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{{short description|British microbiologist and immunologist (1861-1947)}}
Sir Almroth Edward Wright was born in 1861.
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sir Almroth Wright
| image = Almroth Wright c1900.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Wright {{circa|1900}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1861|8|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1947|4|30|1861|8|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire]], England
| field = [[bacteriology]]<br />[[immunology]]
| work_institutions = [[Netley Hospital]]<br />[[St Mary's Hospital, London]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College Dublin]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[vaccination]] through the use of autogenous vaccines
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes = [[Buchanan Medal]] (1917)<br />[[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Colebrook | first1 = L. | title = Almroth Edward Wright. 1861–1947 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1948.0032 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 6 | issue = 17 | pages = 297–314| year = 1948 | jstor = 768924| s2cid = 161950029 }}</ref>
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}
'''Sir Almroth Edward Wright''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|CB|FRCSI|FRS}} (10 August 1861 – 30 April 1947) was a British [[bacteriologist]] and [[immunologist]].<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Herrick | first1 = C. E. J. | chapter = Wright, Almroth Edward | doi = 10.1038/npg.els.0002962 | title = Encyclopedia of Life Sciences | year = 2001 | isbn = 0470016175 }}</ref>


He is notable for developing a system of anti-[[typhoid fever]] [[inoculation]], recognizing early on that [[antibiotics]] would create [[Antibiotic resistance|resistant bacteria]], and being a strong advocate for [[preventive medicine]].
He was one of the giants of the medical world in the late 19th and early 20th century.


==Biography==
In 1902 he started working at StMary’s Hospital Medical School, Praed Street, London.
He is mostly known as a bacteriologist.
He managed to get 10 million vaccines for the troops in Northern France during World War I.


Wright was born at [[Middleton Tyas]], near [[Richmond, North Yorkshire]] into a family of mixed [[Anglo-Irish]] and [[Swedes|Swedish]] descent.<ref name="Michael Worboys 1947">Michael Worboys, 'Wright, Sir Almroth Edward (1861–1947)', {{Cite ODNB | title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/37032 | year = 2004 }}</ref> He was the son of Reverend [[Charles Henry Hamilton Wright]], deacon of [[Middleton Tyas]], who later served in [[Belfast]], [[Dublin]], and [[Liverpool]] and managed the [[Protestant Reformation Society]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ennever.com/showmedia.php?mediaID=690&medialinkID=1162|title=Dr. C. H. H. Wright (obituary)|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=22 March 1909|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326105031/http://www.ennever.com/showmedia.php?mediaID=690&medialinkID=1162|url-status=dead}}</ref> His mother, Ebba Almroth, was the daughter of {{Interlanguage link multi|Nils Wilhelm Almroth|sv}}, Governor of the Swedish Royal Mint in [[Stockholm]].<ref name=OB>''[http://www.ennever.com/showmedia.php?mediaID=693&medialinkID=1165 Sir Charles Hagberg Wright (obituary)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018161857/http://www.ennever.com/showmedia.php?mediaID=693&medialinkID=1165 |date=18 October 2016 }}''. [[The Times]], 7 March 1940.</ref> His younger brother [[Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright]] became the librarian of the [[London Library]].
Following in his footsteps at St Mary's, Sir Alexander Fleming later discovered penicillin.


In 1882, he graduated from [[Trinity College Dublin]] with [[British undergraduate degree classification#First-class honours|first-class honours]] in modern literature and won a gold medal in modern languages and literature.<ref name="ZC-AW:FoMVT">{{cite book | title=Almroth Wright: Founder of modern vaccine-therapy | publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (publisher)|Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd]] | author=Cope, Zachary | year=1966 | location=London | author-link=Zachary Cope }}</ref>{{rp|2}} Simultaneously he took medicine courses and in 1883 graduated in medicine.<ref name=frs /><ref name=ZC-AW:FoMVT />{{rp|3}} In the late 19th century, Wright worked with the armed forces of Britain to develop vaccines and promote immunisation.
Wright warned early on that this kind of remedy would create resistant bacteria, something that has proven an increasing danger nearing the end of the century, and making his thoughts on medicine influential yet again, long after his death.


He married Jane Georgina Wilson (1861-1926)<ref name="Michael Worboys 1947"/> in 1889 and had three children. The first, Edward Robert Mackay Wright (1890–1913), was born in Glebe, Sydney. Second son Leonard Almoth Wilson Wright (1891–1972) was born in Dublin, as was daughter Doris Helena MacNaughton Wright (later Romanes, after whom the [[Helena Romanes School]] was named) (1894–1990).<ref>England and Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995 for Almoth Edward Wright</ref>
He proposed that Logic be introduced as a part of medical training. This was never adopted.

In 1902, Wright started a research department at [[St Mary's Hospital (London)|St Mary's Hospital]] Medical School in [[London]]. He developed a system of anti-[[typhoid fever]] [[inoculation]] and brought the humoral and cellular theories of immunity together by showing the cooperation of a substance (that he named [[opsonin]]) contained in the serum with the phagocytes against pathogens.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=A.E.|author2=Stewart, R.D. |title=An experimental investigation on the role of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|date=1 September 1903|volume=72|issue=477–486|pages=357–370|doi=10.1098/rspl.1903.0062|bibcode=1903RSPS...72..357W|doi-access=free}}</ref> Citing the example of the [[Second Boer War]], during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the armed forces that 10 million vaccine doses for the troops in northern France should be produced during [[World War I]]. During WWI Wright established a research laboratory attached to the British Expeditionary Force's hospital designated Number 13, General Hospital in [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Wound Infections'' by Colonel Sir Almroth Wright|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=21 March 1918|volume=178|issue=12|page=400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja81AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA400|doi=10.1056/nejm191803211781217}}</ref> In 1919, Wright returned to St Mary's and remained there until his retirement in 1946. Among the many bacteriologists who followed in Wright's footsteps at St Mary's was [[Sir Alexander Fleming]], who in turn later discovered [[lysozyme]] and [[penicillin]]. Wright was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in May 1906.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf |title = List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007| publisher = Royal Society: Library and Information Services | pages = 390 | year = 2007 | access-date = 9 November 2015}}</ref> [[Leonard Colebrook]] became his assistant in 1907 and continued working with him until 1929.<ref name="frs2">{{Cite journal|year=1971|title=Leonard Colebrook 1883–1967|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=17|pages=91–138|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1971.0004|pmid=11615432|last1=Oakley|first1=C. L.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Wright warned early on that [[antibiotics]] would create [[Antibiotic resistance|resistant bacteria]],<ref name=ZC-AW:FoMVT />{{rp|130}} something that has proven an increasing danger. He made his thoughts on [[preventive medicine]] influential, stressing preventive measures. Wright's ideas have been re-asserted recently—70 years after his death—by modern researchers in articles in such periodicals as ''[[Scientific American]]''. He also argued that microorganisms are vehicles of disease but not its cause, a theory that earned him the nickname "Almroth Wrong" from his opponents. Another derogatory nickname was "Sir Almost Wright".<ref name = "sal">{{cite book|author=Sally Peters|title=Commentary: Bernard Shaw's dilemma: marked by mortality|publisher=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]], [[International Epidemiological Association]]|year=2003}}</ref>

He also proposed that [[logic]] be introduced as a part of medical training, but his idea was never adopted. Wright also pointed out that [[Louis Pasteur|Pasteur]] and Fleming, although both excellent researchers, had not managed to find cures for the diseases for which they had sought cures, but instead had stumbled upon cures for totally unrelated diseases.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Wright was a strong proponent of the [[Ptomaine]] theory for the cause of [[Scurvy]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Scurvy, Lancaster, Lind, Scott and Almroth Wright|author = J. H. Baron|journal = [[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|volume = 90|pages = 415|date = July 1997|issue = 7|doi = 10.1177/014107689709000726|pmid = 9290433|pmc = 1296402}}</ref> The theory was that poorly preserved meats contained alkaloids that were poisonous to humans when consumed. This theory was prevalent when [[Robert Falcon Scott]] planned his fateful expedition to the [[Antarctic]] in 1911. In 1932, the true cause of the disease was determined to be the deficiency from the diet of a particular [[nutrient]], now called [[Vitamin C]] ([[Ascorbic acid]], Scorbic meaning [[Scurvy]]).{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

There is a ward named after him at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Women's suffrage ==
Wright was strongly opposed to women's suffrage. He argued that women's brains were innately different from men's and were not constituted to deal with social and public issues. His arguments were most fully expounded in his book ''[[s:The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage|The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage]]'' (1913). In the book, Wright also vigorously opposes the professional development of women.<ref name="cpg">{{cite book
| last = Gilman
| first = Charlotte Perkins
| author-link = Charlotte Perkins Gilman
| others = Introduction by Ann J. Lane
| title = Herland
| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32
| format = various formats
| access-date = 16 October 2012
| edition = First
| orig-year = 1915
| year = 1979
| publisher = [[Pantheon Books]]
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-394-50388-0
| pages = 130 and 142
| quote = I see now clearly enough why a certain kind of man, like Sir Almroth Wright, resents the professional development of women.... 'Sexless, epicene, undeveloped neuters!' he [Terry O'Nicholson] went on bitterly. He sounded like Sir Almwroth Wright.
}}<!-- Please do not correct the second spelling of Almroth; it is like that in the reference --></ref> [[Rebecca West]] and [[May Sinclair]] both wrote articles criticizing Wright's opposition to women's suffrage.<ref>{{cite book | title=Representing Modernist Texts: Editing as Interpretation |page=74 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |author=Bornstein, George | year=1991 | location=Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Freewomen and Supermen: Edwardian Radicals and Literary Modernism |page=65 |publisher=Oxford University Press |author=Fernihough, Anne |year=1991 | location=Oxford}}</ref> [[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]] satirized Wright's opposition to women's suffrage in her novel ''[[Herland (novel)|Herland]]''.<ref name="cpg" />

==Bernard Shaw==
Wright was a friend of his fellow Irishman [[George Bernard Shaw]]. He was immortalised as Sir Colenso Ridgeon in the play ''[[The Doctor's Dilemma (play)|The Doctor's Dilemma]]'' written in 1906, which arose from conversations between Shaw and Wright. Shaw credits Wright as the source of his information on medical science: "It will be evident to all experts that my play could not have been written but for the work done by Sir Almroth Wright on the theory and practice of securing immunization from bacterial diseases by the inoculation of vaccines made of their own bacteria."<ref>Violet M. Broad & C. Lewis Broad, ''Dictionary to the Plays and Novels of Bernard Shaw'', A. & C. Black, London, 1929, p.41.</ref> This remark of Shaw's is characteristically ironical. Wright was knighted shortly before the play was written, and Shaw was suspicious of Wright's high reputation (the latter was also known by the nickname Sir Almost Right). The two men met in 1905, and engaged in a long series of robust discussions, involving at one point a challenge from the medical audience that they had "too many patients on our hands already". Shaw's response was to ask what would be done if there was more demand from patients than could be satisfied, and Wright answered: "We should have to consider which life was worth saving." This became the "dilemma" of the play.<ref>Michael Holroyd, ''The Guardian'' 13 July 2012, "Bernard Shaw and his lethally absurd doctor's dilemma".</ref>

Shaw also portrays him in his playlet ''[[How These Doctors Love One Another!]]'' and uses his theory of bacterial mutation in ''[[Too True to Be Good]]''.<ref name = "sal"/> Shaw, who campaigned for women's suffrage, strongly disagreed with Wright about women's brains and dismissed his views on the subject as absurd.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Awards==
Wright had been honoured for his deeds a total of 29 times in his lifetime – a knighthood, 5 honorary doctorates, 5 honorary orders, 6 fellowships (2 honoraries), 4 prizes, 4 memberships, and 3 medals ([[Buchanan Medal]], [[Fothergillian prize|Fothergill Gold Medal]] and a special medal "for the best medical work in connection with the war").<ref name="LCAWPDT">{{cite book | title=Almroth Wright : Proactive doctor and thinker | publisher=William Heinemann | author=Colebrook, Leonard | year=1954 | location=London}}</ref>{{rp|282}} He was nominated 14 times for the Nobel prize from 1906 to 1925.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/|title = Nomination Archive}}</ref>
* 1906 [[Knighthood]]
* 1906 Fellowship of the [[Royal Society of London]]
* 1906 Fellowship of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland]]
* 1906 Honorary D.Sc., [[Dublin University]]
* 1908 The [[Fothergillian prize|Fothergill Gold Medal]], presented by the [[Medical Society of London]]
* 1912 The [[Freedom of the City of Belfast]]
* 1913 The [[Hungarian Prize]], presented by the [[International Congress]] in [[London]]
* 1915 Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]]
* 1915 The [[Leconte Prize|Le Conte Prize]] (50,000 francs), presented by [[Institute of France]]
* 1915 The [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Belgian Ordre de la Couronne]]
* 1916 Associate Membership of the [[Paris Academie de Medicine]]
* 1917 The [[Buchanan Medal]], presented by the [[Royal Society of London]]
* 1918 Elected a Corresponding Member of the [[Institute of France]]
* 1918 The [[Serbian Order of St. Sava]] (1st Class)
* 1919 [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the British Empire]]
* 1919 Honorary D.Sc., [[Leeds University]]
* 1919 Honorary Fellowship, [[Royal Society of Medicine]], [[London]]
* 1920 A special medal awarded by the [[Royal Society of Medicine]] "for the best medical work in connection with the war"
* 1921 Membership [[Imperial Society of Medicine]], [[Constantinople]]
* 1921 The [[Order of Prince Danilo I]] (1st Class)
* 1924 Doctorate of the [[University of Paris]]
* 1927 Honorary LL.D. of [[Edinburgh University]] and [[Queen's University Belfast|Queen's University]]
* 1927 Honorary Membership of the [[Viennese Society of Microbiology]]
* 1931 Honorary Fellowship of [[Trinity College Dublin]]<ref name=rec>{{cite book |last=Webb |first=D.A. |editor-first=Barlett |editor-last=J.R.|date=1992 |title=Trinity College Dublin Record Volume 1991 |location=Dublin |publisher=Trinity College Dublin Press |isbn=1-871408-07-5|page=}}</ref>
* 1931 Honorary Doctorate of Medicine, the [[University of Buenos Aires]]
* 1932 Fellowship of the [[Royal College of Physicians of Ireland]]
* 1932 The [[Stewart Prize]], awarded by the [[British Medical Association]]
* 1938 Fellowship of the [[Royal College of Physicians of England]]

== Works ==
{{wikisource author}}Wright's work could be split up into the following three phases
* Early phase (1891–1910) – over 20 medical journal publications, lectures for students and other scientific works
** ''Upon a new septic'' (1891)
** ''On the conditions which determine the distribution of the coagulation'' (1891)
** ''A new method of blood transfusion'' (1891)
** ''Grocers' research scholarship lectures'' (1891)
** ''Lecture on tissue- or cell-fibrinogen'' (1892)
** ''On the leucocytes of peptone and other varieties of liquid extravascular blood'' (1893)
** ''On Haffkine's method of vaccination against Asiatic cholera'' (1893, coauthored with D. Bruce)
** ''Remarks on methods of increasing and diminishing the coagulability of the blood'' (1894)
** ''On the association of serious haemorrhages'' (1896)
** ''A suggestion as to the possible cause of the corona observed in certain after images'' (1897)
** ''On the application of the serum test to the differential diagnosis of typhoid and Malta fever'' (1897)
** ''Remarks on vaccination against typhoid fever'' (1897, coauthored with D. Semple)
** ''An experimental investigation on the role of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis'' (1903, coauthored with [[Stewart Rankin Douglas]])
** ''On the action exerted upon the tubercle bacillus by human blood fluids'' (1904, coauthored with [[Stewart Rankin Douglas]])
** '''''A short treatise on anti-typhoid inoculation''''' (1904)
** ''On the possibility of determining the presence or absence of tubercular infection'' (1906, coauthored with S. T. Reid)
** ''On spontaneous phagocytosis'' (1906, coauthored with S. T. Reid)
** ''Studies on immunisation and their application to the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections'' (1909)
** ''Vaccine therapy—its administration, value, and limitations'' (1910)
** ''Introduction to vaccine therapy'' (1920)
* War phases (1914–1918 and 1941–1945) – mostly works about wounds, wound infections and new perspectives on the topic
** ''Wound infections and some new methods'' (1915)
** ''Conditions which govern the growth of the bacillus of "Gas Gangrene"'' (1917)
** ''Pathology and Treatment of War Wounds'' (1942)
** ''Researches in Clinical Physiology'' (1943)
** ''Studies on Immunization'' (2 vol., 1943–1944)
* Philosophy phase (1918–1941 and 1945–1947) – more or less philosophic works, including thoughts on logic, equality, science and scientific methods
** '''''[[s:The Unexpurgated Case against Woman Suffrage|The Unexpurgated Case against Woman Suffrage]]''''' (1913)
** ''The Conditions of Medical Research'' (1920)
** ''Alethetropic Logic: a posthumous work'' (1953, presented by Giles J. Romanes)
* Handbooks
** ''Principles of microscopy: being a handbook to the microscope'' (1906)
** ''Technique of the teat and capillary glass tube'' (1912)

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 17575871
|last=Walker
|first=N M
|publication-date=Mar 2007
|year=2007
|title=Edward Almroth Wright
|volume=153
|issue=1
|periodical=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
|pages=16–7
|doi=10.1136/jramc-153-01-05
|s2cid=28405915
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 17356738
|last=Stone
|first=Marvin J
|publication-date=2007
|year=2007
|title=The reserves of life: William Osler versus Almroth Wright
|volume=15
|periodical=Journal of Medical Biography
|issue=Suppl 1
|pages=28–31
|doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.s-1-06-06
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 12486306
|last=Diggins
|first=Francis
|publication-date=Dec 2002
|year=2002
|title=Who was...Almroth Wright?
|volume=49
|issue=6
|periodical=Biologist (London, England)
|pages=280–2
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 12215201
|last=Matthews
|first=J Rosser
|publication-date=2002
|year=2002
|title=Almroth Wright, vaccine therapy, and British biometrics: disciplinary expertise versus statistical objectivity
|volume=67
|periodical=Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|pages=125–47
|doi=10.1163/9789004333512_006
|isbn=9789042012080
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 10631532
|last=Worboys
|first=M
|publication-date=1999
|year=1999
|title=Almroth Wright at Netley: modern medicine and the military in Britain, 1892–1902
|volume=55
|periodical=Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|pages=77–97
|doi=10.1163/9789004333277_004
|isbn=9789042005464
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 9290433
|last=Baron
|first=J H
|publication-date=Jul 1997
|year=1997
|title=Scurvy, Lancaster, Lind, Scott and Almroth Wright
|volume=90
|issue=7
|periodical=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]
|pages=415
|pmc = 1296402
|doi=10.1177/014107689709000726
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 8667330
|last=Meynell
|first=E W
|publication-date=Feb 1996
|year=1996
|title=Some account of the British military hospitals of World War I at Etaples, in the orbit of Sir Almroth Wright
|volume=142
|issue=1
|periodical=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
|pages=43–7
|doi=10.1136/jramc-142-01-09
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 7711458
|last=Matthews
|first=J R
|publication-date=1995
|year=1995
|title=Major Greenwood versus Almroth Wright: contrasting visions of "scientific" medicine in Edwardian Britain
|volume=69
|issue=1
|periodical=Bulletin of the History of Medicine
|pages=30–43
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 7966100
|last=Turk
|first=J L
|publication-date=Oct 1994
|year=1994
|title=Almroth Wright—phagocytosis and opsonization
|volume=87
|issue=10
|periodical=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]
|pages=576–7
|doi=10.1177/014107689408701002
|pmc = 1294842
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* {{Citation
|pmid = 1820079
|pmc=5115083
|last=Gillespie
|first=W
|publication-date=Dec 1991
|year=1991
|title=Paul Ehrlich and Almroth Wright
|volume=106
|issue=4
|periodical=West of England Medical Journal
|pages=107, 118
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 4612919
|last=Allison
|first=V D
|publication-date=1974
|year=1974
|title=Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming
|volume=43
|issue=2
|periodical=The Ulster Medical Journal
|pages=89–98
|pmc = 2385475
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 4485442
|last=Hatcher
|first=J
|publication-date=Nov 1972
|year=1972
|title=Sir Almroth Wright; pioneer of humanised cows' milk
|volume=86
|issue=18
|periodical=Midwives Chronicle
|pages=356
}}
* {{Citation
|pmid = 13699916
|last1=Fish
|first1=W
|last2=Cope
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|last3=Gray
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|publication-date=Jul 1961
|year=1961
|title=Sir Almroth WRIGHT (1861–1947)
|volume=107
|periodical=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
|pages=130–6
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* {{Citation
|pmid = 13082064
|first = Leonard
|last = Colebrook
|author-link=Leonard Colebrook
|publication-date=19 September 1953
|year=1953
|title=Almroth Wright; pioneer in immunology
|volume=2
|issue=4837
|periodical=British Medical Journal
|pages=635–640
|doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.4837.635
|pmc = 2029492
}}
* The Plato of Praed street: the life and times of Almroth Wright. M.S.Dunnill. RSM Press 2000
{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[Frederick F. Russell]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Almroth Wright}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=1727| name=Almroth Wright}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Almroth Wright |sopt=t}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wright, Almroth}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Richmond, North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:British immunologists]]
[[Category:British microbiologists]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Vaccinologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Richmondshire (district)]]
[[Category:Typhoid fever]]
[[Category:Physicians of St Mary's Hospital, London]]
[[Category:Wright family (English family)|Almroth]]

Latest revision as of 22:37, 12 June 2024

Sir Almroth Wright
Wright c. 1900
Born(1861-08-10)10 August 1861
Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire, England
Died30 April 1947(1947-04-30) (aged 85)
Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire, England
Alma materTrinity College Dublin
Known forvaccination through the use of autogenous vaccines
AwardsBuchanan Medal (1917)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
Fieldsbacteriology
immunology
InstitutionsNetley Hospital
St Mary's Hospital, London

Sir Almroth Edward Wright KBE CB FRCSI FRS (10 August 1861 – 30 April 1947) was a British bacteriologist and immunologist.[2]

He is notable for developing a system of anti-typhoid fever inoculation, recognizing early on that antibiotics would create resistant bacteria, and being a strong advocate for preventive medicine.

Biography

[edit]

Wright was born at Middleton Tyas, near Richmond, North Yorkshire into a family of mixed Anglo-Irish and Swedish descent.[3] He was the son of Reverend Charles Henry Hamilton Wright, deacon of Middleton Tyas, who later served in Belfast, Dublin, and Liverpool and managed the Protestant Reformation Society.[4] His mother, Ebba Almroth, was the daughter of Nils Wilhelm Almroth [sv], Governor of the Swedish Royal Mint in Stockholm.[5] His younger brother Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright became the librarian of the London Library.

In 1882, he graduated from Trinity College Dublin with first-class honours in modern literature and won a gold medal in modern languages and literature.[6]: 2  Simultaneously he took medicine courses and in 1883 graduated in medicine.[1][6]: 3  In the late 19th century, Wright worked with the armed forces of Britain to develop vaccines and promote immunisation.

He married Jane Georgina Wilson (1861-1926)[3] in 1889 and had three children. The first, Edward Robert Mackay Wright (1890–1913), was born in Glebe, Sydney. Second son Leonard Almoth Wilson Wright (1891–1972) was born in Dublin, as was daughter Doris Helena MacNaughton Wright (later Romanes, after whom the Helena Romanes School was named) (1894–1990).[7]

In 1902, Wright started a research department at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London. He developed a system of anti-typhoid fever inoculation and brought the humoral and cellular theories of immunity together by showing the cooperation of a substance (that he named opsonin) contained in the serum with the phagocytes against pathogens.[8] Citing the example of the Second Boer War, during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the armed forces that 10 million vaccine doses for the troops in northern France should be produced during World War I. During WWI Wright established a research laboratory attached to the British Expeditionary Force's hospital designated Number 13, General Hospital in Boulogne-sur-Mer.[9] In 1919, Wright returned to St Mary's and remained there until his retirement in 1946. Among the many bacteriologists who followed in Wright's footsteps at St Mary's was Sir Alexander Fleming, who in turn later discovered lysozyme and penicillin. Wright was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1906.[10] Leonard Colebrook became his assistant in 1907 and continued working with him until 1929.[11]

Wright warned early on that antibiotics would create resistant bacteria,[6]: 130  something that has proven an increasing danger. He made his thoughts on preventive medicine influential, stressing preventive measures. Wright's ideas have been re-asserted recently—70 years after his death—by modern researchers in articles in such periodicals as Scientific American. He also argued that microorganisms are vehicles of disease but not its cause, a theory that earned him the nickname "Almroth Wrong" from his opponents. Another derogatory nickname was "Sir Almost Wright".[12]

He also proposed that logic be introduced as a part of medical training, but his idea was never adopted. Wright also pointed out that Pasteur and Fleming, although both excellent researchers, had not managed to find cures for the diseases for which they had sought cures, but instead had stumbled upon cures for totally unrelated diseases.[citation needed]

Wright was a strong proponent of the Ptomaine theory for the cause of Scurvy.[13] The theory was that poorly preserved meats contained alkaloids that were poisonous to humans when consumed. This theory was prevalent when Robert Falcon Scott planned his fateful expedition to the Antarctic in 1911. In 1932, the true cause of the disease was determined to be the deficiency from the diet of a particular nutrient, now called Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid, Scorbic meaning Scurvy).[citation needed]

There is a ward named after him at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London.[citation needed]

Women's suffrage

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Wright was strongly opposed to women's suffrage. He argued that women's brains were innately different from men's and were not constituted to deal with social and public issues. His arguments were most fully expounded in his book The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage (1913). In the book, Wright also vigorously opposes the professional development of women.[14] Rebecca West and May Sinclair both wrote articles criticizing Wright's opposition to women's suffrage.[15][16] Charlotte Perkins Gilman satirized Wright's opposition to women's suffrage in her novel Herland.[14]

Bernard Shaw

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Wright was a friend of his fellow Irishman George Bernard Shaw. He was immortalised as Sir Colenso Ridgeon in the play The Doctor's Dilemma written in 1906, which arose from conversations between Shaw and Wright. Shaw credits Wright as the source of his information on medical science: "It will be evident to all experts that my play could not have been written but for the work done by Sir Almroth Wright on the theory and practice of securing immunization from bacterial diseases by the inoculation of vaccines made of their own bacteria."[17] This remark of Shaw's is characteristically ironical. Wright was knighted shortly before the play was written, and Shaw was suspicious of Wright's high reputation (the latter was also known by the nickname Sir Almost Right). The two men met in 1905, and engaged in a long series of robust discussions, involving at one point a challenge from the medical audience that they had "too many patients on our hands already". Shaw's response was to ask what would be done if there was more demand from patients than could be satisfied, and Wright answered: "We should have to consider which life was worth saving." This became the "dilemma" of the play.[18]

Shaw also portrays him in his playlet How These Doctors Love One Another! and uses his theory of bacterial mutation in Too True to Be Good.[12] Shaw, who campaigned for women's suffrage, strongly disagreed with Wright about women's brains and dismissed his views on the subject as absurd.[citation needed]

Awards

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Wright had been honoured for his deeds a total of 29 times in his lifetime – a knighthood, 5 honorary doctorates, 5 honorary orders, 6 fellowships (2 honoraries), 4 prizes, 4 memberships, and 3 medals (Buchanan Medal, Fothergill Gold Medal and a special medal "for the best medical work in connection with the war").[19]: 282  He was nominated 14 times for the Nobel prize from 1906 to 1925.[20]

Works

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Wikisource has original works by or about:
Almroth Wright

Wright's work could be split up into the following three phases

  • Early phase (1891–1910) – over 20 medical journal publications, lectures for students and other scientific works
    • Upon a new septic (1891)
    • On the conditions which determine the distribution of the coagulation (1891)
    • A new method of blood transfusion (1891)
    • Grocers' research scholarship lectures (1891)
    • Lecture on tissue- or cell-fibrinogen (1892)
    • On the leucocytes of peptone and other varieties of liquid extravascular blood (1893)
    • On Haffkine's method of vaccination against Asiatic cholera (1893, coauthored with D. Bruce)
    • Remarks on methods of increasing and diminishing the coagulability of the blood (1894)
    • On the association of serious haemorrhages (1896)
    • A suggestion as to the possible cause of the corona observed in certain after images (1897)
    • On the application of the serum test to the differential diagnosis of typhoid and Malta fever (1897)
    • Remarks on vaccination against typhoid fever (1897, coauthored with D. Semple)
    • An experimental investigation on the role of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis (1903, coauthored with Stewart Rankin Douglas)
    • On the action exerted upon the tubercle bacillus by human blood fluids (1904, coauthored with Stewart Rankin Douglas)
    • A short treatise on anti-typhoid inoculation (1904)
    • On the possibility of determining the presence or absence of tubercular infection (1906, coauthored with S. T. Reid)
    • On spontaneous phagocytosis (1906, coauthored with S. T. Reid)
    • Studies on immunisation and their application to the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections (1909)
    • Vaccine therapy—its administration, value, and limitations (1910)
    • Introduction to vaccine therapy (1920)
  • War phases (1914–1918 and 1941–1945) – mostly works about wounds, wound infections and new perspectives on the topic
    • Wound infections and some new methods (1915)
    • Conditions which govern the growth of the bacillus of "Gas Gangrene" (1917)
    • Pathology and Treatment of War Wounds (1942)
    • Researches in Clinical Physiology (1943)
    • Studies on Immunization (2 vol., 1943–1944)
  • Philosophy phase (1918–1941 and 1945–1947) – more or less philosophic works, including thoughts on logic, equality, science and scientific methods
  • Handbooks
    • Principles of microscopy: being a handbook to the microscope (1906)
    • Technique of the teat and capillary glass tube (1912)

Bibliography

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  • Walker, N M (2007), "Edward Almroth Wright", Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, vol. 153, no. 1 (published March 2007), pp. 16–7, doi:10.1136/jramc-153-01-05, PMID 17575871, S2CID 28405915
  • Stone, Marvin J (2007), "The reserves of life: William Osler versus Almroth Wright", Journal of Medical Biography, vol. 15, no. Suppl 1, pp. 28–31, doi:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.s-1-06-06, PMID 17356738
  • Diggins, Francis (2002), "Who was...Almroth Wright?", Biologist (London, England), vol. 49, no. 6 (published December 2002), pp. 280–2, PMID 12486306
  • Matthews, J Rosser (2002), "Almroth Wright, vaccine therapy, and British biometrics: disciplinary expertise versus statistical objectivity", Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands), vol. 67, pp. 125–47, doi:10.1163/9789004333512_006, ISBN 9789042012080, PMID 12215201
  • Worboys, M (1999), "Almroth Wright at Netley: modern medicine and the military in Britain, 1892–1902", Clio Medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands), vol. 55, pp. 77–97, doi:10.1163/9789004333277_004, ISBN 9789042005464, PMID 10631532
  • Baron, J H (1997), "Scurvy, Lancaster, Lind, Scott and Almroth Wright", Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 90, no. 7 (published July 1997), p. 415, doi:10.1177/014107689709000726, PMC 1296402, PMID 9290433
  • Meynell, E W (1996), "Some account of the British military hospitals of World War I at Etaples, in the orbit of Sir Almroth Wright", Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, vol. 142, no. 1 (published February 1996), pp. 43–7, doi:10.1136/jramc-142-01-09, PMID 8667330
  • Matthews, J R (1995), "Major Greenwood versus Almroth Wright: contrasting visions of "scientific" medicine in Edwardian Britain", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 30–43, PMID 7711458
  • Turk, J L (1994), "Almroth Wright—phagocytosis and opsonization", Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 87, no. 10 (published October 1994), pp. 576–7, doi:10.1177/014107689408701002, PMC 1294842, PMID 7966100
  • Gillespie, W (1991), "Paul Ehrlich and Almroth Wright", West of England Medical Journal, vol. 106, no. 4 (published December 1991), pp. 107, 118, PMC 5115083, PMID 1820079
  • Allison, V D (1974), "Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming", The Ulster Medical Journal, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 89–98, PMC 2385475, PMID 4612919
  • Hatcher, J (1972), "Sir Almroth Wright; pioneer of humanised cows' milk", Midwives Chronicle, vol. 86, no. 18 (published November 1972), p. 356, PMID 4485442
  • Fish, W; Cope, Z; Gray, A C (1961), "Sir Almroth WRIGHT (1861–1947)", Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, vol. 107 (published July 1961), pp. 130–6, PMID 13699916
  • Colebrook, Leonard (1953), "Almroth Wright; pioneer in immunology", British Medical Journal, vol. 2, no. 4837 (published 19 September 1953), pp. 635–640, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4837.635, PMC 2029492, PMID 13082064
  • The Plato of Praed street: the life and times of Almroth Wright. M.S.Dunnill. RSM Press 2000

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Colebrook, L. (1948). "Almroth Edward Wright. 1861–1947". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6 (17): 297–314. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1948.0032. JSTOR 768924. S2CID 161950029.
  2. ^ Herrick, C. E. J. (2001). "Wright, Almroth Edward". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0002962. ISBN 0470016175.
  3. ^ a b Michael Worboys, 'Wright, Sir Almroth Edward (1861–1947)', "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37032. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ "Dr. C. H. H. Wright (obituary)". The Times. 22 March 1909. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  5. ^ Sir Charles Hagberg Wright (obituary) Archived 18 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Times, 7 March 1940.
  6. ^ a b c Cope, Zachary (1966). Almroth Wright: Founder of modern vaccine-therapy. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
  7. ^ England and Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995 for Almoth Edward Wright
  8. ^ Wright, A.E.; Stewart, R.D. (1 September 1903). "An experimental investigation on the role of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 72 (477–486): 357–370. Bibcode:1903RSPS...72..357W. doi:10.1098/rspl.1903.0062.
  9. ^ "Review of Wound Infections by Colonel Sir Almroth Wright". New England Journal of Medicine. 178 (12): 400. 21 March 1918. doi:10.1056/nejm191803211781217.
  10. ^ "List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007" (PDF). Royal Society: Library and Information Services. 2007. p. 390. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  11. ^ Oakley, C. L. (1971). "Leonard Colebrook 1883–1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 17: 91–138. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1971.0004. PMID 11615432.
  12. ^ a b Sally Peters (2003). Commentary: Bernard Shaw's dilemma: marked by mortality. International Journal of Epidemiology, International Epidemiological Association.
  13. ^ J. H. Baron (July 1997). "Scurvy, Lancaster, Lind, Scott and Almroth Wright". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 90 (7): 415. doi:10.1177/014107689709000726. PMC 1296402. PMID 9290433.
  14. ^ a b Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1979) [1915]. Herland (various formats). Introduction by Ann J. Lane (First ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 130 and 142. ISBN 0-394-50388-0. Retrieved 16 October 2012. I see now clearly enough why a certain kind of man, like Sir Almroth Wright, resents the professional development of women.... 'Sexless, epicene, undeveloped neuters!' he [Terry O'Nicholson] went on bitterly. He sounded like Sir Almwroth Wright.
  15. ^ Bornstein, George (1991). Representing Modernist Texts: Editing as Interpretation. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 74.
  16. ^ Fernihough, Anne (1991). Freewomen and Supermen: Edwardian Radicals and Literary Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 65.
  17. ^ Violet M. Broad & C. Lewis Broad, Dictionary to the Plays and Novels of Bernard Shaw, A. & C. Black, London, 1929, p.41.
  18. ^ Michael Holroyd, The Guardian 13 July 2012, "Bernard Shaw and his lethally absurd doctor's dilemma".
  19. ^ Colebrook, Leonard (1954). Almroth Wright : Proactive doctor and thinker. London: William Heinemann.
  20. ^ "Nomination Archive".
  21. ^ Webb, D.A. (1992). J.R., Barlett (ed.). Trinity College Dublin Record Volume 1991. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin Press. ISBN 1-871408-07-5.
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