Hainan peacock-pheasant: Difference between revisions

Hainan peacock-pheasant
	Male
	A displaying male (left) and a female (right)
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Genus:	Polyplectron
Species:	P. katsumatae
Binomial name
	Polyplectron katsumatae; Rothschild, 1906

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The Hainan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron katsumatae) is an endangered bird that belongs to the pheasant family Phasianidae. This extremely rare species is endemic to the island of Hainan, China.

Description

The bird was long considered a subspecies of grey peacock-pheasant or Polyplectron bicalcaratum. The Hainan peacock-pheasant is smaller, and it possesses a short crest and ruff (Johnsgard 1986).^{[full citation needed]} It has red facial skin as opposed to grey in the yellow-orange facial skin of the grey peacock-pheasant. Beebe (1922)^{[full citation needed]} noted various plumage differences between the two and considered them separate species.^[2]

Taxonomy

Due to lack of detailed taxonomic studies, whether it was truly a subspecies (Polyplectron bicalcaratum katsumatae) or a full species remained unclear. Scientists used molecular markers, including the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and intron G of the nuclear ovomucoid gene, to reevaluate the taxonomy of the Hainan peacock-pheasant. The results showed phylogeographic monophyly and large genetic distance between the Hainan peacock-pheasant and the grey peacock-pheasant. Sequence differences corroborated the species-level distinction between these two peacock-pheasants, which were inferred to have diverged about 1.4±0.3 million years ago, near the time Hainan Island became separated from mainland China. BirdLife International has also decided to recognize the split of Polyplectron katsumatae from Polyplectron bicalcaratum.^[3]

Conservation status

Due to a very low population density^[4] in tropical forest and declining population, it is now becoming severely endangered and should be regarded as the rarest species in the order Galliformes in China. Taking more conservation action immediately to protect this endangered island endemic is imperative.

References

^ BirdLife International (2022). "Polyplectron katsumatae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22734897A207341783. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "OBC Checklist". Archived from the original on 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ "Birdlifeforums". www.birdlifeforums.org. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01.
^ Chang, Jiang; Wang, Biao; Zhang, Yang-Yun; Liu, Ying; Liang, Wei; Wang, Ji-Chao; Shi, Hai-Tao; Su, Wen-Ba; Zhang, Zheng-Wang (2008). "Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock Pheasant". Zoological Science. 25 (1): 30–35. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.30. PMID 18275243. S2CID 9715464.

Collar, N. (2009) Hainan Peacock-Pheasant: another CR species for the IUCN Red List? G@llinformed 2: 14–19.
del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
Madge, S. and McGowan, P. (2002) Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse. London: Christopher Helm.

Literature cited

Burns, Chang; J. Wang; B. Zhang; Y.Y. Liu; Y. Liang; W. Wang; J.C. Shi; H.T. Su; W.B. Zhang, Z.W. (2008). "Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock-Pheasant". Zoological Science. 25 (1): 30–35. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.30. PMID 18275243. S2CID 9715464.

[iucn_status_11_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2022). "Polyplectron katsumatae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22734897A207341783. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

[2] "OBC Checklist". Archived from the original on 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

[3] "Birdlifeforums". www.birdlifeforums.org. Archived from the original on 2016-04-01.

[4] Chang, Jiang; Wang, Biao; Zhang, Yang-Yun; Liu, Ying; Liang, Wei; Wang, Ji-Chao; Shi, Hai-Tao; Su, Wen-Ba; Zhang, Zheng-Wang (2008). "Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock Pheasant". Zoological Science. 25 (1): 30–35. doi:10.2108/zsj.25.30. PMID 18275243. S2CID 9715464.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Species of bird}}
 {{speciesbox
-| name = Hainan peacock-pheasant
+| name =
+| image_caption = Male
+| image2 = Hainan Peacock-pheasant Display Pair.jpg
+| image2_caption = A displaying male (left) and a female (right)
 | status = EN
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22734897/0 |title=''Polyplectron katsumatae'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2013 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2022 |title=''Polyplectron katsumatae'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T22734897A207341783 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
 | genus = Polyplectron
 | species = katsumatae
 | authority = [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1906
+| image = Hainan Peacock Pheasant.jpg
 }}
-The '''Hainan peacock-pheasant''' (''Polyplectron katsumatae'') is an [[endangered]] bird that belongs to the [[pheasant]] family [[Phasianidae]]. It is [[endemism|endemic]] to the island of [[Hainan]], [[China]]. It is extremely [[rare species|rare]].
+The '''Hainan peacock-pheasant''' ('''''Polyplectron katsumatae''''') is an [[endangered]] bird that belongs to the [[pheasant]] family [[Phasianidae]]. This extremely [[rare species]] is [[endemism|endemic]] to the island of [[Hainan]], [[China]].
 == Description ==
-The bird was long considered a subspecies of [[grey peacock-pheasant]] or ''[[Polyplectron bicalcaratum]]''.  The Hainan peacock-pheasant is smaller, and it possesses a short [[Crest (feathers)|crest]] and [[Ruff (clothing)|ruff]] (Johnsgard 1986).{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} It has red facial skin as opposed to grey in the yellow-orange facial skin of the grey peacock-pheasant. Beebe (1922){{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} noted various plumage differences between the two and considered them separate species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015234357/http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |archive-date=2012-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+The bird was long considered a subspecies of [[grey peacock-pheasant]] or ''[[Polyplectron bicalcaratum]]''.  The Hainan peacock-pheasant is smaller, and it possesses a short [[Crest (feathers)|crest]] and [[Ruff (clothing)|ruff]] (Johnsgard 1986).{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} It has red facial skin as opposed to grey in the yellow-orange facial skin of the grey peacock-pheasant. Beebe (1922){{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} noted various plumage differences between the two and considered them separate species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |title=OBC Checklist |access-date=2010-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015234357/http://orientalbirdimages.org/new-obc-checklist-commentary.html |archive-date=2012-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 == Taxonomy ==
+[[File:Polyplectron katsumatae.jpg|left|thumb]]
-Due to lack of detailed taxonomic studies, whether it was truly a subspecies (''Polyplectron bicalcaratum katsumatae'') or a full species remained unclear. Scientists used molecular markers, including the complete mitochondrial [[cytochrome b]] gene and [[Group I catalytic intron|intron G]] of the [[nuclear DNA|nuclear ovomucoid gene]], to reevaluate the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the Hainan peacock-pheasant. The results showed [[phylogeography|phylogeographic]] [[monophyletic|monophyly]] and large genetic distance between the Hainan peacock-pheasant and the [[grey peacock-pheasant]]. Sequence differences corroborated the species-level distinction between these two peacock-pheasants, which were inferred to have diverged about 1.4±0.3 million years ago, near the time [[Hainan Island]] became separated from mainland [[China]]. [[BirdLife International]] has also decided to recognize the split of ''Polyplectron katsumatae'' from ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''.<ref>http://www.birdlifeforums.org/WebX?13@@.2cba6deb/1 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401140412/http://www.birdlifeforums.org/webx?13%40%40.2cba6deb%2F1 |date=2016-04-01 }}</ref>
+Due to lack of detailed taxonomic studies, whether it was truly a subspecies (''Polyplectron bicalcaratum katsumatae'') or a full species remained unclear. Scientists used molecular markers, including the complete mitochondrial [[cytochrome b]] gene and [[Group I catalytic intron|intron G]] of the [[nuclear DNA|nuclear ovomucoid gene]], to reevaluate the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the Hainan peacock-pheasant. The results showed [[phylogeography|phylogeographic]] [[monophyletic|monophyly]] and large genetic distance between the Hainan peacock-pheasant and the [[grey peacock-pheasant]]. Sequence differences corroborated the species-level distinction between these two peacock-pheasants, which were inferred to have diverged about 1.4±0.3 million years ago, near the time [[Hainan Island]] became separated from mainland [[China]]. [[BirdLife International]] has also decided to recognize the split of ''Polyplectron katsumatae'' from ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlifeforums.org/WebX?13@@.2cba6deb/1 |title= Birdlifeforums|website=www.birdlifeforums.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401140412/http://www.birdlifeforums.org/webx?13%40%40.2cba6deb%2F1 |archive-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>
 == Conservation status ==
-Due to a very low population density<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.2108/zsj.25.30|title = Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock Pheasant|journal = Zoological Science|volume = 25|pages = 30–35|year = 2008|last1 = Chang|first1 = Jiang|last2 = Wang|first2 = Biao|last3 = Zhang|first3 = Yang-Yun|last4 = Liu|first4 = Ying|last5 = Liang|first5 = Wei|last6 = Wang|first6 = Ji-Chao|last7 = Shi|first7 = Hai-Tao|last8 = Su|first8 = Wen-Ba|last9 = Zhang|first9 = Zheng-Wang}}</ref> in tropical forest and declining population, it is now becoming severely [[endangered]] and should be regarded as the rarest species in the order [[Galliformes]] in [[China]]. Taking more [[conservation movement|conservation]] action immediately to protect this endangered [[endemism|island endemic]] is imperative.
+Due to a very low population density<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.2108/zsj.25.30|title = Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock Pheasant|journal = Zoological Science|volume = 25|pages = 30–35|year = 2008|last1 = Chang|first1 = Jiang|last2 = Wang|first2 = Biao|last3 = Zhang|first3 = Yang-Yun|last4 = Liu|first4 = Ying|last5 = Liang|first5 = Wei|last6 = Wang|first6 = Ji-Chao|last7 = Shi|first7 = Hai-Tao|last8 = Su|first8 = Wen-Ba|last9 = Zhang|first9 = Zheng-Wang|issue = 1|pmid = 18275243|s2cid = 9715464}}</ref> in tropical forest and declining population, it is now becoming severely [[endangered]] and should be regarded as the rarest species in the order [[Galliformes]] in [[China]]. Taking more [[conservation movement|conservation]] action immediately to protect this endangered [[endemism|island endemic]] is imperative.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 30: / Line 35: @@
 *Madge, S. and McGowan, P. (2002) Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse. London: Christopher Helm.
-== Literature Cited ==
+== Literature cited ==
 * {{cite journal|author=Burns, Chang|author2=J. Wang|author3= B. Zhang|author4=Y.Y. Liu|author5= Y. Liang|author6=W. Wang|author7= J.C. Shi|author8=H.T. Su|author9=W.B. Zhang, Z.W.|year=2008|title= Molecular Evidence for Species Status of the Endangered Hainan Peacock-Pheasant
-|journal=Zoological Science|volume=25|pages=30–35|doi=10.2108/zsj.25.30|pmid=18275243|issue=1}}
+|journal=Zoological Science|volume=25|pages=30–35|doi=10.2108/zsj.25.30|pmid=18275243|issue=1|s2cid=9715464}}
 {{Phasianidae}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q2193519}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:peacock-pheasant, Hainan}}
 [[Category:Polyplectron|Hainan peacock-pheasant]]
 [[Category:Birds of Hainan]]
 [[Category:Endemic fauna of Hainan]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1906|Hainan peacock-pheasant]]
+[[Category:Endangered Fauna of China]]