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Coordinates: 38°2′21.25″N 4°3′2.02″W / 38.0392361°N 4.0505611°W / 38.0392361; -4.0505611
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'''Andújar''' ({{IPA-es|anˈduxaɾ}}) is a [[Spain|Spanish]] municipality of 38,539 people (2005) in the province of [[Jaén Province, Spain|Jaén]], in [[Andalusia]]. The municipality is divided by the [[Guadalquivir River]]. The northern part of the municipality is where the Natural Park of the [[Sierra de Andújar]] is situated. To the south are agricultural fields and countryside. The city proper located on the right bank of the Guadalquivir and the [[Madrid]]-[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] railway. In the past, Andújar was widely known for its porous earthenware jars, called ''[[alcarraza]]s'' or ''[[botijo]]s'', which keep water cool in the hottest weather, and were manufactured from a whitish clay found in the neighbourhood.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Andújar|volume=2|page=2}}</ref>
'''Andújar''' ({{IPA|es|anˈduxaɾ}}) is a Spanish municipality of 38,539 people (2005) in the province of [[Jaén Province, Spain|Jaén]], in [[Andalusia]]. The municipality is divided by the [[Guadalquivir River]]. The northern part of the municipality is where the Natural Park of the [[Sierra de Andújar]] is situated. To the south are agricultural fields and countryside. The city proper located on the right bank of the Guadalquivir and the [[Madrid]]-[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] railway. In the past, Andújar was widely known for its porous earthenware jars, called ''[[alcarraza]]s'' or ''[[botijo]]s'', which keep water cool in the hottest weather, and were manufactured from a whitish clay found in the neighbourhood.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Andújar|volume=2|page=2}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==


=== Antiquity ===
=== Antiquity ===
Paleolithic artifacts have been found in the area, associated with the [[Acheulean Culture]], but it is during the [[Neolithic Age]] when the area became increasingly populated, with agriculture being developed in the fertile land, and mining activities beginning in the [[Sierra Morena]].
{{More citations needed|section|date=May 2022}}Paleolithic artifacts have been found in the area, associated with the [[Acheulean Culture]], but it is during the [[Neolithic Age]] when the area became increasingly populated, with agriculture being developed in the fertile land, and mining activities beginning in the [[Sierra Morena]].
According to archaeological studies, the first people who inhabited the area where the [[Oretani]], an [[Iberians|Iberian]] people, who founded in the area the town of '''''Isturgi''''', today occupied by the hamlet of Los Villares de Andújar.<ref name=chamocho>Pau, C.; Ruiz Parrondo, A., ''Historia de Andújar: Capítulo I: Andújar en la Antigüedad'' (Torredonjimeno: Chamocho Cantudo, M.A., 2009)</ref>
According to archaeological studies, the first people who inhabited the area where the [[Oretani]], an [[Iberians|Iberian]] people, who founded in the area the town of '''''Isturgi''''', today occupied by the hamlet of Los Villares de Andújar.<ref name=chamocho>Pau, C.; Ruiz Parrondo, A., ''Historia de Andújar: Capítulo I: Andújar en la Antigüedad'' (Torredonjimeno: Chamocho Cantudo, M.A., 2009)</ref>


Line 74: Line 74:


=== Medieval era ===
=== Medieval era ===
In 711 AD, after the [[Battle of Guadalete]], the entire region became part of [[Al-Andalus]], and the town of Andújar first became known as ''Anduyar'' during the emirate of [[Muhammad I of Córdoba]] (853). The city was fortified by the [[Almohads]] during the 12th century. In 1225, the Muslim king of [[Baeza]] handed over the castles of [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], Andújar and [[Martos]], to [[Ferdinand III of Castile]], although some scholars believe the transfer occurred at a different time, especially as the [[Siege of Jaén (1225)|Siege of Jaen]] in 1225 was unsuccessful and was thus still in Muslim hands in this year.<ref>Juan Eslava Galán, "La campaña de 1225 y el primer cerco de Jaén por Fernando III", Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (1987), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1197211</ref> Ferdinand was entrusted with the fortresses, and control was given to [[Álvaro Pérez de Castro]], with the area occupied by troops from the military orders of [[Order of Santiago|Santiago]] and [[Order of Calatrava|Calatrava]].<ref>Julio González González (Editorial Maxtor: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Jerónimo Zurita, Las conquistas de Fernando III en Andalucía, 2006, Valladolid)</ref><ref>Juan Eslava Galán (1990), "El castillo de la Peña de Martos y la Orden de Calatrava," ''Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses'' (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 26 de febrero de 2010, ''"...Martos pasó de este modo a ocupar el centro estratégico de las fronteras cristiana."''</ref>
In 711 AD, after the [[Battle of Guadalete]], the entire region became part of [[Al-Andalus]], and the town of Andújar first became known as ''Anduyar'' during the emirate of [[Muhammad I of Córdoba]] (853). The city was fortified by the [[Almohads]] during the 12th century. In 1225, the Muslim king of [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]] handed over the castles of [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], Andújar and [[Martos]], to [[Ferdinand III of Castile]], although some scholars believe the transfer occurred at a different time, especially as the [[Siege of Jaén (1225)|siege of Jaen]] in 1225 was unsuccessful and was thus still in Muslim hands in this year.<ref>Juan Eslava Galán, "La campaña de 1225 y el primer cerco de Jaén por Fernando III", Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (1987), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1197211</ref> Ferdinand was entrusted with the fortresses, and control was given to [[Álvaro Pérez de Castro]], with the area occupied by troops from the military orders of [[Order of Santiago|Santiago]] and [[Order of Calatrava|Calatrava]].<ref>Julio González González (Editorial Maxtor: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Jerónimo Zurita, Las conquistas de Fernando III en Andalucía, 2006, Valladolid)</ref><ref>Juan Eslava Galán (1990), "El castillo de la Peña de Martos y la Orden de Calatrava," ''Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses'' (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 26 de febrero de 2010, ''"...Martos pasó de este modo a ocupar el centro estratégico de las fronteras cristiana."''</ref>
Andújar became a rendezvous point for Christian troops and armies who fought south of the Sierra Morena. The Muslim inhabitants of Andújar, Martos, and [[Baeza]] abandoned these towns at the end of 1226.<ref>Gonzalo Martínez Díaz, "La conquista de Andujar: su integración en la Corona de Castilla," ''Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses'', 2000, no. 176, pp. 628-629 (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, Jaén), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1146801</ref>
Andújar became a rendezvous point for Christian troops and armies who fought south of the Sierra Morena. The Muslim inhabitants of Andújar, Martos, and [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]] abandoned these towns at the end of 1226.<ref>Gonzalo Martínez Díaz, "La conquista de Andujar: su integración en la Corona de Castilla," ''Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses'', 2000, no. 176, pp. 628-629 (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, Jaén), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1146801</ref>


In 1227, the first Christian inhabitants arrived at Baeza, Andújar and Martos, although some sources indicate that the repopulation of Andújar did not occur until 1228.<ref>Gonzalo Martínez Díaz (2000), "La conquista de Andujar: su integración en la Corona de Castilla", ''Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses'', no. 176 (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1146801, ("Es muy probable, como sugiere el Prof. Julio González González, que fuera en esta ocasión, en esta expedición del año 1228, cuando Fernando III iniciara la repoblación de Andújar y el asentamiento de los primeros vecinos castellanos de la ciudad.")</ref> In 1467, the title of City was granted to Andújar by [[Henry IV of Castile]].
In 1227, the first Christian inhabitants arrived at Baeza, Andújar and Martos, although some sources indicate that the repopulation of Andújar did not occur until 1228.<ref>Gonzalo Martínez Díaz (2000), "La conquista de Andujar: su integración en la Corona de Castilla", ''Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses'', no. 176 (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1146801, ("Es muy probable, como sugiere el Prof. Julio González González, que fuera en esta ocasión, en esta expedición del año 1228, cuando Fernando III iniciara la repoblación de Andújar y el asentamiento de los primeros vecinos castellanos de la ciudad.")</ref> In 1467, the title of City was granted to Andújar by [[Henry IV of Castile]].


=== Modern Times ===
=== Modern times ===
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the city was occupied by French troops in 1808. General [[Pierre Dupont de l'Étang]], after conquering Córdoba, established his HQ at Andújar. From Andújar Dupont sent troops to [[Bailén]], where he lost the [[Battle of Bailén|battle there]]. After this battle, the capitulations were signed at Andújar in the Palace of Gracia Real.
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the city was occupied by French troops in 1808. General [[Pierre Dupont de l'Étang]], after conquering Córdoba, established his HQ at Andújar. From Andújar Dupont sent troops to [[Bailén]], where he lost the [[Battle of Bailén|battle there]]. After this battle, the capitulations were signed at Andújar in the Palace of Gracia Real.
In 1835, the first Junta de Soberanía Central de Andalucía (''Junta of Central Sovereignty of Andalusia'') was established at Andújar; it is considered the pioneer of the autonomist movement in Andalusia. In 1873, Andújar was declared a federal canton.
In 1835, the first Junta de Soberanía Central de Andalucía (''Junta of Central Sovereignty of Andalusia'') was established at Andújar; it is considered the pioneer of the autonomist movement in Andalusia. In 1873, Andújar was declared a federal canton.


During the [[Spanish Civil War]], [[Spanish Republican Army|Republican]] forces besieged a [[National faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist force]], led by Captain [[Santiago Cortés González]], that had taken refuge in the Sanctuary of the Virgen de la Cabeza. The [[Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza]] lasted one year. In 1937, the Nationalists, now entirely without food and supplies, with the walls of the sanctuary almost completely destroyed, were defeated. Cortés González was killed. The city was the scene of some massacres committed by Republican forces.{{cn|date=August 2020}} Republican forces murdered [[Trinitarians]], priests, nuns and Catholics. At the end of the war, killers were located, some Republicans responsible for the crimes were tried and shot.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
During the [[Spanish Civil War]], [[Spanish Republican Army|Republican]] forces besieged a [[National faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist force]], led by Captain [[Santiago Cortés González]], that had taken refuge in the Sanctuary of the Virgen de la Cabeza. The [[Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza]] lasted one year.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Climate==
Andújar has a [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') with very hot, dry summers and mild wet winters. Located in the east of the [[Baetic Depression|Guadalquivir valley]], it has winters very similar to those observed in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] and colder than in [[Seville]] due to its location further inland. Summers are extremely hot, often with average highs exceeding {{convert|37.5|°C|0|abbr=on}} for the period 1981-2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> Andújar, together with the municipalities of [[Montoro]] and [[Marmolejo, Spain|Marmolejo]], appear to have, on average, the highest average maximum temperatures in [[Europe]] during the summer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luque |first=Carlos Puentes |date=2021-09-04 |title=¿Por qué el valle del Guadalquivir es uno de los lugares habitados más calurosos del planeta? |url=https://www.eldiario.es/andalucia/el_tiempo/valle-guadalquivir-lugares-habitados-calurosos-planeta_1_8269175.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=elDiario.es |language=es}}</ref>{{Weather box
| location = Andújar
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan high C = 15.8
| Feb high C = 18.0
| Mar high C = 22.0
| Apr high C = 23.8
| May high C = 28.2
| Jun high C = 34.0
| Jul high C = 37.8
| Aug high C = 37.2
| Sep high C = 32.4
| Oct high C = 26.0
| Nov high C = 19.9
| Dec high C = 16.4
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 9.5
| Feb mean C = 11.2
| Mar mean C = 14.4
| Apr mean C = 16.2
| May mean C = 20.0
| Jun mean C = 25.0
| Jul mean C = 28.0
| Aug mean C = 27.6
| Sep mean C = 23.9
| Oct mean C = 18.7
| Nov mean C = 13.5
| Dec mean C = 10.5
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 3.1
| Feb low C = 4.4
| Mar low C = 6.7
| Apr low C = 8.5
| May low C = 11.7
| Jun low C = 15.9
| Jul low C = 18.2
| Aug low C = 18.0
| Sep low C = 15.3
| Oct low C = 11.3
| Nov low C = 7.0
| Dec low C = 4.6
| year low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 57.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 50.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 41.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 55.2
| May precipitation mm = 38.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 12.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 3.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 5.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 26.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 63.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 75.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 91.8
| year precipitation mm =
| daily = Y
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=2884|title=Normal Values for Andújar}}</ref>
| date = December 2023
| source =
}}


== Local holidays and customs ==
== Local holidays and customs ==

Latest revision as of 02:31, 13 August 2024

For other uses, see Andújar (disambiguation).
Andújar
Municipality
City Hall of Andújar
City Hall of Andújar
Flag of Andújar
Flag
Coat of arms of Andújar
Coat of arms
Andújar is located in Province of Jaén (Spain)
Andújar
Andújar
Location in the Province of Jaén
Andújar is located in Andalusia
Andújar
Andújar
Location in Andalusia
Andújar is located in Spain
Andújar
Andújar
Location in Spain
Coordinates: 38°2′21.25″N 4°3′2.02″W / 38.0392361°N 4.0505611°W / 38.0392361; -4.0505611
Country Spain
Autonomous community Andalusia
ProvinceJaén
ComarcaCampiña de Jaén
Government
 • BodyAyuntamiento de Andújar
 • MayorFrancisco Manuel Huertas Delgado (PSOE-A)
Area
 • Total
9,649 km2 (3,725 sq mi)
Elevation
212 m (696 ft)
Population
 (2018)[1]
 • Total
37,113
 • Density3,936/km2 (10,190/sq mi)
DemonymsAndujareño/a, iliturgitano/a
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)CEST
Postal code
23740
Official language(s)Spanish
WebsiteOfficial website

Andújar (Spanish pronunciation: [anˈduxaɾ]) is a Spanish municipality of 38,539 people (2005) in the province of Jaén, in Andalusia. The municipality is divided by the Guadalquivir River. The northern part of the municipality is where the Natural Park of the Sierra de Andújar is situated. To the south are agricultural fields and countryside. The city proper located on the right bank of the Guadalquivir and the Madrid-Córdoba railway. In the past, Andújar was widely known for its porous earthenware jars, called alcarrazas or botijos, which keep water cool in the hottest weather, and were manufactured from a whitish clay found in the neighbourhood.[2]

History

[edit]

Antiquity

[edit]

Paleolithic artifacts have been found in the area, associated with the Acheulean Culture, but it is during the Neolithic Age when the area became increasingly populated, with agriculture being developed in the fertile land, and mining activities beginning in the Sierra Morena.

According to archaeological studies, the first people who inhabited the area where the Oretani, an Iberian people, who founded in the area the town of Isturgi, today occupied by the hamlet of Los Villares de Andújar.[3]

Isturgi should not be identified with the ancient town of Illiturgis, which was situated on the hill called Máquiz (Mengíbar). Nevertheless, iliturgitano is used to describe an inhabitant of Andújar. Isturgi had contact with various peoples: Turdetani, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and other towns, such as Obulco (Porcuna) and Castulo.

During the times of the Roman Empire, the Municipium Isturgi Triumphale was part of the province of Hispania Ulterior and then Hispania Baetica and the area known as the Conventus Cordubensis. It flourished due to its production of Terra sigillata and its location on the Guadalquivir. After the fall of the Roman Empire, it existed as a Visigothic town named Sturgi. But with the invasion of the Moors in the 8th century, the population fled to what are now the actual limits of the town of Andújar, where they may have already existed an Ibero-Roman settlement.

Medieval era

[edit]

In 711 AD, after the Battle of Guadalete, the entire region became part of Al-Andalus, and the town of Andújar first became known as Anduyar during the emirate of Muhammad I of Córdoba (853). The city was fortified by the Almohads during the 12th century. In 1225, the Muslim king of Baeza handed over the castles of Jaén, Andújar and Martos, to Ferdinand III of Castile, although some scholars believe the transfer occurred at a different time, especially as the siege of Jaen in 1225 was unsuccessful and was thus still in Muslim hands in this year.[4] Ferdinand was entrusted with the fortresses, and control was given to Álvaro Pérez de Castro, with the area occupied by troops from the military orders of Santiago and Calatrava.[5][6] Andújar became a rendezvous point for Christian troops and armies who fought south of the Sierra Morena. The Muslim inhabitants of Andújar, Martos, and Baeza abandoned these towns at the end of 1226.[7]

In 1227, the first Christian inhabitants arrived at Baeza, Andújar and Martos, although some sources indicate that the repopulation of Andújar did not occur until 1228.[8] In 1467, the title of City was granted to Andújar by Henry IV of Castile.

Modern times

[edit]

During the Napoleonic Wars, the city was occupied by French troops in 1808. General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang, after conquering Córdoba, established his HQ at Andújar. From Andújar Dupont sent troops to Bailén, where he lost the battle there. After this battle, the capitulations were signed at Andújar in the Palace of Gracia Real.

In 1835, the first Junta de Soberanía Central de Andalucía (Junta of Central Sovereignty of Andalusia) was established at Andújar; it is considered the pioneer of the autonomist movement in Andalusia. In 1873, Andújar was declared a federal canton.

During the Spanish Civil War, Republican forces besieged a Nationalist force, led by Captain Santiago Cortés González, that had taken refuge in the Sanctuary of the Virgen de la Cabeza. The Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza lasted one year.[citation needed]

Climate

[edit]

Andújar has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) with very hot, dry summers and mild wet winters. Located in the east of the Guadalquivir valley, it has winters very similar to those observed in Córdoba and colder than in Seville due to its location further inland. Summers are extremely hot, often with average highs exceeding 37.5 °C (100 °F) for the period 1981-2010.[9] Andújar, together with the municipalities of Montoro and Marmolejo, appear to have, on average, the highest average maximum temperatures in Europe during the summer.[10]

Climate data for Andújar
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		34.0
(93.2) 		37.8
(100.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		32.4
(90.3) 		26.0
(78.8) 		19.9
(67.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		26.0
(78.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		18.7
(65.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.5
(50.9) 		18.2
(64.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.3
(52.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		10.4
(50.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57.4
(2.26) 		50.9
(2.00) 		41.3
(1.63) 		55.2
(2.17) 		38.8
(1.53) 		12.8
(0.50) 		3.3
(0.13) 		5.6
(0.22) 		26.2
(1.03) 		63.2
(2.49) 		75.1
(2.96) 		91.8
(3.61) 		521.6
(20.53)
Source: World Meteorological Organization[11]

Local holidays and customs

[edit]

Its Christian patron saints are the Virgen de la Cabeza and St. Euphrasius of Illiturgis.

The most well-known local holiday is the Pilgrimage of the Virgen de la Cabeza, celebrated on the last Sunday of the month of April. During this pilgrimage, the faithful visit the sanctuary on the hill of the Cabezo. The local legend states that on the night of August 12, 1227, a shepherd from Colomera named Juan Alonso de Rivas was watching over the livestock belonging to a neighbor from Arjona when he began to see strange lights at the top of a hill. He also heard the incessant sounds of a bell. He climbed the hill and there found the image of the Virgen de la Cabeza.

A local fair (feria) is also celebrated in September, associated with cattle-raising, but this aspect has diminished in recent years. Despite this, the fair still features stands and booths erected for the sale of cattle and livestock.

Sports

[edit]
The New Municipal Stadium (Nuevo Estadio Municipal)

The local football (soccer) team is the 80-year-old Club Deportivo Iliturgi, in the third division of the national soccer league. In futsal, the local team is Andújar Fútbol Sala, which is in the First National Division A.

In September 2008, the Paralympic swimmer Miguel Ángel Martínez Tajuelo was the first native of the city to participate in these games, attending the Paralympic Games in Beijing 2008. He won 3 Paralympic awards in the 100 meter race (5th), 50-meter race (6th) and 50 meter backstroke (5th).

Neighborhoods

[edit]
  • Barrio Montañés
  • Los Belenes
  • Polígono Puerta de Madrid (working class area divided into sector Huelva, sector Almería, sector Sevilla, sector Granada).
  • Barrio de la Paz (unofficially known as Barrio de la UVA).
  • Barrio San Bartolomé
  • Emperadores
  • La Pastora
  • Las Vistillas
  • Cuadro de la Virgen

Twin towns & sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Andújar is twinned with:

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
  2. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Andújar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
  3. ^ Pau, C.; Ruiz Parrondo, A., Historia de Andújar: Capítulo I: Andújar en la Antigüedad (Torredonjimeno: Chamocho Cantudo, M.A., 2009)
  4. ^ Juan Eslava Galán, "La campaña de 1225 y el primer cerco de Jaén por Fernando III", Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (1987), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1197211
  5. ^ Julio González González (Editorial Maxtor: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Jerónimo Zurita, Las conquistas de Fernando III en Andalucía, 2006, Valladolid)
  6. ^ Juan Eslava Galán (1990), "El castillo de la Peña de Martos y la Orden de Calatrava," Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 26 de febrero de 2010, "...Martos pasó de este modo a ocupar el centro estratégico de las fronteras cristiana."
  7. ^ Gonzalo Martínez Díaz, "La conquista de Andujar: su integración en la Corona de Castilla," Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, 2000, no. 176, pp. 628-629 (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, Jaén), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1146801
  8. ^ Gonzalo Martínez Díaz (2000), "La conquista de Andujar: su integración en la Corona de Castilla", Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, no. 176 (Instituto de Estudios Giennenses), http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1146801, ("Es muy probable, como sugiere el Prof. Julio González González, que fuera en esta ocasión, en esta expedición del año 1228, cuando Fernando III iniciara la repoblación de Andújar y el asentamiento de los primeros vecinos castellanos de la ciudad.")
  9. ^ Meteorología, Agencia Estatal de. "Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España". www.aemet.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  10. ^ Luque, Carlos Puentes (2021-09-04). "¿Por qué el valle del Guadalquivir es uno de los lugares habitados más calurosos del planeta?". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  11. ^ "Normal Values for Andújar".
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