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{{Short description|1918 military conflict on Gulf of Finland during WW I}}

{{Infobox military conflict|
{{Infobox military conflict|
conflict=Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet|
conflict=Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet|
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caption=The Ice Cruise.|
caption=The Ice Cruise.|
partof=[[World War I]]|
partof=[[World War I]]|
date=February–March 1918|
date=February–April 1918|
place=[[Baltic Sea]]|
place=[[Baltic Sea]]|
⚫
result=Transfer of the [[Baltic Fleet]] to Soviet-controlled harbours.|
result=Russian victory
⚫
combatant1=[[File:Flag RSFSR 1918.svg|23px]] [[Russian SFSR|Russia]]|
⚫
*Transfer of the [[Baltic Fleet]] to Soviet-controlled harbours.|
combatant2=|
⚫
combatant1= [[File:Flag RSFSR 1918.svg|23px]] [[Russian SFSR|Russia]]|
combatant2= {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German Empire|Germany]]|
commander1=[[Alexey Schastny]]|
commander1=[[Alexey Schastny]]|
commander2=[[Rüdiger von der Goltz]]|
commander2=|
strength1=|
strength1=|
strength2= [[Baltic Sea Division]]|
strength2=|
casualties1=|
casualties1=|
casualties2=|
casualties2=|
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{{Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914-1918}}
{{Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914-1918}}


The '''Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet''' ({{lang-ru|Ледовый поход Балтийского флота}}) was an operation which transferred the ships of the [[Baltic Fleet]] of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] from their bases at [[Tallinn]], at the time known as Reval ({{lang-ru|Ревель}}), and [[Helsinki]] to [[Kronstadt]] in 1918.
The '''Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet''' ({{langx|ru|Ледовый поход Балтийского флота}}) was an operation which transferred the ships of the [[Baltic Fleet]] of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] from their bases at [[Tallinn]], at the time known as Reval ({{langx|ru|Ревель}}), and [[Helsinki]] to [[Kronstadt]] in 1918.


[[File:Yermak icebreaker.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Yermak (1898 icebreaker)|''Yermak'']], one of the icebreakers that took part in the operation.]]
[[File:Yermak icebreaker.jpg|thumb|[[Yermak (1898 icebreaker)|''Yermak'']], one of the icebreakers that took part in the operation.]]


==Operation==
==Operation==
On 17 February 1918 [[Vladimir Lenin]] ordered the ships of the Baltic Fleet to leave their bases at [[Tallinn]] and sail to [[Helsinki]].<ref name=ALG3>{{cite web|url=http://www.rusnavy.ru/d03/150.htm|title=History of the Soviet Navy|access-date=20 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503092154/http://www.rusnavy.ru/d03/150.htm|archive-date=3 May 2014|df=}}</ref> On 19 February, due to a new German offensive, the Baltic Fleet ordered the further transfer of ships located in Helsinki to [[Kronstadt]]. On the same day ships started leaving Tallinn.<ref name=ALG3/> A general evacuation began on 22 February, with a group of four ships, led by the icebreaker [[Yermak (1898 icebreaker)|''Yermak'']], departing for Helsinki.<ref name=ALG3/> They were followed on 24 February by a convoy of transport ships, accompanied by two submarines, three [[minesweeper]]s and a [[minelayer]].<ref name=ALG3/>
On 17 February 1918 [[Vladimir Lenin]] ordered the ships of the Baltic Fleet to leave their bases at [[Tallinn]] and sail to [[Helsinki]].<ref name=ALG3>{{cite web|url=http://www.rusnavy.ru/d03/150.htm|title=History of the Soviet Navy|access-date=20 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503092154/http://www.rusnavy.ru/d03/150.htm|archive-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> On 19 February, due to a new German offensive, the Baltic Fleet ordered the further transfer of ships located in Helsinki to [[Kronstadt]]. On the same day ships started leaving Tallinn.<ref name=ALG3/> A general evacuation began on 22 February, with a group of four ships, led by the icebreaker [[Yermak (1898 icebreaker)|''Yermak'']], departing for Helsinki.<ref name=ALG3/> They were followed on 24 February by a convoy of transport ships, accompanied by two submarines, three [[minesweeper]]s and a [[minelayer]].<ref name=ALG3/>


By the time German troops entered Reval on 25 February, most of the Russian ships had already left, escorted by the [[icebreaker]]s ''Yermak'', ''[[Tarmo (1907 icebreaker)|Tarmo]]'' and ''[[Suur Tõll (icebreaker)|Volynets]]''.<ref name=ALG3/><ref name=Fock>{{cite book|last=Fock|title=Z-vor!|page=193}}</ref> The operation, superintended by [[Alexey Schastny]], succeeded in evacuating the bulk of the Baltic Fleet to Helsinki, where all of the ships had arrived by 5 March, with the exception of the submarine ''[[Edinorog]]'', which had been crushed by ice.<ref name=ALG3/>
By the time German troops entered Reval on 25 February, most of the Russian ships had already left, escorted by the [[icebreaker]]s ''Yermak'', ''[[Tarmo (1907 icebreaker)|Tarmo]]'' and ''[[Suur Tõll (icebreaker)|Volynets]]''.<ref name=ALG3/><ref name=Fock>{{cite book|last=Fock|title=Z-vor!|page=193}}</ref> The operation, superintended by [[Alexey Schastny]], succeeded in evacuating the bulk of the Baltic Fleet to Helsinki, where all of the ships had arrived by 5 March, with the exception of the submarine ''[[Edinorog]]'', which had been crushed by ice.<ref name=ALG3/>


On 12–13 April, German forces captured Helsinki. Russian sailors scuttled four submarines in [[Hanko]] harbour on 3 April, just before the 10,000-strong German [[Baltic Sea Division]] landed in support of the [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]]. The {{convert|335|t|LT|abbr=on}} submarines—[[Russian submarine AG-11|''AG 11'']], {{Ship|Finnish submarine|AG 12||2}}, ''AG 15'' and {{Ship|Finnish submarine|AG 16||2}}—were made by [[General Dynamics Electric Boat|Electric Boat Co.]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=AJH3>{{cite web|url=http://kotisivut.fonet.fi/~aromaa/Navygallery/Submarines/submarines.htm|title=History of the Finnish Navy|accessdate=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044806/http://kotisivut.fonet.fi/~aromaa/Navygallery/Submarines/submarines.htm|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The German Army later returned all of the ships captured in Helsinki under the terms of the [[treaty of Brest-Litovsk]].<ref name=Fock/>
On 12–13 April, German forces captured Helsinki. Russian sailors scuttled four submarines in [[Hanko, Finland|Hanko]] harbour on 3 April, just before the 10,000-strong German [[Baltic Sea Division]] landed in support of the [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]]. The {{convert|335|t|LT|abbr=on}} submarines—[[Russian submarine AG-11|''AG 11'']], {{Ship|Finnish submarine|AG 12||2}}, ''AG 15'' and {{Ship|Finnish submarine|AG 16||2}}—were made by [[General Dynamics Electric Boat|Electric Boat Co.]] in the [[United States]].<ref name=AJH3>{{cite web|url=http://kotisivut.fonet.fi/~aromaa/Navygallery/Submarines/submarines.htm|title=History of the Finnish Navy|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044806/http://kotisivut.fonet.fi/~aromaa/Navygallery/Submarines/submarines.htm|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The German Army later returned all of the ships captured in Helsinki under the terms of the [[treaty of Brest-Litovsk]].<ref name=Fock/>


All of the evacuated ships had reached Kronstadt or [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] by 22 April.<ref name=ALG3/>
All of the evacuated ships had reached Kronstadt or [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] by 22 April.<ref name=ALG3/>
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Two [[air force]] [[brigade]]s and large amounts of military equipment were also transferred. The transferred ships went on to play an important role in the defence of Petrograd.<ref name=ALG3/><ref name=Fock/>
Two [[air force]] [[brigade]]s and large amounts of military equipment were also transferred. The transferred ships went on to play an important role in the defence of Petrograd.<ref name=ALG3/><ref name=Fock/>


==Citations and references==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
===Cited sources===
*{{cite book|first=Harald|last=Fock|title=Z-vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939|language=German|publisher=Koehler|year=1989|volume=1|isbn=9783782202077}}
*{{cite book|first=Harald|last=Fock|title=Z-vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939|language=de|publisher=Koehler|year=1989|volume=1|isbn=9783782202077}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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[[Category:Icebreakers]]
[[Category:Icebreakers]]
[[Category:Baltic Sea operations of World War I|Ice Cruise]]
[[Category:Baltic Sea operations of World War I|Ice Cruise]]
[[Category:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:German involvement in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:1918 in Russia]]
[[Category:1918 in Russia]]
[[Category:1918 in Estonia]]
[[Category:1918 in Estonia]]
[[Category:1918 in Finland]]
[[Category:1918 in Finland]]
[[Category:Estonia in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Helsinki in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Military history of Tallinn]]
[[Category:Kronstadt]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Russian Civil War]]

Latest revision as of 09:17, 30 October 2024

Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet
Part of World War I

The Ice Cruise.
DateFebruary–April 1918
Location
Baltic Sea
Result Transfer of the Baltic Fleet to Soviet-controlled harbours.
Belligerents
Russia
Commanders and leaders
Alexey Schastny

The Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet (Russian: Ледовый поход Балтийского флота) was an operation which transferred the ships of the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy from their bases at Tallinn, at the time known as Reval (Russian: Ревель), and Helsinki to Kronstadt in 1918.

Yermak, one of the icebreakers that took part in the operation.

Operation

[edit]

On 17 February 1918 Vladimir Lenin ordered the ships of the Baltic Fleet to leave their bases at Tallinn and sail to Helsinki.[1] On 19 February, due to a new German offensive, the Baltic Fleet ordered the further transfer of ships located in Helsinki to Kronstadt. On the same day ships started leaving Tallinn.[1] A general evacuation began on 22 February, with a group of four ships, led by the icebreaker Yermak, departing for Helsinki.[1] They were followed on 24 February by a convoy of transport ships, accompanied by two submarines, three minesweepers and a minelayer.[1]

By the time German troops entered Reval on 25 February, most of the Russian ships had already left, escorted by the icebreakers Yermak, Tarmo and Volynets.[1][2] The operation, superintended by Alexey Schastny, succeeded in evacuating the bulk of the Baltic Fleet to Helsinki, where all of the ships had arrived by 5 March, with the exception of the submarine Edinorog, which had been crushed by ice.[1]

On 12–13 April, German forces captured Helsinki. Russian sailors scuttled four submarines in Hanko harbour on 3 April, just before the 10,000-strong German Baltic Sea Division landed in support of the White Guard. The 335 t (330 long tons) submarines—AG 11, AG 12, AG 15 and AG 16—were made by Electric Boat Co. in the United States.[3] The German Army later returned all of the ships captured in Helsinki under the terms of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk.[2]

All of the evacuated ships had reached Kronstadt or Petrograd by 22 April.[1]

Importance

[edit]

The ships transferred included:

Two air force brigades and large amounts of military equipment were also transferred. The transferred ships went on to play an important role in the defence of Petrograd.[1][2]

Citations and references

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "History of the Soviet Navy". Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  2. ^ a b c Fock. Z-vor!. p. 193.
  3. ^ "History of the Finnish Navy". Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.

Cited sources

[edit]
  • Fock, Harald (1989). Z-vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Vol. 1. Koehler. ISBN 9783782202077.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Н. С. Кровяков. "Ледовый поход" Балтийского флота в 1918. Moscow, 1955.
  • В. И. Сапожников. Подвиг балтийцев в 1918. Moscow, 1954.

58°37′00″N 20°25′00″E / 58.6167°N 20.4167°E / 58.6167; 20.4167

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