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{{Redirect|Colonels' group|other uses|Colonels' regime (disambiguation){{!}}Colonels' regime}} |
{{Redirect|Colonels' group|other uses|Colonels' regime (disambiguation){{!}}Colonels' regime}} |
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[[File:Józef_beck_1.jpg | thumb | right | alt=A black and white photo of a decorated man; Col. Józef Beck. |Colonel [[Józef Beck]]]] |
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'''Piłsudski's colonels''',<ref name="T30">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787573,00.html Pilsudski Bros.], [[TIME]], Monday, April 07, 1930</ref><ref name="T35">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746610,00.html Colonels' Constitution], TIME, Monday, December 25, 1933</ref> (in Polish |
'''Piłsudski's colonels''',<ref name="T30">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100717043739/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787573,00.html Pilsudski Bros.], [[TIME]], Monday, April 07, 1930</ref><ref name="T35">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101115031606/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746610,00.html Colonels' Constitution], TIME, Monday, December 25, 1933</ref> or the '''colonels' regime'''<ref name="Stach"/><ref name="HDoP74"/> (in Polish, simply "the colonels"<ref name="HDoP368"/>), dominated the government of the [[Second Polish Republic]] from 1926 to 1939.<ref name="HDoP74">Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, {{ISBN|0-313-26007-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22colonels%27+group%22&pg=PA368 Google Print, p. 368]</ref> In some contexts, the term refers primarily to the final period (1935–1939), which followed the death of their mentor and patron, [[Józef Piłsudski]].<ref name="Stach"/> |
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== Name == |
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The term "Colonel's group" denotes a group of at least a few dozen politicians close to [[Józef Piłsudski|Marshal Piłsudski]], with a military background, who after the [[May Coup (Poland)|May Coup]] were diverted to activities in political life outside the structures of the army. Often these were senior officers - although military rank cannot be a qualifying criterion, as by no means all of them in this group possessed it. The names most often mentioned in the context of this group are: [[Walery Sławek]], [[Aleksander Prystor]], [[Kazimierz Świtalski]], Bogusław Miedziński, [[Józef Beck]], [[Janusz Jędrzejewicz]], [[Wacław Jędrzejewicz]], [[Adam Koc]], [[Ignacy Matuszewski]]. This is a far incomplete list, although it describes the core of this group of soldier-politicians targeted for activity in government spheres after 1926.<ref>Piotrowski Jacek (2011). Grupa pułkowników jako zaplecze polityczne rządów autorytarnych w latach 1926–1939. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS WRATISLAVIENSIS No 3365. Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi XXXIII. Wrocław 2011. Uniwersytet Wrocławski. p.253.</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Close allies of [[Józef Piłsudski]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> most of "the colonels" had served as officers in the [[Polish Legions in World War I| |
Close allies of [[Józef Piłsudski]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> most of "the colonels" had served as officers in the [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] and [[Polish Military Organisation]] (''POW''),<ref name="refLeslie1983">{{cite book |
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| last=Leslie |
| last=Leslie |
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| first=R. F. |
| first=R. F. |
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| authorlink= |
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| title=The History of Poland Since 1863 |
| title=The History of Poland Since 1863 |
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| year=1983 |
| year=1983 |
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| location=Cambridge |
| location=Cambridge |
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| isbn=0-521-27501-6 |
| isbn=0-521-27501-6 |
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}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC |
}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22colonels%27+group%22&pg=PA170 Google Print, p.170]</ref> and in the [[Polish Army]] (particularly during the [[Polish–Soviet War]] of 1919–1920, prior to Piłsudski's 1923 resignation as Chief of the [[Polish General Staff]]). They had held key, if not necessarily the highest, military ranks during Piłsudski's [[May Coup (Poland) |May 1926 coup d'état]].<ref>{{in lang|pl}} [http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=101472 SANACJA], Encyklopedia Interia</ref> |
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Later they became important figures in Piłsudski's [[Sanation]] movement and ministers in several governments.<ref name="HDoP74"/> After the ''[[Non-partisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government |BBWR's]]'' [[1930 Polish legislative election |
Later they became important figures in Piłsudski's [[Sanation]] movement and ministers in several governments.<ref name="HDoP74"/> After the ''[[Non-partisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government |BBWR's]]'' [[1930 Polish legislative election|1930 electoral victory]] (the "Brest elections"), Piłsudski left most internal matters in the hands of his "colonels", while himself concentrating on military and foreign affairs.<ref name="PWN">{{cite web|last= Chojnowski|first= Andrzej|url= http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3957301|language= Polish|title= Piłsudski Józef Klemens|work= [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]|accessdate= 2008-01-15|publisher= PWN|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080503141011/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3957301|archive-date= 2008-05-03|url-status= dead}}</ref> |
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The "colonels" included [[Józef Beck]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Janusz Jędrzejewicz]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Wacław Jędrzejewicz]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Adam Koc]], [[Leon Kozłowski]], [[Ignacy Matuszewski]], {{Interlanguage link multi| Bogusław Miedziński |pl}}, [[Bronisław Pieracki]], [[Aleksander Prystor]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Adam Skwarczyński]], [[Walery Sławek]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> and [[Kazimierz Świtalski]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}<!--citation needed for individual names without individual citations--> |
The "colonels" included [[Józef Beck]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Janusz Jędrzejewicz]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Wacław Jędrzejewicz]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Adam Koc]], [[Leon Kozłowski]], [[Ignacy Matuszewski]], {{Interlanguage link multi| Bogusław Miedziński |pl}}, [[Bronisław Pieracki]], [[Aleksander Prystor]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> [[Adam Skwarczyński]], [[Walery Sławek]],<ref name="HDoP74"/> and [[Kazimierz Świtalski]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}<!--citation needed for individual names without individual citations--> |
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One can divide the colonels' régime into three periods: |
One can divide the colonels' régime into three periods: 1926–1929, 1930–1935 and 1935–1939.<ref name="MW">{{in lang|pl}} Jacek Piotrowski, [http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=1742 Piłsudczycy u władzy] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071109233457/http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=1742 |date= 2007-11-09 }}, "Mówią wieki" (05/2006)</ref> |
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During the first period, after the May 1926 coup, the colonels (and [[Sanation]] generally) consolidated their control over the government.<ref name="MW"/> |
During the first period, after the May 1926 coup, the colonels (and [[Sanation]] generally) consolidated their control over the government.<ref name="MW"/> |
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The second period, following the 1930 "Brest elections", saw the colonels' regime under Piłsudski's guidance, with power exercised by his allies and friends such as Walery |
The second period, following the 1930 "Brest elections", saw the colonels' regime under Piłsudski's guidance, with power exercised by his allies and friends such as Walery Sławek and Aleksander Prystor, both of whom had known Piłsudski since 1905 and had served in the [[Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party]] before World War I.<ref name="MW"/> |
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After Piłsudski's death (1935), the hardliner "colonels", led by Walery Sławek, lost influence to the [[Castle faction]] of [[Ignacy Mościcki]] and [[Edward Rydz-Śmigły]].<ref name="HDoP368">Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, {{ISBN| 0-313-26007-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC |
After Piłsudski's death (1935), the hardliner "colonels", led by Walery Sławek, lost influence to the [[Castle faction]] of [[Ignacy Mościcki]] and [[Edward Rydz-Śmigły]].<ref name="HDoP368">Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, {{ISBN| 0-313-26007-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22colonels%27+group%22&pg=PA368 Google Print, 368]</ref> Nevertheless, the "colonels' regime" and [[Sanation]] still dominated the Polish government from 1935 to the [[German invasion of Poland]], in September 1939.<ref>Raymond Leslie Buell, ''Poland - Key to Europe'', READ BOOKS, 2007, {{ISBN| 1-4067-4564-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC&q=colonels&pg=PA118 Google Print, p.118]</ref> Some scholars draw a distinction between the "Piłsudski period" (1926–35) and the "colonels' period, proper" (1935–39).<ref name="Stach">Peter D. Stachura, ''Poland, 1918-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic'', Routledge, 2004, {{ISBN|0-415-34357-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5uqSHsGEAC&dq=%22Colonels'+regime%22+Poland&pg=PA68 Google Print, p.68]</ref> |
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From 1937, the colonels' new political front would be the [[Camp of National Unity]] (''OZON'').<ref>Abraham J. Edelheit, Hershel Edelheit, ''History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary'', Westview Press, 1994, {{ISBN| 0-8133-2240-5}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ilnACY97x4kC |
From 1937, the colonels' new political front would be the [[Camp of National Unity]] (''OZON'').<ref>Abraham J. Edelheit, Hershel Edelheit, ''History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary'', Westview Press, 1994, {{ISBN| 0-8133-2240-5}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ilnACY97x4kC&dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+%22colonels%22&pg=PA187 Google Print, p.187]</ref> In that last period, the Polish government, a "dictatorship without a dictator", to bolster its popular support, paradoxically adopted some of the nationalistic anti-minority policies that had been opposed by Piłsudski and advocated by his most vocal adversaries, the [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democrats]].<ref name="Stach"/><ref> |
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Paul N. Hehn, ''A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930-1941'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, {{ISBN|0-8264-1761-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC |
Paul N. Hehn, ''A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930-1941'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, {{ISBN|0-8264-1761-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&dq=Pi%C5%82sudski+colonels&pg=PA65 Google Print, p.66] |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Colonels}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colonels}} |
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[[Category:Second Polish Republic]] |
[[Category:Politics of the Second Polish Republic]] |
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[[Category:Military history of |
[[Category:Military history of the Second Polish Republic]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Democratic backsliding in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Józef Piłsudski]] |
[[Category:Józef Piłsudski]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:58, 9 August 2024
Piłsudski's colonels,[1][2] or the colonels' regime[3][4] (in Polish, simply "the colonels"[5]), dominated the government of the Second Polish Republic from 1926 to 1939.[4] In some contexts, the term refers primarily to the final period (1935–1939), which followed the death of their mentor and patron, Józef Piłsudski.[3]
Name
[edit]The term "Colonel's group" denotes a group of at least a few dozen politicians close to Marshal Piłsudski, with a military background, who after the May Coup were diverted to activities in political life outside the structures of the army. Often these were senior officers - although military rank cannot be a qualifying criterion, as by no means all of them in this group possessed it. The names most often mentioned in the context of this group are: Walery Sławek, Aleksander Prystor, Kazimierz Świtalski, Bogusław Miedziński, Józef Beck, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Wacław Jędrzejewicz, Adam Koc, Ignacy Matuszewski. This is a far incomplete list, although it describes the core of this group of soldier-politicians targeted for activity in government spheres after 1926.[6]
History
[edit]Close allies of Józef Piłsudski,[4] most of "the colonels" had served as officers in the Polish Legions and Polish Military Organisation (POW),[7] and in the Polish Army (particularly during the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920, prior to Piłsudski's 1923 resignation as Chief of the Polish General Staff). They had held key, if not necessarily the highest, military ranks during Piłsudski's May 1926 coup d'état.[8]
Later they became important figures in Piłsudski's Sanation movement and ministers in several governments.[4] After the BBWR's 1930 electoral victory (the "Brest elections"), Piłsudski left most internal matters in the hands of his "colonels", while himself concentrating on military and foreign affairs.[9]
The "colonels" included Józef Beck,[4] Janusz Jędrzejewicz,[4] Wacław Jędrzejewicz,[4] Adam Koc, Leon Kozłowski, Ignacy Matuszewski, Bogusław Miedziński , Bronisław Pieracki, Aleksander Prystor,[4] Adam Skwarczyński, Walery Sławek,[4] and Kazimierz Świtalski.[citation needed]
One can divide the colonels' régime into three periods: 1926–1929, 1930–1935 and 1935–1939.[10]
During the first period, after the May 1926 coup, the colonels (and Sanation generally) consolidated their control over the government.[10]
The second period, following the 1930 "Brest elections", saw the colonels' regime under Piłsudski's guidance, with power exercised by his allies and friends such as Walery Sławek and Aleksander Prystor, both of whom had known Piłsudski since 1905 and had served in the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party before World War I.[10]
After Piłsudski's death (1935), the hardliner "colonels", led by Walery Sławek, lost influence to the Castle faction of Ignacy Mościcki and Edward Rydz-Śmigły.[5] Nevertheless, the "colonels' regime" and Sanation still dominated the Polish government from 1935 to the German invasion of Poland, in September 1939.[11] Some scholars draw a distinction between the "Piłsudski period" (1926–35) and the "colonels' period, proper" (1935–39).[3]
From 1937, the colonels' new political front would be the Camp of National Unity (OZON).[12] In that last period, the Polish government, a "dictatorship without a dictator", to bolster its popular support, paradoxically adopted some of the nationalistic anti-minority policies that had been opposed by Piłsudski and advocated by his most vocal adversaries, the National Democrats.[3][13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Pilsudski Bros., TIME, Monday, April 07, 1930
- ^ Colonels' Constitution, TIME, Monday, December 25, 1933
- ^ a b c d Peter D. Stachura, Poland, 1918-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-34357-7, Google Print, p.68
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, Google Print, p. 368
- ^ a b Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, Google Print, 368
- ^ Piotrowski Jacek (2011). Grupa pułkowników jako zaplecze polityczne rządów autorytarnych w latach 1926–1939. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS WRATISLAVIENSIS No 3365. Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi XXXIII. Wrocław 2011. Uniwersytet Wrocławski. p.253.
- ^ Leslie, R. F. (1983). The History of Poland Since 1863. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27501-6., Google Print, p.170
- ^ (in Polish) SANACJA, Encyklopedia Interia
- ^ Chojnowski, Andrzej. "Piłsudski Józef Klemens". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). PWN. Archived from the original on 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ a b c (in Polish) Jacek Piotrowski, Piłsudczycy u władzy Archived 2007-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, "Mówią wieki" (05/2006)
- ^ Raymond Leslie Buell, Poland - Key to Europe, READ BOOKS, 2007, ISBN 1-4067-4564-2, Google Print, p.118
- ^ Abraham J. Edelheit, Hershel Edelheit, History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary, Westview Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8133-2240-5, Google Print, p.187
- ^ Paul N. Hehn, A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930-1941, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-8264-1761-2, Google Print, p.66
Sources
[edit]- Wereszycki, H. (1968). "Towards a Total Dictatorship (1931-1939)". In History of Poland, Warsaw, 1968, pp. 689–709.