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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

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+#REDIRECT [[Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]] {{R from merge}}
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-'''Bilateral stimulation''' is the use of visual, auditory, or tactile external stimuli occurring in a rhythmic side-to-side pattern.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Francine |last2=Solomon |first2=Roger M. |chapter=Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |date=2010 |pages=547–552 |doi=10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0337 |isbn=978-0-470-47921-6 }}</ref>
-==Bilateral Stimulation Effects==
-Research has indicated that horizontal eye movement effects memory; improving episodic memory retrieval and reducing false memories,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brunyé |first1=Tad T. |last2=Mahoney |first2=Caroline R. |last3=Augustyn |first3=Jason S. |last4=Taylor |first4=Holly A. |title=Horizontal saccadic eye movements enhance the retrieval of landmark shape and location information |journal=Brain and Cognition |date=August 2009 |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=279–288 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christman |first1=Stephen D. |last2=Propper |first2=Ruth E. |last3=Dion |first3=Adam |title=Increased interhemispheric interaction is associated with decreased false memories in a verbal converging semantic associates paradigm |journal=Brain and Cognition |date=December 2004 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=313–319 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.005 |pmid=15522769 }}</ref> and reducing the vividness and emotional valence for both positive and negative autobiographical memories.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barrowcliff |first1=Alastair L |last2=Gray |first2=Nicola S |last3=Freeman |first3=Tom CA |last4=MacCulloch |first4=Malcolm J |title=Eye-movements reduce the vividness, emotional valence and electrodermal arousal associated with negative autobiographical memories |journal=Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology |date=June 2004 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=325–345 |doi=10.1080/14789940410001673042 }}</ref><ref name="Jeffries & Davis 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Jeffries |first1=Fiona W. |last2=Davis |first2=Paul |title=What is the Role of Eye Movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? A Review |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |date=29 October 2012 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=290–300 |doi=10.1017/S1352465812000793 |pmid=23102050 |s2cid=33309479 |s2cid-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christman |first1=Stephen D. |last2=Propper |first2=Ruth E. |last3=Dion |first3=Adam |title=Increased interhemispheric interaction is associated with decreased false memories in a verbal converging semantic associates paradigm |journal=Brain and Cognition |date=December 2004 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=313–319 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nieuwenhuis |first1=Sander |last2=Elzinga |first2=Bernet M. |last3=Ras |first3=Priscilla H. |last4=Berends |first4=Floris |last5=Duijs |first5=Peter |last6=Samara |first6=Zoe |last7=Slagter |first7=Heleen A. |title=Bilateral saccadic eye movements and tactile stimulation, but not auditory stimulation, enhance memory retrieval |journal=Brain and Cognition |date=February 2013 |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=52–56 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.003 }}</ref> These effects have been shown to be achieved by horizontal eye movements, and also by alternating headphone beeps (although with less effect than eye movement).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Hout |first1=Marcel A. |last2=Engelhard |first2=Iris M. |last3=Rijkeboer |first3=Marleen M. |last4=Koekebakker |first4=Jutte |last5=Hornsveld |first5=Hellen |last6=Leer |first6=Arne |last7=Toffolo |first7=Marieke B.J. |last8=Akse |first8=Nienke |title=EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |date=February 2011 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=92–98 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.003 |pmid=21147478 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Jongh |first1=Ad |last2=Ernst |first2=Robert |last3=Marques |first3=Lisa |last4=Hornsveld |first4=Hellen |title=The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders |journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry |date=December 2013 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=477–483 |doi=10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.002 |pmid=23892070 |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2231045/132417_Ms_The_impact_of_eye_movements_post_print.pdf }}</ref> However the quality of these results has been questioned.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Brady R. T. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Myra A. |last3=MacLeod |first3=Colin M. |last4=Manelis |first4=Anna |title=Re-evaluating whether bilateral eye movements influence memory retrieval |journal=PLOS ONE |date=27 January 2020 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=e0227790 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0227790 |pmid=31986171 |pmc=6984731 }}</ref>
-Eye movement has been found to improve communication between the brain hemispheres.<ref name="Propper & Christman 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Propper |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Christman |first2=Stephen D. |title=Interhemispheric Interaction and Saccadic Horizontal Eye Movements: Implications for Episodic Memory, EMDR, and PTSD |journal=Journal of EMDR Practice and Research |date=November 2008 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=269–281 |doi=10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.269 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Christman |first1=Stephen D. |last2=Propper |first2=Ruth E. |chapter=Episodic memory and interhemispheric interaction: Handedness and eye movements |pages=185–205 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Krp5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 |editor1-last=Davies |editor1-first=Graham M. |editor2-last=Wright |editor2-first=Daniel B. |title=Current Issues in Applied Memory Research |date=2009 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-135-26343-0 }}</ref> This may cause the memory impacts above,<ref name="Propper & Christman 2008"/> and have benefits in difficult tasks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoptman |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Davidson |first2=Richard J. |title=How and why do the two cerebral hemispheres interact? |journal=Psychological Bulletin |date=1994 |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=195–219 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.195 |pmid=7972590 }}</ref>
-Bilateral eye movements have been found to reduce asymmetries in hemispheric activation,<ref>Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2001, September ). Bilateral eye movements reduce asymmetries in hemispheric activation. Paper presented at the 2001 EMDR International Association Conference, Austin, TX. Christman, S., & Garvey, K. (2003, February, https://emdria.omeka.net/items/show/18478 and elsewhere</ref> and increase coherence,<ref>Changes in brain connectivity following exposure to bilateral eye movements, Jessica I. Fleck⁎, Robert Olsen, Michael Tumminia, Francesco DePalma, John Berroa,
-Abigail Vrabel, Shannon Miller, Brain and Cognition 123 (2018) 142–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2018.03.009</ref><ref>The Effects of Bilateral Eye Movements on EEG Coherence When Recalling a Pleasant Memory, Brandon Keller, Larry Stevens, Colleen Lui, James Murray, Matthew Yaggie
-Northern Arizona University, Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, Volume 8, Number 3, 2014, http://www.efpe.fr/assets/keller-2014-the-effects-of-bilateral-eye-movements-on-eeg-coherence-when....pdf</ref> although others question this finding,<ref name=pmid21556274>{{cite journal |last1=Samara |first1=Zoe |last2=Elzinga |first2=Bernet M. |last3=Slagter |first3=Heleen A. |last4=Nieuwenhuis |first4=Sander |title=Do Horizontal Saccadic Eye Movements Increase Interhemispheric Coherence? Investigation of a Hypothesized Neural Mechanism Underlying EMDR |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |date=9 March 2011 |volume=2 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00004 |pmid=21556274 |pmc=3089996 }}</ref> and one study found a reverse result.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Propper |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Pierce |first2=Jenna |last3=Geisler |first3=Mark W. |last4=Christman |first4=Stephen D. |last5=Bellorado |first5=Nathan |title=Effect of Bilateral Eye Movements on Frontal Interhemispheric Gamma EEG Coherence |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |date=September 2007 |volume=195 |issue=9 |pages=785–788 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0b013e318142cf73 |pmid=17984782 }}</ref> Asymmetry in hemisphere activity has been found to be associated with depression,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Videbech |first1=P. |title=PET measurements of brain glucose metabolism and blood flow in major depressive disorder: a critical review |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |date=January 2000 |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001011.x |pmid=10674946 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bruder |first1=Gerard E. |chapter=Frontal and Parietotemporal Asymmetries in Depressive Disorders: Behavioral, Electrophysiologic, and Neuroimaging Findings |pages=719–742 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXsfAvtgGTAC&pg=PA719 |editor1-last=Hugdahl |editor1-first=Kenneth |editor2-last=Davidson |editor2-last=Richard J. |title=The Asymmetrical Brain |date=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-58254-4 }}</ref> anger,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Propper |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Januszewski |first2=Ashley |last3=Christman |first3=Stephen D. |last4=Brunyé |first4=Tad T. |title=Increased Anger is Associated With Increased Hemispheric Asymmetry |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |date=September 2011 |volume=199 |issue=9 |pages=716–720 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0b013e318229d95a |pmid=21878789 }}</ref> and anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Compton |first1=Rebecca J. |last2=Mintzer |first2=David A. |title=Effects of worry and evaluation stress on interhemispheric interaction |journal=Neuropsychology |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1037/0894-4105.15.4.427 |pmid=11761031 }}</ref>
-One 2018 contribution questioned whether eye movements could facilitate accepting false information about an event.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Houben |first1=Sanne T. L. |last2=Otgaar |first2=Henry |last3=Roelofs |first3=Jeffrey |last4=Merckelbach |first4=Harald |title=Lateral Eye Movements Increase False Memory Rates |journal=Clinical Psychological Science |date=29 March 2018 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=610–616 |doi=10.1177/2167702618757658 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However others have rejected this concern.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Christopher William |last2=de Jongh |first2=Ad |last3=Hase |first3=Michael |title=Lateral Eye Movements, EMDR, and Memory Changes: A Critical Commentary on Houben et al. (2018) |journal=Clinical Psychological Science |date=22 March 2019 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=403–404 |doi=10.1177/2167702619830395 }}</ref>
-==Role of Bilateral Stimulation in EMDR==
-Bilateral stimulation is a core element of [[eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]] (EMDR) therapy, a common treatment for [[post traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). While the client thinks about distressing memories and feelings, the therapist uses external stimuli to facilitate bilateral stimulation.<ref name="Verstrael20132">{{cite journal|last1=Verstrael|first1=Sietse|last2=van der Wurff|first2=Peter|last3=Vermetten|first3=Eric|date=July 2013|title=Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as Treatment for Combat-Related PTSD: A Meta-Analysis|journal=Military Behavioral Health|volume=1|issue=2|pages=68–73|doi=10.1080/21635781.2013.827088}}</ref> The treatment originally used only left-to-right eye movements as the bilateral stimulus but other forms of stimuli, often physical vibration in combination with binaural sounds, are now commonly being used as alternatives. Proponents of EMDR therapy hypothesize that bilateral stimulation assists clients in the processing of painful or traumatizing memories.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.emdr.com/what-is-emdr/|title=What is EMDR? {{!}} EMDR Institute – EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING THERAPY|website=www.emdr.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-05}}</ref> In the most common form of treatment, the client focuses on a traumatic memory and the negative thoughts or feelings associated with that memory. The client then follows with their eyes while the therapist moves their finger or some other object in front of them from left to right. Alternatively, the therapist may choose to use other types of bilateral stimuli. The hypothesis is that doing this allows the client to access and reprocess negative memories, eventually leading to decreased psychological arousal associated with the memory.<ref name="Boccia2015">{{cite journal |last1=Boccia |first1=Maddalena |last2=Piccardi |first2=Laura |last3=Cordellieri |first3=Pierluigi |last4=Guariglia |first4=Cecilia |last5=Giannini |first5=Anna Maria |title=EMDR therapy for PTSD after motor vehicle accidents: meta-analytic evidence for specific treatment |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |date=21 April 2015 |volume=9 |page=213 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2015.00213 |pmid=25954183 |pmc=4404810 }}</ref> Therapy then focuses on fostering a positive belief or emotion in the client.<ref name=":0" />
-==Types of bilateral stimulation==
-Eye movements are the main form of bilateral stimulation used for EMDR. Originally EMDR used only visual stimuli and the resulting eye movements to facilitate the therapy process. The creator of EMDR therapy, [[Francine Shapiro]], postulated that eye movements in particular were a necessary part of the treatment. However, research found similar efficacy using other types of stimulation and other stimuli are now commonly used by EMDR practitioners.<ref name="Jeffries & Davis 2012"/> These alternative stimuli include auditory stimuli that alternate between left and right speakers or headphones, and physical stimuli such as tapping of the therapist’s hands.<ref name=Rodenburg2009>{{cite journal |last1=Rodenburg |first1=Roos |last2=Benjamin |first2=Anja |last3=de Roos |first3=Carlijn |last4=Meijer |first4=Ann Marie |last5=Stams |first5=Geert Jan |title=Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |date=November 2009 |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=599–606 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.008 |pmid=19616353 }}</ref>
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-[[Category:Eye]]
-[[Category:Psychotherapy]]