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{{short description|Official language of Malaysia; standardized register of the Malacca dialect of Malay}}
{{Short description|Official language of Malaysia}}
{{About|the official language of Malaysia|an overview of all languages used in Malaysia|Languages of Malaysia|ethnic Malays in Malaysia|Malaysian Malays}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{About|the official language of Malaysia|an overview of all languages used in Malaysia|Languages of Malaysia}}
| states = [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]]
|speakers=Spoken by the vast majority of those in [[Malaysia]], although most learn a local Malay dialect or other native language first.
| speakers = Native: Few
|date=NA
| date = 2022
|ref=e18
| ref = e25
|speakers2=
| speakers2 = L2: Spoken by the vast majority of those in [[Malaysia]], although most learn a local [[Languages of Malaysia#Malay|Malay dialect]] or another native language first.
|script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay orthography|Rumi]])<br/>[[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |date=26 August 2008 |publisher=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archivedate=29 October 2012 }}</ref><br/>[[Malaysian Braille]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Malay]] (Johor-Riau Malay)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=2000 |title=Malay: A Short History |journal=Oriente Moderno |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=234 |jstor=25817713}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Mukhlis Abu Bakar |date=2019 |title=Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura |trans-title=''Sebutan Johor-Riau'' and ''Sebutan Baku'' in the Context of the Singapore Malay Identity |url=http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/ILS/article/view/1521 |journal=Issues in Language Studies |language=ms |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=61–78 |doi=10.33736/ils.1521.2019 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|nation={{Flag|Malaysia}}
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay orthography|Rumi]])<br />[[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2008 |title=Kedah MB Defends Use of Jawi on Signboards |language=en |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star Online]] |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref><br />[[Malaysian Braille]]
|agency=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (Institute of Language and Literature)
| nation = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}}
|iso3=zsm
* {{flag|Brunei}}
|sign=[[Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan]]
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
|glotto=stan1306
* {{flag|Singapore}}
|glottorefname=Standard Malay
{{endplainlist}}
| agency = [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (Malaysian Institute of Language and Literature)<br />[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei]] (Brunei Language and Literature Bureau)<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/S002510031100017X | title=Standard Malay (Brunei) | year=2011 | last1=Clynes | first1=Adrian | last2=Deterding | first2=David | journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association | volume=41 | issue=2 | pages=259–268 | s2cid=146544336 | doi-access=free }}</ref><br />Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (Singapore Malay Language Council)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/printheritage/detail/aaea743c-7917-47f6-afb8-019b69e1a509.aspx | title=Standard Malay made simple / Liaw Yock Fang - BookSG - National Library Board, Singapore }}</ref>
| mapcaption = Countries where Malaysian Malay is spoken:
{{legend|#00bc00|Malaysia}}
{{legend|#76f36b|Singapore and Brunei, where Standard Malay is an official language}}
| map = File:Malay language Spoken Area Map v1.png
| mapsize = 450px
}}
}}
'''Malaysian Malay''' ({{langx|ms| Bahasa Melayu Malaysia}}) or '''Malaysian''' ({{lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}})<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Malay as a pluricentric language|pages=403–4|year=1992|author=Asmah Haji Omar|author-link=Asmah Haji Omar|editor1-last=Clyne |editor1-first=Michael G. |editor1-link=Michael Clyne |title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |series=Contributions to the sociology of language 62 |location=Berlin & New York |isbn=3-11-012855-1 }}</ref> —[[endonym]]ically within Malaysia as '''Standard Malay''' ({{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu piawai}}) or simply '''Malay''' ({{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}}, abbreviated to '''BM''')— is a standardized form of the [[Malay language]] used in [[Malaysia]] and also used in [[Brunei]] and [[Singapore]] (as opposed to the [[variety (linguistics)|variety]] used in [[Indonesia]], which is referred to as the [[Indonesian language|"Indonesian" language]]). Malaysian Malay is [[standard language|standardized]] from the [[Johor Sultanate|Johore-Riau]] dialect of [[Malay language|Malay]], particularly a branch spoken in the state of [[Johore]] south of the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref>Ibid. pp. 402, 413-417.</ref> It is spoken by much of the Malaysian population, although most learn a [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular]] [[Malay dialect]] or [[Languages of Malaysia#Other indigenous languages|another native language]] first.<ref name=e25/>
==Terminology==
The '''Malaysian language''' ({{lang-ms|bahasa Malaysia}}, [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: بهاس مليسيا) or '''Malaysian Malay''' ({{lang-ms|bahasa Melayu Malaysia|link=no}}), is the name regularly applied to the [[Malay language]] used in Malaysia (as opposed to the [[variety (linguistics)|lect]] used in Indonesia, which is referred to as the [[Indonesian language]]). Constitutionally, however, the official language of Malaysia is Malay, but the government from time to time refers to it as Malaysian. Standard Malaysian is a [[standard language|standard form]] of the [[Malacca Sultanate|Johore-Riau]] dialect of [[Malay language|Malay]]. It is spoken by much of the Malaysian population, although most learn a [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular form]] of Malay or other [[indigenous language|native language]] first.<ref name=e18/> Malay is a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools.<ref>Ministry of Education: [http://www.moe.gov.my/v/soalan-lazim-view?id=150&cat=28&keyword=&page=1& Frequently Asked Questions — To uphold Bahasa Malaysia and to strengthen the English language (MBMMBI)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911045614/http://www.moe.gov.my/v/soalan-lazim-view?id=150&cat=28&keyword=&page=1& |date=11 September 2014}}; access date 3 November 2013</ref>
[[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152 – National Language and Other Languages|Article 152]] of Malaysia's Constitution as drafted in 1957 (revised [[Malaysia Agreement|in 1963]]) merely mentions "Malay" (''Bahasa Melayu'') as the designation of its "national language" without any further definition,<ref>{{cite wikisource|title=Federal Constitution of Malaysia|wslink=Constitution of Malaysia}}</ref> but the term ''bahasa Malaysia'' ({{lit|Malaysian Language}}) is used in official contexts from time to time.<ref name="StarWong2007"/> The use of the latter term can be politically contentious; in 1999 the [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] rejected the publication of some short stories as the preface to the publication used the term ''bahasa Malaysia'' instead of ''bahasa Melayu''.<ref name="qlrs1_1">{{cite journal |last=Tay |first=Eddie |date=October 2001 |title=Unsettling Ways of Exile |url=http://www.qlrs.com/essay.asp?id=141 |journal=[[Quarterly Literary Review Singapore]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> Between 1986 and 2007, the term ''bahasa Malaysia'' was replaced by "''bahasa Melayu''". In 2007, to recognize that [[Malaysia]] is composed of many ethnic groups (and not only the ethnic [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]), the term ''bahasa Malaysia'' became the government's preferred designation for the national language.<ref name="StarWong2007">{{Cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Chun Wai |last2=Edwards |first2=Audrey |date=4 June 2007 |title=Back to Bahasa Malaysia |language=en |work=The Star Online |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2007/06/04/back-to-bahasa-malaysia/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2013 |title=Mahathir Regrets Govt Focussing Too Much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahasa Rasmi |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=MyGovernment |publisher=Government of Malaysia |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |date=8 August 2007 |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia}}</ref> Internally as of present, the Dewan Bahasa prefers the term ''bahasa Melayu'' in its literature<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Thomas |date=2002 |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |journal=Cultural Anthropology |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401}}</ref> whereas Malaysia's [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]] prefers both ''Bahasa Melayu'' in its syllabi material<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Roslina binti Ibrahim |language=ms |title=E-Katalog Buku Teks |date=2023 |publisher=Ministry of Education Malaysia |pages=2–3 |url=https://www.moe.gov.my/storage/files/shares/Banner/E-Katalog%20Buku%20Teks%20KPM.pdf}}</ref> as well as ''Bahasa Malaysia'' in its official communications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soalan Lazim Berkaitan Dasar Memartabatkan Bahasa Malaysia Memperkukuh Bahasa Inggeris (MBMMBI) |trans-title=Frequently Asked Questions Related to the Policy to Uphold Bahasa Malaysia and to Strengthen the English Language (MBMMBI) |url=http://www.moe.gov.my/v/soalan-lazim-view?id=150&cat=28&keyword=&page=1& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911045614/http://www.moe.gov.my/v/soalan-lazim-view?id=150&cat=28&keyword=&page=1& |archive-date=2014-09-11 |access-date=3 November 2013 |website=Portal Rasmi Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia |language=ms}}</ref>
In Singapore, "Malay" as an official language allocated in [[Constitution of Singapore|its constitution]]'s "General Provisions" (Part 13) is not defined in detail other than "in the [[Latin script|Roman script]]",<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Singapore - Part 13: General Provisions |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/act/cons1963?ProvIds=P113-#pr153A- |website= Singapore Statutes Online |publisher=Attorney-General's Chambers of Singapore |language=en}}</ref> the name as well as ''Bahasa Melayu'' is used continuously in its own educational literature;<ref>{{cite conference|conference=Prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Pengajian Melayu|date=8-9 November 2006|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |author=Kamsiah Abdullah |title=Penyelidikan bahasa Melayu di Singapura (1959-2000): Satu refleksi dan tinjauan selayang pandang |url=https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/enwiki/api/core/bitstreams/20acb46e-229c-49d4-aaa0-372204df80db/content}}</ref> however, there is presumption that the standard "Malay" used by Singapore is the same as that utilised by the Malaysian government in contrast to [[Indonesian language|the standard used by Indonesia]] (though with little differences in vocabulary).<ref name=Steinhauer/>{{rp|81|q=Malay still is the national language of the state. This official Malay is the Malaysian standard variety.}}
==Status==
==Status==
===In Malaysia===
[[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the Federation designates Malay as the official language. Between 1986 and 2007, the official term ''Bahasa Malaysia'' was replaced by "''Bahasa Melayu''". Today, to recognize that [[Malaysia]] is composed of many ethnic groups (and not only the ethnic [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]), the term ''Bahasa Malaysia'' has once again become the government's preferred designation for the ''Bahasa Kebangsaan'' (National Language) and the ''Bahasa Perpaduan/Penyatu'' ([[lingua franca|unifying language/lingua franca]]).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2007/06/04/back-to-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Back to Bahasa Malaysia |last=Wai |first=Wong Chun |date=4 June 2007 |work=The Star Online |last2=Edwards |first2=Audrey}}</ref> Moreover, the language is also referred to as ''BM'' or simply ''Bahasa''.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news.php?id=294230 Penggunaan Istilah Bahasa Malaysia Dan Bukan Bahasa Melayu Muktamad, Kata Zainuddin]. BERNAMA, 5 November 2007</ref> [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts.
Article 152 of the Malaysian Constitution mentions the Malay language as the national language while the National Language Act 1963/67 strengthens the status of the Malay language as the official language.
The use of the term Bahasa Malaysia was also official in the publication of books and government agencies before the 20th era. This matter was coordinated by the first Prime Minister of Malaysia [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] in order to distinguish Indonesian language after the [[13 May incident]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19661022-1.2.3|title=English must continue — Tengku|date=22 October 1966|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=2 September 2024|page=1}}</ref>
During the era of Mahathir Mohamad, the Malaysian Government coordinated all book publications to use the term Bahasa Melayu instead of Bahasa Malaysia to respect the constitution and the national language act. This led to the publication of many scholarly books that mixed the use of either Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Malaysia until the 2010s during [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] era and the beginning [[Najib Razak]] era and finally the term Bahasa Melayu was successfully harmonized in the education system in the 2020s.<ref>https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/02/12/bahasa-melayu-or-bahasa-malaysia-as-putrajaya-tightens-reins-on-national-language-linguistic-experts-argue-why-it-should-be-the-former/112951</ref>
===In Brunei and Singapore===
The national standard variety of Malay employed in [[Brunei]] largely follows the Malaysian standard; the main differences being minor variation in pronunciation and some lexical influence from [[Brunei Malay]], the local non-standard variety of Malay.<ref name=Steinhauer>{{cite book |last=Steinhauer |first=Hein |year=2005 |chapter=Colonial History and Language Policy in Insular Southeast Asia and Madagascar |editor-last1=Adelaar |editor-first1=Alexander |editor-last2=Himmelamnn |editor-first2=Nikolaus |title=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar |pages=65–86 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780700712861 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAShwSYLbUYC&pg=PA72}}</ref>{{rp|72}}
==Writing system==
==Writing system==
{{Main article|Malay alphabet}}
{{Main article|Malay alphabet}}
[[File:Comparison of Malay language, Jawi writing, and Khat Calligraphy with other Languages.jpg|thumb|left|Comparison of the Malay language written in Rumi and Jawi with other languages]]
[[File:Comparison of Malay language, Jawi writing, and Khat Calligraphy with other Languages.jpg|thumb|Comparison of the Malay language written in Rumi and Jawi with other languages]]
[[File:Malaysia Traffic-signs Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg|thumb|Traffic signs in Malaysian: Warning sign "Level crossing" and regulatory sign "Stop".]]
[[File:Malaysia Traffic-signs Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg|thumb|Traffic signs in Malaysian: Warning sign "[[Level crossing]]" and regulatory sign "Stop".]]
The script oftheMalaysianlanguage is prescribed by [[National Language Act 1963/67|law]] as the [[Latin script|Latinalphabet]],known in Malay as Rumi (Roman alphabets), provided that the [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] called [[Jawi script|Jawi]] (or Malay script) is not proscribed for that purpose. Rumi is official while efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baystateinterpreters.com/ContentDetail.aspx?MenuID=162|title=Malay|website=www.baystateinterpreters.com|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-think/2014/12/18/use-of-jawi-should-be-encouraged-not-condemned-faidhur-rahman-abdul-hadi-an/804615|title=Useof Jawi should be encouraged, not condemned — Faidhur Rahman Abdul Hadi and Fatihah Jamhari {{!}} Malay Mail|last=December 2014|first=Published 4 years ago on 18|website=www.malaymail.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=30 July 2019 |title=Khat to beincluded in schoolcurriculum |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/khat-to-be-included-in-school-curriculum#azQeRsS58eKTSuTb.99 |work=The Star |location=Petaling Jaya |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> The Latin alphabet, however, is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
The [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]], known in Malay as Rumi (Roman alphabets), is prescribed by [[National Language Act 1963/67|law]] as the official script of Malaysian Malay, and the [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] called [[Jawi script|Jawi]] (or Malay script) is not legally prescribed for that purpose. Rumi is official while efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve the Jawi script and to revive its use in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malay |url=https://www.baystateinterpreters.com/ContentDetail.aspx?MenuID=162 |access-date=2019-06-26 |website=Baystate Interpreters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2014 |title=Use of Jawi Should Be Encouraged, Not Condemned — Faidhur Rahman Abdul Hadi and Fatihah Jamhari |language=en |work=Malay Mail |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-think/2014/12/18/use-of-jawi-should-be-encouraged-not-condemned-faidhur-rahman-abdul-hadi-an/804615 |access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=30 July 2019 |title=Khat to Be Included in School Curriculum |language=en |work=The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/khat-to-be-included-in-school-curriculum#azQeRsS58eKTSuTb.99 |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> The Latin alphabet, however, is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
==Borrowed words==
==Borrowed words==
{{Main article|List of loanwords in Malay}}
{{Main article|List of loanwords in Malay}}
TheMalaysianlanguagehasmostofitsborrowings absorbed from [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]],Dutch, [[Chinese language|Sinitic languages]],Arabicandmorerecently,English(inparticularmanyscientificandtechnologicalterms).ModernMalaysianMalayhasalsobeeninfluencedlexicallybythe [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] variety,largelythroughthepopularityofIndonesiandramas,soapoperas, and music.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA157|title=TheIndonesianLanguage:Itshistoryand role in modern society |last=Sneddon|first=James N. |date=2003 |publisher=UNSW Press}}</ref>
While literary Malay throughout the region has mostly absorbed from [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (Hindi–Urdu), [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Chinese language|Sinitic languages]]; the variety spoken within British colonies that eventually make up Malaysia following the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824|1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty]] borrowed majorly from [[English language|English]] (in particular many scientific and technological terms) compared to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as spread within the [[Dutch East Indies|East Indies]].
Since [[Federation of Malaya|Malayan]] independence and later [[Malaysia Agreement|Federation]] formation, its own [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] followed a [[Linguistic purism|purist]] approach in lexicography away from Western loanwords (even favouring established roots like Sanskrit and Arabic) as well as [[Neologism|neologizing]] from native roots.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coluzzi |first=Paolo |date=Mar 2017 |title=Language planning for Malay in Malaysia: A case of failure or success? |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0055/html |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |language= |issue=244 |pages=24–6 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2016-0055 |issn=1613-3668}}</ref> In recent years, Malaysian has also been influenced lexically by the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] variety largely through the popularity of neighbouring mass media like dramas, soap operas, and music – akin to the [[Americanization|effect of American media]] towards other Englishes like those of Britain and Australia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sneddon |first=James N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA157 |title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society |date=2003 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=0-86840-598-1 |location=Sydney |pages=157 |language=}}</ref>
# Sanskrit:
This language had a significant influence on the Malay language through trade and the spread of Hindu-Buddhist religions that arrived in the Malay Archipelago from the 1st to the 14th century. Borrowed words include bahasa (language), raja (king), syurga (heaven), neraka (hell), desa (village).
2. Arabic:
With the arrival of Islam in the region during the 7th century, Arabic began influencing the Malay language, especially in religious and philosophical terminology. Examples include kitab (book), masjid (mosque), ilmu (knowledge), iman (faith), zakat (almsgiving).
3. Tamil:
The influence of the Tamil language came primarily through maritime trade between India and the Malay Archipelago. Borrowed words from Tamil include kedai (shop), mangga (mango), and vadai (a type of snack).
4. Chinese:
Trade relations between Chinese merchants and the local population led to the borrowing of words such as tauhu (tofu), mee (noodles), lombong (mine).
5. Portuguese:
The Portuguese occupation of Malacca in the early 16th century introduced words like gereja (church), keju (cheese), jendela (window), and almari (cupboard).
6. Dutch:
Borrowing from Dutch occurred during the Dutch colonial period, including words like kabin (cabin), sekolah (school), kontrak (contract).
7. English:
The English language introduced many technical and modern words into Malay, especially during British colonial rule. Examples include telefon (telephone), komputer (computer), bank, internet, and stesen (station).
==Grammar==
{{main|Malay grammar}}
==Colloquial and contemporary usage==
==Colloquial and contemporary usage==
{{Main article|Bahasa Rojak}}
{{Main article|Bahasa Rojak}}
Colloquial and contemporary usage of Malay includes modern Malaysian vocabulary, which may not be familiar to the older generation, such as:
Colloquial and contemporary usage of Malay includes modern Malaysian vocabulary, which may not be familiar to the older generation, such as ''awek'' (girl), ''balak'' (guy) or ''cun'' (pretty). New plural pronouns have also been formed out of the original pronouns and the word ''orang'' (person), such as ''kitorang'' (''kita'' + ''orang'', the [[Clusivity|exclusive]] "we", in place of ''kami'') or ''diorang'' (''dia'' + ''orang'', "they"). Code-switching between English and Malaysian and the use of novel loanwords is widespread, forming [[Bahasa Rojak]]. Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of [[Linguistic purism|linguistic purists]] in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold use of the prescribed [[standard language]].
*''Awek'' (means girl, in place of ''perempuan'').
*''Balak'' (means guy, in place of ''jantan'').
*''Cun'' (means pretty, in place of ''cantik / jelita'').
New plural pronouns have also been formed out of the original pronouns popularly nowadays and the word ''orang'' (person), such as:
*''Korang'' (''kau'' + ''orang'', "you all", in place of ''kalian / kamu semua'').
*''Kitorang'' (''kita'' + ''orang'', the [[Clusivity|exclusive]] "we", in place of ''kami'').
*[[File:WIKITONGUES- Zairul speaking Malay.webm|thumb|Malaysian speaker]]''Diorang'' (''dia'' + ''orang'', the [[Clusivity|exclusive]] "they", in place of ''mereka'').
In addition, Arabic terms that is originally used in Standard Malay nowadays has been popularly changed where some of the words and pronunciations in the involved terms have been added by the local conservative Muslims by disputing the terms suggested by the ''Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka'' (DBP), claiming that the involved terms with implementation of the additional words and pronunciations is the real correct terms as same as stated in the Qur'an, where it is predominantly used by the local Muslim netizens in the social medias nowadays. The several involved terms in comparison to Standard Malay that is popularly used, such as:
*''Ramadhan'' (means the holy fasting month, in place of ''Ramadan'').
*''Aamiin'' (means asking [[God in Islam|Allah (Islam)]] to verify the prayer (''Du'a''); real term is Ameen, in place of ''Amin'').
*''Fardhu'' (means obligatory (''in Islam''), in place of ''Fardu'').
*''Redha'' (means accepting, in place of ''Reda'').
*''Mudharat'' (means harm, in place of ''Mudarat'').
*''Dhaif'' (means poverty, in place of ''Daif'').
*''Zohor'' (means mid-day or noon time, in place of ''Zuhur'').
*''Hadith'' (means Prophet (Mohamed) terms or speeches, in place of ''Hadis'').
Code-switching between English and Malaysian and the use of novel loanwords is widespread, forming [[Bahasa Rojak]]. Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of [[Linguistic purism|linguistic purists]] in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold use of the prescribed [[standard language]].
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian|Differences between the Malaysian and Indonesian languages]]
* [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian]]
* [[Indonesian language]]
* [[Indonesian language]]
* [[Jawi script|Jawi]], an [[Arabic script]] based writing system for Malay
* [[Jawi script|Jawi]], an [[Arabic script]] based writing system for Malay
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==References==
==References==
{{Ibid|date=November 2024}}
{{reflist|group=fn}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=S. Takdir Alisjahbana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHmVDwAAQBAJ |title=Language Planning for Modernization: The Case of Indonesian and Malaysian |date=1976 |publisher=Mouton |isbn=90-279-7712-7 |location=The Hague |language=en}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=ms}}
{{InterWiki|code=ms}}
{{Wiktionarycat|Malay language}}
{{Wiktionary category|Malay language}}
* [http://www.dbp.gov.my Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)]
* [http://www.dbp.gov.my Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)]
* [http://www.l-lingo.com/en/learn-malay/index.html Malay Online Web Application] with 40 Interactive Free Lessons
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527162524/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.com/definition/Malay-english/ Malay–English Online Dictionary (from Malay to English only)] from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130629103755/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.com/ Webster's Dictionary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php The Malay Spelling Reform], Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php The Malay Spelling Reform], Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
* [[Pogadaev Victor Aleksandrovich|Pogadaev, V.A.]], Rott, N. V. Kamus Bahasa Russia – Bahasa Malaysia. Lebih kurang 30 000 perkataan. Moscow: Russky Yazik, 1986
{{Languages of Malaysia}}
{{Languages of Malaysia}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Greater North Borneo languages}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Languages}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:MalayLanguage}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malaysian Malay}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Malay language|*]]
[[Category:Malay language|*]]
[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Standard languages]]
[[Category:Standard languages]]
[[Category:Malayan languages]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
Latest revision as of 04:10, 10 December 2024
Official language of Malaysia
This article is about the official language of Malaysia. For an overview of all languages used in Malaysia, see Languages of Malaysia. For ethnic Malays in Malaysia, see Malaysian Malays.
Malaysian Malay
Bahasa Malaysia بهاس مليسيا Standard Malay Bahasa Melayu Piawai بهاس ملايو ڤياواي
Native: Few (2022)[1] L2: Spoken by the vast majority of those in Malaysia, although most learn a local Malay dialect or another native language first.
Article 152 of Malaysia's Constitution as drafted in 1957 (revised in 1963) merely mentions "Malay" (Bahasa Melayu) as the designation of its "national language" without any further definition,[9] but the term bahasa Malaysia (lit.'Malaysian Language') is used in official contexts from time to time.[10] The use of the latter term can be politically contentious; in 1999 the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka rejected the publication of some short stories as the preface to the publication used the term bahasa Malaysia instead of bahasa Melayu.[11] Between 1986 and 2007, the term bahasa Malaysia was replaced by "bahasa Melayu". In 2007, to recognize that Malaysia is composed of many ethnic groups (and not only the ethnic Malays), the term bahasa Malaysia became the government's preferred designation for the national language.[10][12][13][14] Internally as of present, the Dewan Bahasa prefers the term bahasa Melayu in its literature[15] whereas Malaysia's Ministry of Education prefers both Bahasa Melayu in its syllabi material[16] as well as Bahasa Malaysia in its official communications.[17]
In Singapore, "Malay" as an official language allocated in its constitution's "General Provisions" (Part 13) is not defined in detail other than "in the Roman script",[18] the name as well as Bahasa Melayu is used continuously in its own educational literature;[19] however, there is presumption that the standard "Malay" used by Singapore is the same as that utilised by the Malaysian government in contrast to the standard used by Indonesia (though with little differences in vocabulary).[20]: 81
Article 152 of the Malaysian Constitution mentions the Malay language as the national language while the National Language Act 1963/67 strengthens the status of the Malay language as the official language.
The use of the term Bahasa Malaysia was also official in the publication of books and government agencies before the 20th era. This matter was coordinated by the first Prime Minister of Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman in order to distinguish Indonesian language after the 13 May incident.[21]
During the era of Mahathir Mohamad, the Malaysian Government coordinated all book publications to use the term Bahasa Melayu instead of Bahasa Malaysia to respect the constitution and the national language act. This led to the publication of many scholarly books that mixed the use of either Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Malaysia until the 2010s during Abdullah Ahmad Badawi era and the beginning Najib Razak era and finally the term Bahasa Melayu was successfully harmonized in the education system in the 2020s.[22]
The national standard variety of Malay employed in Brunei largely follows the Malaysian standard; the main differences being minor variation in pronunciation and some lexical influence from Brunei Malay, the local non-standard variety of Malay.[20]: 72
Comparison of the Malay language written in Rumi and Jawi with other languagesTraffic signs in Malaysian: Warning sign "Level crossing" and regulatory sign "Stop".
The Latin alphabet, known in Malay as Rumi (Roman alphabets), is prescribed by law as the official script of Malaysian Malay, and the Arabic alphabet called Jawi (or Malay script) is not legally prescribed for that purpose. Rumi is official while efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve the Jawi script and to revive its use in Malaysia.[23][24][25] The Latin alphabet, however, is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
Since Malayan independence and later Federation formation, its own Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka followed a purist approach in lexicography away from Western loanwords (even favouring established roots like Sanskrit and Arabic) as well as neologizing from native roots.[26] In recent years, Malaysian has also been influenced lexically by the Indonesian variety largely through the popularity of neighbouring mass media like dramas, soap operas, and music – akin to the effect of American media towards other Englishes like those of Britain and Australia.[27]
Sanskrit:
This language had a significant influence on the Malay language through trade and the spread of Hindu-Buddhist religions that arrived in the Malay Archipelago from the 1st to the 14th century. Borrowed words include bahasa (language), raja (king), syurga (heaven), neraka (hell), desa (village).
2. Arabic:
With the arrival of Islam in the region during the 7th century, Arabic began influencing the Malay language, especially in religious and philosophical terminology. Examples include kitab (book), masjid (mosque), ilmu (knowledge), iman (faith), zakat (almsgiving).
3. Tamil:
The influence of the Tamil language came primarily through maritime trade between India and the Malay Archipelago. Borrowed words from Tamil include kedai (shop), mangga (mango), and vadai (a type of snack).
4. Chinese:
Trade relations between Chinese merchants and the local population led to the borrowing of words such as tauhu (tofu), mee (noodles), lombong (mine).
5. Portuguese:
The Portuguese occupation of Malacca in the early 16th century introduced words like gereja (church), keju (cheese), jendela (window), and almari (cupboard).
6. Dutch:
Borrowing from Dutch occurred during the Dutch colonial period, including words like kabin (cabin), sekolah (school), kontrak (contract).
7. English:
The English language introduced many technical and modern words into Malay, especially during British colonial rule. Examples include telefon (telephone), komputer (computer), bank, internet, and stesen (station).
Colloquial and contemporary usage of Malay includes modern Malaysian vocabulary, which may not be familiar to the older generation, such as:
Awek (means girl, in place of perempuan).
Balak (means guy, in place of jantan).
Cun (means pretty, in place of cantik / jelita).
New plural pronouns have also been formed out of the original pronouns popularly nowadays and the word orang (person), such as:
Korang (kau + orang, "you all", in place of kalian / kamu semua).
Kitorang (kita + orang, the exclusive "we", in place of kami).
Malaysian speakerDiorang (dia + orang, the exclusive "they", in place of mereka).
In addition, Arabic terms that is originally used in Standard Malay nowadays has been popularly changed where some of the words and pronunciations in the involved terms have been added by the local conservative Muslims by disputing the terms suggested by the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), claiming that the involved terms with implementation of the additional words and pronunciations is the real correct terms as same as stated in the Qur'an, where it is predominantly used by the local Muslim netizens in the social medias nowadays. The several involved terms in comparison to Standard Malay that is popularly used, such as:
Ramadhan (means the holy fasting month, in place of Ramadan).
Aamiin (means asking Allah (Islam) to verify the prayer (Du'a); real term is Ameen, in place of Amin).
Fardhu (means obligatory (in Islam), in place of Fardu).
Redha (means accepting, in place of Reda).
Mudharat (means harm, in place of Mudarat).
Dhaif (means poverty, in place of Daif).
Zohor (means mid-day or noon time, in place of Zuhur).
Hadith (means Prophet (Mohamed) terms or speeches, in place of Hadis).
Code-switching between English and Malaysian and the use of novel loanwords is widespread, forming Bahasa Rojak. Consequently, this phenomenon has raised the displeasure of linguistic purists in Malaysia, in their effort to uphold use of the prescribed standard language.
^Asmah Haji Omar (1992). "Malay as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael G. (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 403–4. ISBN3-11-012855-1.
^"Bahasa Rasmi". MyGovernment (in Malay). Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 19 April 2021. Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan.
^Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad (8 August 2007). "Malay Language Malay Identity". Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
