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Ă (upper case) or ă (lower case), usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian and Vietnamese orthographies. In Romanian, it is used to represent the mid-central unrounded vowel, while in Vietnamese it represents the short a sound. It is the second letter of the Romanian, Vietnamese, and the pre-1972 Malaysian alphabets, after A.

Ă/ă is also used in several languages for transliteration of the Bulgarian letter Ъ/ъ.^[1]

Romanian

The sound represented in Romanian by ă is a mid-central vowel /ə/, i.e. schwa.^[1]^[2] Unlike in English, Catalan and French but like in Indonesian (using e rather than ă), the vowel can be stressed.^[3] There are words in which it is the only vowel, such as măr /mər/ ("apple") or văd /vəd/ ("I see"). Additionally, some words that also contain other vowels can have the stress on ă like cărțile /ˈkərt͡sile/ ("the books") and odăi /oˈdəj/ ("rooms"). Another grapheme <a> with diacritic in Romanian is <â>.

Vietnamese

Ă is the 2nd letter of the Vietnamese alphabet and represents /ă/. Because Vietnamese is a tonal language this letter may have any one of the 5 tonal symbols above or below it (or even no accent at all, since the Vietnamese first tone is identified by the lack of accent marks, see also Vietnamese phonology): Ằ ằ, Ắ ắ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ặ ặ.^[4]

Malay

The sound represented in pre-1972 Malaysian orthography by ă is a vowel. It occurred in the final syllable of the root word such as lamă /lamə/ ("long", "old"), mată /matə/ ("eye"), and sană /sanə/ ("there"). The letter was replaced in 1972 with a in the New Rumi Spelling.

Balinese

Ă or ă are used in Balinese romanization, e.g. Kabupatén Tăbăṅan (Tabanan Regency ).

Pronunciation respelling for English

In some systems for Pronunciation respelling for English including American Heritage Dictionary notation, ă represents the short A sound, /æ/.

Character mappings

Character information
Preview	ă		Ă
Unicode name	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE		LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	259	U+0103	258	U+0102
UTF-8	196 131	C4 83	196 130	C4 82
Numeric character reference	ă	ă	Ă	Ă
Named character reference	&abreve;		&Abreve;
ISO 8859-2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16	259	103	258	102

References

^ ^a ^b Dafinoiu, Cristina (2015). "Considerations upon Romanian-Albanian Linguistics Reports in Phonetics and Phonology". Analele Universităţii Ovidius din Constanţa. Seria Filologie. XXVI (1): 60–66. ISSN 1223-7248. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
^ Sala, Marius (2010). "Romanian". Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 88 (3): 841–872. doi:10.3406/rbph.2010.7806. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
^ Recasens, Daniel (July 2019). "Stressed /e/ Centralization into Schwa and Related Mid Vowel Developments in Catalan and Elsewhere in the Romania". Transactions of the Philological Society. 117 (2): 294–316. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12159. ISSN 0079-1636.
^ "Modified Letters | Vietnamese Typography". vietnamesetypography.com. Retrieved 2024-02-02.

[Dafinoiu2015-1] Dafinoiu, Cristina (2015). "Considerations upon Romanian-Albanian Linguistics Reports in Phonetics and Phonology". Analele Universităţii Ovidius din Constanţa. Seria Filologie. XXVI (1): 60–66. ISSN 1223-7248. Retrieved 3 February 2024.

[2] Sala, Marius (2010). "Romanian". Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 88 (3): 841–872. doi:10.3406/rbph.2010.7806. Retrieved 3 February 2024.

[3] Recasens, Daniel (July 2019). "Stressed /e/ Centralization into Schwa and Related Mid Vowel Developments in Catalan and Elsewhere in the Romania". Transactions of the Philological Society. 117 (2): 294–316. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12159. ISSN 0079-1636.

[4] "Modified Letters | Vietnamese Typography". vietnamesetypography.com. Retrieved 2024-02-02.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Letter of the Latin alphabet}}
+{{short description|Latin letter And And with breve}}
+{{about|the Latin letter|the visually identical Cyrillic letter|A with breve (Cyrillic)}}{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
+[[Image:Latin letter A with breve.svg|thumb|Latin A-breve.]]
+'''Ă''' ([[upper case]]) or '''ă''' ([[lower case]]), usually referred to in English as '''A-[[breve]]''', is a [[letter (alphabet)|letter]] used in standard [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] [[orthography|orthographies]].  In Romanian, it is used to represent the [[mid central vowel|mid-central unrounded vowel]], while in Vietnamese it represents the short '''a''' sound. It is the second letter of the [[Romanian alphabet|Romanian]], [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese]], and the pre-1972 [[Malay alphabet|Malaysian]] alphabets, after [[A]].
+Ă/ă is also used in several languages for [[transliteration]] of the [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] letter [[Hard sign|Ъ/ъ]].<ref name="Dafinoiu2015" />
-[[Image:A with breve.svg|150px|right]]
-'''<span lang="cs" dir="ltr">Ă</span>''' ([[upper case]]) or '''ă''' ([[lower case]]), usually referred to in English as '''A-[[breve]]''', is a [[letter (alphabet)|letter]] used in standard [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] [[orthography|orthographies]].  In Romanian, it is used to represent the [[mid central vowel|mid-central unrounded vowel]], while in Vietnamese it represents the short '''a''' sound. It is the second letter of both the [[Romanian alphabet|Romanian]], [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese]], and the pre-1972 [[Malay alphabet|Malaysian]] alphabets, after [[A]].
-Ă/ă is also used in several languages for [[transliteration]] of [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] letter [[Hard sign|Ъ/ъ]].
 ==Romanian==
-The sound represented in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] by '''ă''' is a [[mid-central vowel]] {{IPAslink|ə}}, i.e. [[schwa]]. Unlike in [[English language|English]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[French language|French]] but like in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]],  [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], the vowel can be stressed. There are words in which it is the only vowel, such as "măr" {{IPA|/mər/}} (''apple'') or "văd" {{IPA|/vəd/}} (''I see''). Additionally, some words that also contain other vowels can have the stress on '''ă''' like "cărțile" {{IPA|/ˈkərt͡sile/}} (''the books'') and "odăi" {{IPA|/oˈdəj/}} (''rooms'').
+The sound represented in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] by '''ă''' is a [[mid-central vowel]] {{IPAslink|ə}}, i.e. [[schwa]].<ref name="Dafinoiu2015">{{cite journal |last1=Dafinoiu |first1=Cristina |title=Considerations upon Romanian-Albanian Linguistics Reports in Phonetics and Phonology |journal=Analele Universităţii Ovidius din Constanţa. Seria Filologie |date=2015 |volume=XXVI |issue=1 |pages=60–66 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=522547 |access-date=3 February 2024 |language=English |issn=1223-7248}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sala |first1=Marius |title=Romanian |journal=Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire |date=2010 |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=841–872 |doi=10.3406/rbph.2010.7806 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2010_num_88_3_7806 |access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref> Unlike in [[English language|English]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[French language|French]] but like in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (using ''e'' rather than ''ă''), the vowel can be stressed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Recasens |first1=Daniel |title=Stressed /e/ Centralization into Schwa and Related Mid Vowel Developments in Catalan and Elsewhere in the Romania |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |date=July 2019 |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=294–316 |doi=10.1111/1467-968X.12159 |language=en |issn=0079-1636}}</ref> There are words in which it is the only vowel, such as ''măr'' {{IPA|/mər/}} ("apple") or ''văd'' {{IPA|/vəd/}} ("I see"). Additionally, some words that also contain other vowels can have the stress on '''ă''' like ''cărțile'' {{IPA|/ˈkərt͡sile/}} ("the books") and ''odăi'' {{IPA|/oˈdəj/}} ("rooms"). Another grapheme <a> with diacritic in Romanian is <[[â#Romanian|â]]>.
 ==Vietnamese==
-Ă is the 2nd letter of the [[Vietnamese alphabet]] and represents {{IPA|/a/}}. Because Vietnamese is a [[tonal language]] this letter may have any one of the 5 tonal symbols above or below it (or even no accent at all, since the Vietnamese first tone is identified by the lack of accent marks).  See [[Vietnamese phonology]].
+Ă is the 2nd letter of the [[Vietnamese alphabet]] and represents {{IPA|/ă/}}. Because Vietnamese is a [[tonal language]] this letter may have any one of the 5 tonal symbols above or below it (or even no accent at all, since the Vietnamese first tone is identified by the lack of accent marks, see also [[Vietnamese phonology]]): Ằ ằ, Ắ ắ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ặ ặ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modified Letters {{!}} Vietnamese Typography |url=https://vietnamesetypography.com/modified-letters/#abreve |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=vietnamesetypography.com}}</ref>
-*Ằ ằ
-*Ắ ắ
-*Ẳ ẳ
-*Ẵ ẵ
-*Ặ ặ
 ==Malay==
-The sound represented in pre-1972 [[Malay alphabet|Malaysian orthography]] by '''ă''' is a vowel. It occurred in the middle and final syllable of the root word such "mată" {{IPA|/matə/}} (''eye'') and "diăm" {{IPA|/diʌm/}} (''quiet'') The letter was replaced in 1972 with '''a''' in the [[New Rumi Spelling]].
+The sound represented in pre-1972 [[Malay alphabet|Malaysian orthography]] by '''ă''' is a vowel. It occurred in the final syllable of the root word such as ''lamă'' {{IPA|/lamə/}} ("long", "old"), ''mată'' {{IPA|/matə/}} ("eye"), and ''sană'' {{IPA|/sanə/}} ("there"). The letter was replaced in 1972 with '''a''' in the [[New Rumi Spelling]].
-==Khmer==
+==Balinese==
-Ă used in [[Khmer language|Khmer]] romanization, e.g. ''preăh riăciănaacak kampuciă'' (Kingdom of Cambodia).
+Ă or ă are used in [[Balinese language|Balinese]] romanization, e.g. ''Kabupatén Tăbăṅan'' (Tabanan Regency ).
 ==Pronunciation respelling for English==
@@ Line 33: / Line 27: @@
 |0103|name1=Latin small letter A with breve
 |0102|name2=Latin capital letter A with breve
-|map1=[[ISO 8859]]-[[ISO 8859-1|1]], [[ISO 8859-2|2]], [[ISO 8859-3|3]], [[ISO 8859-4|4]], [[ISO 8859-9|9]], [[ISO 8859-10|10]], [[ISO 8859-14|14]], [[ISO 8859-15|15]], [[ISO 8859-16|16]]|map1char1=103|map1char2=102
+|map1=[[ISO 8859]]-[[ISO 8859-2|2]], [[ISO 8859-3|3]], [[ISO 8859-4|4]], [[ISO 8859-9|9]], [[ISO 8859-10|10]], [[ISO 8859-14|14]], [[ISO 8859-15|15]], [[ISO 8859-16|16]]|map1char1=103|map1char2=102
 }}
 ==See also==
 {{Wiktionary|ă}}
-*[[A with breve (Cyrillic)]], Cyrillic letter а with breve, visually indistinguishable
+* [[A with breve (Cyrillic)]], Cyrillic letter а with breve, visually indistinguishable
-*[[Breve]]
+* [[Breve]]
 ==References==