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|Builders=
|Builders=
|Operators={{navy|FRA}}
|Operators={{navy|FRA}}
|Class before={{sclass-|Magenta|ironclad|4}}
|Class before={{sclass|Magenta|ironclad|4}}
|Class after={{sclass-|Océan|ironclad|4}}
|Class after={{sclass|Océan|ironclad|4}}
|Cost=
|Cost=
|Built range=1861–1867
|Built range=1861–1867
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|Header caption=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Broadside ironclad]]
|Ship type=[[Broadside ironclad]]
|Ship displacement={{cvt|5700|-|6000|t|LT|lk=on}}
|Ship displacement={{cvt|5810|t|LT|lk=on}}
|Ship length={{Convert|80.72|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{Convert|82.9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ([[o/a]])
|Ship beam={{Convert|17|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{Convert|17.06|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|7.7|-|8.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|8.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship power=*8 [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s
|Ship power=*8 [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s
*{{convert|2918|-|3895|PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}
*{{convert|2918|-|3895|PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}
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|Ship armor=*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship armor=*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}}
*[[Artillery battery#Naval usage|Battery]]: {{convert|110|mm|in|abbr=on}}
*[[Artillery battery#Naval usage|Battery]]: {{convert|110|mm|in|abbr=on}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|102|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}
|Ship notes=
|Ship notes=
}}
}}
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==Design and description==
==Design and description==
[[File:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Right elevation line drawing of the class; the shaded area shows the armor protection]]
[[File:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Right elevation line drawing of the class; the shaded area shows the armor protection]]
The ''Provence'' class was designed by [[naval architect]] [[Henri Dupuy de Lôme]] as an enlarged version of the {{sclass-|Gloire|ironclad|1}}s with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better [[seakeeping]] qualities. The ships had an [[overall length]] of {{convert|80.72|m|ftin|sp=us}}, with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|17|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|7.7|-|8.8|m|ftin|sp=us}}, depending on the load. They [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] between {{convert|5700|-|6000|t|LT|sp=us|lk=on}}. All of the ships except {{ship|French ironclad|Héroïne||2}} had wooden hulls; that ship had an iron hull.<ref>Gille, pp. 26, 30</ref> Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal-reinforced [[Naval ram|ram]]. The ''Provence''-class ships had a [[metacentric height]] of about {{convert|4.5|ft|m|1|disp=flip|sp=us}} and did not [[Ship motions|rolled]] as badly as the ''Gloire''s.<ref name=g1>Campbell, p. 287</ref> They had a crew of 579–594 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=g7>Gille, p. 30</ref>
The ''Provence'' class was designed by [[naval architect]] [[Henri Dupuy de Lôme]] as an enlarged version of the {{sclass|Gloire|ironclad|1}}s with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better [[seakeeping]] qualities. The ships had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|82.9|m|ft|0|sp=us}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|17.06|m|ft|0|sp=us}}, and a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|8.4|m|ftin|sp=us}} at [[deep load]]. They [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|5810|t|LT|sp=us|lk=on}}.<ref name=wr3>Winfield & Roberts, p. 423</ref> All of the ships except {{ship|French ironclad|Héroïne||2}} had wooden hulls; that ship had an iron hull.<ref>Gille, pp. 26, 30</ref> The ''Provence''-class ships had a [[metacentric height]] of about {{convert|4.5|ft|m|1|disp=flip|sp=us}} and did not [[Ship motions|roll]] as badly as the ''Gloire''s.<ref name=g1>Campbell, p. 287</ref> They had a crew of 579–594 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=g7>Gille, p. 30</ref>


The ships of the ''Provence'' class had a single [[Marine steam engine#Back acting|horizontal-return connecting-rod compound steam engine]] that drove a four-bladed, {{convert|6.1|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on|0}} propeller,<ref name=d26>de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 10</ref> using steam provided by eight [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s{{refn|Sources differ on the number of boilers. Gille states that all ships had eight, Campbell say nine and Silverstone says that all of the ships except {{ship|French ironclad|Revanche||2}} had eight while that ship had nine.<ref name=g1/><ref name=g7/><ref name=s2/>|group=Note}} at a maximum pressure of {{convert|1.8|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name=g7/> The engine was rated at 1,000 [[nominal horsepower]] or {{convert|3200|PS|lk=on|sp=us}} and was intended to give the ships a speed in excess of {{convert|13|kn|lk=in}}. Available records of their [[sea trial]]s show that they achieved speeds of {{convert|13.2|-|16.5|kn}} from {{convert|2918|-|3895|PS}}<ref name=g7/> The ''Provence'' class carried between {{cvt|590|-|640|t|LT|0}} of coal<ref name=g1/> which allowed them to steam for {{convert|2410|nmi|lk=in|sp=us}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=s2>Silverstone, p. 62</ref> They were fitted with a three-masted [[barque]] rig that had a sail area of {{convert|1960|sqm|sp=us}}.<ref name=d26/>
The ships of the ''Provence'' class had a single [[Marine steam engine#Back acting|horizontal-return connecting-rod compound steam engine]] that drove a four-bladed, {{convert|6.1|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on|0}} propeller,<ref name=d26>de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 10</ref> using steam provided by eight [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s at a maximum pressure of {{convert|1.8|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name=g7/> The engine was rated at 1,000 [[nominal horsepower]] or {{convert|3200|PS|lk=on|sp=us}} and was intended to give the ships a speed in excess of {{convert|13|kn|lk=in}}. Available records of their [[sea trial]]s show that they achieved speeds of {{convert|13.2|-|16.5|kn}} from {{convert|2918|-|3895|PS}}.<ref name=g7/> The ''Provence'' class carried between {{cvt|590|-|640|t|LT|0}} of coal<ref name=g1/> which allowed them to steam for {{convert|2410|nmi|lk=in|sp=us}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=s2>Silverstone, p. 62</ref> They were fitted with a three-masted [[barque]] rig that had a sail area of {{convert|1960|sqm|sp=us}}.<ref name=d26/>


===Armament and protection===
===Armament and protection===
[[File:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863 Armour.jpg|thumb|Cross-section of the armor of the ''Provence'' class]]
[[File:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863 Armour.jpg|thumb|Cross-section of the armor of the ''Provence'' class]]
The [[main battery]] of the ''Provence''-class ships was intended to be thirty {{convert|164.7|mm|adj=on|sp=us|1}} Modèle 1858–60 [[Muzzle-loading rifle|rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns]], but this was changed to eleven {{convert|194|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}} Modèle 1864 [[smoothbore]] [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading guns]] in 1865.<ref name=g7/><ref name=d26/><ref name=s2/> It is uncertain if any received their intended armament, although naval historian N. J. M. Campbell states that {{ship|French ironclad|Flandre||2}}, {{ship|French ironclad|Provence||2}} and {{ship|French ironclad|Héroïne||2}}, three of the first ships completed, were armed with a mix of ten 164.7&nbsp;mm smoothbores, twenty-two 164.7&nbsp;mm RMLs and a pair of {{convert|220|mm|adj=on|sp=us|1}} RML [[howitzer]]s.<ref name=g1/> Ten of the 194&nbsp;mm Modèle 1864 guns were mounted on the [[broadside]] and one was on a [[pivot mount]] below the [[forecastle deck]] as a [[chase gun]]. Three years later, their armament was changed to eight {{convert|240|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}} RMLs and four 194&nbsp;mm smoothbores.<ref name=g7/>{{refn|Sources vary regarding the armament of these ships, especially since dates are not often given. Campbell only gives the 1865 armament while naval historian Angus Konstam only provides the 1868 armament, except for agreeing with Campbell regarding the guns of ''Flandre'', ''Provence'' and ''Héroïne''.<ref name=g1/><ref>Konstam, p. 20</ref>|group=Note}}
The [[main battery]] of the ''Provence''-class ships was intended to be thirty {{convert|164.7|mm|adj=on|sp=us|1}} Modèle 1858–60 [[Muzzle-loading rifle|rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns]], but this was changed to eleven {{convert|194|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}} Modèle 1864 [[smoothbore]] [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading guns]] in 1865.<ref name=g7/><ref name=d26/><ref name=s2/> It is uncertain if any received their intended armament, although naval historian N. J. M. Campbell states that {{ship|French ironclad|Flandre||2}}, {{ship|French ironclad|Provence||2}} and {{ship|French ironclad|Héroïne||2}}, three of the first ships completed, were armed with a mix of ten 164.7&nbsp;mm smoothbores, twenty-two 164.7&nbsp;mm RMLs and a pair of {{convert|220|mm|adj=on|sp=us|1}} RML [[howitzer]]s.<ref name=g1/> Ten of the 194&nbsp;mm Modèle 1864 guns were mounted on the [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] and one was on a [[pivot mount]] below the [[forecastle]] deck as a [[chase gun]]. Three years later, their armament was changed to eight {{convert|240|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}} RMLs and four 194&nbsp;mm smoothbores.<ref name=g7/>{{refn|Sources vary regarding the armament of these ships, especially since dates are not often given. Campbell only gives the 1865 armament while naval historian Angus Konstam only provides the 1868 armament, except for agreeing with Campbell regarding the guns of ''Flandre'', ''Provence'' and ''Héroïne''.<ref name=g1/><ref>Konstam, p. 20</ref>|group=Note}}


By 1873, the armament of the class consisted of eight [[Canon de 24 C modèle 1864]] (9.4 in) [[rifled breech loader]]s on the battery deck, and four [[Canon de 19 C modèle 1864]] (7.6 in) rifled breech loaders higher up.{{sfn|Aide-Mémoire Ch 4-6|1873|p=Ch. 4: 12}}
⚫
From the [[Deck (ship)#Upper deck|upper deck]] down to below the [[waterline]] the sides of the ships were completely armored with {{convert|150|mm|in|sp=us|1}} of [[wrought iron]]. The sides of the battery itself were protected with {{convert|110|mm|in|sp=us|1}} of armor.<ref name=g7/> The [[conning tower]]'s sides consisted of {{convert|102|mm|in|sp=us|0|adj=on}} armor plates.<ref name=s2/>

⚫
The armor of the class consisted of iron backed by wood. Behind the armor belt, the wooden support was {{cvt|760|mm|in|1}} thick.{{sfn|Aide-Mémoire Ch 4-6|1873|p=Ch. 4: 10}} From the [[Deck (ship)#Upper deck|upper deck]] down to below the [[waterline]], the sides of the ships were completely armored with {{cvt|150|mm|in|1}} of [[wrought iron]]. The sides of the battery itself were protected with {{cvt|110|mm|in|1}} of armor.<ref name=g7/> The [[conning tower]]'s sides consisted of {{convert|102|mm|in|sp=us|0|adj=on}} armor plates.<ref name=s2/>


==Ships==
==Ships==
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![[Laid down]]<ref name=g7/>
![[Laid down]]<ref name=g7/>
![[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]<ref name=g7/>
![[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]<ref name=g7/>
!Completed<ref name=g7/>
![[Ship commissioning|Commissioned]]<ref name=g7/>
!Fate
!Fates
|-
|-
|{{ship|French ironclad|Flandre||2}}
|{{ship|French ironclad|Flandre||2}}
|[[Arsenal de Cherbourg]]
|[[Arsenal de Cherbourg]]
|align=center|28 January 1861
|align=center|28 January 1861
|align=center|12 June 1854
|align=center|12 June 1864
|align=center|May 1865
|align=center|May 1865
|Condemned, 12 November 1886<ref>Gille, p. 26</ref>
|Condemned, 12 November 1886<ref>Gille, p. 26</ref>
Line 128: Line 130:
|align=center|25 March 1867
|align=center|25 March 1867
|Condemned, 9 December 1886<ref>Gille, p. 29</ref>
|Condemned, 9 December 1886<ref>Gille, p. 29</ref>
|-
|}
|}


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}


==Citations==
==Citations==
Line 138: Line 139:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |author=Ministère de la Marine et des Colonies |year=1873 |title=Aide-Mémoire d'artillerie Navale Chapter 4-6|publisher=Georges Chamerot, Paris |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6461060d |ref={{sfnref|Aide-Mémoire Ch 4-6|1873}} }}
*{{cite journal|last=de Balincourt|first=Captain|author2=Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain|year=1975|title=The French Navy of Yesterday: Ironclad Frigates: Second Group – Provence Type|journal=F.P.D.S. Newsletter|volume=III|issue=2|pages=9–13 |oclc=41554533}}
*{{cite journal|last=de Balincourt|first=Captain|author2=Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain|year=1975|title=The French Navy of Yesterday: Ironclad Frigates: Second Group – Provence Type|journal=F.P.D.S. Newsletter|volume=III|issue=2|pages=9–13 |oclc=41554533}}
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Kolesnik|editor2-first=Eugene M.|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4 |lastauthoramp=y |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2|chapter=France|last1=Campbell|first1=N. J. M.|pp=282–333}}
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Kolesnik|editor2-first=Eugene M.|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4 |name-list-style=amp |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2|chapter=France|last1=Campbell|first1=N. J. M.|pages=282–333}}
*{{cite book|last=Gille|first=Eric|title=Cent ans de cuirassés français|trans-title=A Century of French Battleships|publisher=Marines|location=Nantes|year=1999|isbn=2-909-675-50-5|lang=fr}}
*{{cite book|last=Gille|first=Eric|title=Cent ans de cuirassés français|trans-title=A Century of French Battleships|publisher=Marines|location=Nantes|year=1999|isbn=2-909-675-50-5|language=fr}}
*{{cite book |last1=Konstam |first1=Angus |title=European Ironclads 1860–75: The ''Gloire'' Sparks the Great Ironclad Arms Race |date=2019 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-47282-676-3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Konstam |first1=Angus |title=European Ironclads 1860–75: The ''Gloire'' Sparks the Great Ironclad Arms Race |date=2019 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-47282-676-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Stephen S.|title=French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|year=2021|location=Barnsley, UK|publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=978-1-5267-4533-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984 |publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=H. W.|title=Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895|url=https://archive.org/details/ironcladsinacti00wilsgoog|volume=1 and 2|year=1896|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=H. W.|title=Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895 |url=https://archive.org/details/ironcladsinacti00wilsgoog|volume=1 and 2|year=1896|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston}}
*{{cite book |last1=Winfield |first1=Rif |last2=Roberts |first2=Stephen S. |title=French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1786–1861 |date=2015 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-84832-204-2|name-list-style=amp}}


{{Provence-class ironclad}}
{{Provence-class ironclad}}
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[[Category:Provence-class ironclads| ]]
[[Category:Provence-class ironclads| ]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
[[Category:Ship classes of the French Navy]]

Latest revision as of 18:11, 16 December 2024

A scale model of Flandre
Class overview
NameProvence-class
Operators French Navy
Preceded byMagenta class
Succeeded byOcéan class
Built1861–1867
In commission1863–1893
Completed10
Scrapped10
General characteristics
TypeBroadside ironclad
Displacement5,810 t (5,720 long tons)
Length82.9 m (272 ft) (o/a)
Beam17.06 m (56 ft)
Draft8.4 m (27 ft 7 in) (deep load)
Installed power
Propulsion1 shaft, 1 horizontal-return connecting rod-steam engine
Sail planBarque-rig
Speed13.2–16.5 knots (24.4–30.6 km/h; 15.2–19.0 mph) (trials)
Range2,410 nautical miles (4,460 km; 2,770 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement579–594
Armament11 × single 194 mm (7.6 in) smoothbore muzzle-loading guns
Armor

The Provence-class ironclads consisted of 10 ironclad frigates built for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) during the 1860s. Only one of the sister ships was built with an wrought iron hull; the others were built in wood. By 1865 they were armed with eleven 194-millimeter (7.6 in) guns and played a minor role in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War. The ships began to be disposed of in the early 1880s, although several lingered on in subsidiary roles for another decade before they followed their sisters to the scrap yard.

Design and description

[edit]
Right elevation line drawing of the class; the shaded area shows the armor protection

The Provence class was designed by naval architect Henri Dupuy de Lôme as an enlarged version of the Gloire-class ironclads with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better seakeeping qualities. The ships had an overall length of 82.9 meters (272 ft), a beam of 17.06 meters (56 ft), and a draft of 8.4 meters (27 ft 7 in) at deep load. They displaced 5,810 metric tons (5,720 long tons).[1] All of the ships except Héroïne had wooden hulls; that ship had an iron hull.[2] The Provence-class ships had a metacentric height of about 1.4 meters (4.5 ft) and did not roll as badly as the Gloires.[3] They had a crew of 579–594 officers and enlisted men.[4]

The ships of the Provence class had a single horizontal-return connecting-rod compound steam engine that drove a four-bladed, 6.1-meter (20 ft) propeller,[5] using steam provided by eight boilers at a maximum pressure of 1.8 kg/cm2 (177 kPa; 26 psi).[4] The engine was rated at 1,000 nominal horsepower or 3,200 metric horsepower (2,400 kW) and was intended to give the ships a speed in excess of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). Available records of their sea trials show that they achieved speeds of 13.2–16.5 knots (24.4–30.6 km/h; 15.2–19.0 mph) from 2,918–3,895 metric horsepower (2,146–2,865 kW).[4] The Provence class carried between 590–640 t (581–630 long tons) of coal[3] which allowed them to steam for 2,410 nautical miles (4,460 km; 2,770 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[6] They were fitted with a three-masted barque rig that had a sail area of 1,960 square meters (21,100 sq ft).[5]

Armament and protection

[edit]
Cross-section of the armor of the Provence class

The main battery of the Provence-class ships was intended to be thirty 164.7-millimeter (6.5 in) Modèle 1858–60 rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns, but this was changed to eleven 194-millimeter (7.6 in) Modèle 1864 smoothbore muzzle-loading guns in 1865.[4][5][6] It is uncertain if any received their intended armament, although naval historian N. J. M. Campbell states that Flandre, Provence and Héroïne, three of the first ships completed, were armed with a mix of ten 164.7 mm smoothbores, twenty-two 164.7 mm RMLs and a pair of 220-millimeter (8.7 in) RML howitzers.[3] Ten of the 194 mm Modèle 1864 guns were mounted on the broadside and one was on a pivot mount below the forecastle deck as a chase gun. Three years later, their armament was changed to eight 240-millimeter (9.4 in) RMLs and four 194 mm smoothbores.[4][Note 1]

By 1873, the armament of the class consisted of eight Canon de 24 C modèle 1864 (9.4 in) rifled breech loaders on the battery deck, and four Canon de 19 C modèle 1864 (7.6 in) rifled breech loaders higher up.[8]

The armor of the class consisted of iron backed by wood. Behind the armor belt, the wooden support was 760 mm (29.9 in) thick.[9] From the upper deck down to below the waterline, the sides of the ships were completely armored with 150 mm (5.9 in) of wrought iron. The sides of the battery itself were protected with 110 mm (4.3 in) of armor.[4] The conning tower's sides consisted of 102-millimeter (4 in) armor plates.[6]

Ships

[edit]
Ship Builder[3] Laid down[4] Launched[4] Commissioned[4] Fate
Flandre Arsenal de Cherbourg 28 January 1861 12 June 1864 May 1865 Condemned, 12 November 1886[10]
Gauloise Arsenal de Brest 24 January 1861 26 April 1865 5 December 1867 Condemned, 3 October 1883[11]
Guyenne Arsenal de Rochefort 11 February 1861 6 September 1865 6 November 1867 Stricken from the navy list, 19 October 1882[11]
Héroïne Arsenal de Lorient 10 June 1861 19 December 1863 7 June 1865 Scuttled, 1901[12]
Magnanime Arsenal de Brest 27 February 1861 19 August 1864 1 November 1865 Stricken, 19 January 1882[13]
Provence Arsenal de Toulon March 1861 29 October 1863 1 February 1865 Condemned, 3 May 1884[5]
Revanche 28 December 1865 1 May 1867 Stricken, 10 January 1893[13]
Savoie 29 September 1864 25 March 1865 19 November 1888[14]
Surveillante Arsenal de Lorient 28 January 1861 18 August 1864 21 October 1867 Stricken, 1890[15]
Valeureuse Arsenal de Brest 23 May 1861 18 August 1864 25 March 1867 Condemned, 9 December 1886[16]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Sources vary regarding the armament of these ships, especially since dates are not often given. Campbell only gives the 1865 armament while naval historian Angus Konstam only provides the 1868 armament, except for agreeing with Campbell regarding the guns of Flandre, Provence and Héroïne.[3][7]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Winfield & Roberts, p. 423
  2. ^ Gille, pp. 26, 30
  3. ^ a b c d e Campbell, p. 287
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gille, p. 30
  5. ^ a b c d de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 10
  6. ^ a b c Silverstone, p. 62
  7. ^ Konstam, p. 20
  8. ^ Aide-Mémoire Ch 4-6 1873, p. Ch. 4: 12.
  9. ^ Aide-Mémoire Ch 4-6 1873, p. Ch. 4: 10.
  10. ^ Gille, p. 26
  11. ^ a b de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 12
  12. ^ Silverstone, p. 100
  13. ^ a b de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 13
  14. ^ de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 11
  15. ^ Gille, p. 28
  16. ^ Gille, p. 29

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Ministère de la Marine et des Colonies (1873). Aide-Mémoire d'artillerie Navale Chapter 4-6. Georges Chamerot, Paris.
  • de Balincourt, Captain; Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain (1975). "The French Navy of Yesterday: Ironclad Frigates: Second Group – Provence Type". F.P.D.S. Newsletter. III (2): 9–13. OCLC 41554533.
  • Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 282–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
  • Gille, Eric (1999). Cent ans de cuirassés français [A Century of French Battleships] (in French). Nantes: Marines. ISBN 2-909-675-50-5.
  • Konstam, Angus (2019). European Ironclads 1860–75: The Gloire Sparks the Great Ironclad Arms Race. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47282-676-3.
  • Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
  • Wilson, H. W. (1896). Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895. Vol. 1 and 2. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Winfield, Rif & Roberts, Stephen S. (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail, 1786–1861. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-204-2.
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