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Coordinates: 31°52′27″N 35°32′27″E / 31.87417°N 35.54083°E / 31.87417; 35.54083
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{{Short description|Israel-Jordan border crossing}}
{{Infobox Bridge
{{Infobox Bridge
|bridge_name = Allenby Bridge
|name = Allenby Bridge<br />King Hussein Bridge
| native_name = {{lang|he|גשר אלנבי}}<br />{{lang|ar|جسر الملك حسين}}
|native_name = {{Unbulleted list|{{lang|he|גשר אלנבי}}|{{lang|ar|rtl=yes|جسر الملك حسين}}}}
|image = Allenby-Brücke.jpg
|image = Allenby-Brücke.jpg
|caption = Allenby Bridge from the [[Jordan]]ian side
|caption = The Allenby Bridge from the Jordanian side, 2006
|official_name = Allenby/King Hussein Bridge <br/>מסוף אלנבי <br/>جسر الملك حسين
|carries = Pedestrians, vehicles
|carries = Pedestrians, vehicles
|crosses = [[Jordan River]]
|crosses = [[Jordan River]]
|locale = [[Jordan]]<br/> [[West Bank]]
|locale = {{Unbulleted list|[[Balqa Governorate]], [[Jordan]]|[[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[West Bank]]}}
|named_for = {{Unbulleted list|[[Edmund Allenby]]|[[King Hussein]]}}
|maint = [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]]<br/>[[Israel Airports Authority]]
|maint = {{Unbulleted list|[[Israel Airports Authority]] (West Bank side)|[[Public Security Directorate]] (Jordanian side)}}
|id=
|id =
|design=
|design =
|mainspan=
|mainspan =
|length=
|length =
|width=
|width =
|height=
|height =
|load=
|load =
|clearance=
|clearance =
|below=
|below =
|traffic = 1.2 million pedestrians in 2007 and 12,000 trucks<ref>http://www.iaa.gov.il/Rashat/he-IL/Rashot/BrowserSystemMessage.aspx</ref>
|traffic = 3200 pedestrians and 33 trucks (2007){{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
|begin = 1918
|begin = 1918
|rebuilt = 1968, 1994
|rebuilt = 1968, 1994
|open = 1994
|open = 1994
|closed=
|closed =
|toll = [[Israeli new shekel|₪]]176.00<br/>(Outbound [[West Bank]])<br />[[Israeli new shekel|₪]]155.00<br/>(Outbound [[West Bank]] - [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] only)<br />[[Jordanian dinar|JD]]10.00<br/>(Outbound [[Jordan]])
|toll = {{Unbulleted list|[[Israeli new shekel|₪]]197.00 (outbound [[West Bank]])<ref>https://www.iaa.gov.il/media/tvof0wk1/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A9_fee_rates_for_crossing_land_border_terminals_2024.pdf</ref>|₪172.00 (outbound West Bank - [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] only)<ref>https://www.iaa.gov.il/media/tvof0wk1/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A9_fee_rates_for_crossing_land_border_terminals_2024.pdf</ref>|[[Jordanian dinar|JD]]{{nbsp}}10.00 (outbound [[Jordan]])<ref>https://international.visitjordan.com/page/21/Border-Crossing</ref>}}
|map_cue=
|map_cue =
|map_image=
|map_image =
|map_text=
|map_text =
|map_width=
|map_width =
⚫
|coordinates = {{Coord|31|52|27|N|35|32|27|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates=
| map_type = West Bank
|lat=
|lat=
|long=
|long=
| map_caption = Location of the Allenby Bridge at [[West Bank]]-Jordan border
|mapframe-caption = Location of the Allenby Bridge at West Bank-Jordan border
}}
}}
⚫
{{coord|31|52|27|N|35|32|27|E|type:city_scale:10000|display=title}}
⚫
The '''Allenby Bridge''' (English name; {{lang-he|גשר אלנבי}} ''Gesher Allenby''), known officially in Jordan as the '''King Hussein Bridge''' ({{lang-ar|جسر الملك حسين}} ''Jisr al-Malek Hussein''), and also called '''Al-[[Karameh]] Bridge''' by Palestinian Arabs, is a [[bridge]] that crosses the [[Jordan River]] near the city of [[Jericho]], and connects the [[West Bank]] with [[Jordan]]. The bridge is currently the sole designated exit/entry point for [[West Bank]] [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] traveling abroad.


⚫
The '''Allenby Bridge''' ({{langx|he|גשר אלנבי|Gesher Allenby}}), known officially in Jordan as the '''King Hussein Bridge''' ({{langx|ar|جسر الملك حسين|Jisr al-Malek Hussein}}), is a bridge that crosses the [[Jordan River]] near the city of [[Jericho]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[West Bank]] and the town of [[Al-Karameh]] in [[Jordan]].
⚫
Being 381 meters (−1,250 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest fixed water crossing in the world


The bridge is currently the only official [[Border control|border crossing]] between the West Bank and Jordan, and is the sole designated exit/entry point for West Bank Palestinians travelling abroad by land.
⚫
==History==
⚫
In 1885 the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government of the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]] built a bridge at this site.<ref name=Hamidian>[https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA448 Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908 p448]</ref>


⚫
Being {{convert|381|m|ft}} below sea level, it is the lowest fixed water crossing in the world.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
⚫
In 1918 [[General (United Kingdom)|British general]] [[Edmund Allenby]] built a bridge over the remnant of the Ottoman predecessor.<ref name=Hamidian/> It was first destroyed by the [[1927 Jericho earthquake]], when it fell apart and collapsed into the river.<ref name=Square>{{cite web |author= Palestine Square |title= And the Land Lurched Forth: Remembering the 1927 Jericho Earthquake |date= 11 July 2016 |publisher= Institute for Palestine Studies (IPS) |url= https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/232270 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>


==Etymology==
⚫
It was destroyed again in the [[Night of the bridges]] operation by [[Palmach]] on 16 June 1946, thus severing one of the main overland connections between [[Mandatory Palestine]] and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} The next destruction occurred during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], after which was replaced in 1968 with a temporary [[truss bridge|truss-type bridge]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} In 1994, subsequent to the [[Israel-Jordan peace treaty]], a new modern paved crossing was constructed adjacent to the older wooden one with the aid of the [[Government of Japan|Japanese Government]].<ref>[http://www.jordan.emb-japan.go.jp/eng_page/oda/en_region.htm]</ref>
The bridge is informally called the '''{{transl|ar|italics=no|Al-Karameh}} Bridge''' ({{lang|ar|جسر الكرامة}}) or simply '''{{transl|ar|italics=no|Al-Jisr}}''' ({{lang|ar|rtl=yes|الجسر}}, {{lit|the bridge}}) by [[Palestinians]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jerusalem.24fm.ps/15833.html |title=Al-Karama crossing: A “symbol and witness of humiliation and suffering” |publisher=[[Jerusalem 24]] |date=2022-07-22 |access-date=2023-10-29}}</ref>


⚫
==History==
⚫
== The Allenby border crossing ==
⚫
In 1885 the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government of the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]] built a bridge at this site.<ref name=Hamidian>{{Cite book |last= Büssow |first= Johann |title= Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908 |date=11 August 2011 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 9789004205697|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA448}}</ref>


⚫
In 1918 [[General (United Kingdom)|British general]] [[Edmund Allenby]] built a bridge over the remnant of the Ottoman predecessor.<ref name=Hamidian/> The 1922 census lists 12 people (8 Christians and 4 Muslims) living at the bridge.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |title=Palestine Census ( 1922)}}</ref> It was first destroyed by the [[1927 Jericho earthquake]], when it fell apart and collapsed into the river.<ref name=Square>{{cite web |author= Palestine Square |title= And the Land Lurched Forth: Remembering the 1927 Jericho Earthquake |date= 11 July 2016 |publisher= Institute for Palestine Studies (IPS) |url= https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/232270 |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> The 1931 census lists 13 people (11 Muslims and 2 Christians) living at the bridge.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/palestine-census-1931 |title=Palestine Census 1931}}</ref>
⚫
Since the 1994 [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]], the ''Allenby Bridge Terminal'' is operated by the [[Israel Airports Authority]].<ref name=IAA>[http://www.iaa.gov.il/Rashat/en-US/Borders/Alenbi/AbouttheTerminal/TheHistoryoftheTerminal/ ''The History of the Terminal'']. Israel Airports Authority</ref> It serves as a border crossing between the West and East Banks of the Jordan River. The Jordanian authorities recognize the bridge as an international border entry point, but neither grant [[Visa policy of Jordan|entry visas]] to foreign passport holders at this crossing, unlike the country's other border crossings with Israel,<ref name="Bradt travel guide">{{cite book|last1=Irving|first1=Sarah|title=Palestine|date=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781841623672|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-orIXqXsSUYC&pg=PA30|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref> nor stamp the passports of departing travelers.<ref name="Lonely Planet guidebook">{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Jenny|last2=Clammer|first2=Paul|title=Lonely Planet Jordan|date=2015|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|isbn=9781743605462|page=730|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJe9CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT730|accessdate=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Palestinians traveling abroad can use Allenby Bridge to exit the West Bank into Jordan and then use the [[Queen Alia International Airport]] in [[Amman]] to fly abroad. Travel permits from both Israeli and Jordanian authorities are required, with varied stringency depending on the prevailing political situation.


⚫
It was destroyed again in the [[Night of the Bridges]] operation by the [[Palmach]] on 16 June 1946, thus severing one of the main overland connections between [[Mandatory Palestine]] and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} The next destruction occurred during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], after which was replaced in 1968 with a temporary [[truss bridge|truss-type bridge]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} In 1994, subsequent to the [[Israel-Jordan peace treaty]], a new modern paved crossing was constructed adjacent to the older wooden one with the aid of the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of Japan in Jordan (ODA: Middle East Peace & Regional Stability)|url=http://www.jordan.emb-japan.go.jp/eng_page/oda/en_region.htm|url-status=live|website=jordan.emb-japan.go.jp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709172500/http://www.jordan.emb-japan.go.jp:80/eng_page/oda/en_region.htm |archive-date=2006-07-09 }}</ref>
⚫
[[Israeli nationality law|Israeli citizens]] are not permitted to use the terminal, except pilgrims to Mecca, the Hajj and Omra.<ref name=IAA/> Tourists who wish to travel to Jordan may have to be in possession of a visa from Jordan in advance, depending on their nationality. Tourists and inhabitants of East Jerusalem may travel directly to an Israeli terminal, although Palestinians from the West Bank have to start the departure procedure at the special Palestinian border terminal in Jericho city.


⚫
== Allenby Bridge border crossing ==
⚫
The Jordanian side of the bridge has a branch of the [[Bank of Jordan]] for the exchange of currencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bank of Jordan פתח סניף בגשר אלנבי |url=http://www.port2port.co.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=63955&CategoryID=95 |publisher=Port2Port |date=2008-07-24 |accessdate=2008-07-25 |language=Hebrew |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802133951/http://www.port2port.co.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=63955&CategoryID=95|url-status=dead|archivedate=2008-08-02}}</ref>
⚫
Since the 1994 [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]], the Allenby Bridge Terminal has been operated by the [[Israel Airports Authority]].<ref name=IAA>[https://www.iaa.gov.il/en/land-border-crossings/alenbi/about/ About: Alleby Bridge], Israel Airports Authority.</ref> It serves as a border crossing between the west and east banks of the Jordan River. The Jordanian authorities recognize the bridge as an international border entry point, but neither Jordan nor Israel grant [[Visa policy of Jordan|entry visas]] to foreign passport holders at this crossing, unlike the country's other border crossings with territory under Israeli control,<ref name=Bradt>{{cite book |last=Irving |first=Sarah |title=Palestine |date=2012 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-367-2 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-orIXqXsSUYC&pg=PA30 |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> nor stamp the passports of departing travelers.<ref name=Lonely>{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Jenny |last2=Clammer |first2=Paul |title=Jordan |date=2015 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |isbn=978-1-74360-546-2 |page=730 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJe9CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT730 |access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Palestinians traveling abroad can use the Allenby Bridge to exit the West Bank into Jordan and then use the [[Queen Alia International Airport]] in [[Amman]] to fly abroad. Travel permits from both Israeli and Jordanian authorities are required, with varied stringency depending on the prevailing political situation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

⚫
[[Israeli nationality law|Israeli citizens]] are not permitted to use the terminal,<ref name=IAA /> except Israeli Muslims making a pilgrimage to Mecca to perform the [[Hajj]] and [[Umrah]]. Such pilgrims were allowed to use the Allenby Bridge crossing for the first time in 1978, after Jordan and Saudi Arabia permitted [[Israeli Arabs]] to join the hajj in 1977.<ref>William Claiborne, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/10/26/after-30-years-israeli-moslems-to-see-mecca/9a3fb8d5-1b7c-4ab4-b4c7-413d47924019/ After 30 Years, Israeli Moslems to See Mecca], ''Washington Post'' (October 26, 1978).</ref><ref>Karin Laub, [https://apnews.com/article/cc0ef7f9485b8dfc1fc538f8eb20cc01 Thousands of Israeli Moslems Leave For Mecca], Associated Press (June 26, 1989).</ref> Tourists who wish to travel to Jordan may have to be in possession of a visa from Jordan in advance, depending on their nationality. Tourists and inhabitants of East Jerusalem may travel directly to an Israeli terminal, although Palestinians from the West Bank have to start the departure procedure at the special Palestinian border terminal in Jericho city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

⚫
The Jordanian side of the bridge has a branch of the [[Bank of Jordan]] for the exchange of currencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bank of Jordan פתח סניף בגשר אלנבי |url=http://www.port2port.co.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=63955&CategoryID=95 |publisher=Port2Port |date=2008-07-24 |access-date=2008-07-25 |language=he |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802133951/http://www.port2port.co.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=63955&CategoryID=95|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-08-02}}</ref>


<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Opening of the Allenby Bridge (1918).jpg |The opening of the original Allenby Bridge in 1918
File:Opening of the Allenby Bridge (1918).jpg|The opening of the original Allenby Bridge in 1918
File:Allenby Bridge LOC Matson 22904.jpg |Larger bridge built in the 1930s next to the original one visible behind it
File:Allenby Bridge LOC Matson 22904.jpg|Larger bridge built in the 1930s next to the original one visible behind it
File:King Hussein Bridge.jpg |Allenby ([[King Hussein]]) Bridge after being blown up by the [[Palmach]] in 1946
File:King Hussein Bridge.jpg|Allenby ([[King Hussein]]) Bridge after being blown up by the [[Palmach]] in 1946
File:Allenby bridge destroyed after 1967 war.png|The bridge after being destroyed by Israel during the 1967 [[Six Day War]]
File:Allenby bridge destroyed after 1967 war.png|The bridge after being destroyed by Israel during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]
File:King Hussein Bridge Palestine occupied side.jpg|King Hussein Bridge title, 2013
File:King Hussein Bridge sign - Palestinian side.jpg|King Hussein Bridge inscription (western end), 2013
</gallery>
</gallery>

==In the Arts==
The Allenby crossing is the locus of a 1971 song by [[Nurit Hirsh]], ''Gesher Bailey'' ([[Bailey bridge]] - referring to the temporary truss bridge).


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
{{Portal|Transport|Engineering|Israel|Jordan}}
*[[Death of Raed Zeiter]]
*[[Death of Raed Zeiter]]
*[[Jisr ed-Damiye]]
*[[2024 Allenby Bridge shooting]]<!--- placed here for now; later to History? --->
⚫
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering|Israel|Jordan}}


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Allenby Bridge}}
{{Commons category|Allenby Bridge}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131031135433/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1149.html US Consular Information Sheet - Jordan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131031135433/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1149.html US Consular Information Sheet - Jordan]
Line 82: Line 85:
{{Israel border crossings}}
{{Israel border crossings}}
{{Israel Airports Authority}}
{{Israel Airports Authority}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Bridges completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1968]]

Latest revision as of 13:30, 15 November 2024

Allenby Bridge
King Hussein Bridge

  • גשר אלנבי
  • جسر الملك حسين
The Allenby Bridge from the Jordanian side, 2006
Coordinates31°52′27″N 35°32′27″E / 31.87417°N 35.54083°E / 31.87417; 35.54083
CarriesPedestrians, vehicles
CrossesJordan River
Locale
Named for
Maintained by
History
Construction start1918
Opened1994
Rebuilt1968, 1994
Statistics
Daily traffic3200 pedestrians and 33 trucks (2007)[citation needed]
Toll
Location
Map

The Allenby Bridge (Hebrew: גשר אלנבי, romanized: Gesher Allenby), known officially in Jordan as the King Hussein Bridge (Arabic: جسر الملك حسين, romanized: Jisr al-Malek Hussein), is a bridge that crosses the Jordan River near the city of Jericho in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and the town of Al-Karameh in Jordan.

The bridge is currently the only official border crossing between the West Bank and Jordan, and is the sole designated exit/entry point for West Bank Palestinians travelling abroad by land.

Being 381 metres (1,250 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest fixed water crossing in the world.[citation needed]

Etymology

[edit]

The bridge is informally called the Al-Karameh Bridge (جسر الكرامة) or simply Al-Jisr (الجسر, lit. 'the bridge') by Palestinians.[4]

History

[edit]

In 1885 the Ottoman government of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem built a bridge at this site.[5]

In 1918 British general Edmund Allenby built a bridge over the remnant of the Ottoman predecessor.[5] The 1922 census lists 12 people (8 Christians and 4 Muslims) living at the bridge.[6] It was first destroyed by the 1927 Jericho earthquake, when it fell apart and collapsed into the river.[7] The 1931 census lists 13 people (11 Muslims and 2 Christians) living at the bridge.[8]

It was destroyed again in the Night of the Bridges operation by the Palmach on 16 June 1946, thus severing one of the main overland connections between Mandatory Palestine and Transjordan.[citation needed] The next destruction occurred during the 1967 Six-Day War, after which was replaced in 1968 with a temporary truss-type bridge.[citation needed] In 1994, subsequent to the Israel-Jordan peace treaty, a new modern paved crossing was constructed adjacent to the older wooden one with the aid of the Japanese government.[9]

Allenby Bridge border crossing

[edit]

Since the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty, the Allenby Bridge Terminal has been operated by the Israel Airports Authority.[10] It serves as a border crossing between the west and east banks of the Jordan River. The Jordanian authorities recognize the bridge as an international border entry point, but neither Jordan nor Israel grant entry visas to foreign passport holders at this crossing, unlike the country's other border crossings with territory under Israeli control,[11] nor stamp the passports of departing travelers.[12] Palestinians traveling abroad can use the Allenby Bridge to exit the West Bank into Jordan and then use the Queen Alia International Airport in Amman to fly abroad. Travel permits from both Israeli and Jordanian authorities are required, with varied stringency depending on the prevailing political situation.[citation needed]

Israeli citizens are not permitted to use the terminal,[10] except Israeli Muslims making a pilgrimage to Mecca to perform the Hajj and Umrah. Such pilgrims were allowed to use the Allenby Bridge crossing for the first time in 1978, after Jordan and Saudi Arabia permitted Israeli Arabs to join the hajj in 1977.[13][14] Tourists who wish to travel to Jordan may have to be in possession of a visa from Jordan in advance, depending on their nationality. Tourists and inhabitants of East Jerusalem may travel directly to an Israeli terminal, although Palestinians from the West Bank have to start the departure procedure at the special Palestinian border terminal in Jericho city.[citation needed]

The Jordanian side of the bridge has a branch of the Bank of Jordan for the exchange of currencies.[15]

  • The opening of the original Allenby Bridge in 1918
    The opening of the original Allenby Bridge in 1918
  • Larger bridge built in the 1930s next to the original one visible behind it
    Larger bridge built in the 1930s next to the original one visible behind it
  • Allenby (King Hussein) Bridge after being blown up by the Palmach in 1946
    Allenby (King Hussein) Bridge after being blown up by the Palmach in 1946
  • The bridge after being destroyed by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War
    The bridge after being destroyed by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War
  • King Hussein Bridge inscription (western end), 2013
    King Hussein Bridge inscription (western end), 2013

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ https://www.iaa.gov.il/media/tvof0wk1/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A9_fee_rates_for_crossing_land_border_terminals_2024.pdf
  2. ^ https://www.iaa.gov.il/media/tvof0wk1/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A9_fee_rates_for_crossing_land_border_terminals_2024.pdf
  3. ^ https://international.visitjordan.com/page/21/Border-Crossing
  4. ^ "Al-Karama crossing: A "symbol and witness of humiliation and suffering"". Jerusalem 24. 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  5. ^ a b Büssow, Johann (11 August 2011). Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908. BRILL. ISBN 9789004205697.
  6. ^ Palestine Census ( 1922).
  7. ^ Palestine Square (11 July 2016). "And the Land Lurched Forth: Remembering the 1927 Jericho Earthquake". Institute for Palestine Studies (IPS). Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  8. ^ Palestine Census 1931.
  9. ^ "Embassy of Japan in Jordan (ODA: Middle East Peace & Regional Stability)". jordan.emb-japan.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2006-07-09.
  10. ^ a b About: Alleby Bridge, Israel Airports Authority.
  11. ^ Irving, Sarah (2012). Palestine. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-84162-367-2. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  12. ^ Walker, Jenny; Clammer, Paul (2015). Jordan. Lonely Planet. p. 730. ISBN 978-1-74360-546-2. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  13. ^ William Claiborne, After 30 Years, Israeli Moslems to See Mecca, Washington Post (October 26, 1978).
  14. ^ Karin Laub, Thousands of Israeli Moslems Leave For Mecca, Associated Press (June 26, 1989).
  15. ^ "Bank of Jordan פתח סניף בגשר אלנבי" (in Hebrew). Port2Port. 2008-07-24. Archived from the original on 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
[edit]
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