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{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group in India}}
{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group in Assam and Nagaland, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2006}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Essay|date=September 2020}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Dimasa Kachari
| group = Dimasa Kachari
| population = 142,413 (2011 Census)
| population = 262,413 (2011 Census)
| region1 = {{flagcountry|India}} ([[Assam]])
| region1 = {{flagcountry|India}} ([[Assam]])
| pop1 = 122,663 (2011, Dimasa) <br/>
| pop1 = 142,961 (2011, Dimasa-Kachari,in hill districts of Assam only)
| ref1 =<ref>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Assam |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-18-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
6,716 (2011, Cachar Barmans)
| languages = [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]]
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Assam |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-18-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref>
| religions = ([[Dimasa people#Religion|Daikhos/Dimasa religion]] ([[Animism]]/[[Shamanism]]) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daikhos of Dimasas: The Regional Form of Practice and Dharma|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378794218_Daikhos_of_Dimasas_The_Regional_Form_of_Practice_and_Dharma}}</ref><br>For more details, see [[Dimasa people#Religion|Religion]]
| region2 = {{flagcountry|India}} ([[Nagaland]])
| pop2 = 13,034 (2011, Kachari)
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Assam |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-13-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref>
| languages = [[Dimasa language|Grao-Dima]] and English
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| native_name = Dimasa
| native_name = Dimasa
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Barman Dimasa Girl.jpg
| caption = Barman Dimasa girl while performing Baidima, the traditional dance of Dimasa.
| related = other [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman peoples]]<br>
([[Chakma people]], [[Naga people|Naga]], [[Chin people|Chin]], [[Jingpo people|Jinpho]], [[Tripuri people |Tripuri]], [[Bamar people|Bamar]])
}}
}}
{{Culture of Assam}}
The '''Dimasa people''' ({{IPA-all|dimāsā|local}}) are an indigenous ethnolinguistic community presently inhabiting Assam and Nagaland states in [[Northeast India|Northeastern India]]. This community is fairly homogeneous and exclusive, with members required to draw from both parents' separate clans. [[Dimasa kingdom]], one of many early states in [[Assam]] following the downfall of [[Kamarupa kingdom]], was established by these people.<ref>"Another local kingdom ... was that of the Dimasas in the north Cachar hills. They were known to the Ahoms as Timisa, clearly a corruption of Dimasa..." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=61}}</ref> The Dimasas were till recently agricultural, centering on shifting agriculture; but in recent times this has changed with profound changes in the community.<ref>{{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=94}}</ref> Following political problems in the 18th century, the Dimasa ruler moved further south in the plains of Cachar and there took place a division among them–with the hills Dimasa maintaining their traditional living and political exclusiveness whereas the plains Dimasas have made no attempt to assert themselves.<ref>" Culturally speaking, present-day Cachar Dimasa can hardly be distinguished from the Bengali majority and they seem to make little attempt politically to assert their identity. In the hills, however, Dimasa remained demographically dominant whilst cohabiting with Hmar-Kukis and Zemi Nagas." {{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=93}}</ref>


The '''Dimasa people''' or '''Dimasa Kachari people''' ({{IPA-all|dimāsā|local}}) are an ethnolinguistic community presently inhabiting in [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] states in [[Northeast India|Northeastern India]]. They speak [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]], a [[Tibeto-Burman language]]. This community is fairly homogeneous and exclusive, with members required to draw from both parents' separate clans. [[Dimasa kingdom]], one of many early states in [[Assam]] following the downfall of [[Kamarupa kingdom]], was established by these people.<ref>"Another local kingdom ... was that of the Dimasas in the north Cachar hills. They were known to the Ahoms as Timisa, clearly a corruption of Dimasa..." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=61}}</ref>
Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe [[drought]].{{cn|date=July 2019}} After long wandering, they settled at ''Di-laobra Sangibra'', the confluence of the [[Brahmaputra]] and Sangi or Di-tsang, where they held a great assembly.{{cn|date=July 2019}}


The Dimasas are one of the oldest inhabitants of the Northeastern part of India and is one of the many [[Kachari tribe]]s.
==The Dimasa==
The Dimasas form a "sealed" society—every member drawing his or her patriarchal lineage from one of the forty male clans (''sengphong''—"holder of the sword") and the matriarchal lineage from one of the forty-two female clans (''jalik'' or ''julu'').<ref>{{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=2007}}</ref> These clans are distributed among twelve territorial "sacred groves" called ''daikho''s. The Dimasas are one of the oldest inhabitants of the Northeastern part of India and is one of the many [[Kachari tribe]]s. They live mostly in [[Dima Hasao District]], an administrative autonomous district of the Indian state of [[Assam]] that includes the ravines of the [[Jatinga]] Valley and Dhansiri Valley, [[Diphu]] City and Howraghat region of [[Karbi Anglong district]] (East), [[Kampur]] region of [[Nagaon district]], [[Hojai district]], [[Cachar district]] of [[Assam]] and [[Dimapur district]] of [[Nagaland]] and parts in [[Jiribam district]] of [[Manipur]] respectively.


It stands for ''Di-ma-sa'' meaning ''sons of big waters''<ref>{{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=93}}</ref> referring to [[Brahmaputra]] river (known as ''Dilao'' in Dimasa). Kacharis appear to be one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups of northeastern India. Most independent tribal communities in this region are of Kachari origin. The [[Rabha]], [[Tiwa people (Lalung)|Tiwa (Lalung)]], [[Sonowal Kacharis|Sonowal]], [[Thengal]], Dimasa, [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Hajong people|Hajong]], [[Deori people|Deori]], [[Sutiya people|Chutia]], [[Koch Rajbongshi]], Tipra or [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Mech]], Bodos etc.as well as the [[Tripura]] tribes inhabiting the three districts of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] of Bangladesh are all of Kachari origin. Dimasas also have cultural activities such as dances in their traditions
Kacharis appear to be one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups of northeastern India. They are a part of the greater [[Kachari tribe|Bodo-Kachari]] family of ethnolinguistic groups of Northeast India which includes [[Boro people|Boro]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Tiwa Puebloans|Tiwa]], [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Moran people|Moran]] etc. peoples of northeast india. They speak [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]] language a [[Boro–Garo languages|Boro-Garo]] language of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] family.

==Etymology==
It stands for ''Di-ma-sa'' meaning ''sons of big waters''<ref>{{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=93}}</ref> referring to [[Brahmaputra]] river (known as ''Dilao'' in Dimasa).

==History==
Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that sixty thousand (60,000) Moon months ([[Lunar months]]) ago, they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe [[drought]] they were instrumental in establishing the [[Dimasa kingdom]] a traditional kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley, the Dimasa kingdom ended after the [[Ahom kingdom]] of the [[Tai Ahom]] people invaded the Brahmaputra valley. After long wandering, they settled at ''Di-laobra Sangibra'', the confluence of the [[Brahmaputra]] and Sangi or Di-tsang, where they held a great assembly.<ref>{{Citation|last=Baruah|first=Manjeet|title=Buranjis and Sankari Culture: Language and Narrative in Pre-colonial Textual Traditions|date=2020-11-29|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003157281-4|work=Frontier Cultures|pages=41–75|publisher=Routledge India|doi=10.4324/9781003157281-4|isbn=9781003157281|s2cid=229455719|access-date=2021-11-25}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
The Dimasas were till recently agricultural, centering on shifting agriculture; but in recent times this has changed with profound changes in the community.<ref>{{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=94}}</ref> Following political problems in the 18th century, the Dimasa ruler moved further south in the plains of Cachar and there took place a division among them–with the hills Dimasa maintaining their traditional living and political exclusiveness, the plains Dimasas have made no attempt to assert themselves.<ref>" Culturally speaking, present-day Cachar Dimasa can hardly be distinguished from the Bengali majority and they seem to make little attempt politically to assert their identity. In the hills, however, Dimasa remained demographically dominant whilst cohabiting with Hmar-Kukis and Zemi Nagas." {{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=93}}</ref>

==Ethnicity==
The '''Dimasa Kachari''' plains tribe (Dimasa language speakers) of [[Cachar district|Cachar]] are known as Barman,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kolb |first1=Michael R. |title=Out Of The Hills Young Dimasas and Traditional Religion |date=2019 |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |location=Assam |isbn=978-81-938785-0-7 |page=30}}</ref> forming one of the indigenous tribes of undivided Cachar (including [[Dima Hasao district|Dima-Hasao]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]] and [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]). The Dimasas, inhabiting in the Cachar district are officially recognized as one of the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes]] under the plains category in [[Assam]] in the name called “[[Barmans in Cachar]]”.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
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|Description = Distribution of Dimasa, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
|Description = Distribution of Dimasa, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
}}
}}
Dimasa Kachari is mainly found in the present-day [[Dima Hasao District]] (Old name "[[Dima Hasao district|North Cachar Hills]]" or "[[Dima Hasao district|N. C. Hills]]") of [[Assam]]. They also have a sizeable population in [[Cachar]], [[Karbi Anglong]], [[Nagaon|Nowgong]], Hailakandi and Karimganj Districts of the [[Assam]] State and also [[Dimapur]] and Jiribam region of Nagaland and Manipur state respectively. In Cachar, following the formal conversion of their king Krishna Chandra Hasnusa to Hinduism, Dimasa has largely adopted Hinduism. These new converts to Hinduism are called Barman of Cachar. On the other hand, in Nowgong District the Dimasa have come under the influence of Assamese Vaishnavism, and there they are called Hojai Kachari<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1987|p=80}} Dimasa of Kapili valley were known as Hojai</ref> (Hojai is also a name of a Dimasa male clan). This term also stands for the priest). In Dima Hasao district, a section of the Dimasa called Semsas is confined within the historical village named Semkhor'; they eventually developed a distinct dialect. A similar minor distinction exists within the Dimasa based on the region they inhabit like Hawarsa, Dembrasa, Hamrisa, Dijuwasa and Hasaosa and Walgongsa.


===State formation===
{{main|Kachari kingdom}}
[[File:Kachari palace.JPG|thumb|200px|Baroduwar Dimasa Kachari Palace, Khaspur in Cachar dist]]
[[File:Kachari palace.JPG|thumb|200px|Baroduwar Dimasa Kachari Palace, Khaspur in Cachar dist]]
[[File:Symbol of Treaty between Dimasa King & Ahom king.jpg|thumb|200px|Architectural stones inscription of Dimasa King Naranarayan Hasnusa at Maibang]]
[[File:Symbol of Treaty between Dimasa King & Ahom king.jpg|thumb|200px|Architectural stones inscription of Dimasa King Naranarayan Hasnusa at Maibang]]

The Dimasas formed one of the [[State formation#Early state formation|early states]] in Assam. They established their initial capital in Dimapur, now in [[Nagaland]]. Their initial skirmishes with the [[Ahom kingdom]] in the 15th century resulted in wins, but in the 16th century they faced a series of defeats and had to retreat to Maibong. At Maibong, they Dimasa king and the elite came under Hindu influences; and finally in the 18th century, the king and followers settled in Khaspur following a marital alliance with the erstwhile ruler of the region. These movements of the capital followed the movement of the Dimasa elite, with the common Dimasa folks remaining in place. At Khaspur the Dimasa king and his family converted to Hinduism, but his tribesmen continued to follow the old tribal customs.
They live mostly in [[Dima Hasao District]], an administrative autonomous district of the Indian state of [[Assam]] that includes the ravines of the [[Jatinga]] Valley and Dhansiri Valley, [[Diphu]] City and Howraghat region of [[Karbi Anglong district]] (East), West Karbi Anglong, [[Kampur]] region of [[Nagaon district]], [[Hojai district]], [[Cachar district]], Hailakandi district, Karimganj district of [[Assam]] and [[Dimapur district]] of [[Nagaland]] and parts in [[Jiribam district]] of [[Manipur]] respectively.


== Religion ==
== Religion ==
The Dimasa still Following the ancient animistic/shamanic faith, most of them claim to be Hindus. They find themselves in a natural and similar pattern between their traditional faith and Hinduism and hence they belong to both simultaneously.' Kailash Kumar Chhetri (Ecological Significance of the Traditional Beliefs and Practices of Dimasa Kaschari Tribe, 2001) has also written while mentioning the Dimasai life system. Dimasa Kachari has its unique social system. This social system has its own culture, tradition, and religious beliefs and practices, which are related to the land and nature of their residence. Land and nature are the source of their economy, culture, history, and Dharmic heritage. Regarding the Kachari (Dimasa) belief, on the one hand, Sidney Endley (The Kacharies, 1911:33), declaring it animistic, has written that, as a rule, neither idols nor worship is found in a typical Kachari village, But in the mind and imagination of the Kachari the earth, air, and sky alike are inhabited by a large number of invisible spiritual beings, commonly known as Modai. On the other hand, Humi Thousen (2019) has cited various references of Dipali Danda (Among the Dimasas of Assam, 1988) and S.K. Barpujari (History of the Dimasas from the Earliest times to 1896, 1997), Using it, it is written that six gods, who are considered as the ancestral deities of the Dimasas, have authority over the entire Dimasa land. Thus came the concept of 'Area God' among the Dimasas. As the entire Dimasa land is under their control, hence they have unstructured mythological shrines in different areas of the traditional Dimasa area. It is believed that the gods and goddesses living in a particular sacred area protect the people there and control their destiny. These unstructured shrines are called Daikho, whose number is widely believed to be twelve. As an actual empirical fact in the Dimasas, the concept of Madai as the supreme God and Daikho as the house of that God is found. The meaning of Daikho is made up of two words Madai or Dai and Kho, which is considered as the house of God. Hence, it is clear that Dimasa Kachari also gives an important place in their Dharmic structure to the twelve Daikhos present in their entire region along with various abstract states. Dimasai Life: Dharmic Beliefs, Systems<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daikhos of Dimasas: The Regional Form of Practice and Dharma|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378794218_Daikhos_of_Dimasas_The_Regional_Form_of_Practice_and_Dharma}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religion among Dimasas of Assam (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Assam |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-18-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |accessdate=7 February 2020}}</ref>
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|98.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|orange|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.3}}
}}

According to the 2001 Census of India, more than 98% of all Dimasa living in [[Assam]] are [[Hindu]].<ref>Table ST-14, [[Census of India 2001]]</ref> In a Dimasa society, it is believed spiritual life, Spirit is a soul. Dimasa believe traditionally the rebirth of soul after death.
Dimasa believe that they are the children of Bangla Raja and the great divine bird Aarikhidima. The six sons namely- Sibrai, Doo Raja, Naikhu Raja, Waa Raja, Gunyung Brai Yung, Hamyadao born to Bangla Raja and Arikhidima are their ancestors and the Dimasa consider them to be their ancestral gods. They are called Madai in Dimasa. The evil spirits born out of the seventh egg of Arikhidima are responsible for the diseases, sufferings and natural calamities.
Many Dimasa consider themselves to be Hindus although they have their traditional gods and goddesses. Among the six ancestral gods, Sibrai being the eldest, is the most important and during worship his name is to be uttered first. Sibrai is equated with Hindu Siva and Ranachandi with Parbati or Kali. The Dimasa also believe that Matengma, Hirimdi and Kamakhya are other names of Ranachandi.
The whole Dimasa kingdom in bygone days was divided into twelve religious areas called Daikho. There are twelve priests for twelve Daikhos. The priest of a Daikho is called Zonthai. He have supreme authority in matters of deities and religion and above Zonthai is there is Zonthaima. Dain-yah is the one who sacrifice animal. Hojai performs the rituals over the twelve Zonthais of twelve Daikhos, there is a principal priest or chief priest called Gisiya. The selected person will get the Zonthaiship only when Gisiya offers him holy water called Dithar (Di-gathar).
The Dimasa concept of heaven and hell is also very faint. according to their belief Firinghi is heaven, Damra is the land for the dead where the dead persons retain their original form.
''Manner'' is a human virtue inherent in man's character, also and passed from father to son and mother to daughter.

== Society ==
In Dimasa, the village system is called Nohlai meaning a cluster of houses and the whole village with its population is called Raji. Dimasa tend to live on river banks and next to streams. Therefore, Dimasa Kachari villages are on hills, with thirty to fifty, though sometimes (rarely) as many as four hundred houses. The houses are built in two facing rows. The houses, with a timber superstructure, mud-plastered bamboo walls, and thatched roof are called Noh-Dima.
Each families in a village has a few fruit trees—like Guava, mango, Jack fruit, plaintain and others.


==Culture==
=== Society ===
The traditional village headman, who is at the top of the village administration, is a Khunang. He has both executive and judiciary powers.
The traditional village headman, who is at the top of the village administration, is a Khunang. He has both executive and judiciary powers.
He is assisted by another official called the Dillik (Assistant Headman). Next to him is Daulathu who occupies the third place. Next to the Daulathu is the Haphaisgao, who holds office for two years. Other village officials include Phrai, Montri, Hangsbukhu, and Jalairao.
He is assisted by another official called the Dillik (Assistant Headman). Next to him is Daulathu who occupies the third place. Next to the Daulathu is the Haphaisgao, who holds office for two years. Other village officials include Phrai, Montri, Hangsbukhu, and Jalairao.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haflongbar|first1=Sangeeta|last2=De|first2=Aparajita|date=2017-12-01|title=Traditional Knowledge of Plant Classification among Dimasa Tribe of Dima Hasao District, Assam, India|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v59/2017/115986|journal=Nelumbo|volume=59|issue=1|pages=71|doi=10.20324/nelumbo/v59/2017/115986|s2cid=134950348 |issn=0976-5069|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Dimasa houses use a floor plan called Noh-Dima that partitions the structure into a drawing room, sleeping room, kitchen room, and granary. A place for pounding rice is called Thengkhikho in Dimasa. Santho-rimin is another kind of pounding rice tool. Dimasa use a household article like to keep water used the bamboo and for cooking use silver utensil, spoon made of wood and Dish made of wood and banana leaf and other, a house for latrine, bath room and others also.
The village, earlier in Dimasa society, there is grouping system of houses which is called punji which consisted of one a place around. Nohdrang named in Dimasa called club is placed in the middle or centre in the village or punji. The road communication is connect from the village to centre i.e. market, shop, town and another place.
In the socio-economic life of the Dimasa, the role played by livestock is of great significance. Domesticated animals and birds are not only required during the celebration of socio-religion festivals and performance of rituals but required for Domestic consumption and sometimes for commercial purposes also. The Dimasa Kachari rears Buffalo,Pigs, Fowls, Goats, Ducks, Cows and others.
Many stone monoliths are lying scattered at Kachomari pathar on the Daiyang river in Golaghat district [[Assam]], bears the triumphant victory in the battles many times by Dimasa King from the 13th century. The remains of the palatial buildings, the traditional capital gateway and the decorative art of architecture, geometric and floral ornamentation found in these relics are marvelous. The sculptural design of animals and birds on the pillars at Dimapur by Raja Makardwaj Thousen in the tenth century show clearly the state of cultural development of the Dimasa Kachari. Many erected ramparts, temples were not seen at capital complex Dimapur due to the destruction by Ahom period in 1536. Stone house was erected at Maibang by Raja Harish Chandra Hasnusa in the 16th century. Stone inscription was installed at capital gate of Maibang by Raja Meghanarayan Hasnusa and statue of Horse is a worthable.
Numerous temples of Garhere vitor, Khaspur and Singhadowar of Khaspur both palaces of Queen Indraprava Devi were erected by Dimaraja in the 18th century bear the cultural of that time.

===Customs===
As Dimasa Kachari have both male clan and female clans their law inheritance is somewhat peculiar in nature. The Dimasa have a patriarchal society. But in spite of that they have three types of property namely paternal property, maternal property and common property. The paternal property consists of real estates, weapons, cash money and the cattle. The maternal or mothers property consists of jewellery, clothes and looms with their accessories used by the mother. The common property consists of the cooking utensil, brass-metal dishes and bowls and other household equipment. According to the customary law of inheritance of the Dimasa, while the paternal property is inherited by the sons, the maternal property is inherited by the daughters and common property is shared by the sons and daughters equally.

== Economy ==
Agricultural is the principal occupation and main source of livelihood of the Dimasa Kacharis. Dimasa were compelled to adopt shifting cultivation, commonly known as jhum, in hilly areas. Tracts of plains land suitable for permanent cultivation lying here and there between the ridges are very few. The Dimasa mainly cultivate maize, sesame, cotton and others. Many Dimasa families cultivate pineapples, oranges, cotton and mustard to a limited extent. In the jhum site itself a house to store the harvested paddy is erected and this house is called Mandu. Biba's meaning is to be applied to a boys and girls to carry the paddy to his own house from the keeping Mandu.

==Festivals==
Bushu is an important festival celebrated by Dimasa with the celebration of great pomp and splendour among the Dimasa. Bushu is celebrated after completion of harvest. Bushu, the word gives the meaning such as Brai-Sibrai is a supreme God in Dimasa society. So, in this way, the entire harvesting new paddy is offered first to the Brai sibrai madai for peace of the human kind is called Bushu.
Phangsla, an artistically designed gate, is erected at the village entrance for the Bishu festival. [[Busu Dima]] has a three kind namely Surem Busu observe for three or five days, Hangseu manaoba Bushu is observed for seven days and Jidab Bushu is for only one day.
Gajaibao is selected as a head of the festival. He is in charge of the festival. Meats of animals and birds killed are consumed in a communal feast on the very day. Bushu is followed by singing accompanied by the rhythm of Kharams (drums), Muri, the wooden buggle continues first to third days without stop. Man and woman, Boys and Girls and others with their traditional dress spends whole night by dancing in the festival. In the afternoon local games like long jump, high jump, stone throw is organised in front of Nodrang in last day. Bushu garba is conducted by the Khunang with elders. Any chief guest, invited guest has to be welcome by playing the Muri and Kharam in any occasion in Dimasa society.

Among the festivals of the Dimasa, Bushu is the most joyous and important community festival. The festival is usually celebrated in the month of January, when all sort or works of the jhum are completed. Thus the Bushu is an occasion for relaxation from hard toils. It can, therefore be termed as harvesting festival or a festival of rejoicing and merry making. Hence the participation in this celebration is not restricted to any one. The festival may be celebration at an agreed time according to the convenience of the village people. But since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had officially declared 27 January as Bushu festival day.

The Bushu festival can be divided into the following categories:-

===Bushu Jidap===
Bushu Jidap is generally observed for one to three days. It is celebrated under the guidance of the leadership of the Khunang or Gaonbura. The first day is called mi-staiba meaning slaughtering day of animals for feast. The animal is slaughtered in the morning and in the afternoon they held a community feast called Khalaima khamba in the house of Khunang. When the sun goes down the competition called Baiba Bdailaiba consisting of singing, dancing and playing musical instruments of Muree are held in the courtyard of the bachelor's traditional house called Nohdrang. The bonfire is lit in the middle of the dancing ground which lightens the ground and serves to warm up themselves from the cold night. The best dancers and Muree players are given prizes. The whole night is then passed in dancing and merry making.
The second day is called Bushuma, meaning the main Bushu day. It is on this day the children or juniors pay respect and adoration, to their parents or elders. It is done individually or collectively. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called Bushu Gaba, and is usually undertaken before the mid noon. The whole day passed in eating meat and drinking rice beer. In the afternoon the traditional long-jump called Harang baiba and Shot-put or longthailemba are played in a particular selected level area. The game is meant only for the senior married persons, naturally householder. The declared hero or winner has to entertain the villagers with rice beer and meat.
On the third and last day young boys and young girls pay a house to house visit by singing and dancing in the courtyard of the selected well to do persons of the village. Whatever they collect either in cash or in kind from this process is eventually used for their feast. In the evening or at the dawn of the morning according to the instructions of the village priest they end their dance and playing musical instruments. On behalf of his village the priest then perform Gerba on the main road of the village by sacrificing a fowl to the deity of the village for omissions and commission during the festivals. This is called Lamphungba, and by sacrificing this ritual means the end of the festival.

=== Surem Baino ===
It is generally celebrated for five days. Surem Baino, unlike the Bushu Jidap, is celebrated under the guidance of Gajaibao not of the Khunang (Village headman). When a village is supposed to observe the Surem Baino, they would have to elect or select the Gajaibao or leader or guardian for it long before the celebration. The Surem celebration is then undertaken in the courtyard of Gajaibao. The function like dancing, singing is also held in the compound of Gajaibaos whereas in the jidap they observe in the Nodrang. These are the differences between Jidap and Surem Baino.

=== Hangseu Manaoba ===
The Bushu, the most joyous festival of the Dimasas are celebrated widely through its stages of Jidap or Surem. But the third and the grandest category Hangseu Manaoba is mostly celebrated by a large village where there are large numbers of Hangseu or youths. As Hangseu Manaoba is to be celebrated for seven days or seven nights without stopping of the Khrams (drums) and Muree (trumpet), music, dance, feasting and drinking, therefore the undertaking of this particular category needs a sound economy and healthy background of the village. Due to this the youths take initiative to collect fund long before its celebration. They therefore sometimes engaged as day labourers in the jhum of their fellow farmers for fund raising. Some village youths sometime even make a special jhum for this purpose and thus produce like vegetables, pumpkins, chillies, paddy and others, which are used for the occasion. The women folk also performs "haoba-ragai", community work in exchange for money or provision to celebrate this Bushu. Provision for sufficient quantities of meat, and rice beer- judima, Plantain leaves, Pontho-bamboo cups, firewood for the whole night's bonfire as well as for cooking for the whole seven days have to be making by the youths accordingly. Bushu being termed as community festival of merriment, generally the entire responsibility of the celebration is borne by the youths of the village. Throughout the celebration period the village people observe a ritual called Gerba, wherein the blessings are sought from the deity to protect the village. During the celebration of Bussu the village people do not go out for work or take up any kind of journey. Each and every one has to try their level best not to spoil the festivity spirit but to celebrate in its fullest way, which ought to be made.

It is in this Hangseu Manaoba as a mark of festivities and reception; the youths use to erect the traditional welcome gate called Phangsla, at the main entrance gate of the village. The Phangsla is wholly constructed with a bamboo, which is artistically designed and decorated with a splattered bamboo itself. In bygone days the Phangsla is supposed to be constructed only during the Hangseu Bishu, not on the surem or jidap. But nowadays, whether it is Jidap or Surem, one can see the Phangsla in the celebration of Bushu, especially in the urban areas.
The celebration of Hangseu Manaoba is led under the guidance of selected leader Gajaibao. Besides this leader, they also have boys’ leader called Nagahoja and girls’ leader called Mathlahoja. In Dimasa, young boys or men are called Nagarao and young girls or women are called Malarao. Hangseu or Hangso is a youth organisation of which both the Nagarao and Malarao are members. They therefore work hard day and night under the guidance of the said three leaders to make the Hangseu Manaoba Bushu a grand success.

First Day :The first day is called Hangseu Bushu Rajini Sthaiba, which means the slaughtering day of animals by the village elders. In the morning the village deities are offered sacrifices either pigs, fowls or goats by the elders group. As each village has its own patron Madais, it therefore, is difficult to mention the names of the Madais here to whom the people would offer. But in every ritual Sibrai is remembered, as he is specially considered as the main deity of the Dimasa. The Madais are offered sacrifices to bless the celebration of the festival so that no accident or untoward incidents take place during the time of celebration. After the ritual ceremony is over a portion of the sacrificial meat are then cooked in the house of Khunang or Gajaibao, and the rest are distributed to each household as per their contribution. Then the village elder would feast together by eating the meat and drinking the rice beer. The youths and children are not allowed to join this feast, it is purely sacramental one. This is called Mido garba.

Second Day : The second day is called Nagaraoni Sthaiba, which means slaughtering day of the animals by the youths. In the morning the buffalo which was solely bought by the Hangseus or youth members is killed and prepared a portion of the meat for their grand feast and the rest are distributed to each Hangso members. Before they eat the cook meat, a handful of the meat curry is offered to the deity Sibarai. While offering the meat to Sibarai, the following sacred songs are pronounced by one and all, so that they could have a blessed Bushu.

Ning mijing Ang mijing sain-maiya,
Sibrai ribani sain-maiba,
Sainjora dohjijang sain-maiba,
Horjra dohjijang hor-maiba,
Waimusa gelekbo diodanang
Dimusa gelekbo didanang
Baithelik baihining lailadi adungrao
Lu thilik luhi ning, lailadi ajangrao.

Not by our wishes,
But, because of Sibrai we see this day,
Let us make merry and be happy,
as this day comes only but once.

After one and all saying the above songs, on behalf of the Busu leader (Gajaibao), and Hangsong youths` association they hold a community feast called Suba jiba. The whole day they eat, drink and rejoice. In the evening, when the sun is about to set, the youths hold a community singing fiesta called Bagaoba. The song is sung generally in a position of standing in lines in a procession type in the open space as if they recharged the spirit of festivity in their midst. The following song is one of the oldest songs of the Hangseu Bushu, which is believed to have its origin from the Zeme Princess. (It is said that once a Dimasa Prince married a Zeme girl which is traditionally considered to be the source of this song).
Hangso Manaubani Bagauthai
Baoring jiwang jingswe,
Araonjai baoring jiwang jingse
Jiwang jingse sonai soni wangselei.

Jawring gainlao aki hangmai gao,
Heleo ronjai mairing gede gom
Aki longo kilong longba meser,
Gesemsa lairui nihangloba meser,
Gesemsa lairui lai.

Sengmai gaomai senem bamse,
Baigaoke atem maigao,
Goke naisong naigaoyalao,
Semringpake ningrimjen atem
Baujailang.


===Clans===
This procession is held to call the people to participate in the festival forgiving debts and forgetting grievances, differences and enmity. The second day ends in eating. Drinking and in entertaining guests, friends and relatives.
The Dimasas form a "sealed" society—every member drawing his or her patriarchal lineage from one of the forty two male clans (''sengphong''—"holder of the sword") and the matriarchal lineage from one of the forty-two female clans (''jalik'' or ''julu'').<ref>{{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=2007}}</ref> These clans are distributed among twelve territorial "sacred groves" called ''daikho''s.
Third Day : The third day is called Bushuma. It is considered as the main Bushu day. One this day the children or juniors show respect to their elders and pay ceremonial homage to the elders and offer a Bushu present like a handful of cook meat and a cup full of rice beer. It is done individually or collectively and is usually undertaken within the 12 noon. This kind of ceremonial blessing is called Busu Gaba. One this day not only pay homage to the living but they also pay homage to the spirits of the dead of the preceding year. This last offering of food and drink to the dead "homage ritual" is known as Makhamgarkhaoba.
A community feast is also arranged on this day. Every family entertained people in the house with a handful of meat in a plantain and a bamboo cup of ju. In the afternoon the badailaiba or traditional sports like longthailemba meaning stone throwing and harong baiba meaning long-jump for the elders are held. The winners are sometimes given prizes by the selected persons like maidung and beseng. (maidung and beseng are the two persons, 1st and 2nd in rank who got more paddy than the others in the preceding year) but traditionally, it is expected that the donations whether in cash or in kind may be used for the feast. These competitions, held in the spirit of friendship and understanding, are meant to entertain and the people have fun and laugh.
When the sun goes down, on the courtyard of the Gajaibao a bonfire is lit to warm up from the breezy cold night or to lighten the dancing ground. The young boys and girls, men and women then put on their best traditional dresses and ornaments to take part in the famous Baiba dance. They perform various kinds of dances like Baidima, Jaupinbani, Daislaibani, Jaubani, etc. The good dancers are given prizes. The boys and girls merrily dance together to the music of Kharam and Muree throughout the night, while old men and women and children assembled to witness the gleeful dance of the youths. While watching the skill of their young ones, old men, old women sometimes recalling their sweet bygone days even join the dance for a while just for mirth and fun. A gallon of drinks like ju and judima in a bamboo tube and a bundle peace of meat in a wrapped-up leaf plate are served to them now and then. Drinks are an essential part of the festival and are distributed in fresh pontho (bamboo tube cups) while meat is served in plaintive leaves. While the old aged group cannot take part in the entertainment, they gather in a Khunang house sitting around the fireplace, chatting, joking and tell stories, drinking, eating to their hearts` content. This is how the third day and night passes by.
Fourth to Sixth days : The fourth, fifth and sixth days are called Baikhaoba or Jikhaoba. On these days too community feast are held. The days are spent mainly in eating, drinking, singing and dancing and merrymaking. People go from house to house to share the joy of the festivity and each family provides them with ample food and drinks by each family.
During these days they will perform the dances in the courtyard of the selected well to do family and to the leaders house. This is called Baisingba. This Social festivity continues till sixth noon. In the morning of the sixth day the youth go round the village singing, dancing and playing music. This is called digarlaiba. For the last dance, they again assembled in the dancing ground by performing the dance in merry go round. In the middle of the arena they made a pothole in the ground and let a pitchful of water and the blood of an earlier sacrificial buffalo, and make watery muddy for playing purposes. After singing and dancing for sometime the dancers, children along with their bachelors leader Nagahoja or Mathlahoja facing to the main door of the house of Gajaibao (Hangseu Bushu Leader) and proceed as if in the coming and going for three times. In the same time some youths behave like monkeys and pull out the main door of the Gaijaibao's house replace it the new one. Pulling out the door may symbolise the end of the Gajaibao's responsibility. This is known as derga khouma, meaning the door id pulled off. The pulled door was then carried in procession to the river. During the procession they throw the prepared watery muddy at each other in a playful way. This kind of playing with mud is known as Didap Hulaiba. As soon as they each the river the door is thrown into the water and everyone takes their bath. This simply signifies that the festival has comes to an end.


Dimasa men are divided into 40 patriarchal clans. These are:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Surnames|first=Dimasa|date=2021-04-25|title=Dimasa language surnames {{!}} Dimasa surnames list or last name|url=https://dimasathairili.blogspot.com/2020/12/Dimasa-surnames.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221050838/https://dimasathairili.blogspot.com/2020/12/Dimasa-surnames.html |archive-date=21 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Monograph Series|first=Census of India|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3161/1/44945_1961_DIM.pdf|title=Dimasa Kacharis of Assam|publisher=Government of India|year=1961|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
'''Idea:''' Dimasa has a concept and idea to uplight his own society. It has an education for preparation of intellectual. Dimasa has a conception of philosophy to rebirth the soul.
{{div col|colwidth=9em}}
Social: A Dimasa family generally consists of the head of the family, his wife, their unmarried son and daughter and unmarried brothers and sisters of the family.
* Ardaosa
Dimasa Kachari has forty male clans called Sengphong and forty two female clan called Julu. The Dimasa society has its own society system of marriage. Existence of female clans along with the male can makes the Dimasa marriage somewhat complicated. The male clans and female clans are exogamous and no marriage can take place between the boys and the girls of the same clan whether be it patri clan or matri clan and however distantly related they might be i.e. A boy belong to Kemprai clan (Patri clan can never marry a girl of a Kemprai father although they might be very distantly related. The same principal is followed in case of the female clan also i.e. a girl belong to madaima mother.)
* Mitherpangsa
The Ritual performance: The Dimasa have a cremation ground called Mangkhulong. Dimasa cremate the dead body after death. But in olden times and days, this performance has to be conducted after one month or a year gathering all relation and others.
* Diphusa
* Hagjersa
* Thaosensa
* Phonglosa
* Sengyungsa
* Raijungsa
* Bader-Baiga
* Daulagajao
* Daolagupu
* Hojaisa
* Kemprai
* Jidungsa
* Baindosa (Nunisa)
* Khersa
* Hasnu
* Haflongbar
* Bodosa/Bathari
* Hapila
* Diruwasa
* Naidingsa
* Daodunglangtha
* Karigapsa
* Joraisa
* Hasamsa
* Nabensa
* Dibragede
* Langthasa
* Girisa
* Porbosa
* Maibangsa
* Johorisa
* Sorongpang
* Gorlosa
* Hakmaosa
* Maramsa
* Jarambusa
* Labtaisa
* Laobangdisa
{{div col end}}


===Festivals===
== Dress and ornaments ==
Since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had officially declared 27 January as [[Busu Dima]] festival day.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dimasa Cachari|date=2014-01-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004263925_007|work=Tribal Architecture in Northeast India|pages=53–55|publisher=BRILL|doi=10.1163/9789004263925_007|isbn=9789004263925|access-date=2021-11-25}}</ref>
===Women===
* ''Rijamphain'': white cloth with worn from chest to knees
* ''Rijamphain beren (ramai)'': chest wrapper with stripes of bright colours like white, green (sometimes deep blue), black, yellow (sometimes orange) and red; worn only on special occasions (marriage, dance, festivals).
* ''Rigu'': wrapper or lower garment of various colours, worn from waist to ankle.
* ''Rikhaosa'': muffler of yellow, green or white, worn above the chest wrapper; also sometimes worn by males.
* ''Rigu-set'' was introduced recently due to influence of mainstream culture. It is Dimasa mekhela Chadar, consisting of ''rigu'' (above) and ''set'' which is same piece of cloth that is draped like Indian saree. It can be of any colour.
* ''Bathormai'': a kind of Rigu which has only one particular design, worn from waist to knees; it can be of different colours.


===Males===
=== Dress and ornaments ===
* ''Sgaopha (phagri)'': a turban. Phagri are of either green or yellow, but for marriages or dance the bridegroom or dancer wears white phagri tied with red ribbon to the chin.
* ''Rigdo'': short muffler, which can be of any colour.
* ''Risha'': short dhoti worn from waist to knee and sometimes taken as muffler also; can be of different colours.
* ''Gainthao'': white long dhoti, worn from waist to ankle
* ''Rikhaosa'': long muffler taken by both men and women; white, green or yellow
* ''Riendi'' or ''rithap'': chaddar or shawl worn by men, usually made from Endi/Eri silk of silk worm.
* ''Remshau'': shawl, either white or yellow, with a distinctive colourful design embedded in white background
* ''Magong'': shawl of various colour


===Ornaments===
====Ornaments====
The male Dimasa use only two types of ornaments namely Yaocher and Kharik.
The male Dimasa use only two types of ornaments namely Yaocher and Kharik.


Females use:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/109299087227903/photos/a.193854315439046/313043986853411/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
Females use:
* ''Phowal'': necklace made of expensive Coral and Real silver metal beads; also worn by males
* ''Phowal'': necklace made of expensive Coral and Real silver metal beads; also worn by males
* ''Jongsama'': necklace made of micro-beads of any colour, with coral and silver beads in between.
* ''Jongsama'': necklace made of micro-beads of any colour, with coral and silver beads in between.
Line 189: Line 133:
* ''Khadu'': heavy silver bangle
* ''Khadu'': heavy silver bangle
* ''Khamaothai'': silver or gold earring
* ''Khamaothai'': silver or gold earring
* ''Yaoshidam'': finger ring<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-05-23|title=JPAM Doctoral Dissertation Listing 2016|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.22001|journal=Journal of Policy Analysis and Management|volume=36|issue=3|pages=713–735|doi=10.1002/pam.22001|issn=0276-8739}}</ref>
* ''Yaoshidam'': finger ring


== Dances ==
=== Dances ===
The dance forms of the Dimasa Kachari are complex in character.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dance|first=Baidima|date=|title=Baidima Dance {{!}} Dimasa Traditional Dance {{!}} Baidima Folk Dance of Assam - Traditional Folk Dances of India|url=https://dimasathairili.blogspot.com/2021/04/Baidima-dance-traditional-folk-dances.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425170337/https://dimasathairili.blogspot.com/2021/04/Baidima-dance-traditional-folk-dances.html |access-date=2021-04-25|website=|archive-date=25 April 2021 }}</ref>
The dance forms of the Dimasa Kachari are complex in character. They are strictly dependent on [[instrumental music]]. No [[songs]] are used. Kharam (drum) follows the rhythm of the Muri (fife) and so also the dancers. Though one may find the music from Muri to be monotonous, there are variations with noticeable microtones for different dance forms. That is why young men practice dancing at Nodrang during leisure hours and the village children follow the [[rhythm]] and stepping at a distance from an early age.


Any Dimasa dance is called Baidima ( Bai-means dance, Dima-means Dimasa).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janssen|first=Rosalind|date=2021-02-01|title=The Pleated Dress of Nywty|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.48080/jae.v17i1.3|journal=PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.48080/jae.v17i1.3|s2cid=234010733|issn=1567-214X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Any Dimasa dance is called Baidima ( Bai-means dance, Dima-means Dimasa)<br />
Different kinds of Dimasa dances are-Baidima (Hasao), Baidijuwa, Baidembra, Baimaijai (It means a cultural performance with stone siever once a time during Dimapur reign, so called Baimaiajai. Now-a-days its unable to perform with stone siever. So Cultural performer conducts with plate or Dish during Festival time.), Baijabah (war dance), Hadaobani, Jaubani, Jauphinbani, Ren-gnibani, Baichergi, Khunlubani, Dainselaibani, Khamauthaikhim khaubani, Nanabairibani, Burunjala Khalaibani, Homau daobani, Hakhor Jaobani, Rong-jaobani, Dausimaikhabani, Dauyungjang, Nowaijang dainlaibani, Nah-rimbani, Rogidaw Bihimaiyadao, Maijaobani, Maishubani, Rishibani, Mishai bonthai jibani, Madaikhilimbani and others.


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Dimasa language]]
* [[Dimaraji]]
* [[Dimaraji]]
*[[Barman Kacharis]]
* [[Kachari language]]
*[[Kachari language|Kachari Language]]
*[[Dimasa Kingdom]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{No footnotes|article|date=February 2008}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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| url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf
| url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf
| year=2011
| year=2011
| access-date=2019-06-30
| access-date=30 June 2019
}}
}}
| ref = {{harvid|ST List|2011}}
| ref = {{harvid|ST List|2011}}
}}
}}
*{{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Jacquesson|first=François|date=2008|title=Discovering Boro-Garo|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf|journal=History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category|volume=|pages=|via=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Jacquesson|first=François|date=2008|title=Discovering Boro-Garo|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf|journal=History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category}}
* Bareh, H. ''Gazetteer of India''
* Bareh, H. ''Gazetteer of India''
* Barman, N. K. ''Queen of Cachar of Herambo and the History of the Kachchhari''
* Barman, N. K. ''Queen of Cachar of Herambo and the History of the Kachchhari''
* Barpujari, S. K. (ed) (1997) ''History of the Dimasas: from the earliest times to 1896 AD'', Haflong: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam) .
* Barpujari, S. K. (ed) (1997) ''History of the Dimasas: from the earliest times to 1896 AD'', Haflong: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam) .
* {{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Uttam|last=Bathari|title=Memory History and polity a study of dimasa identity in colonial past and post colonial present|publisher=Gauhati University|year=2014|hdl=10603/115353}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhattacharjee |first=J. B. |contribution=The Kachari (Dimasa) state formation |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=391–397 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhattacharjee |first=J. B. |contribution=The Kachari (Dimasa) state formation |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=391–397 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* Bordoloi, B. N. (1988) ''The Dimasa Kachari'', Tribal Research Institute of Assam, Guwahati.
* Bordoloi, B. N. (1988) ''The Dimasa Kachari'', Tribal Research Institute of Assam, Guwahati.
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* Roy, Babul (2002) "Descent groupings, belief system and social structure among the Dimasa Kacharies of Assam", ''Man in India'', Vol.82,No.1&2.
* Roy, Babul (2002) "Descent groupings, belief system and social structure among the Dimasa Kacharies of Assam", ''Man in India'', Vol.82,No.1&2.
* {{citation |last=Ramirez |first=Ramirez |year=2007 |chapter=Politico-ritual variations on the Assamese fringes: Do social systems exist? |pages=91–107 |title=Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma |editor-first=Mandy |editor-last=Sadan |editor-first2=François |editor-last2=Robinne. |place=Boston |publisher=Brill}}
* {{citation |last=Ramirez |first=Ramirez |year=2007 |chapter=Politico-ritual variations on the Assamese fringes: Do social systems exist? |pages=91–107 |title=Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma |editor-first=Mandy |editor-last=Sadan |editor-first2=François |editor-last2=Robinne. |place=Boston |publisher=Brill}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|url=}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265}}
*{{Cite book|last=Das|first=Shiva Tosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egG0RQ6JTRQC&pg=PA80|title=Life Style, Indian Tribes: Locational Practice|date=1987|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Assam}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
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[[Category:Bodo-Kachari]]
[[Category:Bodo-Kachari]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Dimasa people| ]]

Latest revision as of 13:25, 8 December 2024

Dimasa Kachari
Dimasa
Barman Dimasa girl while performing Baidima, the traditional dance of Dimasa.
Total population
262,413 (2011 Census)
Regions with significant populations
 India (Assam)142,961 (2011, Dimasa-Kachari,in hill districts of Assam only)[1]
Languages
Dimasa
Religion
(Daikhos/Dimasa religion (Animism/Shamanism) [2]
For more details, see Religion
Related ethnic groups
other Tibeto-Burman peoples
(Chakma people, Naga, Chin, Jinpho, Tripuri, Bamar)
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The Dimasa people or Dimasa Kachari people (local pronunciation: [dimāsā]) are an ethnolinguistic community presently inhabiting in Assam and Nagaland states in Northeastern India. They speak Dimasa, a Tibeto-Burman language. This community is fairly homogeneous and exclusive, with members required to draw from both parents' separate clans. Dimasa kingdom, one of many early states in Assam following the downfall of Kamarupa kingdom, was established by these people.[6]

The Dimasas are one of the oldest inhabitants of the Northeastern part of India and is one of the many Kachari tribes.

Kacharis appear to be one of the earliest indigenous ethnic groups of northeastern India. They are a part of the greater Bodo-Kachari family of ethnolinguistic groups of Northeast India which includes Boro, Tripuri, Rabha, Garo, Tiwa, Koch, Moran etc. peoples of northeast india. They speak Dimasa language a Boro-Garo language of the Tibeto-Burman family.

Etymology

[edit]

It stands for Di-ma-sa meaning sons of big waters[7] referring to Brahmaputra river (known as Dilao in Dimasa).

History

[edit]

Ancient Dimasa tradition maintains that sixty thousand (60,000) Moon months (Lunar months) ago, they left their ancestral land when it suffered a severe drought they were instrumental in establishing the Dimasa kingdom a traditional kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley, the Dimasa kingdom ended after the Ahom kingdom of the Tai Ahom people invaded the Brahmaputra valley. After long wandering, they settled at Di-laobra Sangibra, the confluence of the Brahmaputra and Sangi or Di-tsang, where they held a great assembly.[8]

Cultivation

[edit]

The Dimasas were till recently agricultural, centering on shifting agriculture; but in recent times this has changed with profound changes in the community.[9] Following political problems in the 18th century, the Dimasa ruler moved further south in the plains of Cachar and there took place a division among them–with the hills Dimasa maintaining their traditional living and political exclusiveness, the plains Dimasas have made no attempt to assert themselves.[10]

Ethnicity

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The Dimasa Kachari plains tribe (Dimasa language speakers) of Cachar are known as Barman,[11] forming one of the indigenous tribes of undivided Cachar (including Dima-Hasao, Hailakandi and Karimganj). The Dimasas, inhabiting in the Cachar district are officially recognized as one of the Scheduled Tribes under the plains category in Assam in the name called “Barmans in Cachar”.

Distribution

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Distribution of Dimasa, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
Distribution of Dimasa, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
Baroduwar Dimasa Kachari Palace, Khaspur in Cachar dist
Architectural stones inscription of Dimasa King Naranarayan Hasnusa at Maibang

They live mostly in Dima Hasao District, an administrative autonomous district of the Indian state of Assam that includes the ravines of the Jatinga Valley and Dhansiri Valley, Diphu City and Howraghat region of Karbi Anglong district (East), West Karbi Anglong, Kampur region of Nagaon district, Hojai district, Cachar district, Hailakandi district, Karimganj district of Assam and Dimapur district of Nagaland and parts in Jiribam district of Manipur respectively.

Religion

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The Dimasa still Following the ancient animistic/shamanic faith, most of them claim to be Hindus. They find themselves in a natural and similar pattern between their traditional faith and Hinduism and hence they belong to both simultaneously.' Kailash Kumar Chhetri (Ecological Significance of the Traditional Beliefs and Practices of Dimasa Kaschari Tribe, 2001) has also written while mentioning the Dimasai life system. Dimasa Kachari has its unique social system. This social system has its own culture, tradition, and religious beliefs and practices, which are related to the land and nature of their residence. Land and nature are the source of their economy, culture, history, and Dharmic heritage. Regarding the Kachari (Dimasa) belief, on the one hand, Sidney Endley (The Kacharies, 1911:33), declaring it animistic, has written that, as a rule, neither idols nor worship is found in a typical Kachari village, But in the mind and imagination of the Kachari the earth, air, and sky alike are inhabited by a large number of invisible spiritual beings, commonly known as Modai. On the other hand, Humi Thousen (2019) has cited various references of Dipali Danda (Among the Dimasas of Assam, 1988) and S.K. Barpujari (History of the Dimasas from the Earliest times to 1896, 1997), Using it, it is written that six gods, who are considered as the ancestral deities of the Dimasas, have authority over the entire Dimasa land. Thus came the concept of 'Area God' among the Dimasas. As the entire Dimasa land is under their control, hence they have unstructured mythological shrines in different areas of the traditional Dimasa area. It is believed that the gods and goddesses living in a particular sacred area protect the people there and control their destiny. These unstructured shrines are called Daikho, whose number is widely believed to be twelve. As an actual empirical fact in the Dimasas, the concept of Madai as the supreme God and Daikho as the house of that God is found. The meaning of Daikho is made up of two words Madai or Dai and Kho, which is considered as the house of God. Hence, it is clear that Dimasa Kachari also gives an important place in their Dharmic structure to the twelve Daikhos present in their entire region along with various abstract states. Dimasai Life: Dharmic Beliefs, Systems[12]

Culture

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Society

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The traditional village headman, who is at the top of the village administration, is a Khunang. He has both executive and judiciary powers. He is assisted by another official called the Dillik (Assistant Headman). Next to him is Daulathu who occupies the third place. Next to the Daulathu is the Haphaisgao, who holds office for two years. Other village officials include Phrai, Montri, Hangsbukhu, and Jalairao.[13]

Clans

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The Dimasas form a "sealed" society—every member drawing his or her patriarchal lineage from one of the forty two male clans (sengphong—"holder of the sword") and the matriarchal lineage from one of the forty-two female clans (jalik or julu).[14] These clans are distributed among twelve territorial "sacred groves" called daikhos.

Dimasa men are divided into 40 patriarchal clans. These are:[15][16]

  • Ardaosa
  • Mitherpangsa
  • Diphusa
  • Hagjersa
  • Thaosensa
  • Phonglosa
  • Sengyungsa
  • Raijungsa
  • Bader-Baiga
  • Daulagajao
  • Daolagupu
  • Hojaisa
  • Kemprai
  • Jidungsa
  • Baindosa (Nunisa)
  • Khersa
  • Hasnu
  • Haflongbar
  • Bodosa/Bathari
  • Hapila
  • Diruwasa
  • Naidingsa
  • Daodunglangtha
  • Karigapsa
  • Joraisa
  • Hasamsa
  • Nabensa
  • Dibragede
  • Langthasa
  • Girisa
  • Porbosa
  • Maibangsa
  • Johorisa
  • Sorongpang
  • Gorlosa
  • Hakmaosa
  • Maramsa
  • Jarambusa
  • Labtaisa
  • Laobangdisa

Festivals

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Since 1994 as per the decision of Dimasa community of Dima Hasao, the Autonomous Council of Dima Hasao had officially declared 27 January as Busu Dima festival day.[17]

Dress and ornaments

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Ornaments

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The male Dimasa use only two types of ornaments namely Yaocher and Kharik.

Females use:[18]

  • Phowal: necklace made of expensive Coral and Real silver metal beads; also worn by males
  • Jongsama: necklace made of micro-beads of any colour, with coral and silver beads in between.
  • Rangbarsha: necklace made of coins.
  • Chandrawal: necklace made of three silver chains with flower shapes.
  • Rmailik: necklace made of micro-beads; the colour pattern is same with the Rijamphain beren or Rmai (chest wrapper)
  • Likjao: necklace made of Red micro beads
  • Likshim: necklace made of black micro beads
  • Khadu: heavy silver bangle
  • Khamaothai: silver or gold earring
  • Yaoshidam: finger ring[19]

Dances

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The dance forms of the Dimasa Kachari are complex in character.[20]

Any Dimasa dance is called Baidima ( Bai-means dance, Dima-means Dimasa).[21]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Assam". census.gov.in. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Daikhos of Dimasas: The Regional Form of Practice and Dharma".
  3. ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: aho – ISO 639-3". SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics). SIL International. Retrieved 29 June 2019. Ahom [aho]
  4. ^ "Population by Religious Communities". Census India – 2001. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2019. Census Data Finder/C Series/Population by Religious Communities
  5. ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. 2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01 MDDS.XLS
  6. ^ "Another local kingdom ... was that of the Dimasas in the north Cachar hills. They were known to the Ahoms as Timisa, clearly a corruption of Dimasa..." (Shin 2020:61)
  7. ^ (Ramirez 2007:93)
  8. ^ Baruah, Manjeet (29 November 2020), "Buranjis and Sankari Culture: Language and Narrative in Pre-colonial Textual Traditions", Frontier Cultures, Routledge India, pp. 41–75, doi:10.4324/9781003157281-4, ISBN 9781003157281, S2CID 229455719, retrieved 25 November 2021
  9. ^ (Ramirez 2007:94)
  10. ^ " Culturally speaking, present-day Cachar Dimasa can hardly be distinguished from the Bengali majority and they seem to make little attempt politically to assert their identity. In the hills, however, Dimasa remained demographically dominant whilst cohabiting with Hmar-Kukis and Zemi Nagas." (Ramirez 2007:93)
  11. ^ Kolb, Michael R. (2019). Out Of The Hills Young Dimasas and Traditional Religion. Assam: North Eastern Social Research Centre. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-938785-0-7.
  12. ^ "Daikhos of Dimasas: The Regional Form of Practice and Dharma".
  13. ^ Haflongbar, Sangeeta; De, Aparajita (1 December 2017). "Traditional Knowledge of Plant Classification among Dimasa Tribe of Dima Hasao District, Assam, India". Nelumbo. 59 (1): 71. doi:10.20324/nelumbo/v59/2017/115986. ISSN 0976-5069. S2CID 134950348.
  14. ^ (Ramirez 2007:2007)
  15. ^ Surnames, Dimasa (25 April 2021). "Dimasa language surnames | Dimasa surnames list or last name". Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  16. ^ Monograph Series, Census of India (1961). Dimasa Kacharis of Assam (PDF). New Delhi: Government of India.
  17. ^ "Dimasa Cachari", Tribal Architecture in Northeast India, BRILL, pp. 53–55, 1 January 2014, doi:10.1163/9789004263925_007, ISBN 9789004263925, retrieved 25 November 2021
  18. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  19. ^ "JPAM Doctoral Dissertation Listing 2016". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 36 (3): 713–735. 23 May 2017. doi:10.1002/pam.22001. ISSN 0276-8739.
  20. ^ Dance, Baidima. "Baidima Dance | Dimasa Traditional Dance | Baidima Folk Dance of Assam - Traditional Folk Dances of India". Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  21. ^ Janssen, Rosalind (1 February 2021). "The Pleated Dress of Nywty". PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology. 17 (1): 1–11. doi:10.48080/jae.v17i1.3. ISSN 1567-214X. S2CID 234010733.

References

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  • Annexure - Ib: List of Notified Scheduled Tribes (PDF) (Report). Census of India. 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  • Jacquesson, François (2008). "Discovering Boro-Garo" (PDF). History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category.
  • Bareh, H. Gazetteer of India
  • Barman, N. K. Queen of Cachar of Herambo and the History of the Kachchhari
  • Barpujari, S. K. (ed) (1997) History of the Dimasas: from the earliest times to 1896 AD, Haflong: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam) .
  • Bathari, Uttam (2014). Memory History and polity a study of dimasa identity in colonial past and post colonial present (PhD). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/115353.
  • Bhattacharjee, J. B. (1992), "The Kachari (Dimasa) state formation", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 391–397
  • Bordoloi, B. N. (1988) The Dimasa Kachari, Tribal Research Institute of Assam, Guwahati.
  • Danda, D. (1989) The Dimasa Kacharis of Assam, Concept Publishing co. New Delhi.
  • Gait, Edward A. (1906) A History of Assam, Calcutta 1906.
  • Rhodes, N. G. and Bose, S. K. (2006) A History of the Dimasa Kacharis - As Seen through Coinage New Delhi : Mira Basu Publishers.
  • Roy, Babul (1998) "Socio-Cultural and Environmental Dimensions of Tribal Health: A Study among the Dimasa Kacharis and the Zeme Nagas of N. C. Hills in Assam" Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished), Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam (India).
  • Roy, Babul (2000) "Medical Pluralism and Pattern of Acceptance of Medicine among the Dimasa Kacharis of Assam" The Journal of Human Ecology. Kamal-Raj Pub., Delhi.
  • Roy, Babul (2002) "Descent groupings, belief system and social structure among the Dimasa Kacharies of Assam", Man in India, Vol.82,No.1&2.
  • Ramirez, Ramirez (2007), "Politico-ritual variations on the Assamese fringes: Do social systems exist?", in Sadan, Mandy; Robinne., François (eds.), Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma, Boston: Brill, pp. 91–107
  • Shin, Jae-Eun (2020). "Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas". The Indian Economic and Social History Review. 57 (1): 49–75. doi:10.1177/0019464619894134. S2CID 213213265.
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