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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{italic title}}
{{Short description|Painting by Giuseppe Arcimboldo}}
[[File:Porträtt, Rudolf II som Vertumnus. Guiseppe Arcimboldo - Skoklosters slott - 87582.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''Vertumnus'' by Giuseppe Arcimboldo]]
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Vertumnus
| image = File:Vertumnus årstidernas gud målad av Giuseppe Arcimboldo 1591 - Skoklosters slott - 91503.jpg
| image_upright = 1
| artist = [[Giuseppe Arcimboldo]]
| year = 1591
| medium = Oil on canvas
| height_metric = 70
| width_metric = 58
| museum = [[Skokloster Castle]]
| city =
}}


'''''Vertumnus''''' is an oil painting produced by the Italian painter [[Giuseppe Arcimboldo]] in 1591 that consists of multiple fruits, vegetables and flowers that come together to create a portrait of [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II]]. Although Arcimboldo's colleagues commented that ''Vertumnus'' was [[scherzo]], or humorous, there were intentional political meanings behind the piece, particularly regarding the choice of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Arcimboldo's choice to include these items was also an intentional reference to the Roman god, [[Vertumnus]].
'''''Vertumnus''''' is a painting by [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] painter [[Giuseppe Arcimboldo]] produced in [[Milan]] {{c.|1590–1591}}. The painting is Arcimboldo's most famous work and is a portrait of the Holy Roman Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] re-imagined as [[Vertumnus]], the Roman god of [[metamorphoses]] in nature and in life. The fruits and vegetables symbolize the abundance of the [[Golden Age]] that has returned under the Emperor's rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artsconnected.org/resource/93691/the-mannerist-style-and-the-lamentation|title=the-mannerist-style |publisher=www.artsconnected.org|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giuseppe-arcimboldo.org/biography.html|title=biography|publisher=www.giuseppe-arcimboldo.org|accessdate=}}</ref>


''Vertumnus'' was presented to Rudolf II after its completion. It was looted by the Swedish army after the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Although art historians lost track of ''Vertumnus'' after this shift, it reappeared in 1845 in Sweden in [[Skokloster Castle]], where it remains.
The painting is part of the collection at [[Skokloster Castle]] in [[Sweden]].


==Historical context==
==Painting==

The portrait of the emperor is created out of plants – flowers and fruits from all seasons: [[gourd]]s, [[pear]]s, [[apple]]s, [[cherries]], [[grape]]s, [[wheat]], [[artichoke]]s, [[bean]]s, [[peapod]]s, [[corn]]s, [[onion]]s, [[cabbage]] foils, [[cherry|cherries]], [[chestnut]]s, [[Common fig|figs]], [[mulberries]], [[grape]]s, [[plum]]s, [[pomegranate]]s, various pumpkin and olives. Rudolf's portrait, composed of [[fruit]], [[vegetables]], and [[flower]]s, symbolized the perfect balance and harmony with nature that his reign represented. These portraits were an expression of the Renaissance mind's fascination with riddles, puzzles, and the bizarre. Arcimboldo's traditional religious subjects were later forgotten, but his portraits of human heads composed of objects were greatly admired by his contemporaries.<ref>"[http://skoklostersslott.se/en/paintings/giuseppe-arcimboldo Giuseppe Arcimboldo]", SK Kloster Slott.se. Retrieved 5 April 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/24/arts/design/24arcimboldo.html?_r=0|title=Several Obsessions, United on the Canvas|publisher=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=March 16, 2017|first=Karen|last=Rosenberg|date=September 23, 2010}}</ref> Gary also smells
=== Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II ===
During Rudolf II's 29-year rule in Hungary and Bohemia, art was celebrated and praised. His time as Holy Roman Emperor, now named "Rudolfine Prague", set an unprecedented era for the appreciation of art, with much of this cultivation pushed by Rudolf II himself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prague During the Rule of Rudolf II (1583–1612)|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/|access-date=November 16, 2020|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> This acceptance of art is what allowed Arcimboldo to thrive in his court, especially with the unprecedented, unique style Arcimboldo came to be known for.

The initial impression of Arcimboldo's ''Vertumnus'' was that it was joke due to the whimsical nature of the piece.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Arcimboldo, 1526–1593: Nature and Fantasy|url=https://www.nga.gov/press/exh/3053.html|access-date=November 10, 2020|website=www.nga.gov}}</ref><ref name=":93">{{Cite journal|last=Kaufmann|first=Thomas DaCosta|date=1976|title=Arcimboldo's Imperial Allegories|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1481925|journal=Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte|volume=39|issue=4|pages=275–296|doi=10.2307/1481925|jstor=1481925|issn=0044-2992}}</ref> However, ''Vertumnus'' was not meant to be presented only as a joke.<ref name=":93"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Nardelli|first=Rosalie|date=2014|title=Giuseppe Arcimboldo's Composite Portraits and the Alchemical Universe of the Early Modern Habsburg Court (1546–1612)|url=https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/12277/Nardelli_Rosalie_A_201407_MA.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite book|last=Kaufmann|first=Thomas DaCosta|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226426884.001.0001|title=Arcimboldo|date=2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226426884.001.0001|isbn=978-0-226-42687-7}}</ref> Rather, the use of fruits and vegetables were meant to display Rudolf II's "metamorphoses of power over the world for a ruler".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaufmann|first=Thomas DaCosta|date=1978|title=Remarks on the Collections of Rudolf II: The Kunstkammer as a Form of Representatio|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/776251|journal=Art Journal|volume=38|issue=1|pages=22–28|doi=10.2307/776251|jstor=776251|issn=0004-3249}}</ref> The imperial patron behind ''Vertumnus'', the specific fruit choices that act as power propaganda, and the copies ''of Vertumnus'' that were distributed throughout Europe, "all suggest their role as political allegories".<ref name=":10" />

Rudolf II's portrait itself encapsulated the perfect balance and harmony with nature, arts, and science, all of which Rudolf II believed he represented during his reign.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=James C.|date=May 2, 2011|title=Arcimboldo's Vertumnus: A Portrait of Rudolf II|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.41|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=68|issue=5|pages=442–3|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.41|pmid=21536972|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> These portraits were an expression of the Renaissance mind's fascination with riddles, puzzles, and the bizarre. The search for unique, fascinating pieces of art was a common trend among Renaissance elites which lent Arcimboldo the perfect opportunity to fascinate viewers with his distinctive style.<ref name=":93"/> Although Arcimboldo's traditional religious subjects were later forgotten, his portraits of human heads composed of objects were greatly admired by his contemporaries.<ref>"[http://skoklostersslott.se/en/paintings/giuseppe-arcimboldo Giuseppe Arcimboldo]", SK Kloster Slott.se. Retrieved April 5, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Karen|date=September 23, 2010|title=Several Obsessions, United on the Canvas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/24/arts/design/24arcimboldo.html?_r=0|access-date=March 16, 2017|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>

== Style ==

=== Theme ===
Giuseppe Arcimboldo was well known for his unique combination of flora, fruits and other various objects in his paintings. ''Vertumnus'' has become one of Arcimboldo's most popular paintings that he produced,<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Potter|first=Polyxeni|date=2008–2011|title=The Extraordinary Nature of Illusion|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=14|issue=11|pages=1829–1830|doi=10.3201/eid1411.000000|issn=1080-6040|pmc=2630763|pmid=18976590}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Giuseppe Arcimboldo|url=https://skoklostersslott.se/en/paintings/giuseppe-arcimboldo|access-date=October 31, 2020|website=Skokloster|language=en}}</ref> and this particular art style was encouraged while he was employed in Rudolf II's court. Arcimboldo created a series of works that utilized these still life images such as the ''[[The Four Seasons (Arcimboldo)|Four Seasons]], [[The Four Elements (Arcimboldo)|Four Elements]],'' and ''[[The Librarian (painting)|The Librarian.]]'' Ultimately, Arcimboldo would create ''Vertumnus'' which drew on much of his experience in the royal court.

=== Mannerism ===
During Arcimboldo's time in Rudolf II's court, he was able to refine his unique style that would lead many to later regard Arcimboldo's approach as "typical...of mannerism".<ref name=":102">{{Cite web|title=Arcimboldo, 1526–1593: Nature and Fantasy|url=https://www.nga.gov/press/exh/3053.html|access-date=November 10, 2020|website=www.nga.gov}}</ref> [[Mannerism]] is a particular art style that lasted from the 1530s to the 1600s. Mannerist artists focused on greatly displaying their technique, their exaggeration of figures, and decorative elements resulting in extremely stylized and hyperbolic pieces.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=October 21, 2018|title=Mannerism: The Style That Put an Elaborate Twist on Renaissance Art|url=https://mymodernmet.com/es/que-es-manierismo/|access-date=October 31, 2020|website=My Modern Met|language=en}}</ref> Contemporarily, Arcimboldo is thought of as one of the first pioneers of the Mannerist art style especially due to his unique use of still life images.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bernadette|first1=Vincent|title=The Artificial and the Natural: An Evolving Polarity|last2=Newman|first2=William|publisher=MIT Press|year=2007}}</ref><ref name=":72"/>

== Fruits, vegetables and flowers ==
The portrait of the emperor is created out of plants, flowers and fruits from all seasons: [[gourd]]s, [[pear]]s, [[apple]]s, [[cherries]], [[grape]]s, [[wheat]], [[artichoke]]s, [[bean]]s, [[pea]]s, [[corn]]s, [[onion]]s, [[cabbage]] foils, [[chestnut]]s, [[Common fig|figs]], [[mulberries]], [[plum]]s, [[pomegranate]]s, various pumpkins and [[olive]]s.

Arcimboldo's choice of fruits, vegetables and flowers not only alluded to Emperor Rudolf II's reign, but also referenced his power and wealth. During the Renaissance, collections of oddities and foreign luxury goods were status symbols for the rich. Great families of the Renaissance such as the [[House of Medici|Medici]] collected flora, foods, animals (both living and dead) and other materialistic objects to display their wealth and reach (as many people in those days could not afford such luxuries)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Medici collect the Americas – Smarthistory|url=https://smarthistory.org/medici-collect-americas-2/|access-date=October 10, 2020|website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> and thus, goods from the [[New World]] began to trickle into the [[Cabinet of curiosities|kunstkammer]] or [[Cabinet of curiosities|wunderkammer]] of many elites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1. A brief history of the art museum – Smarthistory|url=https://smarthistory.org/a-brief-history-of-the-art-museum/|access-date=October 10, 2020|website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> Arcimboldo's use of corn as Emperor Rudolf II's ear (a crop originating from the New World) thus can be seen as a pointedly political decision.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Tucker|first=Abigail|title=Arcimboldo's Feast for the Eyes|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/arcimboldos-feast-for-the-eyes-74732989/|access-date=October 10, 2020|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> By putting in these particular foreign crops, Rudolf II is revealing that he has access to these items showcasing his power and wealth.<ref name=":0" />

== Interpretations ==
The political interpretation of ''Vertumnus'' revolves around Rudolf II's rule. In the interpretation, ''Vertumnus'' acts as a statement claiming that the known world was claimed under Rudolf II and reveals his intention to defeat the [[Turks in Europe|Turks]], not for the sake of [[Christianity]] but rather for the sake of global power and the everlasting [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]].<ref name=":93"/> Politically, ''Vertumnus'' has also been interpreted to reveal that Rudolf II's power as the Holy Roman Emperor did not only apply to his subjects and kingdom, but to nature itself (again referencing back to the god Vertumnus).<ref name=":42"/> There is also a poetic interpretation that was derived from Arcimboldo's piece. When Arcimboldo compared Rudolf II to Vertumnus, the emperor took on Vertumnus as a representation of himself. While Vertumnus could change his form at will, Rudolf II was known to change his moods at will, too.<ref name=":42" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gentilcore|first=Roxanne|date=1995|title=The Landscape of Desire: The Tale of Pomona and Vertumnus in Ovid's "Metamorphoses"|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192628|journal=Phoenix|volume=49|issue=2|pages=110–120|doi=10.2307/1192628|jstor=1192628|issn=0031-8299}}</ref> In Roman mythology, Vertumnus is the god of changing seasons, gardens, fruit trees, and plant growth. These aspects of Vertumnus indicate an "underlying permanence" to the god which in turn reflects back onto Rudolf II's rule.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague|year=2006|pages=66}}</ref> Furthermore, this particular god was present during the birth of Rome which acts as another allusion to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.<ref name=":42" />

== Provenance ==
''Vertumnus'' was commissioned by Rudolf II during Arcimboldo's employment at his court and was presented to the emperor in 1591. After the Thirty Years' War, the portrait's ownership was seized by the Swedish army. Presently, the exact date of when ''Vertumnus'' became part of the Skokloster castle's collection is unknown. It is known that the [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Swedish Queen Christina]] was able to obtain ''Vertumnus.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Makes, Frantisek.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769227618|title=Enzymatic restoration and authentication of Giuseppe Arcimboldo's "Vertumnus"|date=2011|publisher=Gotland University|others=Brunskog, Maria.|isbn=978-91-86343-08-8|location=[Visby]|oclc=769227618}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Nardelli|first=Rosalie|date=2014|title=Giuseppe Arcimboldo's Composite Portraits and the Alchemical Universe of the Early Modern Habsburg Court (1546-1612)|url=https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/handle/1974/12277/Nardelli_Rosalie_A_201407_MA.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y}}</ref> It is rumored that ''Vertumnus'' was a gift from the Queen Christina to [[Carl Gustaf Wrangel|Karl Gustav Wrangel]]—proprietor of Skokloster.<ref name=":3" /> However, when asked how ''Vertumnus'' ended up at Skolkloster Castle or why ''Vertumnus'' could not be identified at Skokloster Castle before 1845, Bengt Kylsberg, a curator at Skokloster Castle, stated that, "That mystery remains to be solved!".<ref name=":3" />

In 1988, it was determined that a conservation effort was needed to restore ''Vertumnus'' from its poor condition. Arcimboldo's techniques and the medium he used were carefully observed and a preservation technique using [[krill]] enzymes (isolated from Antarctic krill) was applied to ''Vertumnus''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Enzymatic consolidation of the portrait of Rudolf II as "Vertumnus" by Giuseppe Arcimboldo with a new multi-enzyme preparation isolated from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)|url=https://library.nga.gov/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991190883504896/01NGA_INST:NGA|access-date=October 12, 2020|website=library.nga.gov|language=en}}</ref> ''Vertumnus'' now hangs in the Skokloster Castle as part of its art collection.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
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Latest revision as of 01:36, 16 December 2024

Vertumnus
ArtistGiuseppe Arcimboldo
Year1591
MediumOil on canvas
Dimensions70 cm × 58 cm (28 in × 23 in)
LocationSkokloster Castle

Vertumnus is an oil painting produced by the Italian painter Giuseppe Arcimboldo in 1591 that consists of multiple fruits, vegetables and flowers that come together to create a portrait of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. Although Arcimboldo's colleagues commented that Vertumnus was scherzo, or humorous, there were intentional political meanings behind the piece, particularly regarding the choice of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Arcimboldo's choice to include these items was also an intentional reference to the Roman god, Vertumnus.

Vertumnus was presented to Rudolf II after its completion. It was looted by the Swedish army after the Thirty Years' War. Although art historians lost track of Vertumnus after this shift, it reappeared in 1845 in Sweden in Skokloster Castle, where it remains.

Historical context

[edit]

Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II

[edit]

During Rudolf II's 29-year rule in Hungary and Bohemia, art was celebrated and praised. His time as Holy Roman Emperor, now named "Rudolfine Prague", set an unprecedented era for the appreciation of art, with much of this cultivation pushed by Rudolf II himself.[1] This acceptance of art is what allowed Arcimboldo to thrive in his court, especially with the unprecedented, unique style Arcimboldo came to be known for.

The initial impression of Arcimboldo's Vertumnus was that it was joke due to the whimsical nature of the piece.[2][3] However, Vertumnus was not meant to be presented only as a joke.[3][4][5] Rather, the use of fruits and vegetables were meant to display Rudolf II's "metamorphoses of power over the world for a ruler".[6] The imperial patron behind Vertumnus, the specific fruit choices that act as power propaganda, and the copies of Vertumnus that were distributed throughout Europe, "all suggest their role as political allegories".[2]

Rudolf II's portrait itself encapsulated the perfect balance and harmony with nature, arts, and science, all of which Rudolf II believed he represented during his reign.[7] These portraits were an expression of the Renaissance mind's fascination with riddles, puzzles, and the bizarre. The search for unique, fascinating pieces of art was a common trend among Renaissance elites which lent Arcimboldo the perfect opportunity to fascinate viewers with his distinctive style.[3] Although Arcimboldo's traditional religious subjects were later forgotten, his portraits of human heads composed of objects were greatly admired by his contemporaries.[8][9]

Style

[edit]

Theme

[edit]

Giuseppe Arcimboldo was well known for his unique combination of flora, fruits and other various objects in his paintings. Vertumnus has become one of Arcimboldo's most popular paintings that he produced,[10][11] and this particular art style was encouraged while he was employed in Rudolf II's court. Arcimboldo created a series of works that utilized these still life images such as the Four Seasons, Four Elements, and The Librarian. Ultimately, Arcimboldo would create Vertumnus which drew on much of his experience in the royal court.

Mannerism

[edit]

During Arcimboldo's time in Rudolf II's court, he was able to refine his unique style that would lead many to later regard Arcimboldo's approach as "typical...of mannerism".[12] Mannerism is a particular art style that lasted from the 1530s to the 1600s. Mannerist artists focused on greatly displaying their technique, their exaggeration of figures, and decorative elements resulting in extremely stylized and hyperbolic pieces.[13] Contemporarily, Arcimboldo is thought of as one of the first pioneers of the Mannerist art style especially due to his unique use of still life images.[13][14][5]

Fruits, vegetables and flowers

[edit]

The portrait of the emperor is created out of plants, flowers and fruits from all seasons: gourds, pears, apples, cherries, grapes, wheat, artichokes, beans, peas, corns, onions, cabbage foils, chestnuts, figs, mulberries, plums, pomegranates, various pumpkins and olives.

Arcimboldo's choice of fruits, vegetables and flowers not only alluded to Emperor Rudolf II's reign, but also referenced his power and wealth. During the Renaissance, collections of oddities and foreign luxury goods were status symbols for the rich. Great families of the Renaissance such as the Medici collected flora, foods, animals (both living and dead) and other materialistic objects to display their wealth and reach (as many people in those days could not afford such luxuries)[15] and thus, goods from the New World began to trickle into the kunstkammer or wunderkammer of many elites.[16] Arcimboldo's use of corn as Emperor Rudolf II's ear (a crop originating from the New World) thus can be seen as a pointedly political decision.[17] By putting in these particular foreign crops, Rudolf II is revealing that he has access to these items showcasing his power and wealth.[17]

Interpretations

[edit]

The political interpretation of Vertumnus revolves around Rudolf II's rule. In the interpretation, Vertumnus acts as a statement claiming that the known world was claimed under Rudolf II and reveals his intention to defeat the Turks, not for the sake of Christianity but rather for the sake of global power and the everlasting Habsburg dynasty.[3] Politically, Vertumnus has also been interpreted to reveal that Rudolf II's power as the Holy Roman Emperor did not only apply to his subjects and kingdom, but to nature itself (again referencing back to the god Vertumnus).[7] There is also a poetic interpretation that was derived from Arcimboldo's piece. When Arcimboldo compared Rudolf II to Vertumnus, the emperor took on Vertumnus as a representation of himself. While Vertumnus could change his form at will, Rudolf II was known to change his moods at will, too.[7][18] In Roman mythology, Vertumnus is the god of changing seasons, gardens, fruit trees, and plant growth. These aspects of Vertumnus indicate an "underlying permanence" to the god which in turn reflects back onto Rudolf II's rule.[7][19] Furthermore, this particular god was present during the birth of Rome which acts as another allusion to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.[7]

Provenance

[edit]

Vertumnus was commissioned by Rudolf II during Arcimboldo's employment at his court and was presented to the emperor in 1591. After the Thirty Years' War, the portrait's ownership was seized by the Swedish army. Presently, the exact date of when Vertumnus became part of the Skokloster castle's collection is unknown. It is known that the Swedish Queen Christina was able to obtain Vertumnus.[20][21] It is rumored that Vertumnus was a gift from the Queen Christina to Karl Gustav Wrangel—proprietor of Skokloster.[20] However, when asked how Vertumnus ended up at Skolkloster Castle or why Vertumnus could not be identified at Skokloster Castle before 1845, Bengt Kylsberg, a curator at Skokloster Castle, stated that, "That mystery remains to be solved!".[20]

In 1988, it was determined that a conservation effort was needed to restore Vertumnus from its poor condition. Arcimboldo's techniques and the medium he used were carefully observed and a preservation technique using krill enzymes (isolated from Antarctic krill) was applied to Vertumnus.[20][22] Vertumnus now hangs in the Skokloster Castle as part of its art collection.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Prague During the Rule of Rudolf II (1583–1612)". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Arcimboldo, 1526–1593: Nature and Fantasy". www.nga.gov. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta (1976). "Arcimboldo's Imperial Allegories". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 39 (4): 275–296. doi:10.2307/1481925. ISSN 0044-2992. JSTOR 1481925.
  4. ^ Nardelli, Rosalie (2014). "Giuseppe Arcimboldo's Composite Portraits and the Alchemical Universe of the Early Modern Habsburg Court (1546–1612)" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta (2010). Arcimboldo. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226426884.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-42687-7.
  6. ^ Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta (1978). "Remarks on the Collections of Rudolf II: The Kunstkammer as a Form of Representatio". Art Journal. 38 (1): 22–28. doi:10.2307/776251. ISSN 0004-3249. JSTOR 776251.
  7. ^ a b c d e Harris, James C. (May 2, 2011). "Arcimboldo's Vertumnus: A Portrait of Rudolf II". Archives of General Psychiatry. 68 (5): 442–3. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.41. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 21536972.
  8. ^ "Giuseppe Arcimboldo", SK Kloster Slott.se. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  9. ^ Rosenberg, Karen (September 23, 2010). "Several Obsessions, United on the Canvas". New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  10. ^ Potter, Polyxeni (2008–2011). "The Extraordinary Nature of Illusion". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (11): 1829–1830. doi:10.3201/eid1411.000000. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2630763. PMID 18976590.
  11. ^ "Giuseppe Arcimboldo". Skokloster. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  12. ^ "Arcimboldo, 1526–1593: Nature and Fantasy". www.nga.gov. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Mannerism: The Style That Put an Elaborate Twist on Renaissance Art". My Modern Met. October 21, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  14. ^ Bernadette, Vincent; Newman, William (2007). The Artificial and the Natural: An Evolving Polarity. MIT Press.
  15. ^ "The Medici collect the Americas – Smarthistory". smarthistory.org. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  16. ^ "1. A brief history of the art museum – Smarthistory". smarthistory.org. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  17. ^ a b Tucker, Abigail. "Arcimboldo's Feast for the Eyes". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  18. ^ Gentilcore, Roxanne (1995). "The Landscape of Desire: The Tale of Pomona and Vertumnus in Ovid's "Metamorphoses"". Phoenix. 49 (2): 110–120. doi:10.2307/1192628. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1192628.
  19. ^ Marshall, Peter (2006). The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague. p. 66.
  20. ^ a b c d Makes, Frantisek. (2011). Enzymatic restoration and authentication of Giuseppe Arcimboldo's "Vertumnus". Brunskog, Maria. [Visby]: Gotland University. ISBN 978-91-86343-08-8. OCLC 769227618.
  21. ^ Nardelli, Rosalie (2014). "Giuseppe Arcimboldo's Composite Portraits and the Alchemical Universe of the Early Modern Habsburg Court (1546-1612)" (PDF).
  22. ^ "Enzymatic consolidation of the portrait of Rudolf II as "Vertumnus" by Giuseppe Arcimboldo with a new multi-enzyme preparation isolated from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)". library.nga.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
[edit]
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