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{{short description|2018 film by David Mackenzie}}
{{short description|2018 film by David Mackenzie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Outlaw King
| name = Outlaw King
| image = OutlawKingPoster.jpeg
| image = OutlawKingPoster.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[David Mackenzie (director)|David Mackenzie]]
| director = [[David Mackenzie (director)|David Mackenzie]]
| producers = {{Plainlist|
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* David Mackenzie
* David Mackenzie
* [[Gillian Berrie]]
* [[Gillian Berrie]]
Line 27: Line 28:
| music = Grey Dogs
| music = Grey Dogs
| cinematography = [[Barry Ackroyd]]
| cinematography = [[Barry Ackroyd]]
| editing = [[Jake Roberts (editor)|Jake Roberts]]
| editing = [[Jake Roberts (film editor)|Jake Roberts]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sigma Films]]
* [[Sigma Films]]
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| gross =
| gross =
}}
}}
'''''Outlaw King''''', stylized as '''{{nowrap|Outlaw/King}}''', is a 2018 [[historical film|historical]] [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film about [[Robert the Bruce]], the 14th-century Scottish King who launched a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla war]] against the larger English army. The film largely takes place during the 3-year historical period from 1304, when Bruce decides to rebel against the rule of [[Edward I]] over Scotland, thus becoming an "outlaw", up to the 1307 [[Battle of Loudoun Hill]]. ''Outlaw King'' was co-written, produced, and directed by [[David Mackenzie (director)|David Mackenzie]].<ref name="THR1">{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/chris-pine-robert-the-bruce-netflix-outlaw-king-david-mackenzie-ben-foster-netflix-scottish-epic-1202076150/|title=Netflix Lands Outlaw King|last=Fleming Jr|first=Mike|date=24 April 2017|work=Deadline|access-date=27 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theplaylist.net/first-look-chris-pine-david-mackenzies-outlaw-king-20170908/|title=First Look At Chris Pine In David Mackenzie’s ‘Outlaw King’|date=8 September 2017|work=Playlist|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-42307677|title=New Netflix drama Outlaw King boosts film sector|date=11 December 2017|work=BBC|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> It stars [[Chris Pine]], [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]], [[Florence Pugh]], [[Billy Howle]], [[Sam Spruell]], [[Tony Curran]], [[Callan Mulvey]], [[James Cosmo]], and [[Stephen Dillane]].
'''''Outlaw King''''' is a 2018 [[historical film|historical]] [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film about 14th-century Scottish king [[Robert the Bruce]] during the [[Scottish Wars of Independence]]. The film largely takes place during the 3-year period from 1304, when Bruce decides to rebel against the rule of [[Edward I]] over Scotland, up to 1307 [[Battle of Loudoun Hill]]. ''Outlaw King'' was co-written, produced, and directed by [[David Mackenzie (director)|David Mackenzie]].<ref name="THR1">{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/chris-pine-robert-the-bruce-netflix-outlaw-king-david-mackenzie-ben-foster-netflix-scottish-epic-1202076150/|title=Netflix Lands Outlaw King|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=24 April 2017|work=Deadline|access-date=27 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theplaylist.net/first-look-chris-pine-david-mackenzies-outlaw-king-20170908/|title=First Look At Chris Pine In David Mackenzie's 'Outlaw King'|date=8 September 2017|work=Playlist|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-42307677|title=New Netflix drama Outlaw King boosts film sector|date=11 December 2017|work=BBC|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>


It premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 6, 2018, and was released on November 9, 2018, by [[Netflix]].
The film starred an [[ensemble cast]] led by [[Chris Pine]] as Robert the Bruce, alongside [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]], [[Florence Pugh]], [[Billy Howle]], [[Sam Spruell]], [[Tony Curran]], [[Callan Mulvey]], [[James Cosmo]], and [[Stephen Dillane]]. It premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 6, 2018, and was digitally released on November 9, 2018, by [[Netflix]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its production design, sets, performances, and choreography, but criticism for its historical inaccuracies and clichés.


== Plot ==
== Plot ==
In 1304, outside the [[Sieges of Stirling Castle|besieged]] [[Stirling Castle]], [[John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch|John Comyn]], [[Robert the Bruce|Robert Bruce]] and their allies surrender to [[Edward I of England]] and pay him their [[homage (feudal)|homage]].
In the year 1304, outside the [[Sieges of Stirling Castle|besieged]] [[Stirling Castle]], [[John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch|John Comyn]], [[Robert the Bruce|Robert Bruce]], and other Scottish nobility surrender to [[Edward I of England]]. King Edward promises to return lands to the nobility in exchange for their [[homage (feudal)|homage]]. After the formalities have ended, Bruce spars with Edward's heir, the [[Edward II of England|Prince of Wales]], and the King weds Bruce to his goddaughter, [[Elizabeth de Burgh]]. Lord [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas|James Douglas]] arrives to ask for the restoration of his ancestral lands but is dismissed by Edward, on the basis of the previous [[William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas|Lord Douglas]]' treason. The King and the Prince depart from Scotland, leaving its management to Comyn and Bruce, under the supervision of the Earl of Pembroke, [[Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Aymer de Valence]]. Elizabeth arrives to marry Bruce. On the wedding night, he respects his reluctant wife's wishes and delays the consummation. Bruce witnesses Englishmen conscripting his servants to the King's army. Not long after, his father, the [[Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale|Lord of Annandale]], passes away, lamenting the loss of his friendship with the King of England, while admitting it may have been a mistake to trust Edward.


Afterwards, Bruce spars with the king's son, [[Edward II of England|Edward, Prince of Wales]], whom he had known as a child (their fathers becoming friends whilst fighting on crusade in the Holy Land). A widower, he is betrothed to the king's goddaughter, [[Elizabeth de Burgh]]. Lord [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas|James Douglas]] arrives, asking for the restoration of his ancestral lands, but is denied on the grounds that his father [[William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas|Lord Douglas]] committed treason. The King and Prince depart Scotland, with Bruce and Comyn acting as their vassals under the supervision of the Earl of Pembroke, [[Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Aymer de Valence]].
Two years later, after collecting taxes, Bruce notes how unpopular the English are. There is rioting after the public display of the [[hanged, drawn and quartered|quartered]] body of [[William Wallace]], which spurs Bruce to plan another revolt. He discusses the issue with his family, who agree with him. Bruce tries to persuade John Comyn to join him, but the latter refuses and threatens to inform Edward about the plan. In a panic, Bruce stabs Comyn to death. The incident compels the clergy of Scotland to offer a pardon to Bruce, bargaining that he supports the Catholic Church in Scotland and he accepts the [[Crown of Scotland]]. Bruce accepts the deal, but King Edward soon hears of it. He declares Bruce an outlaw and, at his son's request, sends the Prince of Wales to crush the uprising, under the dragon banner, symbolizing the abandonment of chivalry and representing King Edward's order that no quarter to be shown to any supporter of Bruce.


Robert marries Elizabeth but respectfully delays the consummation. Elizabeth is, however, an increasingly important presence in the life of Robert's daughter, Marjorie. Not long after, his father, the [[Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale|Lord of Annandale]], dies, fearing his friendship with the King of England may have been an error.
⚫
Bruce calls a council of the nobles, where most refuse to break their oaths to Edward. Despite the lack of expected support, Bruce heads to [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]], where he is to be crowned. On the road, he encounters Douglas, who pledges his allegiance if Robert will help Douglas reclaim his birthright. In Scone, Bruce is crowned [[List of Scottish monarchs|king of Scots]]. The ambitious de Valence decides to move against Bruce before the Prince arrives. Bruce wishes to avoid bloodshed and challenges de Valence to single combat. De Valence accepts but insists on delaying the duel a day, as it is Sunday. During the night, at Methven, Bruce finally consummates his marriage, but the English launch a surprise attack. Bruce sends his wife and [[Marjorie Bruce]], to safety with his brother [[Nigel de Brus|Nigel]], and stays to fight a [[Battle of Methven|losing battle]], during which most of the Scottish army is killed. Bruce escapes with fifty men. The group takes [[Aonghus Óg of Islay|Angus]]' advice and flees to [[Islay]]. While traveling there, [[John of Argyll|John MacDougall]] parleys with them. He is bitter about the murder of his cousin Comyn but allows the army to pass but later [[Battle of Loch Ryan|attacks]] Bruce's entourage as they're trying to cross [[Loch Ryan]]. Some of them get away in boats, but they cannot prevent the death of Robert the Bruce's brother [[Alexander de Brus|Alexander]].


Soon after, while delivering tax monies to the English, Bruce notes their unpopularity. Rioting ensues when news of the rebel [[William Wallace]]'s [[hanged, drawn and quartered|execution]] reaches Scotland. Bruce decides to organize another rebellion with the support of his family, including Elizabeth. He meets Comyn in a church, trying to persuade him to join the rebellion but as Comyn threatens to inform Edward, Bruce kills him. The Scottish clergy offers Bruce absolution for serving the English and supports Bruce's bid for the [[crown of Scotland]] if he supports the [[Catholic Church in Scotland|Catholic Church]]. King Edward declares Bruce an outlaw and orders the Prince of Wales to suppress his uprising, with instructions that [[no quarter]] is to be shown to any Bruce supporter.
⚫
Prince Edward arrives in Scotland and searches for Bruce at [[Kildrummy Castle]], only to find Bruce's wife, daughter, and brother. The sadistic prince has his brother hanged and drawn, and has Bruce's daughter and wife taken to England. Bruce's company meets up with Lord Mackinnon, who refuses to lend them any men. The band presses on with their voyage to Islay anyway; there, they learn of the fall of Kildrummy Castle. Bruce decides to take back the castle through stealth. The successful operation inspires Bruce to begin [[guerilla warfare]]. Shortly thereafter, Bruce is reunited with his other brother, [[Thomas de Brus|Thomas]]. In England, Marjorie is separated from her stepmother Elizabeth to be given religious instruction by nuns. After Edward hears that [[Douglas Castle]] has been re-taken, he goes after Bruce himself. He offers Elizabeth a pardon if she will annul her marriage to Robert, but she refuses and is placed in a hanging cage.


⚫
Calling a council of nobles, most refuse to break their oaths to Edward. Despite the lack of support, Bruce heads to [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]] to be crowned [[List of Scottish monarchs|king of the Scots]]. On the way, Douglas pledges his allegiance. The ambitious de Valence, brother-in-law to Comyn, tries to move against Bruce before the Prince arrives. To avoid bloodshed, he challenges de Valence to single combat, who accepts but delays the duel a day, as it is Sunday. That night, Bruce and Elizabeth finally consummate their marriage, but the English launch a surprise attack. Elizabeth and [[Marjorie Bruce]] are sent to safety with his brother [[Nigel de Brus|Nigel]], and he fights a [[Battle of Methven|losing battle]], during which most of the Scottish army is killed. Escaping with fifty men, they flee to [[Islay]]. On the way, [[John of Argyll|John MacDougall]] parleys with them, bitter about the murder of his cousin Comyn but allows them to pass. Later, however, he [[Battle of Dalrigh|attacks]] Bruce as his party attempts to cross [[Loch Ryan]]. Some get away in boats, but Bruce's brother [[Alexander de Brus|Alexander]] dies.
⚫
The following year, King Edward dies shortly after arriving in Scotland, and the Prince of Wales takes control of his father's forces. In defiance of his father's dying wishes, he orders his late father's burial in Scotland. Bruce decides to fight the new king in a [[pitched battle]] at [[Loudoun Hill]], despite being outnumbered six to one. Clan Mackinnon arrives to aid Bruce. Edward's army is composed almost entirely of cavalry, so Robert overcomes this army's size disadvantage by ensuring that during [[Battle of Loudoun Hill|the battle]], the English cavalry charge into a spear wall hidden by a ditch, and thus incur heavy losses. Many horsemen attempt to attack the flanks but become bogged down in the mud, just as the Scots anticipated. As the English knights fall from their horses, many are slain, and the battle becomes an open brawl, wherein the ferocious Scots prevail over the disoriented English soldiers. Realising the battle is hopeless, de Valence orders a retreat. However, determined to kill his nemesis, Edward does not join the retreat. Instead, he engages in a duel with Bruce as the Scots look on. Although Bruce prevails, he allows Edward to leave unharmed. The epilogue reveals that Elizabeth was released as a part of a hostage exchange. The Prince of Wales was crowned King Edward II, only to be killed by his own lords. Three hundred years later, Robert's [[James VI and I|descendant]] unified the [[Acts of Union 1707|crowns of England and Scotland]], and Sir James Douglas’ descendant, Kentigern Hunter, died at the battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the last pitched battle between England and Scotland before the union of the crowns, in 1603.

⚫
Prince Edward arrives in Scotland, searching for Bruce at [[Kildrummy Castle]], only to find Bruce's wife, daughter, and brother. The prince has Nigel hanged, drawn, and quartered, and sends Marjorie and Elizabeth into captivity in England. Bruce's band presses on to Islay anyway; there, they learn of the fall of Kildrummy Castle. Bruce decides to take back the castle through stealth. The successful operation inspires him to utilize [[guerilla warfare]] against the more powerful English. Shortly thereafter, Robert the Bruce is reunited with his only surviving brother, [[Edward Bruce|Edward]]. In England, Elizabeth learns that Marjorie has been sent to a nunnery by King Edward. After Edward hears [[Douglas Castle]] has been re-taken, he goes after Bruce himself. Edward offers amnesty to Elizabeth if she renounces her marriage, but she refuses and is put in a hanging cage.

⚫
King Edward I dies shortly after arriving in Scotland, and his son takes over his forces. Bruce fights the new king in a [[pitched battle]] at [[Loudoun Hill]], despite being outnumbered six to one. As Edward II's army is composed almost entirely of cavalry, Robert overcomes his army's size disadvantage in [[Battle of Loudoun Hill|the battle]] with a spear wall hidden by a ditch. Attempting to attack the flanks, horsemen become bogged down in the mud, as anticipated. The English knights fall from their horses, many are slain, and the battle becomes an open brawl, where the Scots prevail over the disoriented English soldiers, with James killing the noble to whom King Edward had granted his family's lands. Realising the battle is hopeless, de Valence orders a retreat. However, determined to kill his nemesis, Edward II does not join them. Instead, he duels Bruce as the Scots look on. Edward is outmatched, and realising he is about to be slain, he vomits in fear and cries for help. Bruce prevails, allowing Edward II to leave unarmed.


==Cast==
==Cast==
<!--- [[WP:NOTDATABASE]] - cast and order per Main Cast closing tombstone stand-alone credits, roles per closing credits scroll --->
⚫
* [[Chris Pine]] as [[Robert the Bruce]]
{{cast listing|
* [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]] as [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas]]<ref name="THR2">{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/aaron-taylor-johnson-scottish-hero-james-douglas-outlaw-king-robert-the-bruce-chris-pine-1202137331/|title=Aaron Taylor-Johnson Plays Scottish hero James Douglas|last=Fleming Jri|first=Mike|date=27 July 2017|work= Deadline|access-date=27 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Chris Pine]] as [[Robert the Bruce|Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick]]
* [[Florence Pugh]] as [[Elizabeth de Burgh]]<ref name="THR3">{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/08/florence-pugh-outlaw-king-netflix-cast-1202144081/|title=Florence Pugh Nabs Lead in Netflix's 'Outlaw King'|last=Fleming Jri|first=Mike|date=7 August 2017|work= Deadline|access-date=7 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]] as [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas]]
* [[Billy Howle]] as [[Edward II of England|Edward, Prince of Wales]]<ref name="THR4">{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/08/david-mackenzies-outlaw-king-billy-howle-netflix-1202152073/|title=David Mackenzie's 'Outlaw King' Adds Billy Howle|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=18 August 2017|work= Deadline|access-date=18 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Florence Pugh]] as [[Elizabeth de Burgh]]
*[[Tony Curran]] as [[Aonghus Óg of Islay|Angus MacDonald]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TonyCurran69/status/892173597795418112|title=Tony Curran on Twitter|date=31 July 2017|website=Twitter|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Billy Howle]] as [[Edward II of England|Edward, Prince of Wales]]
⚫
* [[Sam Spruell]] as [[Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke]]
* [[Tony Curran]] as [[Aonghus Óg of Islay|Angus Og MacDonald, Lord of Islay]]
* [[Callan Mulvey]] as [[John Comyn III of Badenoch|John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch]]
⚫
* [[James Cosmo]] as [[Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale]]
* [[Stephen Dillane]] as King [[Edward I of England]]
* [[Steven Cree]] as Sir [[Christopher Seton]]
* [[Alastair Mackenzie]] as [[John of Strathbogie, 9th Earl of Atholl|John of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl]]
* [[Chris Fulton]] as [[Edward Bruce|Euan (Edward) Bruce]]
* Lorne MacFadyen as [[Nigel de Brus|Neil Bruce]]
* Lorne MacFadyen as [[Nigel de Brus|Neil Bruce]]
* [[Jack Greenlees]] as [[Alexander de Brus|Alexander Bruce]]
* [[Alastair Mackenzie]] as Lord Atholl{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
}}
⚫
* [[James Cosmo]] as [[Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
* [[Callan Mulvey]] as [[John Comyn III of Badenoch]]<ref name="Callan">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/callan-mulvey-netflix-scottish-drama-outlaw-king-exclusive-1202550524/|title=Film News Roundup: Callan Mulvey Joins Chris Pine’s Scottish Drama ‘Outlaw King’|date=7 September 2017|work=Variety|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>
* Stephen McMillan as Drew Forfar, Squire
* Paul Blair as [[William de Lamberton|Bishop Lamberton]]
⚫
* [[Stephen Dillane]] as [[Edward I of England|King Edward I of England]]
* [[Steven Cree]] as [[Christopher Seton]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MrStevenCree/status/907232931680325633|title=Steven Cree on Twitter|date=11 September 2017|website=Twitter|access-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>
*Kim Allan as [[Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan]]
⚫
* [[Sam Spruell]] as [[Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]]
* Rebecca Robin as [[Margaret of France, Queen of England]]
* [[Jamie Maclachlan]] as Roger De Mowbray
* [[Benny Young]] as [[Simon Fraser (died 1306)|Sir Simon Fraser]]
* [[Clive Russell]] as Lord MacKinnon of Skye
* Josie O'Brien as [[Marjorie Bruce]]
* [[Matt Stokoe]] as [[John Segrave, 2nd Baron Segrave]]


==Production==
==Production==
Line 86: Line 87:


==Release==
==Release==
The film had its world premiere at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/08/tiff-2018-opening-closing-night-films-1201993763/|title=TIFF Announces Chris Pine-Starring ‘Outlaw King’ Will Open Festival and Kristen Stewart’s ‘Jeremiah Terminator LeRoy’ to Close|website=[[IndieWire]]|first=Kate|last=Erbland|date=14 August 2018|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> The premiere's runtime of 137 minutes and its pacing were criticised in early reviews, and Mackenzie subsequently cut nearly 20 minutes from the film.<ref name="OutlawTrimmed">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/netflix-chris-pine-outlaw-king-recut-by-david-mackenzie-post-tiff-premiere-1202469711/|title=‘Outlaw King’ Filmmaker David Mackenzie Trims Netflix Epic By 20 Minutes Post Toronto Premiere|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=23 September 2018|publisher=}}</ref> Cut material includes a battle scene, a major confrontation backdropped by a waterfall, an eight-minute chase sequence, and a scene in which Pine’s character meets [[William Wallace]] in the woods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/11/david-mackenzie-interview-outlaw-king-netflix-new-cut-1202019000/|title=How David Mackenzie Salvaged ‘Outlaw King’ After the Netflix Oscar Hopeful Crashed and Burned|first1=David|last1=Ehrlich|first2=David|last2=Ehrlich|date=8 November 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mpaa.org/2018/09/tiff-2018-david-mackenzies-bloody-epic-outlaw-king/ TIFF 2018: David Mackenzie’s Bloody Epic Outlaw King]</ref> The film had its European premiere at the [[London Film Festival]] in October 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/announcements/lff-62-london-film-festival-programme-announced|title=62nd BFI London Film Festival programme announced|website=BFI|date=30 August 2018|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> and was commercially released on November 9, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/florence-pugh-ari-aster-movie-1202889215/|title=Florence Pugh Lands Female Lead in ‘Hereditary’ Director Ari Aster’s Next Film|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=30 July 2018|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
The film had its world premiere at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 6, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/08/tiff-2018-opening-closing-night-films-1201993763/|title=TIFF Announces Chris Pine-Starring 'Outlaw King' Will Open Festival and Kristen Stewart's 'Jeremiah Terminator LeRoy' to Close|website=[[IndieWire]]|first=Kate|last=Erbland|date=14 August 2018|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> The premiere's runtime of 137 minutes and its pacing were criticised in early reviews, and Mackenzie subsequently cut nearly 20 minutes from the film.<ref name="OutlawTrimmed">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/netflix-chris-pine-outlaw-king-recut-by-david-mackenzie-post-tiff-premiere-1202469711/|title='Outlaw King' Filmmaker David Mackenzie Trims Netflix Epic By 20 Minutes Post Toronto Premiere|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=23 September 2018}}</ref> Cut material includes a battle scene, a major confrontation backdropped by a waterfall, an eight-minute chase sequence, and a scene in which Pine's character meets [[William Wallace]] in the woods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/11/david-mackenzie-interview-outlaw-king-netflix-new-cut-1202019000/|title=How David Mackenzie Salvaged 'Outlaw King' After the Netflix Oscar Hopeful Crashed and Burned|first1=David|last1=Ehrlich|date=8 November 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mpaa.org/2018/09/tiff-2018-david-mackenzies-bloody-epic-outlaw-king/ TIFF 2018: David Mackenzie's Bloody Epic Outlaw King]</ref> The film had its European premiere at the [[BFI London Film Festival|London Film Festival]] in October 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news/62nd-bfi-london-film-festival-programme-announced|title=62nd BFI London Film Festival programme announced|website=BFI|date=30 August 2018|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> and was commercially released on November 9, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/florence-pugh-ari-aster-movie-1202889215/|title=Florence Pugh Lands Female Lead in 'Hereditary' Director Ari Aster's Next Film|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=30 July 2018|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>


==Reception==
==Reception==
===Critical response===
On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval of 61% based on 148 reviews, and an average rating of 6.16/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Muddy and bloody to a fault, ''Outlaw King'' doesn't skimp on the medieval battle scenes, but tends to lose track of the fact-based legend at the heart of its story."<ref>{{cite web|title=Outlaw King (2018)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/outlaw_king|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web|title=Outlaw King reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/outlaw-king|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref>
{{RT prose|{{RT data|score}}|{{RT data|average}}|{{RT data|count}}|Muddy and bloody to a fault, ''Outlaw King'' doesn't skimp on the medieval battle scenes, but tends to lose track of the fact-based legend at the heart of its story.|ref=yes|access-date=2023-09-21}} {{MC film|59|38|ref=yes|access-date=2023-09-21}}


===Accolades===
===Accolades===
Line 104: Line 106:
| [[17th Visual Effects Society Awards|February 5, 2019]]
| [[17th Visual Effects Society Awards|February 5, 2019]]
| [[Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature]]
| [[Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature]]
| Alex Bicknell, Dan Bethell, Greg O’Connor, Stefano Pepin
| Alex Bicknell, Dan Bethell, Greg O'Connor, Stefano Pepin
| {{nom}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2019 |last1=Tapley |first1=Kristopher |title=‘Avengers,’ ‘Lost in Space,’ ‘Ready Player One’ Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2019/artisans/awards/visual-effects-society-nominations-avengers-infinity-war-1203108109/ |website=Variety }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2019 |last1=Tapley |first1=Kristopher |title='Avengers,' 'Lost in Space,' 'Ready Player One' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2019/artisans/awards/visual-effects-society-nominations-avengers-infinity-war-1203108109/ |website=Variety }}</ref>
|}
|}


==Historical authenticity==
===Historical authenticity===
{{see also|Battle of Loudoun Hill}}
{{see also|Battle of Loudoun Hill}}
[[File:Map of Battle of Loudoun Hill (Outlaw King).svg|thumb|<small>The film's depiction of the [[Battle of Loudoun Hill]] takes many liberties.</small>]]
[[File:Map of Battle of Loudoun Hill (Outlaw King).svg|thumb|<small>The film's depiction of the [[Battle of Loudoun Hill]] takes many liberties.</small>]]
[[File:Map of Battle of Loudoun Hill.svg|thumb|<small>The real Battle of Loudoun Hill</small>]]
[[File:Map of Battle of Loudoun Hill.svg|thumb|<small>The real Battle of Loudoun Hill</small>]]
The film implies that Robert I ("Robert the Bruce") began his rebellion almost immediately after the execution of William Wallace, implying that he intended to avenge Wallace. In truth, he began his rebellion a full year after Wallace's death. During the intermediate period, Edward I became suspicious of Robert I and ordered him to stay at Kildrummy Castle.<ref name="dailyhistory" />
The film implies that Robert I ("Robert the Bruce") began his rebellion almost immediately after the execution of William Wallace, implying that he intended to avenge Wallace. He began his rebellion a full year after Wallace's death. During the intermediate period, Edward I became suspicious of Robert I and ordered him to stay at Kildrummy Castle.<ref name="dailyhistory" />


The film shows Robert I marrying Elizabeth de Burgh after surrendering to Edward I. In reality, Bruce's second marriage occurred years before in 1302.
The film shows Robert I marrying Elizabeth de Burgh after surrendering to Edward I. Bruce's second marriage actually occurred years before in 1302.


The film's depiction of Edward II's role in the Battle of Loudoun Hill is heavily flawed. It is unlikely that he was present at the battle in any capacity. Moreover, it is certain that he would not have challenged Bruce to [[single combat]]. Even if he had been present and challenged Bruce to personal combat, a hostage as valuable as Edward II would not have been allowed to flee.<ref name="dailyhistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyhistory.org/How_Historically_Accurate_is_the_Outlaw_King%3F |website=Dailyhistory|title=How Historically Accurate is the Outlaw King?|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>
The film's depiction of Edward II's role in the Battle of Loudoun Hill is heavily flawed. It is unlikely that he was present at the battle in any capacity. Moreover, it is certain that he would not have challenged Bruce to [[single combat]]. Even if he had been present and challenged Bruce to personal combat, a hostage as valuable as Edward II would not have been allowed to flee.<ref name="dailyhistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyhistory.org/How_Historically_Accurate_is_the_Outlaw_King%3F |website=Dailyhistory|title=How Historically Accurate is the Outlaw King?|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>


In addition to Edward II's presence, the depiction of the Battle of Loudoun Hill incorporates several other elements from the later and more decisive [[Battle of Bannockburn]], such as the death of [[Robert Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford|Robert de Clifford]].
The title character in ''Outlaw King'' is that of an enigmatic and well-behaved man of the people who desires to restore Scotland to its inhabitants. However, historian Fiona Watson notes the real Robert I was most likely cold, canny, and driven by his personal ambition.<ref name="Scotsman">{{cite web |last1=Finlay |first1=Greig |title=What 'Outlaw King' gets wrong - according to a historian |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/film/what-outlaw-king-gets-wrong-according-to-a-historian-1-4829285 |website=Scotsman.com |language=en|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>


The color yellow is mostly absent from the clothing of the fighting men. In contrast, yellow dye was not only the most common dye in Scotland during the period, it was highly favoured by the fighters with the means to afford it. Historian Fergus Cannan notes that while many historical writers comment on its prevalence, it remains absent from appearances in popular culture related to Scottish history.<ref name="Ranker">{{cite web |last1=Carlton |first1=Genevieve |title=Everything 'Outlaw King' Gets Wrong About History And Robert The Bruce |url=https://www.ranker.com/list/historical-inaccuracies-in-the-outlaw-king/genevieve-carlton |website=Ranker |language=en|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>
The title character in ''Outlaw King'' is that of an enigmatic and well-behaved man of the people who desires to restore Scotland to its inhabitants. However, historian Fiona Watson notes the real Robert I was most likely cold, canny, and driven by his personal ambition.<ref name="Scotsman">{{cite web |last1=Finlay |first1=Greig |title=What 'Outlaw King' gets wrong - according to a historian |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/film/what-outlaw-king-gets-wrong-according-to-a-historian-1-4829285 |website=Scotsman.com |date=13 November 2018 |language=en|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>


The color yellow is mostly absent from the clothing of the fighting men. In contrast, the yellow dye was not only the most common dye in Scotland during the period, but it was also highly favoured by the fighters with the means to afford it. Historian Fergus Cannan notes that while many historical writers comment on its prevalence, it remains absent from appearances in popular culture related to Scottish history.<ref name="Ranker">{{cite web |last1=Carlton |first1=Genevieve |title=Everything 'Outlaw King' Gets Wrong About History And Robert The Bruce |url=https://www.ranker.com/list/historical-inaccuracies-in-the-outlaw-king/genevieve-carlton |website=Ranker |language=en|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>
The film depicts the character of Edward II as a cruel and oppressive person who is eager to succeed his father despite any historical evidence of Edward II having displayed such traits. On the contrary, Edward II was reluctant to assume the mantle of kingship and was known to be generous with his servants.<ref name="Ranker" />


The film depicts the character of Edward II as cruel and warlike. Historical evidence depicts Edward II as reluctant to assume the mantle of kingship and battle.
⚫
The film portrays Edward I dying before the battle of Loudoun Hill when, in actuality, he died several months later. Furthermore, the film implies that Edward I was buried where he died when, in fact, he was interred at Westminster Abbey in London.
.<ref name="Ranker" />


⚫
The film portrays Edward I dying before the battle of Loudoun Hill when, in actuality, he died several months later. Furthermore, the film implies that Edward I was buried where he died when, in fact, he was interred at Westminster Abbey in London.
In the film, when Robert I tells his brothers about his plan to start a rebellion, [[artichoke]]s can be seen on the table. However, artichokes were not introduced to the British Isles until the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Savouring the Past|last=Wheaton|first=Barbara Ketcham|publisher=Touchstone Books|year=1983|isbn=|location=New York|pages=66–67}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{Official website|https://www.netflix.com/title/80190859|''Outlaw King''}} on [[Netflix]]
* {{IMDb title|6679794}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Amg movie|709741|Outlaw King}}
* {{rottentomatoes|outlaw_king}}
* {{metacritic film|outlaw-king}}


{{David Mackenzie}}
{{David Mackenzie}}


[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
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[[Category:2018 action drama films]]
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[[Category:2010s war drama films]]
[[Category:2018 war drama films]]
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Action drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Action war films]]
[[Category:2010s action war films]]
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[[Category:American action drama films]]
[[Category:American biographical drama films]]
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[[Category:American historical action films]]
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[[Category:British historical films]]
[[Category:British historical action films]]
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[[Category:British historical adventure films]]
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[[Category:British war drama films]]
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[[Category:Films set in medieval Scotland]]
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[[Category:Netflix original films]]
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[[Category:Robert the Bruce]]
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[[Category:English-language biographical drama films]]
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[[Category:English-language historical adventure films]]

Latest revision as of 03:44, 22 December 2024

Outlaw King
Promotional poster
Directed byDavid Mackenzie
Written by
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyBarry Ackroyd
Edited byJake Roberts
Music byGrey Dogs
Production
companies
Distributed byNetflix
Release dates
  • September 6, 2018 (2018-09-06) (TIFF)
  • November 9, 2018 (2018-11-09) (United States)
Running time
121 minutes
Countries
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$120 million[1]

Outlaw King is a 2018 historical action drama film about 14th-century Scottish king Robert the Bruce during the Scottish Wars of Independence. The film largely takes place during the 3-year period from 1304, when Bruce decides to rebel against the rule of Edward I over Scotland, up to 1307 Battle of Loudoun Hill. Outlaw King was co-written, produced, and directed by David Mackenzie.[2][3][4]

The film starred an ensemble cast led by Chris Pine as Robert the Bruce, alongside Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Florence Pugh, Billy Howle, Sam Spruell, Tony Curran, Callan Mulvey, James Cosmo, and Stephen Dillane. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2018, and was digitally released on November 9, 2018, by Netflix. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its production design, sets, performances, and choreography, but criticism for its historical inaccuracies and clichés.

Plot

[edit]

In 1304, outside the besieged Stirling Castle, John Comyn, Robert Bruce and their allies surrender to Edward I of England and pay him their homage.

Afterwards, Bruce spars with the king's son, Edward, Prince of Wales, whom he had known as a child (their fathers becoming friends whilst fighting on crusade in the Holy Land). A widower, he is betrothed to the king's goddaughter, Elizabeth de Burgh. Lord James Douglas arrives, asking for the restoration of his ancestral lands, but is denied on the grounds that his father Lord Douglas committed treason. The King and Prince depart Scotland, with Bruce and Comyn acting as their vassals under the supervision of the Earl of Pembroke, Aymer de Valence.

Robert marries Elizabeth but respectfully delays the consummation. Elizabeth is, however, an increasingly important presence in the life of Robert's daughter, Marjorie. Not long after, his father, the Lord of Annandale, dies, fearing his friendship with the King of England may have been an error.

Soon after, while delivering tax monies to the English, Bruce notes their unpopularity. Rioting ensues when news of the rebel William Wallace's execution reaches Scotland. Bruce decides to organize another rebellion with the support of his family, including Elizabeth. He meets Comyn in a church, trying to persuade him to join the rebellion but as Comyn threatens to inform Edward, Bruce kills him. The Scottish clergy offers Bruce absolution for serving the English and supports Bruce's bid for the crown of Scotland if he supports the Catholic Church. King Edward declares Bruce an outlaw and orders the Prince of Wales to suppress his uprising, with instructions that no quarter is to be shown to any Bruce supporter.

Calling a council of nobles, most refuse to break their oaths to Edward. Despite the lack of support, Bruce heads to Scone to be crowned king of the Scots. On the way, Douglas pledges his allegiance. The ambitious de Valence, brother-in-law to Comyn, tries to move against Bruce before the Prince arrives. To avoid bloodshed, he challenges de Valence to single combat, who accepts but delays the duel a day, as it is Sunday. That night, Bruce and Elizabeth finally consummate their marriage, but the English launch a surprise attack. Elizabeth and Marjorie Bruce are sent to safety with his brother Nigel, and he fights a losing battle, during which most of the Scottish army is killed. Escaping with fifty men, they flee to Islay. On the way, John MacDougall parleys with them, bitter about the murder of his cousin Comyn but allows them to pass. Later, however, he attacks Bruce as his party attempts to cross Loch Ryan. Some get away in boats, but Bruce's brother Alexander dies.

Prince Edward arrives in Scotland, searching for Bruce at Kildrummy Castle, only to find Bruce's wife, daughter, and brother. The prince has Nigel hanged, drawn, and quartered, and sends Marjorie and Elizabeth into captivity in England. Bruce's band presses on to Islay anyway; there, they learn of the fall of Kildrummy Castle. Bruce decides to take back the castle through stealth. The successful operation inspires him to utilize guerilla warfare against the more powerful English. Shortly thereafter, Robert the Bruce is reunited with his only surviving brother, Edward. In England, Elizabeth learns that Marjorie has been sent to a nunnery by King Edward. After Edward hears Douglas Castle has been re-taken, he goes after Bruce himself. Edward offers amnesty to Elizabeth if she renounces her marriage, but she refuses and is put in a hanging cage.

King Edward I dies shortly after arriving in Scotland, and his son takes over his forces. Bruce fights the new king in a pitched battle at Loudoun Hill, despite being outnumbered six to one. As Edward II's army is composed almost entirely of cavalry, Robert overcomes his army's size disadvantage in the battle with a spear wall hidden by a ditch. Attempting to attack the flanks, horsemen become bogged down in the mud, as anticipated. The English knights fall from their horses, many are slain, and the battle becomes an open brawl, where the Scots prevail over the disoriented English soldiers, with James killing the noble to whom King Edward had granted his family's lands. Realising the battle is hopeless, de Valence orders a retreat. However, determined to kill his nemesis, Edward II does not join them. Instead, he duels Bruce as the Scots look on. Edward is outmatched, and realising he is about to be slain, he vomits in fear and cries for help. Bruce prevails, allowing Edward II to leave unarmed.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Principal photography began on 28 August 2017 on location in both Scotland and England. Filming took place in various locations including Linlithgow Palace & Loch, and St Michael's Parish Church,[5] Borthwick Castle, Doune Castle, Craigmillar Castle,[6] Dunfermline Abbey,[7] Glasgow Cathedral,[8] Muiravonside Country Park, Mugdock Country Park,[9][10] Aviemore, Isle of Skye (Talisker Bay, Coral Beaches and Loch Dunvegan), Glen Coe, Loch Lomond, Gargunnock, University of Glasgow,[11] Blackness Castle,[12] Seacliff Beach and Berwick-upon-Tweed[13] and Tweedmouth (the latter two both in Northumberland - Berwick-upon-Tweed's bridge doubling for London Bridge). Principal production concluded in November 2017.[14]

Release

[edit]

The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2018.[15] The premiere's runtime of 137 minutes and its pacing were criticised in early reviews, and Mackenzie subsequently cut nearly 20 minutes from the film.[14] Cut material includes a battle scene, a major confrontation backdropped by a waterfall, an eight-minute chase sequence, and a scene in which Pine's character meets William Wallace in the woods.[16][17] The film had its European premiere at the London Film Festival in October 2018[18] and was commercially released on November 9, 2018.[19]

Reception

[edit]

Critical response

[edit]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 63% of 155 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's consensus reads: "Muddy and bloody to a fault, Outlaw King doesn't skimp on the medieval battle scenes, but tends to lose track of the fact-based legend at the heart of its story."[20] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 59 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.[21]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients Result Ref.
Visual Effects Society Awards February 5, 2019 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Alex Bicknell, Dan Bethell, Greg O'Connor, Stefano Pepin Nominated [22]

Historical authenticity

[edit]
See also: Battle of Loudoun Hill
The film's depiction of the Battle of Loudoun Hill takes many liberties.
The real Battle of Loudoun Hill

The film implies that Robert I ("Robert the Bruce") began his rebellion almost immediately after the execution of William Wallace, implying that he intended to avenge Wallace. He began his rebellion a full year after Wallace's death. During the intermediate period, Edward I became suspicious of Robert I and ordered him to stay at Kildrummy Castle.[23]

The film shows Robert I marrying Elizabeth de Burgh after surrendering to Edward I. Bruce's second marriage actually occurred years before in 1302.

The film's depiction of Edward II's role in the Battle of Loudoun Hill is heavily flawed. It is unlikely that he was present at the battle in any capacity. Moreover, it is certain that he would not have challenged Bruce to single combat. Even if he had been present and challenged Bruce to personal combat, a hostage as valuable as Edward II would not have been allowed to flee.[23]

In addition to Edward II's presence, the depiction of the Battle of Loudoun Hill incorporates several other elements from the later and more decisive Battle of Bannockburn, such as the death of Robert de Clifford.

The title character in Outlaw King is that of an enigmatic and well-behaved man of the people who desires to restore Scotland to its inhabitants. However, historian Fiona Watson notes the real Robert I was most likely cold, canny, and driven by his personal ambition.[24]

The color yellow is mostly absent from the clothing of the fighting men. In contrast, the yellow dye was not only the most common dye in Scotland during the period, but it was also highly favoured by the fighters with the means to afford it. Historian Fergus Cannan notes that while many historical writers comment on its prevalence, it remains absent from appearances in popular culture related to Scottish history.[25]

The film depicts the character of Edward II as cruel and warlike. Historical evidence depicts Edward II as reluctant to assume the mantle of kingship and battle. .[25]

The film portrays Edward I dying before the battle of Loudoun Hill when, in actuality, he died several months later. Furthermore, the film implies that Edward I was buried where he died when, in fact, he was interred at Westminster Abbey in London.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lambrechts, Stephen (21 August 2018). "Netflix goes full Braveheart with first trailer for historical epic, Outlaw King". TechRadar. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  2. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (24 April 2017). "Netflix Lands Outlaw King". Deadline. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  3. ^ "First Look At Chris Pine In David Mackenzie's 'Outlaw King'". Playlist. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  4. ^ "New Netflix drama Outlaw King boosts film sector". BBC. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  5. ^ "Palace reopens after being set for new Netflix production". Daily Record. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  6. ^ "Outlaw King Filming Location Spotlight: Craigmillar Castle Edinburgh". Wayfaring Kiwi. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Cameras arrive in Dunfermline for new Netflix film on Robert the Bruce". Dunfermline Press. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  8. ^ "Outlaw King film star Chris Pine spotted at Glasgow Cathedral". HeraldScotland. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  9. ^ "Outlaw King film crew build medieval village around Mugdock Castle". The Scotsman. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  10. ^ "Chris Pine gives special salute to photographers during filming of new Robert the Bruce Netflix show". Daily Reocord. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  11. ^ Aitchison, Jack (18 November 2017). "Outlaw King films at Glasgow Uni as campus transforms into medieval banquet hall". dailyrecord. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  12. ^ Grant, Jackie (26 November 2017). "Outlaw King stars brave Scottish cold snap during filming of Robert the Bruce Netflix drama". dailyrecord. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  13. ^ "Berwick transformed as Outlaw King filming begins". The Scotsman. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  14. ^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (23 September 2018). "'Outlaw King' Filmmaker David Mackenzie Trims Netflix Epic By 20 Minutes Post Toronto Premiere".
  15. ^ Erbland, Kate (14 August 2018). "TIFF Announces Chris Pine-Starring 'Outlaw King' Will Open Festival and Kristen Stewart's 'Jeremiah Terminator LeRoy' to Close". IndieWire. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  16. ^ Ehrlich, David (8 November 2018). "How David Mackenzie Salvaged 'Outlaw King' After the Netflix Oscar Hopeful Crashed and Burned".
  17. ^ TIFF 2018: David Mackenzie's Bloody Epic Outlaw King
  18. ^ "62nd BFI London Film Festival programme announced". BFI. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  19. ^ Kroll, Justin (30 July 2018). "Florence Pugh Lands Female Lead in 'Hereditary' Director Ari Aster's Next Film". Variety. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  20. ^ "Outlaw King". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 21 September 2023. Edit this at Wikidata
  21. ^ "Outlaw King". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  22. ^ Tapley, Kristopher (15 January 2019). "'Avengers,' 'Lost in Space,' 'Ready Player One' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations". Variety.
  23. ^ a b "How Historically Accurate is the Outlaw King?". Dailyhistory. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  24. ^ Finlay, Greig (13 November 2018). "What 'Outlaw King' gets wrong - according to a historian". Scotsman.com. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  25. ^ a b Carlton, Genevieve. "Everything 'Outlaw King' Gets Wrong About History And Robert The Bruce". Ranker. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
[edit]
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