislators, advocates, and the media for a discussion on issues facing the entire spectrum of working families, including workplace flexibility, equal pay, workplace discrimination, worker retention and promotion, and childcare/early childhood education. |
In 2014, the WB teamed up with the [[White House]] and the [[Center for American Progress]] for the White House Summit on Working Families convening businesses, economists, labor leaders, legislators, advocates, and the media for a discussion on issues facing the entire spectrum of working families, including workplace flexibility, equal pay, workplace discrimination, worker retention and promotion, and childcare/early childhood education. |
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==Current status== |
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Currently, the WB is assisting working women in a variety of ways to advance and improve women's earning power through opportunities for preparation and training for women in growth and in demand careers and by advocating for fair and equal wages. They also promote and advance workplace policies that reflect a 21st-century workplace for working women and families. |
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*[[Mary van Kleeck]], 1920 (temporary) |
*[[Mary van Kleeck]], 1920 (temporary) |
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*[[Mary Anderson (labor leader)|Mary Anderson]], 1920–1944 |
*[[Mary Anderson (labor leader)|Mary Anderson]], 1920–1944 |
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* [[Frieda S. Miller]], 1944–1953 |
* [[Frieda S. Miller]], 1944–1953 |
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* Alice K. Leopold, 1953–1961 |
* [[Alice K. Leopold]], 1953–1961 |
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* [[Esther Peterson]], 1961–1964 |
* [[Esther Peterson]], 1961–1964 |
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*[[Mary Dublin Keyserling]], 1964–1969 |
*[[Mary Dublin Keyserling]], 1964–1969 |
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* Sara Manzano-Diaz, 2010–2012 |
* Sara Manzano-Diaz, 2010–2012 |
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* Latifa Lyles, 2012–2017 |
* Latifa Lyles, 2012–2017 |
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* Patricia G. Greene, |
* Patricia G. Greene, 2017–2018 |
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*Laurie Todd-Smith, 2019–2021 |
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* |
*Wendy Chun-Hoon, 2021–present<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/about_wb.htm|title=About Us, Women's Bureau - U. S. Department of Labor|website=www.dol.gov|access-date=2021-05-10}}</ref> |
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== Select publications == |
== Select publications == |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* Hendrickson, Mark. "Gender Research as Labor Activism: The Women's Bureau in the New Era." ''Journal of Policy History'' 20.4 (2008): 482-515. |
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* Laughlin, Kathleen A. ''Women's work and public policy: A history of the Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor, 1945-1970'' (Northeastern UP, 2000). [https://archive.org/details/womensworkpublic0000laug online] |
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** Boris, Eileen. "Women's Work and Public Policy: a History of the Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor, 1945-1970." ''NWSA Journal'' 14#1 (2002), pp. 201–207 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4316881 online] |
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* McGuire, John Thomas. "Gender and the Personal Shaping of Public Administration in the United States: Mary Anderson and the Women's Bureau, 1920–1930." ''Public Administration Review'' 72.2 (2012): 265-271. |
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* Nyland, Chris, and Mark Rix. "Mary van Kleeck, Lillian Gilbreth and the Women’s Bureau study of gendered labor law." ''Journal of Management History'' (2000). on a 1928 report |
|||
* Sharer, Wendy B. "Genre work: Expertise and advocacy in the early bulletins of the US women's Bureau." ''Rhetoric Society Quarterly'' 33.1 (2003): 5-32. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02773940309391244 online] |
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* Weber, Gustavus Adolphus. ''The Women's Bureau: Its History, Activities, and Organization'' (. Johns Hopkins Press, 1923) [https://books.google.com/books?id=-SIaAAAAIAAJ&dq=WOMEN%27S+BUREAU&pg=PA1 online]. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
Latest revision as of 21:38, 27 March 2024
Agency overview | |
---|---|
Formed | June 5, 1920 |
Preceding agency | |
Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |
Headquarters | Frances Perkins Building Washington, D.C. |
Employees | 100[1] |
Agency executives |
|
Parent department | Department of Labor |
Website | dol.gov/wb |
The United States Women's Bureau (WB) is an agency of the United States government within the United States Department of Labor. The Women's Bureau works to create parity for women in the labor force by conducting research and policy analysis, to inform and promote policy change, and to increase public awareness and education.
The Director is appointed by the President. Prior to the Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011, the position required confirmation by advice and consent of the Senate.[2] Since its founding in 1920, the Director of the Women's Bureau has always been a woman. She is supported by a staff in the national office as well as ten regional offices.[3]
Establishment
[edit]The Women's Bureau evolved out of the Woman in Industry Service, which was established on July 1, 1918, as a war-time service to employ women.[4][5] It was headed by social activist Mary van Kleeck, who was the head of the Department of Industrial Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation. In 1917, amidst World War I, van Kleeck undertook an investigation of the possibility of employment of women in Army warehouses at the behest of the War Industries Board.[6] She recommended the creation of a Women's Bureau in the War Department, and as a result President Wilson appointed[7] van Kleeck to lead a new Women in Industry Service group, a sub-agency of the Department of Labor.[8] Van Kleeck wrote that the great numbers of women brought into the workforce by the war represented a "new freedom" for women: "freedom to serve their country through their industry not as women but as workers judged by the same standards and rewarded by the same recompense as men".[9]
The Women in Industry Service group produced a series of reports documenting wage disparities, unsafe working conditions, and discrimination against female laborers, conducting investigations in 31 states.[9][10] However, their recommendations were often ignored, and at an October 1918 conference to discuss women's labor organized by van Kleeck, Secretary of Labor William Wilson declined to take action to address wage inequality.[11] In December 1918, the group published a wide-ranging report entitled Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry, which was later used as the basis for the groundbreaking Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which applied basic working standards to men and women throughout the country.[9][12]
After the war, van Kleeck's group became the United States Women's Bureau. Van Kleeck helped write the law enabling this transition in June 1920.[13] On July 14, van Kleeck was appointed as the head of the new agency within the Department of Labor.[14] Although she was expected to lead the Bureau permanently, van Kleeck was called away to help care for her dying mother and resigned after a few weeks. Mary Anderson, her close friend and colleague, became its first long-term director instead.[15][9]
The Bureau was established by Congress on June 5, 1920, just two months before women achieved the right to vote, and continues its responsibility to carry out Public Law 66-259; 29 U.S.C. 11–16.29 (1920)[16] Their enabling legislation gives them the duty to formulate policies and standards to promote the welfare of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment. The Women's Bureau's collaboration with the National Consumers League and the Women's Educational and Industrial Union allowed the Bureau to effectively research and advocate for women workers.[16]
History
[edit]In the 1920s and 30s, the Women's Bureau focused on women's working conditions in industries including manufacturing, household employment and clothing industry.[4] 21% of American's employed at this time were women, who worked long hours with little wages.[17] In 1922, the WB began investigating the conditions facing 'negro women in industry.' By focusing on minority groups, Mary Anderson, the Bureau's first director, was able to get social justice legislation passed for women since the administration largely ignored these groups.[18] The WB successfully advocated for the inclusion of women under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which, for the first time, set minimum wages and maximum working hours.
As American men were mobilized for entering World War II, many women began working in nontraditional roles such as in aircraft plants, shipyards, and manufacturing companies. These jobs also paid more than traditional "women's work". The Bureau shifted its focus in this time to achieve more skills training, wider job opportunities, higher wages and better working conditions for the 'new' female workforce.[19] The WB was an esteemed agency by 1942 and reports were consistently conservative, often repeating stereotypical ideas of women's strengths and weaknesses. However, the records of the Bureau during World War II contain a wealth of data and information about women with the focus remaining on the conditions of employed women, often neglecting middle-class women and continual support for special legislation for women's employment.[20]
In the 1940s and 50s, the WB turned its attention how women's employment outlook and opportunities changed in the postwar period.[4] After 1942, the Bureau officials hoped to have an audience in the federal government and to play a large role in labor mobilization. This hope never came to fruition and in April 1942, the War Manpower Commission headed labor mobilization. The commission, led by Paul McNutt, rejected the idea of having any woman on his labor advisory commission instead creating a Women's Advisory Committee. However, both the Bureau and the Advisory Committee's advice regarding women's employment was often disregarded.[20]
in the 1950s and 60s, the WB developed policies and programs to increase women college graduates. The WB played an instrumental role in the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which amended the Fair Labor Standards Act. It effectively removed the ability to pay employees differently, based on sex. John F. Kennedy signed the law on June 10, 1963.[4][21] However, during this time, the Bureau was opposed to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) introduced by the National Woman's Party in 1923 until Kennedy took office in 1961. This was due to the commitment the WB had in maintaining protective labor legislation for women. During Kennedy's campaign, he needed to recognize a political constituency. However instead of supporting an ERA during his presidency, he created a Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. The commission was headed by Eleanor Roosevelt, an ERA supporter, until her death 1962, after which the commission was unofficially headed by Women's Bureau director and ERA opponent, Esther Peterson, who had advocated for the formation of the Commission early on. With Peterson as the de facto head, the final report by the commission made no flat statement for or against passage of the ERA. It did, however, urge the courts to expand the 14th amendment to grant full Constitutional equality to women.[22]
Elizabeth Duncan Koontz was the first Black woman to head the Bureau in 1969. The United Nations Commission on the Status of Women named Koontz a U.S. Delegate and with this added role, she worked with the Bureau to share research and expertise in developing countries. Under Koontz's leadership, the WB also worked to address and eliminate description against women and minorities in the workforce. They supported the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Carmen Rosa Maymi headed the Women's Bureau in 1975 as the highest-ranking Hispanic woman in the Federal Government and the first Hispanic Director of the Bureau.[4]
Following the 1973 Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) designed to train workers and provide them with public service jobs, the Bureau began developing programs for CETA funds that focused on special counseling and referral services, women in non-traditional jobs, pre-apprenticeship training and job development. Many of these new programs were also designed to help low-income women.[4] The Bureau also had a role in the passage of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978.[17]
From 1978 to 1980, the Bureau contracted with Coal Employment Project to carry out a two-phase, experimental program in the five county mining area of Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Morgan, and Scott in Tennessee. CEP was a non-profit women's organization founded in 1977 with the goal of women gaining employment as miners. With local support groups in both the eastern and western coalfields, CEP also advocated for women on issues such as sexual harassment, mine safety, equal access to training and promotions, parental leave, and wages.[23]
The program with CEP centered on the development of a training program that considered the needs of women—which was accomplished with the aid of federal and state mining officials, coal industry leaders, union officials, U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health officials, state training instructors, and actual women miners. Its focus was on federally required safety instruction, information on federal and state antidiscrimination laws, union rights, physical development, techniques on assertiveness, and credit and social security rights. Also involved were all-women panels that discussed how they handled problems that often concerned women, like sexual harassment.[23]
In the 1960s, the Bureau started an on-site day care center. This led to the Bureau launching a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored child care in 1982. The result of this initiative was the establishment of a multi-media Work and Family Clearinghouse in 1989 and the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, that mandated employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.[4]
The Bureau focused on non-traditional employment for women in the 1990s, including apprenticeships and domestic workers.[4] In 1996, the WB published a fact sheet on the workplace effects of domestic violence.
In 2014, the WB teamed up with the White House and the Center for American Progress for the White House Summit on Working Families convening businesses, economists, labor leaders, legislators, advocates, and the media for a discussion on issues facing the entire spectrum of working families, including workplace flexibility, equal pay, workplace discrimination, worker retention and promotion, and childcare/early childhood education.
List of directors
[edit]- Mary van Kleeck, 1920 (temporary)
- Mary Anderson, 1920–1944
- Frieda S. Miller, 1944–1953
- Alice K. Leopold, 1953–1961
- Esther Peterson, 1961–1964
- Mary Dublin Keyserling, 1964–1969
- Elizabeth Duncan Koontz, 1969–1973
- Carmen Rosa Maymi, 1973–1977
- Alexis M. Herman, 1977–1981
- Lenora Cole Alexander, 1981–1986
- Shirley M. Dennis, 1986–1988
- Jill Houghton Emery (Phillips), 1988–1989
- Elsie Vartanian, 1991–1993
- Karen Nussbaum, 1993–1996
- Irasema T. Garza, 1999–2000
- Shinae Chun, 2001–2009
- Sara Manzano-Diaz, 2010–2012
- Latifa Lyles, 2012–2017
- Patricia G. Greene, 2017–2018
- Laurie Todd-Smith, 2019–2021
- Wendy Chun-Hoon, 2021–present[24]
Select publications
[edit]- Pidgeon, Mary Elizabeth. Bureau Special Bulletin 20: Occupational Status of Women in 1944. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944.
References
[edit]- ^ "DOL Shutdown Plan, Page Three" (PDF). dol.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ "[USC05] 29 USC Ch. 2: WOMEN'S BUREAU". uscode.house.gov. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ "WB – Regional Map". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "WB – Our History (An Overview 1920–2012)". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ^ "Records of the Women's Bureau". www.archives.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
- ^ Robins, Margaret Dreier; Rippey, Sarah Cory, eds. (1918). Life and Labor. Vol. 8. National Women's Trade Union League.
- ^ Reisch, Michael; Andrews, Janice (2002). The Road Not Taken: A History of Radical Social Work in the United States. Psychology Press. pp. 61–65. ISBN 9780415933995.
- ^ "United States Women's Bureau | United States federal agency". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Uncurrent Events: The Woman-Power Behind the "Woman in Industry Service"". Inside FRASER. St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of the United States. March 4, 2019. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
- ^ "Women's Bureau (WB) – About Us, Our History". www.dol.gov. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
- ^ McGuire, John Thomas (2006). Women and War. ABC-CLIO. p. 624. ISBN 9781851097708.
- ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States (1942). Handbook of labor statistics. U.S. G.P.O. pp. 522–535.
- ^ "Mary Abby Van Kleeck | A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists". search.credoreference.com. Credo Reference. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
- ^ Alchon, Guy (1998). "The "Self-Applauding Sincerity" of Overreaching Theory, Biography as Ethical Practice, and the Case of Mary van Kleeck". In Silverberg, Helene (ed.). Gender and American social science : the formative years. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691017492. OCLC 37806197.
- ^ "Sophia Smith Collection: Mary van Kleeck Papers, 1849–1998". Five College Archives and Manuscript Collections. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
- ^ a b "Open Collections Program: Women Working, Women's Bureau". ocp.hul.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ^ a b "The Women's Bureau: A Continuous Fight Against Inequality | Section of Civil Rights and Social Justice". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ^ "WB – Directors' Gallery". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ^ ""Continued Employment after the War?": The Women's Bureau Studies Postwar Plans of Women Workers". historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
- ^ a b "A guide to the Microfilm Edition of Records of the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor, 1918-1965. Part II: Women in World War II" (PDF). 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^ "House Resolution 5056 Prohibiting Discrimination in Pay on Account of Sex". 1944-06-19. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ Harrison, C. (1988). On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ^ a b "Women's bureau publication touts benefits of high-tech employment of women". PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2002. doi:10.1037/e303132004-001. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
- ^ "About Us, Women's Bureau - U. S. Department of Labor". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
Further reading
[edit]- Hendrickson, Mark. "Gender Research as Labor Activism: The Women's Bureau in the New Era." Journal of Policy History 20.4 (2008): 482-515.
- Laughlin, Kathleen A. Women's work and public policy: A history of the Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor, 1945-1970 (Northeastern UP, 2000). online
- Boris, Eileen. "Women's Work and Public Policy: a History of the Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor, 1945-1970." NWSA Journal 14#1 (2002), pp. 201–207 online
- McGuire, John Thomas. "Gender and the Personal Shaping of Public Administration in the United States: Mary Anderson and the Women's Bureau, 1920–1930." Public Administration Review 72.2 (2012): 265-271.
- Nyland, Chris, and Mark Rix. "Mary van Kleeck, Lillian Gilbreth and the Women’s Bureau study of gendered labor law." Journal of Management History (2000). on a 1928 report
- Sharer, Wendy B. "Genre work: Expertise and advocacy in the early bulletins of the US women's Bureau." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 33.1 (2003): 5-32. online
- Weber, Gustavus Adolphus. The Women's Bureau: Its History, Activities, and Organization (. Johns Hopkins Press, 1923) online.
External links
[edit]- Women's Bureau Home Page
- Publications of the Women's Bureau available on FRASER, the Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research.