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{{Short description|2nd century Greek historian, official and philosopher}} |
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{{For|others with this name|Arrianus (disambiguation)}} |
{{For|others with this name|Arrianus (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Distinguish|text="[[Arian (disambiguation)|Arian]]" or [[Arius]] who founded [[Arianism]]}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} |
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| name = Arrian |
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| image = Arrian7.jpg |
| image = Arrian7.jpg |
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| caption = Bust of Arrian |
| caption = Bust of Arrian |
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| birth_date = {{circa|86}} |
| birth_date = {{circa|86}} |
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| birth_place = [[Nicomedia]], [[Bithynia]], [[Anatolia]] |
| birth_place = [[Nicomedia]], [[Bithynia]], [[Anatolia]] |
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| death_date = {{circa|160}}<ref>{{cite web|url= |
| death_date = {{circa|160}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian#|title= Arrian|publisher= www.britannica.com |access-date=7 January 2010|quote= Arrian born c. AD 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. AD 160, Athens? [Greece]. }}</ref> (aged 73–74) |
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| death_place = [[Athens]] |
| death_place = [[Athens]] |
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| occupation = Historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher |
| occupation = Historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher |
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| nationality = [[Greek people|Greek]] |
| nationality = [[Greek people|Greek]] |
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|notable_works=[[The Anabasis of Alexander]]<br>[[Indica (Arrian)|Indica]]<br>[[Periplus of the Euxine Sea]] |
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| mother = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Arrian of Nicomedia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|r|i|ə|n}}; [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ἀρριανός}} ''Arrianos''; {{ |
'''Arrian of Nicomedia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|r|i|ə|n}}; [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ἀρριανός}} ''Arrianos''; {{langx|la|Lucius Flavius Arrianus}};<ref>Stadter's suggestion that his official name was ''Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon'' ({{Cite journal|last=Stadter|first=Philip|date=1967|title=Flavius Arrianus: The New Xenophon|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1301492487/|journal=Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies|access-date=14 April 2016}}) is disproven by epigraphic evidence: Bowie, E. L. “Greeks and Their Past in the Second Sophistic.” ''Past & Present'', 46 (1970): 25 n. 72. |
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</ref> {{circa|86/89|after 146/160 AD}})<ref name="FW Walbank">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lnIpo8KBbP4C& |
</ref> {{circa|86/89|after 146/160 AD}})<ref name="FW Walbank">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnIpo8KBbP4C&q=Bithyniaca+Arrian&pg=PA8 |editor= F. W. Walbank|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn= 052123445X| access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="origin">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian#|title= Arrian|publisher= www.britannica.com |access-date=7 January 2010|quote= Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Turkey] died ''circa'' 160, Athens, [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher, who was one of the most distinguished authors of second-century Roman Empire.}} |
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{{cite book |author1=Wolfgang Haase |author2=Hildegard Temporini |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2;Volume 34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn= |
{{cite book |author1=Wolfgang Haase |author2=Hildegard Temporini |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2; Volume 34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn=3110103761 |quote= Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian’s home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities. }} |
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{{cite book |author1= Arrian |author2= Sélincourt, Aubrey De |title= The campaigns of Alexander |publisher= Penguin Classics |year= 1971 |page= [https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/13 13] |isbn= |
{{cite book |author1= Arrian |author2= Sélincourt, Aubrey De |title= The campaigns of Alexander |publisher= Penguin Classics |year= 1971 |page= [https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/13 13] |isbn= 0140442537 |quote= Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before AD 90. |url= https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/13 }} |
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{{cite book |author=Grant, Michael |title=Readings in the classical historians |publisher=Scribner's |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingsinclassi00gran/page/544 544] |isbn= |
{{cite book |author=Grant, Michael |title=Readings in the classical historians |publisher=Scribner's |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingsinclassi00gran/page/544 544] |isbn=0684192454 |quote=Arrian: Greek Historian ... was an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia (İzmit) in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent. |url=https://archive.org/details/readingsinclassi00gran/page/544 }}</ref> was a [[Greek people|Greek]] historian, public servant, military commander, and [[philosopher]] of the [[Roman Greece|Roman period]].<ref name="origin" /> |
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''[[The Anabasis of Alexander]]'' by Arrian is considered the best source on the [[Military campaign|campaigns]] of [[Alexander the Great]]. |
''[[The Anabasis of Alexander]]'' by Arrian is considered the best source on the [[Military campaign|campaigns]] of [[Alexander the Great]]. Scholars have generally preferred Arrian to other extant primary sources, though this attitude has changed somewhat in light of modern studies into Arrian's method.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heckel|first1=Waldemar|title=The History of Alexander|date=2004|publisher=Penguin|pages=5 & 269}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bosworth|first1=A.B.|title=Errors in Arrian|journal=Classical Quarterly|date=1976|volume=26|pages=117–139|doi=10.1017/s0009838800033905|s2cid=170453455 }}</ref> |
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== Arrian's life == |
== Arrian's life == |
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Arrian was born in [[Nicomedia]] (present-day [[İzmit]]), the provincial capital of [[Bithynia]]. Dio called him Flavius Arrianus |
Arrian was born in [[Nicomedia]] (present-day [[İzmit]]), the provincial capital of [[Bithynia]]. [[Cassius Dio]] called him Flavius Arrianus Nicomediensis. Sources provide similar dates for his birth, within a few years prior to 90, 89, and 85–90 AD. The line of reasoning for dates belonging to 85–90 AD is because of Arrian being made a [[consul]] around 130 AD, and the usual age for this, during this period, being 42 years of age. (ref. pp. 312, & SYME 1958, ''ibid.''). His family was from the Greek provincial aristocracy, and his full name, ''L. Flavius Arrianus'', indicates that he was a Roman citizen, suggesting that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the time of the Roman conquest some 170 years before.<ref name="origin" /><ref name="Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John">{{cite book |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081553301;view=1up;seq=1 |author=Le Clerc, Jean |author2=Rooke, John|title=Arrian's History of Alexander's expedition. Translated from the Greek. With notes historical, geographical, and critical. By Mr. Rooke. To which is prefix'd, Mr. Le Clerc's Criticism upon Quintus Curtius. And some remarks upon Mr. Perizonius's vindication of the author.|publisher=London, Printed for T. Worrall etc., etc. 1729.| access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="N. G. L. Hammond">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gay_i14p9oEC&q=Arrian|author=N. G. L. Hammond |title=Sources for Alexander the Great: An Analysis of Plutarch's 'Life' and Arrian's 'Anabasis Alexandrou'|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0521714716| access-date=4 April 2015|year=2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&q=date+of+birth+of+Arrian&pg=PA48|author=EL Bowie |editor= PA Stadter |editor2=L. Van der Stockt |title=Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.)|publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn =9058672395| access-date=4 April 2015|date=2002 }}</ref><ref name="AM Devine – Oxford (H Temporini, W Haase, J Vogt)n-">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssail1eW01gC&q=date+of+birth+of+Arrian&pg=PA312 |editor=Wolfgang Haase |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt'': Teil II Principat'' |trans-title=Rise and Decline of the Woman World'': Part II: Principate'' |volume=34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter| isbn =3110103761| access-date=4 April 2015|year=1993 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>FP Polo (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=M-ZctZTBjykC&q=consulship ''The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic'']. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|1139495992}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used p. 1–3 to identify nature of < consulship >)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian#|title= Arrian|publisher= www.britannica.com |access-date=7 January 2010|quote= Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. 160, Athens? [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher who was one of the most distinguished authors of the second-century Roman Empire.}}{{cite book |author1=Wolfgang Haase |author2=Hildegard Temporini |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2; Volume 34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn=3110103761 |quote= Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian’s home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities. }}{{cite book |author1= Arrian |author2= Sélincourt, Aubrey De |title= The campaigns of Alexander |publisher= Penguin Classics |year= 1971 |page= [https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/13 13] |isbn= 0140442537 |quote= Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before A.D. 90. |url= https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/13 }}{{cite book |author=Grant, Michael |title=Readings in the classical historians |publisher=Scribner's |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingsinclassi00gran/page/544 544] |isbn=0684192454 |quote=Arrian: Greek Historian: [...] an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent. |url=https://archive.org/details/readingsinclassi00gran/page/544 }}</ref> |
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Sometime during the |
Sometime during the second century AD (117 to 120 AD) while in Epirus, probably [[Nicopolis]], Arrian attended lectures of [[Epictetus]] of Nicopolis, and proceeded within a time to fall into his pupillage, a fact attested to by [[Lucian]]. All that is known about the life of Epictetus is due to Arrian, in that Arrian left an ''Encheiridion'' (''Handbook'') of Epictetus' philosophy. After Epirus, he went to Athens, and while there, he became known as the "young Xenophon" as a consequence of the similarity of his relationship to Epictetus as [[Xenophon]] had to [[Socrates]].<ref name="I Syvänne">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW2jAQAAQBAJ&q=Arrian+works&pg=PA260|author=I Syvänne|title=Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes]: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers|publisher=ABC-CLIO| isbn= 978-0313070334| access-date=1 April 2015|date=2013}}</ref><ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEuddWHIqaYC&q=history+of+transmission+earliest+extent+of+Anabasis+Arrian&pg=PA350|author=Hans-Josef Klauck|title=Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide To Graeco-Roman Religions |page=350|publisher=A&C Black (reprint, revised)| isbn= 0567089436 | access-date=6 April 2015|date=2003}}</ref><ref name="JS Romm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvP_tHPTZfkC&q=The+History+of+Alexander+Arrian|author=JS Romm|title=Alexander The Great: Selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius |page=xix|publisher=Hackett Publishing| isbn= 1603843337| access-date=8 April 2015|date=2005}}</ref><ref name="EJ Chinnock" /><ref name="P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx2gJyWxrtMC&q=Lucian++Arrian&pg=PA146|author1=P. E. Easterling |author1-link=P. E. Easterling |author2=B. M. W. Knox |author2-link=Bernard Knox |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature, Part 4, The Hellenistic Period and the Empire |pages=143–|publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn =0521359848| access-date=5 April 2015|year=1989 }}</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionaries: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711192859/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/attest attest], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412105827/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pupillage?q=pupilage pupilage] ''Oxford University Press'' [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref name="G Long, Epictetus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDCB62MrFCYC&q=Enchiridion+of+Arrian&pg=PA6|author=G Long, Epictetus|title=Enchiridion and Selections from the Discourses of Epictetus|page=6|publisher=Digireads.com Publishing|isbn=978-1420935226|access-date=3 April 2015|date=2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="JW McCrindle">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXtEAQAAMAAJ&q=Anabasis+of+Alexander|author=JW McCrindle|title=The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, pp. 9–10| access-date=3 April 2015|year=1816}}</ref> |
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For a period, some time about 126 AD, he was a friend of the emperor [[Hadrian]], who appointed him to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]. He was appointed to the position ''[[consul suffectus]]'' around 130 AD, and then, in 132 AD (although Howatson shows 131), he was made prefect or legate (governor) of [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]] by Hadrian, a service he continued for six years. |
For a period, some time about 126 AD, he was a friend of the emperor [[Hadrian]]'s, who appointed him to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]. He was appointed to the position ''[[consul suffectus]]'' around 130 AD, and then, in 132 AD (although Howatson shows 131), he was made prefect or legate (governor) of [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]] by Hadrian, a service he continued for six years. Historian Cassius Dio states that not long after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] in [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] had been quelled, in 135 AD, King [[Pharasmanes II of Iberia]] caused the [[Alans|Alani]] to invade neighbouring territories, including Cappadocia, where their advance was robustly halted by Arrian's legions. |
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<blockquote>A second war was begun by the Alani (they are [[Massagetae]]) at the instigation of Pharasmanes. It caused dire injury to the [[Caucasian Albania|Albanian territory]] and [[Media (region)|Media]], and then involved Armenia and Cappadocia; after which, as the Alani were not only persuaded by gifts from [[Vologases III of Parthia|Vologaesus]], but also stood in dread of Flavius Arrianus, the governor of Cappadocia, it came to a stop.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cassius Dio |title=Historia Romana |at=69.15.1}}</ref></blockquote> |
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| ⚫ | Arrian referred to himself as |
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| ⚫ | Arrian referred to himself as "the second Xenophon", on account of his reputation and the esteem in which he was held. Lucian stated him to be:<ref name="P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox" /><ref>Peter Beckford (... perhaps, the writing is slightly illegible) or ''a Country Squire'' – [https://books.google.com/books?id=1x5dAAAAcAAJ&dq=Essay+on+hunting+Arrian&pg=PR15 Essays on Hunting. Containing a philosophical enquiry into the nature and properties of the scent; observations on ... hounds ... also directions for the choice of a hunter, etc., extracted from “An Essay on Hunting, by a Country Squire,” published in 1733., With Six letters upon Hunting” by J. S. Gardiner., With an introduction by the editor, W. Blane, p. xvii] Southampton T. Baker and others 1781 [Retrieved 2 April 2015] (ed. this source not the first source for ed. of this factor)</ref> |
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| ⚫ | This quality is identified as [[paideia]] (παιδεία) which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who is highly esteemed and important.<ref name="P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox" /><ref name="S Swain – at All Souls College, Oxford 1996">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=d6VXIDjmAcQC& |
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| ⚫ | This quality is identified as ''[[paideia]]'' (παιδεία), which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who is highly esteemed and important.<ref name="P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox" /><ref name="S Swain – at All Souls College, Oxford 1996">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6VXIDjmAcQC&q=Lucian+Arrian&pg=PA328|author=S Swain|title=Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD (pp. 328ff.) |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 0198147724| access-date=5 April 2015|year=1996}}</ref><ref>definitions of ''paideia'' – [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paideia Merriam-Webster], [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/paideiaOxford University Press]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>Werner Jaeger (translated by Gilbert Highet), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hUqgwPS_GdYC&q=paideia Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture: II. In Search of the Divine Centre] ''Volume 2 of Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture'' Oxford University Press, 23 October 1986 (reprint – 1st published 1943) {{ISBN|0195040473}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>Perseus Project: Latin Word Study Tool: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1&la=greek#lexicon paideia] [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionaries: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130804223639/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/personage personage] ''Oxford University Press'' [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref> |
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== Works == |
== Works == |
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[[File: |
[[File:Arrianou peri anabaseos.tif|thumb|''Alexandri anabasis'', 1575]] |
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He produced eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p. 260). The ''Indica'' and the ''Anabasis'' are the only works completely intact. His entire remaining ''oeuvre'' is known as ''FGrH 156'' to designate those collected fragments that exist.<ref name="I Syvänne" /><ref name="A Mehl" /><ref name="R Waterfield">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOR3pTZCem0C&q=FGrH+156&pg=PA246|author=R Waterfield|title=Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great's Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn =978-0199647002| access-date=6 April 2015|year=2012}}</ref><ref>SB Ferrario was the first source for FGrH 156</ref> |
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=== ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' === |
=== ''Periplus of the Euxine Sea'' === |
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{{Main|Periplus of the Euxine Sea}} |
{{Main|Periplus of the Euxine Sea}} |
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This work is the earliest extant work that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to |
This work is the earliest extant work that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to Emperor Hadrian.<ref name="EL Bowie">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&q=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PA192|author=EL Bowie|title=Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) |pages= 191–192|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-1136505645| access-date=2 April 2015|year=2013}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009310745 <!-- quote=Arrian. --> Arrian's voyage round the Euxine Sea translated: and accompanied with a geographical dissertation, and maps] J. Cook, 1805 [Retrieved 31 March 2015] (ed. 1st source)</ref><ref>William Thomas Lowndes, [https://archive.org/details/B-001-004-478-ALL/page/n87 <!-- pg=73 quote=Arrian voyage round the euxine sea. --> The bibliographer's manual of English literature, containing an account of rare, curious, and useful books, publ. in or relating to Great Britain and Ireland] 1857 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref> |
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=== ''Discourses of Epictetus'' and ''Enchiridion of Epictetus'' === |
=== ''Discourses of Epictetus'' and ''Enchiridion of Epictetus'' === |
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{{Main|Discourses of Epictetus|Enchiridion of Epictetus}} |
{{Main|Discourses of Epictetus|Enchiridion of Epictetus}} |
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Arrian was a pupil of Epictetus around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as ''[[Discourses of Epictetus]]'', by their unauthorized dissemination.<ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck" /><ref>EL Bowie, [https://books.google. |
Arrian was a pupil of [[Epictetus]] around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as ''[[Discourses of Epictetus]]'', by their unauthorized dissemination.<ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck" /><ref>EL Bowie, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&dq=date+of+birth+of+Arrian&pg=PA48 Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.) (p. 48)] Leuven University Press, 1 January 2002 (edited by PA Stadter, L. Van der Stockt), {{ISBN|9058672395}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref> According to [[George Long (scholar)|George Long]], Arrian noted from Epictetus' lectures for his private use and some time later made of these, the ''Discourses''. Photius states that Arrian produced two books the ''Dissertations'' and the ''Discourses''. The Discourses are also known as ''Diatribai'' and are apparently a verbatim recording of Epictetus' lectures.<ref name="M.C. Howatson">{{cite book |author=M.C. Howatson|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature|page=73|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013 |isbn= 978-0199548552}} (... ''Enchiridion a summary of the Discourses'')</ref><ref>George Long, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yDdJasgwlL8C&dq=Discourses+Dissertations+on+Epictetus+by+Arrian&pg=PA68 Arrian : The Discourses of Epictetus – Special Edition (p. vii)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414132528/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yDdJasgwlL8C&pg=PA68&dq=Discourses+Dissertations+on+Epictetus+by+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SIUgVe2RE8L4aKn2gLgB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Discourses%20Dissertations%20on%20Epictetus%20by%20Arrian&f=false |date=14 April 2015 }} Special Edition Books, 2010 {{ISBN|1934255319}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>[[Nathaniel Lardner]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3pAtqGzC6vkC&dq=Dissertations+Arrian&pg=PA86 The works of Nathaniel Lardner, D.D. with a life by Dr. Kippis ...] W. Bal, 1838 [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref> |
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The ''[[Enchiridion of Epictetus|Enchiridion]]'' is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the ''Enchiridion'' to have been a ''[[Wikt:vade mecum|vade mecum]]'' for Arrian. The ''Enchiridion'' is apparently a summary of the Discourses.<ref name="Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John" /><ref name="JS Romm" /><ref name="A Mehl">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0W1rpowMywYC& |
The ''[[Enchiridion of Epictetus|Enchiridion]]'' is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the ''Enchiridion'' to have been a ''[[Wikt:vade mecum|vade mecum]]'' for Arrian. The ''Enchiridion'' is apparently a summary of the Discourses.<ref name="Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John" /><ref name="JS Romm" /><ref name="A Mehl">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W1rpowMywYC&q=fragment+FGrH+156&pg=PA182|author=A Mehl|title=Roman Historiography|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 978-1405121835| access-date=6 April 2015|date=2011}} (ed. this the first source for < History of the Diadochi >)</ref><ref>Definitions of < vade mecum > [https://web.archive.org/web/20130716172927/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vade-mecum Oxford University], [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vade%20mecum Merriam-Webster] [Retrieved 2015-04-05]</ref><ref name="M.C. Howatson" /> |
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[[Epictetus#Military|JB Stockdale]] considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which four were lost by the Middle Ages and the remaining ones became the ''Discourses''. In a comparison of the contents of the ''Enchiridion'' with the ''Discourses'', it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the ''Enchiridion''.<ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck" /><ref>[[Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale|Vice Admiral JB Stockdale]], [https://books.google. |
[[Epictetus#Military|JB Stockdale]] considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which {{Clarify|text=four were lost by the Middle Ages|date=September 2023|reason= already lost "by" the Middle Ages, or lost "during" the Middle Ages?}} and the remaining ones became the ''Discourses''. In a comparison of the contents of the ''Enchiridion'' with the ''Discourses'', it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the ''Enchiridion''.<ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck" /><ref>[[Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale|Vice Admiral JB Stockdale]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=tfUl3d8rKzgC&dq=Arrian+-+The+Discourses+of+Epictetus&pg=PA3 Courage Under Fire: Testing Epictetus's Doctrines in a Laboratory of Human Behavior] Hoover Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0817936920}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>KH Seddon [http://www.iep.utm.edu/epictetu/#SH2b – Epictetus] ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' [Retrieved 6 April 2015]</ref> |
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=== ''Homiliai Epiktetou'' === |
=== ''Homiliai Epiktetou'' === |
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{{Main|The Anabasis of Alexander}} |
{{Main|The Anabasis of Alexander}} |
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The ''Anabasis of Alexander'' comprises seven books.<ref name="EJ Chinnock" /> Arrian used Xenophon's account of the March of Cyrus as the basis for this work.<ref>Encyclopædia Iranica [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anabasis-greek-anbasis-going-up-way-up-expedition-up-from-the-coast-title-of-ancient-campaign-accounts-stylistically-influenced-by-the-so-called-periplus-books-more-especially-title-of-the-famous-firsthand-account-by-xenophon-of-cyrus-the Anabasis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517001806/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anabasis-greek-anbasis-going-up-way-up-expedition-up-from-the-coast-title-of-ancient-campaign-accounts-stylistically-influenced-by-the-so-called-periplus-books-more-especially-title-of-the-famous-firsthand-account-by-xenophon-of-cyrus-the |date= |
The ''Anabasis of Alexander'' comprises seven books.<ref name="EJ Chinnock" /> Arrian used Xenophon's account of the March of Cyrus as the basis for this work.<ref>Encyclopædia Iranica [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anabasis-greek-anbasis-going-up-way-up-expedition-up-from-the-coast-title-of-ancient-campaign-accounts-stylistically-influenced-by-the-so-called-periplus-books-more-especially-title-of-the-famous-firsthand-account-by-xenophon-of-cyrus-the Anabasis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517001806/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anabasis-greek-anbasis-going-up-way-up-expedition-up-from-the-coast-title-of-ancient-campaign-accounts-stylistically-influenced-by-the-so-called-periplus-books-more-especially-title-of-the-famous-firsthand-account-by-xenophon-of-cyrus-the |date=17 May 2015 }} [Retrieved 6 April 2015]</ref> |
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=== ''Ta met' Alexandron'' === |
=== ''Ta met' Alexandron'' === |
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''History of the Diadochi'' or ''Events after Alexander'' is a work originally of ten books; a commentary on this work was written by [[Photius]] (FW Walbank, p. 8).<ref name="A Mehl" /><ref name="G Hill">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jYxi-PQiDL8C& |
''History of the Diadochi'' or ''Events after Alexander'' is a work originally of ten books; a commentary on this work was written by [[Photius]] (FW Walbank, p. 8).<ref name="A Mehl" /><ref name="G Hill">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYxi-PQiDL8C&q=History+of+the+Diadochi+Arrian&pg=PA156 |author=G Hill|title=A History of Cyprus, Volume 1|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1108020626| access-date=6 April 2015|date=2010}} (p. 156 footnote 4 is the location of < Ta met' Alexandron >.</ref><ref name="FW Walbank" /><ref>SB Ferrario, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBxBAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+transmission+of+Arrian+Events+after+Alexander&pg=PA6 Historical Agency and the 'Great Man' in Classical Greece (p. 6 footnote 17)] Cambridge University Press, 2014 {{ISBN|1107037344}} [Retrieved 2015-04-05] (ed. this source used only for the addition of < ''Ta meta tou Alexandrou'' >)</ref> |
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Three extant fragments are the ''Vatican Palimpsest'' (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 ([[Oxyrhynchus]]), and the ''Gothenburg palimpsest'' (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius.<ref name="FW Walbank" /><ref name="EJ Chinnock" /><ref name="EM Anson">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=v19uAwAAQBAJ& |
Three extant fragments are the ''Vatican Palimpsest'' (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 ([[Oxyrhynchus]]), and the ''Gothenburg palimpsest'' (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius.<ref name="FW Walbank" /><ref name="EJ Chinnock" /><ref name="EM Anson">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v19uAwAAQBAJ&q=Photius++Events+after+Alexander&pg=PT38|author=EM Anson|title= Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 978-1118862407| access-date=2 April 2015|date=2014}}</ref> |
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The writing is about the successors of [[Alexander the Great]], circa 323 – 321 or 319. |
The writing is about the successors of [[Alexander the Great]], circa 323 – 321 or 319. |
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=== ''Parthica'' === |
=== ''Parthica'' === |
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A lost work of seventeen books, fragments of ''Parthica'' were maintained by the [[Suda]] and [[ |
A lost work of seventeen books, fragments of ''Parthica'' were maintained by the [[Suda]] and [[Stephanus of Byzantium]]. The work survives only in adaptations made later by [[Photius]] and [[George Syncellus|Syncellus]]. Translated, the title is ''History of the Parthians''. Arrian's aim in the work was to set forth events of the [[Trajan's Parthian campaign|Parthian war]] of [[Trajan]]. The writing mentioned that the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] trace their origins to [[Artaxerxes II]].<ref>CG Starr, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bA3kgtZU1iMC&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&pg=PA643 A History of the Ancient World] Oxford University Press, 1991 {{ISBN|0195066286}} [Retrieved 2015-04-03] (ed. supporting / secondary source for < lost >)</ref><ref name="A. B. Bosworth">{{cite journal |jstor=637903|title=Arrian's Literary Development|journal=The Classical Quarterly|volume=22|issue=1|pages=163–185|author=A. B. Bosworth|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=1972|doi=10.1017/S0009838800034170|s2cid=170448822 }}</ref><ref name="[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]">{{cite encyclopedia |entry-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arrian-greek-historian|title=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|editor= E Yarshater|entry=Arrian| access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref>J Wiesehofer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFocMaM49SgC&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&pg=PA133 Ancient Persia (p. 131 – the link opens p. 133)] I.B. Tauris, 2001 {{ISBN|1860646751}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>E. Yarshater, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&pg=PA697 The Cambridge History of Iran: Seleucid Parthian (p. 697)] Cambridge University Press, 1983 {{ISBN|0521246938}} [Retrieved 3 April 2015]</ref> |
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=== ''Bithyniaca'' === |
=== ''Bithyniaca'' === |
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A work of eight books, ''Bibliotheca'' (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian.<ref name="A. B. Bosworth" /><ref>LJ Sanders referencing AB Bosworth referencing Photius, [https://books.google. |
A work of eight books, ''Bibliotheca'' (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian.<ref name="A. B. Bosworth" /><ref>LJ Sanders referencing AB Bosworth referencing Photius, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap55r8THVM0C&dq=Bithyniaca+Arrian&pg=PA173 The Legend of Dion (p. 173 footnote 379)] Dundurn, 2008 {{ISBN|1459710940}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref> |
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=== ''Nicomediensis Scripta minora'' === |
=== ''Nicomediensis Scripta minora'' === |
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A work translated ''a Nicodemian script (minor)''.<ref>Arriani Nicomediensis Scripta Minora Rudolfus Hercher iterum recognovit (ed. 1st source)</ref><ref>Arrian, R Hercher, [https://archive.org/details/arrianinicomedi02hercgoog Nicomediensis Scripta minora (Latin)] Publisher: Sumptibus et typis B.G . Teubneri 1854 (Book from the collections of: New York Public Library) [Retrieved 2015 |
A work translated ''a Nicodemian script (minor)''.<ref>Arriani Nicomediensis Scripta Minora Rudolfus Hercher iterum recognovit (ed. 1st source)</ref><ref>Arrian, R Hercher, [https://archive.org/details/arrianinicomedi02hercgoog Nicomediensis Scripta minora (Latin)] Publisher: Sumptibus et typis B.G . Teubneri 1854 (Book from the collections of: New York Public Library) [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref> |
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=== ''Indica'' === |
=== ''Indica'' === |
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{{Main|Indica (Arrian)}} |
{{Main|Indica (Arrian)}} |
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[[Indica (Arrian)|Indica]] is a work on a variety of things pertaining to [[India]], and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of ''Indica'' was based largely on the work of the same name of [[Megasthenes]], the second part based on a journal written by [[Nearchus]].<ref>[https://books.google. |
[[Indica (Arrian)|''Indica'']] is a work on a variety of things pertaining to [[India]], and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of ''Indica'' was based largely on the work of the same name of [[Megasthenes]], the second part based on a journal written by [[Nearchus]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2hdHI2Gd0HwC&q=Arrian+Indica Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica (pp. 227 onward)] Translated by M Hammond, Oxford University Press, 2013 {{ISBN|0199587248}} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref name="William Smith">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qB9dKo_i-QIC&q=Anabasis+of+Alexander&pg=PA352|author=William Smith|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 3| access-date=3 April 2015|year=1844}} (ed. this source used for < Ινσικη >)</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/bps/user-profile/4419/the-editors-of-encyclopaedia-britannica The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (scroll down for a list of editors)] [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian Encyclopædia Britannica] [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. this the 1st source of < Indica > for this ed.)</ref><ref name="JW McCrindle" /> |
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=== ''Techne Taktike'' === |
=== ''Techne Taktike'' === |
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Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian<ref name="EL Bowie |
Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian<ref name="EL Bowie"/>), ''Techne Taktike'' is a treatise on Roman cavalry and military tactics, and includes information on the nature, arms and discipline of the [[phalanx]]. The ''[[hippika gymnasia]]'' is a particular concern of Arrian in the treatise.<ref name="A. B. Bosworth" /><ref>AB Bosworth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=W45t-OYD4-oC&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PA234 Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Volume 81, p. 234] Harvard University Press, 1977 (edited by G. P. Goold) {{ISBN|0674379284}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>P Sidnell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l4KYsLl0sVIC&dq=Ars+Tactica+Arrian&pg=PA267 Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare (p. 268)] Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007 {{ISBN|0826421059}} [Retrieved 3 April 2015]</ref><ref>T E Rihll, [https://books.google.com/books?id=K7K5lioSNiQC&dq=Arrian+voyage+round+the+Euxine+sea&pg=PA84 Greek Science (p. 84 footnote 11)] Cambridge University Press,1999 {{ISBN|0199223955}} [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. 1st source for < Tekhne Taktike >)</ref><ref>I Syvänne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rm_hAAAAMAAJ&q=Arrian+Tekne+Taktika The Age of Hippotoxotai: Art of War in Roman Military Revival and Disaster (491–636)] ''Volume 994 of Acta Universitatis Tamperensis'' Tampere University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|9514459180}} [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>S Jamess (R Collins, F McIntosh, eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=essVBAAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian+Tekhne+Taktika&pg=PA102 Life in the Limes: Studies of the people and objects of the Roman frontiers, p. 102] Oxbow Books, 2014 {{ISBN|1782972544}} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref>Edward Gibbon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=e04IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PA100 The life of Edward Gibbon, by himself, with selections from his correspondence, and illustrustrated by the rev. H.H. Milman. To which is added, Essay on the study of literature p. 100 footnote 22d] Paris Baudry's European Library 1840 [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>KR. Dixon, P Southern, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ik9S7vNkQzkC&dq=Ars+Tactica+Arrian&pg=PA133 The Roman Cavalry, pp. 126ff] Routledge, 2013 {{ISBN|1135114072}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref> |
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Another translation of the title is ''Ars tactica'', which, in Greek, is Τέχνη τακτική.<ref>Perseus Tufts Latin Word Study Tool: [ |
Another translation of the title is ''Ars tactica'', which, in Greek, is Τέχνη τακτική.<ref>Perseus Tufts Latin Word Study Tool: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=texnh&la=greek – texnh] [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. < texnh > located at < JG DeVoto > in http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/ - used in verification of ''Ars tactica'' as same work))</ref><ref name="PA Stadter -">{{cite journal |jstor=268990|author=PA Stadter - |title=The Ars Tactica of Arrian: Tradition and Originality|journal=Classical Philology |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=117–128 |year=1978 |doi=10.1086/366413 |s2cid=162201279 }}</ref> |
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This work has generally been considered in large part a panegyric to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his '' |
This work has generally been considered in large part a panegyric to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his ''vīcennālia'', although some scholars have argued that its second half may have had practical use.<ref>M Peachin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XDMXX5VWN_MC&dq=Arrian+Ectaxis&pg=PA92 Frontinus and the Curae of the Curator Aquarum (p. 92 – footnote 21)] ''Volume 39 of Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien'' Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 {{ISBN|3515086366}} [Retrieved 8 April 2015]</ref><ref>J Mancini, [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vicennalia_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/&prev=search ''Vicennalia''] ''Treccani – La Cultura Italiana'' [Retrieved 2015-04-08] (ed. this source used only to identify the nature of the word < vicennalia >)</ref> |
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=== ''Kynēgetikos'' === |
=== ''Kynēgetikos'' === |
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''Cynegeticus'' (Κυνηγετικός), translated as '' |
''Cynegeticus'' (Κυνηγετικός),<ref>Roos, A.G. ''Flavii Arriani. Quae Exstant Omnia'', vol. II, Scripta Minora et Fragmenta. Leipzig: Teubner 1928</ref> translated as ''A treatise on hunting with hounds'', ''On Hunting'', or ''On Coursing'',<ref>Phillips, A. A., and M. M. Willcock, (eds.). Xenophon & Arrian on Hunting with Hounds. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 1999. {{ISBN|0856687065}}. p. 1</ref><ref name="M.C. Howatson" /> is a work about the Celtic sport of coursing hare with sighthounds, specifically the Celtic greyhounds: in Greek (plural) ''ouertragoi'', in Latin (plural) ''vertragi''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-15dAAAAcAAJ&dq=Xenophon+the+Younger&pg=PA61 p. 51 – Arrian on Coursing. The Cynegeticus of the Younger Xenophon ... with Classical and Practical Annotations, and a Brief Sketch of the Life and Writings of the Author ; To which is Added an Appendix Containing Some Account of the Canes Venatici of Classical Antiquity], Bohn, 1831 [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. this was the first source for < Cynegeticus >)</ref><ref name="AB Bosworth">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=Bithyniaca+Arrian&pg=PA169|author=AB Bosworth|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary – edited by S Hornblower, A Spawforth, E Eidinow|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn =978-0199545568 | access-date=2 April 2015|date=2012}}</ref><ref>Delabere Pritchett Blaine, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tw9AAAAYAAJ&dq=Cynegeticus+Arrian&pg=PA391 p. 391 – An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports: Or a Complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, and Other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the Present Day, Volume 1] Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1840 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ryY5tMwAAoC&dq=Arrian+canes+venatici&pg=PA486 The Quarterly Review, Volume 118] John Murray, 1865 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>Thomas Keith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iD1fAAAAcAAJ&dq=canes+venatici+Arian&pg=PA30 A new treatise on the use of the globes ... The sixth edition, corrected and improved] 1824 [Retrieved 31 March 2015]</ref><ref>AA Phillips, MM Willcock, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0NlfAAAAMAAJ&q=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting Xenophon and Arrian, On Hunting (Kynēgetikos)] Aris & Phillips, 1999 {{ISBN|0856687057}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source of word < Kynēgetikos ></ref><ref>[[Moses Finley|M. I. Finley]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&dq=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting&pg=PA193 Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) (p. 193)] Routledge, 2013 {{ISBN|1136505644}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source for < κυνηγεττικός >)</ref> |
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The work |
The work was inspired by and designed as an addition to [[Cynegeticus|an earlier exposition]] made by Xenophon, whom Arrian recognised to be the Ancient Greek authority on the subject of hunting with scent hounds.<ref>J. Mossman, F. Titchener, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C2-QJwc5FboC&dq=Arrian+hunting+as+preparation+for+war&pg=PA277 Virtues for the People: Aspects of Plutarchan Ethics (p. 277)] (edited by G Roskam, L. Van der Stockt) Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2011 {{ISBN|905867858X}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015] (ed. this source being not the first source for this fact for ed.)</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionary: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121110040600/http://oxforddictionaries.com/translate/french-english/exposition exposition], Oxford University Press [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref> |
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=== ''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' === |
=== ''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' === |
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''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as ''Deployment against the Alani'' or ''The order of battle against the Alans'' or referred to simply as ''Alanica''. It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical facts, though, while governor of Cappadocia, Arrian repelled an invasion of the [[Alans|Alani]] sometime during 135 AD, a struggle in which Arrian's two legions were victorious.<ref>N. J. E. Austin, N. B. Rankov, [https://books.google. |
''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as ''Deployment against the Alani'' or ''The order of battle against the Alans'' or referred to simply as ''Alanica''. It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical facts, though, while governor of Cappadocia, Arrian repelled an invasion of the [[Alans|Alani]] sometime during 135 AD, a struggle in which Arrian's two legions were victorious.<ref>N. J. E. Austin, N. B. Rankov, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjXAwAAQBAJ&dq=Ektaxis+kata+alanon&pg=PA4 Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople, p. 4] Routledge, 2002 {{ISBN|1317593855}} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref name="EL Wheeler -">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1D612o_X2VYC&q=Deployment+Arrian&pg=PA263|author=EL Wheeler|editor=P Erdkamp|chapter=The Army and the ''Limes'' in the East|title=A Companion to the Roman Army|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 978-1444393767| access-date=4 April 2015|date=2011 }} (the word < Deployment > in search criteria was taken from J. E. Lendon {{ISBN|0300119798}}, p. 267)</ref><ref name="N Fields">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_ZVubRc1mQC&q=Arrian+commander+in+the+military&pg=PA42|author=N Fields|title=The Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC–AD 117|pages=41–42|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1846033865|access-date=1 April 2015|date=2009}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="William Smith" /><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1441098/Tactica Encyclopædia Britannica] [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/shop/tacticalhandbookandexpeditionagainstthealans.html Details of a publication (JG DeVoto)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100517/http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/shop/tacticalhandbookandexpeditionagainstthealans.html |date=2 April 2015 }} [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref><ref>[[Pat Southern|P Southern]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=b3UHGXny-NwC&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&pg=PT39 The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, p. 24] Oxford University Press, 2007 {{ISBN|0195328787}} [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref><ref>D Hoyos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gUO9AQAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian+deployment+against+the+Alani+is+greek+tactics&pg=PR43 A Roman Army Reader: Twenty-One Selections from Literary, Epigraphic, and Other Documents (p. xliii)] Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2013 {{ISBN|086516715X}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref> |
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Within the work, Arrian explicitly identified the particular means of pursuing warfare as being based on Greek methods.<ref name="this">J. E. Lendon, [https://books.google. |
Within the work, Arrian explicitly identified the particular means of pursuing warfare as being based on Greek methods.<ref name="this">J. E. Lendon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gr0H_wr9J4wC&dq=The+anabasis+of+alexander+Arrian&pg=PA267 Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity] Yale University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0300119798}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015(ed. ascertained Lendon' – ''Deployment'' at [https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjXAwAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian+minor+work+Deployment&pg=PA4 this])</ref><ref name="explicit">Oxford Dictionaries: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120710005922/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/explicit explicit], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120724000753/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/explicate explicate] Oxford University Press [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref><ref name="icrc.org">ICRC: [https://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/conduct-hostilities/methods-means-warfare/overview-methods-and-means-of-warfare.htm Methods and means of warfare – 29-10-2010 Overview] [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used for clarity on concept < method of war > in J. E. Lendon)</ref> |
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''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' is also translated as ''Acies contra Alanos''. The work was known for a time as ''A History of the Alani'' (''Alanike'' via Photius<ref name="William Smith" />). A fragment describing a plan of battle against the Alani was found in Milan around the 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the ''History''.<ref>[ |
''Ektaxis kata Alanon'' is also translated as ''Acies contra Alanos''. The work was known for a time as ''A History of the Alani'' (''Alanike'' via Photius<ref name="William Smith" />). A fragment describing a plan of battle against the Alani was found in Milan around the 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the ''History''.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ Perseus Digital Library]: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0535 R Hercher, A. Eberhard, Ed.] [Retrieved 1 April 2015]</ref> |
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=== Biographical series === |
=== Biographical series === |
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There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of [[Dion of Syracuse]], [[Timoleon]] of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of Asia |
There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of [[Dion of Syracuse]], [[Timoleon]] of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], which are now lost.<ref>[[Moses Finley|M. I. Finley]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&dq=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting&pg=PA193 Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) (p. 193)], 2013 {{ISBN|1136505644}} [Retrieved 4 April 2015] (ed. this source the primary source)</ref><ref>C Schrader, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mbxqmnudpkwC&dq=monographs+on+Dio+of+Syracuse+and+Timoleon&pg=PR1 Concordantia in Flavii Arriani Indicam historiam] Georg Olms Verlag, 1995 {{ISBN|3487100177}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (used as verification of primary, and used word < biography >)</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionary [https://web.archive.org/web/20120829214032/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/monograph – monograph] Oxford University Press [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref><ref>EJ Chinnock, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fi8ZBQAAQBAJ&dq=Arrian++life+of+Tilliborus&pg=PP6 The Anabasis of Alexander] [Retrieved 4 April 2015]</ref><ref>L Boia – Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary, Volume 1 Greenwood Press, 1989 {{ISBN|0313245177}} (ed. first source for Tilliborus)</ref> |
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== Sources, transmission, translations and publications == |
== Sources, transmission, translations and publications == |
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Everything known of his life derives from the 9th century writing of [[Photius]] in his ''Bibliotheca'', and from those few references which exist within Arrian's own writings. The knowledge of his consulship, is derived at the least from literature produced by [[Suda|Suidas]]. [[Arnobius]] (c. 3rd century AD<ref>MP Carroll, [https://books.google. |
Everything known of his life derives from the 9th century writing of [[Photius]] in his ''Bibliotheca'', and from those few references which exist within Arrian's own writings. The knowledge of his consulship, is derived at the least from literature produced by [[Suda|Suidas]]. [[Arnobius]] (c. 3rd century AD<ref>MP Carroll, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k-W83KeGVUgC&dq=Arnobius&pg=PA101 The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins (p. 101)] Princeton University Press, 1992 {{ISBN|0691028672}} [Retrieved 6 April 2015]</ref>) mentions Arrian. Arrian was also known of by [[Aulus Gellius]]. [[Pliny the Younger]] addressed seven of his epistles to him. [[Simplicius of Cilicia|Simplicius]] made a copy of the Enchiridion, which was transmitted under the name of the monastic father [[Nilus of Sinai|Nilus]] during the 5th century, and as a result found in every monastery library.<ref name="EJ Chinnock">{{cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm|author=EJ Chinnock|title= The Anabasis of Alexander or, The History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great|publisher= [[Hodder & Stoughton]] 1884 ([[Project Gutenberg]] – 27 September 2014)| access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John" /><ref name="E Ferguson">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ&q=Arnobius+Arrian&pg=PA379|author=E Ferguson|title=Encyclopedia of Early Christianity | edition = Second| page = 379|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-1138138100| access-date=6 April 2015|date=2013}}</ref><ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck" /><ref>P Kelemen, \El Greco Revisited: Candia, Venice, Toledo, p. 110 Macmillan, 1961 (176 pages)</ref> |
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[[Nicholas Blancard]] made translations of Arrian in 1663 and 1668.<ref>Alexander Chalmers, [https://books.google. |
[[Nicholas Blancard]] made translations of Arrian in 1663 and 1668.<ref>Alexander Chalmers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xvk-AQAAMAAJ&dq=Blancard+Arrian+1688+Amsterdam&pg=PA397 The General Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons in Every Nation: Particularly the British and Irish; from the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, Volumes 5–6, pp. 396–397] J. Nichols, 1812 [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref> |
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The voyage of Nearchus and ''Periplus of the Erythrean Sea'' were translated from the Greek by the then Dean of Westminster, [[William Vincent (priest)|William Vincent]], and published in 1809. Vincent published a commentary in 1797 on ''The voyage of Nearchus''. The work was also translated into French by M. Billecocq, under the auspices of the government (cf. p. 321).<ref>[https://books.google. |
The voyage of Nearchus and ''Periplus of the Erythrean Sea'' were translated from the Greek by the then Dean of Westminster, [[William Vincent (priest)|William Vincent]], and published in 1809. Vincent published a commentary in 1797 on ''The voyage of Nearchus''. The work was also translated into French by M. Billecocq, under the auspices of the government (cf. p. 321).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=krgEAAAAQAAJ&dq=Blancard+Arrian&pg=PA323 The British Critic: A New Review, Volume 34] F. and C. Rivington, 1810 [Retrieved 2 April 2015]</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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* Arrian, ''The Campaigns of Alexander'', translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Classics, 1958 and numerous subsequent editions. |
* Arrian, ''The Campaigns of Alexander'', translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Classics, 1958 and numerous subsequent editions. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
* Campbell, Duncan B. (2022) ''Deploying a Roman Army: The Ektaxis kat' Alanôn of Arrian.'' Greek and English, Quirinus Editions, Glasgow. {{ISBN|979-8803868620}}. |
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* {{cite book |last1=Leon-Ruiz |first1=Daniel William |title=Arrian the historian : writing the Greek past in the Roman Empire |date=2021 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=9781477321867}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
* P. A. Stadter, ''Arrian of Nicomedia'', Chapel Hill, 1980. |
* P. A. Stadter, ''Arrian of Nicomedia'', Chapel Hill, 1980. |
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* [[Ronald Syme|R. Syme]], 'The Career of Arrian', ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol.86 (1982), pp. 171–211. |
* [[Ronald Syme|R. Syme]], 'The Career of Arrian', ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' vol. 86 (1982), pp. 171–211. |
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* E. L. Wheeler, ''Flavius Arrianus: a political and military biography'', Duke University, 1977.nn |
* E. L. Wheeler, ''Flavius Arrianus: a political and military biography'', Duke University, 1977.nn |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite book |author1=Cartledge, Paul |author2=Romm, James S. |author3=Strassler, Robert B. |author4=Pamela Mensch |title=The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |year=2010 |
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* Yardley, J. & Heckel, W. (2004) ''The History of Alexander'', Penguin, London, pp. 5 & 269. |
* Yardley, J. & Heckel, W. (2004) ''The History of Alexander'', Penguin, London, pp. 5 & 269. |
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| ⚫ | |||
== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Wikisource|Author:Arrian|Arrian}} |
{{Wikisource|Author:Arrian|Arrian}} |
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{{Wikisourcelang|el|Αρριανός|Arrian}} |
{{Wikisourcelang|el|Αρριανός|Arrian}} |
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* {{Gutenberg author|id=44068}} |
* {{Gutenberg author|id=44068}} |
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* {{Librivox author |id=14669}} |
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* [https://www.livius.org/ Livius], [https://www.livius.org/ |
* [https://www.livius.org/ Livius], [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/ Arrian of Nicomedia] by Jona Lendering |
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* [https://archive.org/details/arrianoncoursing00arri ''Arrian On Coursing: the Cynegeticus'' William Dansey 1831] |
* [https://archive.org/details/arrianoncoursing00arri ''Arrian On Coursing: the Cynegeticus'' William Dansey 1831] |
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* [https://books.google.com |
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=eJhAAAAAcAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Flavius%20Arrianus%22&pg=PP1 Arrianus's voyage round the Euxine Sea: translated and accompanied with a geographical dissertation and maps] |
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;Texts online |
;Texts online |
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* Collected works: ''[https://archive.org/download/Arrianus Flavii Arriani quae exstant omnia]'', A. G. Roos (ed.), 2 vols., Lipsiae, in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1967–68. |
* Collected works: ''[https://archive.org/download/Arrianus Flavii Arriani quae exstant omnia]'', A. G. Roos (ed.), 2 vols., Lipsiae, in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1967–68. |
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* Arrian, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uRGAAAAIAAJ |
* Arrian, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uRGAAAAIAAJ&dq=anabasis%20alexandri&pg=PP5 Anabasis Alexandri], [[Teubner]] monolingual Greek edition, edited by A.G. Roos (1907) |
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* Arrian, [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/intro.asp Anabasis Alexandri], translated by E.J. Chinnock (1893) |
* Arrian, [http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/intro.asp Anabasis Alexandri], translated by E.J. Chinnock (1893) |
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* Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234546/http://www.soa.org.uk/public/downloads/pdf/A%20Ridge%20Too%20Far.pdf#search=%22%22later%20achaemenid%22%20arsames%22 (section 1. |
* Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234546/http://www.soa.org.uk/public/downloads/pdf/A%20Ridge%20Too%20Far.pdf#search=%22%22later%20achaemenid%22%20arsames%22 (section 1.13–16) (pdf, pp. 18–19)], [[Battle of Granicus]], from the [[Loeb Classical Library]] edition. |
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* Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, [https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t54.html (section 4.18. |
* Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, [https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t54.html (section 4.18.4–19.6)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504221409/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t54.html |date=4 May 2016 }}, [[Sogdian Rock]], translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt |
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* Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, [https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t17.html (Section 7.5. |
* Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, [https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t17.html (Section 7.5.1–16)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706184334/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t17.html |date=6 July 2016 }}, translated by John Yardley |
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* Arrian, [https://archive.org/details/arrianoncoursing00arri Cynegeticus], translated and edited by William Dansey (1831) |
* Arrian, [https://archive.org/details/arrianoncoursing00arri Cynegeticus], translated and edited by William Dansey (1831) |
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* Arrian, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810085511/http://isidore-of-seville.com/library-arrian/events-1.htm Events after Alexander] (from Photius' ''Bibliotheca'') translated by John Rooke, edited by Tim Spalding |
* Arrian, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810085511/http://isidore-of-seville.com/library-arrian/events-1.htm Events after Alexander] (from Photius' ''Bibliotheca'') translated by John Rooke, edited by Tim Spalding |
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* Arrian, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arrian-bookVIII-India.html The Indica] translated by E. Iliff Robson. |
* Arrian, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arrian-bookVIII-India.html The Indica] translated by E. Iliff Robson. |
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* Arrian, [http://members.tripod.com/~S_van_Dorst/Ancient_Warfare/Rome/Sources/ektaxis.html Array against the Alans] (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) translated by Sander van Dorst, with the Greek (transliterated) and copious notes. |
* Arrian, [http://members.tripod.com/~S_van_Dorst/Ancient_Warfare/Rome/Sources/ektaxis.html Array against the Alans] (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) translated by Sander van Dorst, with the Greek (transliterated) and copious notes. |
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* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/anabasis.html excerpt] of Arrian's ''Anabasis'', translated by J. S. Freese |
* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/anabasis.html excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409082948/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/anabasis.html |date=9 April 2014 }} of Arrian's ''Anabasis'', translated by J. S. Freese |
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* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/bithynica.html excerpt] of Arrian's ''Bithynica'', translated by J. S. Freese |
* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/bithynica.html excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409093931/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/bithynica.html |date=9 April 2014 }} of Arrian's ''Bithynica'', translated by J. S. Freese |
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* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/parthica.html excerpt] of Arrian's ''Parthica'', translated by J. S. Freese |
* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/parthica.html excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409082951/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/parthica.html |date=9 April 2014 }} of Arrian's ''Parthica'', translated by J. S. Freese |
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* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/metalex.html excerpt] of Arrian's ''Events after Alexander'', translated by J. S. Freese |
* Photius' [https://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/metalex.html excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084859/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/metalex.html |date=9 April 2014 }} of Arrian's ''Events after Alexander'', translated by J. S. Freese |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category: |
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[[Category:Flavii|Arrianus, Lucius]] |
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[[Category:Alexander the Great]] |
[[Category:Historiography of Alexander the Great]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:42, 2 January 2025
Arrian | |
|---|---|
 Bust of Arrian | |
| Born | Lucius Flavius Arrianus c. 86 |
| Died | c. 160[1] (aged 73–74) |
| Nationality | Greek |
| Occupation(s) | Historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher |
| Notable work | The Anabasis of Alexander Indica Periplus of the Euxine Sea |
Arrian of Nicomedia (/ˈæriən/; Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Latin: Lucius Flavius Arrianus;[2] c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD)[3][4] was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period.[4]
The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Scholars have generally preferred Arrian to other extant primary sources, though this attitude has changed somewhat in light of modern studies into Arrian's method.[5][6]
Arrian's life
[edit]Arrian was born in Nicomedia (present-day İzmit), the provincial capital of Bithynia. Cassius Dio called him Flavius Arrianus Nicomediensis. Sources provide similar dates for his birth, within a few years prior to 90, 89, and 85–90 AD. The line of reasoning for dates belonging to 85–90 AD is because of Arrian being made a consul around 130 AD, and the usual age for this, during this period, being 42 years of age. (ref. pp. 312, & SYME 1958, ibid.). His family was from the Greek provincial aristocracy, and his full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, indicates that he was a Roman citizen, suggesting that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the time of the Roman conquest some 170 years before.[4][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Sometime during the second century AD (117 to 120 AD) while in Epirus, probably Nicopolis, Arrian attended lectures of Epictetus of Nicopolis, and proceeded within a time to fall into his pupillage, a fact attested to by Lucian. All that is known about the life of Epictetus is due to Arrian, in that Arrian left an Encheiridion (Handbook) of Epictetus' philosophy. After Epirus, he went to Athens, and while there, he became known as the "young Xenophon" as a consequence of the similarity of his relationship to Epictetus as Xenophon had to Socrates.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
For a period, some time about 126 AD, he was a friend of the emperor Hadrian's, who appointed him to the Senate. He was appointed to the position consul suffectus around 130 AD, and then, in 132 AD (although Howatson shows 131), he was made prefect or legate (governor) of Cappadocia by Hadrian, a service he continued for six years. Historian Cassius Dio states that not long after the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea had been quelled, in 135 AD, King Pharasmanes II of Iberia caused the Alani to invade neighbouring territories, including Cappadocia, where their advance was robustly halted by Arrian's legions.
A second war was begun by the Alani (they are Massagetae) at the instigation of Pharasmanes. It caused dire injury to the Albanian territory and Media, and then involved Armenia and Cappadocia; after which, as the Alani were not only persuaded by gifts from Vologaesus, but also stood in dread of Flavius Arrianus, the governor of Cappadocia, it came to a stop.[21]
Arrian referred to himself as "the second Xenophon", on account of his reputation and the esteem in which he was held. Lucian stated him to be:[17][22]
a Roman of the first rank with a life-long attachment to learning
— quote of Lucian in P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox, p. 143
This quality is identified as paideia (παιδεία), which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who is highly esteemed and important.[17][23][24][25][26][27]
Works
[edit]
He produced eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p. 260). The Indica and the Anabasis are the only works completely intact. His entire remaining oeuvre is known as FGrH 156 to designate those collected fragments that exist.[13][28][29][30]
Periplus of the Euxine Sea
[edit]This work is the earliest extant work that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to Emperor Hadrian.[31][32][33]
Discourses of Epictetus and Enchiridion of Epictetus
[edit]Arrian was a pupil of Epictetus around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as Discourses of Epictetus, by their unauthorized dissemination.[14][34] According to George Long, Arrian noted from Epictetus' lectures for his private use and some time later made of these, the Discourses. Photius states that Arrian produced two books the Dissertations and the Discourses. The Discourses are also known as Diatribai and are apparently a verbatim recording of Epictetus' lectures.[35][36][37]
The Enchiridion is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the Enchiridion to have been a vade mecum for Arrian. The Enchiridion is apparently a summary of the Discourses.[7][15][28][38][35]
JB Stockdale considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which four were lost by the Middle Ages[clarification needed] and the remaining ones became the Discourses. In a comparison of the contents of the Enchiridion with the Discourses, it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the Enchiridion.[14][39][40]
Homiliai Epiktetou
[edit]Friendly conversations with Epictetus (Homiliai Epiktetou) is a 12 book work mentioned by Photius in his Bibliotheca, of which only fragments remain.[16][19]
Anabasis of Alexander
[edit]The Anabasis of Alexander comprises seven books.[16] Arrian used Xenophon's account of the March of Cyrus as the basis for this work.[41]
Ta met' Alexandron
[edit]History of the Diadochi or Events after Alexander is a work originally of ten books; a commentary on this work was written by Photius (FW Walbank, p. 8).[28][42][3][43]
Three extant fragments are the Vatican Palimpsest (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 (Oxyrhynchus), and the Gothenburg palimpsest (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius.[3][16][44]
The writing is about the successors of Alexander the Great, circa 323 – 321 or 319.
Parthica
[edit]A lost work of seventeen books, fragments of Parthica were maintained by the Suda and Stephanus of Byzantium. The work survives only in adaptations made later by Photius and Syncellus. Translated, the title is History of the Parthians. Arrian's aim in the work was to set forth events of the Parthian war of Trajan. The writing mentioned that the Parthians trace their origins to Artaxerxes II.[45][46][47][48][49]
Bithyniaca
[edit]A work of eight books, Bibliotheca (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian.[46][50]
Nicomediensis Scripta minora
[edit]A work translated a Nicodemian script (minor).[51][52]
Indica
[edit]Indica is a work on a variety of things pertaining to India, and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of Indica was based largely on the work of the same name of Megasthenes, the second part based on a journal written by Nearchus.[53][54][55][20]
Techne Taktike
[edit]Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian[31]), Techne Taktike is a treatise on Roman cavalry and military tactics, and includes information on the nature, arms and discipline of the phalanx. The hippika gymnasia is a particular concern of Arrian in the treatise.[46][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]
Another translation of the title is Ars tactica, which, in Greek, is Τέχνη τακτική.[63][64]
This work has generally been considered in large part a panegyric to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his vīcennālia, although some scholars have argued that its second half may have had practical use.[65][66]
Kynēgetikos
[edit]Cynegeticus (Κυνηγετικός),[67] translated as A treatise on hunting with hounds, On Hunting, or On Coursing,[68][35] is a work about the Celtic sport of coursing hare with sighthounds, specifically the Celtic greyhounds: in Greek (plural) ouertragoi, in Latin (plural) vertragi.[69][70][71][72][73][74][75]
The work was inspired by and designed as an addition to an earlier exposition made by Xenophon, whom Arrian recognised to be the Ancient Greek authority on the subject of hunting with scent hounds.[76][77]
Ektaxis kata Alanon
[edit]Ektaxis kata Alanon (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as Deployment against the Alani or The order of battle against the Alans or referred to simply as Alanica. It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical facts, though, while governor of Cappadocia, Arrian repelled an invasion of the Alani sometime during 135 AD, a struggle in which Arrian's two legions were victorious.[78][79][80][54][81][82][83][84]
Within the work, Arrian explicitly identified the particular means of pursuing warfare as being based on Greek methods.[85][86][87]
Ektaxis kata Alanon is also translated as Acies contra Alanos. The work was known for a time as A History of the Alani (Alanike via Photius[54]). A fragment describing a plan of battle against the Alani was found in Milan around the 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the History.[88]
Biographical series
[edit]There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of Dion of Syracuse, Timoleon of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of Asia Minor, which are now lost.[89][90][91][92][93]
Sources, transmission, translations and publications
[edit]Everything known of his life derives from the 9th century writing of Photius in his Bibliotheca, and from those few references which exist within Arrian's own writings. The knowledge of his consulship, is derived at the least from literature produced by Suidas. Arnobius (c. 3rd century AD[94]) mentions Arrian. Arrian was also known of by Aulus Gellius. Pliny the Younger addressed seven of his epistles to him. Simplicius made a copy of the Enchiridion, which was transmitted under the name of the monastic father Nilus during the 5th century, and as a result found in every monastery library.[16][7][95][14][96]
Nicholas Blancard made translations of Arrian in 1663 and 1668.[97]
The voyage of Nearchus and Periplus of the Erythrean Sea were translated from the Greek by the then Dean of Westminster, William Vincent, and published in 1809. Vincent published a commentary in 1797 on The voyage of Nearchus. The work was also translated into French by M. Billecocq, under the auspices of the government (cf. p. 321).[98]
References
[edit]- ^ "Arrian". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
Arrian born c. AD 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. AD 160, Athens? [Greece].
- ^ Stadter's suggestion that his official name was Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon (Stadter, Philip (1967). "Flavius Arrianus: The New Xenophon". Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. Retrieved 14 April 2016.) is disproven by epigraphic evidence: Bowie, E. L. “Greeks and Their Past in the Second Sophistic.” Past & Present, 46 (1970): 25 n. 72.
- ^ a b c F. W. Walbank, ed. (1984). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052123445X. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- ^ a b c "Arrian". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Turkey] died circa 160, Athens, [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher, who was one of the most distinguished authors of second-century Roman Empire.
Wolfgang Haase; Hildegard Temporini (1990). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2; Volume 34. Walter de Gruyter. p. 228. ISBN 3110103761.Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian's home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities.
Arrian; Sélincourt, Aubrey De (1971). The campaigns of Alexander. Penguin Classics. p. 13. ISBN 0140442537.Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before AD 90.
Grant, Michael (1992). Readings in the classical historians. Scribner's. p. 544. ISBN 0684192454.Arrian: Greek Historian ... was an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia (İzmit) in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent.
- ^ Heckel, Waldemar (2004). The History of Alexander. Penguin. pp. 5 & 269.
- ^ Bosworth, A.B. (1976). "Errors in Arrian". Classical Quarterly. 26: 117–139. doi:10.1017/s0009838800033905. S2CID 170453455.
- ^ a b c Le Clerc, Jean; Rooke, John. Arrian's History of Alexander's expedition. Translated from the Greek. With notes historical, geographical, and critical. By Mr. Rooke. To which is prefix'd, Mr. Le Clerc's Criticism upon Quintus Curtius. And some remarks upon Mr. Perizonius's vindication of the author. London, Printed for T. Worrall etc., etc. 1729. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ N. G. L. Hammond (2007). Sources for Alexander the Great: An Analysis of Plutarch's 'Life' and Arrian's 'Anabasis Alexandrou'. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521714716. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ EL Bowie (2002). PA Stadter; L. Van der Stockt (eds.). Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.). Leuven University Press. ISBN 9058672395. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ Wolfgang Haase, ed. (1993). Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt: Teil II Principat [Rise and Decline of the Woman World: Part II: Principate]. Vol. 34. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110103761. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ FP Polo (2011). The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139495992 [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used p. 1–3 to identify nature of < consulship >)
- ^ "Arrian". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. 160, Athens? [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher who was one of the most distinguished authors of the second-century Roman Empire.
Wolfgang Haase; Hildegard Temporini (1990). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2; Volume 34. Walter de Gruyter. p. 228. ISBN 3110103761.Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian's home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities.
Arrian; Sélincourt, Aubrey De (1971). The campaigns of Alexander. Penguin Classics. p. 13. ISBN 0140442537.Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before A.D. 90.
Grant, Michael (1992). Readings in the classical historians. Scribner's. p. 544. ISBN 0684192454.Arrian: Greek Historian: [...] an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent.
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Further reading
[edit]- Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Classics, 1958 and numerous subsequent editions.
- Cartledge, Paul; Romm, James S.; Strassler, Robert B.; Pamela Mensch (2010). The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0375423468.
- Brodersen, K. (2017) Arrianos / Asklepiodotos: Die Kunst der Taktik. Greek and German, De Gruyter, Berlin. ISBN 978-3110562163.
- Campbell, Duncan B. (2022) Deploying a Roman Army: The Ektaxis kat' Alanôn of Arrian. Greek and English, Quirinus Editions, Glasgow. ISBN 979-8803868620.
- Leon-Ruiz, Daniel William (2021). Arrian the historian : writing the Greek past in the Roman Empire. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477321867.
- Phillips, A.A., and M.M. Willcock (eds.). Xenophon and Arrian On Hunting with Hounds. Cynegeticus. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 1999. ISBN 0856687065.
- P. A. Stadter, Arrian of Nicomedia, Chapel Hill, 1980.
- R. Syme, 'The Career of Arrian', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 86 (1982), pp. 171–211.
- E. L. Wheeler, Flavius Arrianus: a political and military biography, Duke University, 1977.nn
- Yardley, J. & Heckel, W. (2004) The History of Alexander, Penguin, London, pp. 5 & 269.
External links
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Arrian.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- Works by Arrian at Project Gutenberg
- Works by Arrian at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Livius, Arrian of Nicomedia by Jona Lendering
- Arrian On Coursing: the Cynegeticus William Dansey 1831
- Arrianus's voyage round the Euxine Sea: translated and accompanied with a geographical dissertation and maps
- Texts online
- Collected works: Flavii Arriani quae exstant omnia, A. G. Roos (ed.), 2 vols., Lipsiae, in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1967–68.
- Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, Teubner monolingual Greek edition, edited by A.G. Roos (1907)
- Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, translated by E.J. Chinnock (1893)
- Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, (section 1.13–16) (pdf, pp. 18–19), Battle of Granicus, from the Loeb Classical Library edition.
- Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, (section 4.18.4–19.6) Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Sogdian Rock, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt
- Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, (Section 7.5.1–16) Archived 6 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, translated by John Yardley
- Arrian, Cynegeticus, translated and edited by William Dansey (1831)
- Arrian, Events after Alexander (from Photius' Bibliotheca) translated by John Rooke, edited by Tim Spalding
- Arrian, The Indica translated by E. Iliff Robson.
- Arrian, Array against the Alans (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) translated by Sander van Dorst, with the Greek (transliterated) and copious notes.
- Photius' excerpt Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine of Arrian's Anabasis, translated by J. S. Freese
- Photius' excerpt Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine of Arrian's Bithynica, translated by J. S. Freese
- Photius' excerpt Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine of Arrian's Parthica, translated by J. S. Freese
- Photius' excerpt Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine of Arrian's Events after Alexander, translated by J. S. Freese
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