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{{Short description|American jazz musician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians -->
[[File:Valaida Snow Billboard.jpg|thumb|Valaida Snow in a 1945 advertisement]]
| name = Valaida Snow
| background = Non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|06|02}}
| birth_place = [[Chattanooga]], [[Tennessee]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1956|05|30|1904|06|02}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| occupation = Musician, entertainer
| instrument = Trumpet
| years_active =
| image = Valaida Snow Billboard.jpg
| caption = Snow in a 1945 advertisement
}}


'''Valaida Snow''' (June 2, 1904<ref name="Hackman">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&pg=PA1051&dq=Valaida+Snow+Alvaida&as_brr=3&hl=en&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Valaida%20Snow%20Alvaida&f=false |last=Hackman |first=Florence |title=Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America |isbn=978-0-415-93853-2}}. Other presumed birth years are 1900, 1901, 1903, 1905, and 1907</ref> – May 30, 1956) was a virtuoso American [[jazz]] musician and entertainer who became an internationally celebrated talent. She was known as "Little Louis" and "Queen of the Trumpet," a nickname given to her by [[W. C. Handy|W.C. Handy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Russonello|first=Giovanni|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/obituaries/valaida-snow-overlooked-black-history-month.html|title=Overlooked No More: Valaida Snow, Charismatic ‘Queen of the Trumpet’|date=2020-02-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-15|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
'''Valaida Snow''' (June 2, 1904<ref name="Hackman">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&q=Valaida+Snow+Alvaida&pg=PA1051 |last=Hackman |first=Florence |title=Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America |year=2007 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-93853-2}}. Other presumed birth years are 1900, 1901, 1903, 1905, and 1907</ref> – May 30, 1956)<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=2317}}</ref> was an American [[jazz]] musician and entertainer who performed internationally. She was also known as "Little Louis" and "Queen of the Trumpet," a nickname given to her by [[W. C. Handy]].<ref name="Russonello-2020">{{Cite news|last=Russonello|first=Giovanni|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/obituaries/valaida-snow-overlooked-black-history-month.html|title=Overlooked No More: Valaida Snow, Charismatic 'Queen of the Trumpet'|date=2020-02-22|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2020-03-15|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Early life ==


She was born in [[Chattanooga]], Tennessee. Her mother, Etta, was a Howard University-educated music teacher and her father, John, was a minister who was the leader of the Pickaninny Troubadours, a group mainly consisting of child performers. Raised on the road in a show-business family, where starting from the age of 5, she began performing with her father's group. By the time she was 15, she learned to play cello, [[Double bass|bass]], banjo, violin, [[mandolin]], [[harp]], [[accordion]], clarinet, trumpet, and saxophone. She also sang and danced.
Snow was born in [[Chattanooga]], Tennessee. Her mother, Etta, was a [[Howard University]]-educated music teacher and her father, John, was a minister who was the leader of the Pickaninny Troubadours, a group mainly consisting of child performers. Raised on the road in a show-business family, where starting from the age of five, she began performing with her father's group. By the time she was 15, she learned to play [[cello]], [[Double bass|bass]], [[banjo]], [[violin]], [[mandolin]], [[harp]], [[accordion]], [[clarinet]], [[trumpet]], and [[saxophone]]. She also sang and danced.
[[File:Valaida Snow ur Jazz (1940).jpg|thumb|Valaida Snow appeared in a Swedish advertisement when she toured Scandinavia.]]
[[File:Valaida Snow ur Jazz (1940).jpg|thumb|Snow appeared in a Swedish advertisement when she toured Scandinavia]]
⚫
Her solo career began when she joined a popular revue called "Holiday in Dixieland," after exiting an abusive marriage. She then held a residency at a Harlem cabaret, which helped lead her to be cast along [[Josephine Baker]] in the musical "In Bamville," a follow-up to the enduring hit musical "Shuffle Along." While the musical was itself not a hit, Baker and Snow both received positive reviews.


== Career ==
⚫
After focusing on the trumpet, she quickly became so famous at the instrument that she was named "Little Louis" after [[Louis Armstrong]], who called her the world's second best jazz trumpet player besides himself. [[W. C. Handy]], who is known as the Father of the Blues, gave her the nickname "Queen of the Trumpet." Contemporary critics Krin Gabbard and Will Friedwald have commented on her approach to playing like Armstrong. Gabbard said she developed a "distinctly Armstrongian style" and Friedwald said she "mimicked" Armstrong.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African Americans in the Nazi Era| last=Lusane|first=Clarence|year=2003|page=168}}</ref> In a 1928 performance in Chicago at the Sunset Café, Snow played the trumpet, sang. Then seven pairs of shoes were placed in a row at the front of the stage, and she danced in each pair for one chorus. The dances and shoes to match were: soft-shoe, adagio shoes, tap shoes, Dutch clogs, Chinese straw sandals, Turkish slippers, and the last pair, Russian boots. "When Louis Armstrong saw the show one night, he continued clapping after others had stopped and remarked, 'Boy I never saw anything that great'."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hot Snow: Valaida Snow (Queen of the Trumpet Sings and Swings|last=Reitz|first=Rosetta|publisher=Black American Literature Forum|year=1982|isbn=|location=|page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Snow, Valaida| last=Devlin|first=Paul| publisher=New York: Oxford UP|year=2008}}</ref> Despite her talent, she had fewer opportunities to hold residencies as a bandleader at clubs in New York or Chicago, like many of her male peers. Instead, she predominantly toured, playing concerts throughout the US, Europe, and China. In 1926, she toured London and Paris with Lew Leslie's "Blackbirds" revue and then from 1926 to 1929, she toured with Jack Carter's Serenaders in Shanghai, Singapore, [[Calcutta]], and [[Jakarta]].
⚫
Her solo career began when she joined a popular revue called ''Holiday in Dixieland'', after exiting an abusive marriage. She then held a residency at a Harlem cabaret, which helped lead her to be cast alongside [[Josephine Baker]] in the musical ''In Bamville'', a follow-up to the enduring hit musical ''[[Shuffle Along]]''. While the musical was itself not a hit, Baker and Snow both received positive reviews.


In the year 1922, when she was 18 years old she gained national recognition, leading her to travel all over the U.S. to perform as a dancer, musician (Trumpet player), and singer. The following year, Valaida appeared in the black musical ''[[Rambling 'Round Radio Row|Ramblin Round]]''. In the year 1923, she also appeared in [[Will Mastin]]’s ''Follow Me'' revue. By 1924 she became a key figure in ''[[The Chocolate Dandies]]'' a broadway musical along with [[Elisabeth Welch|Elizabeth Welch]] and [[Josephine Baker]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Jayna |date=March 2006 |title='Dat Var Negressen Walaida Snow' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07407700500515894 |journal=Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=51–70 |doi=10.1080/07407700500515894 |s2cid=191585520 |issn=0740-770X}}</ref>
⚫
Her most successful period was in the 1930s when she became the toast of London and Paris. Around this time she recorded her hit song "High Hat, Trumpet, and Rhythm". She performed in the [[Ethel Waters]] show ''Rhapsody in Black'', in New York. In the mid-1930s she made films with her husband, Ananias Berry, of the [[Berry Brothers]] dancing troupe. After playing the [[Apollo Theater]] in New York City, she revisited Europe and the Far East for more shows and films. She was imprisoned in a Copenhagen jail during WWII when Nazi soldiers took over Denmark where she was touring.<ref name=":0" />


⚫
After focusing on the trumpet, Snow quickly became so famous at the instrument that she was nicknamed "Little Louis" after [[Louis Armstrong]], who called her the world's second-best jazz trumpet player, besides himself. [[W. C. Handy]], who is known as the Father of the Blues, gave her the nickname "Queen of the Trumpet." Contemporary critics Krin Gabbard and Will Friedwald have commented on her approach to playing like Armstrong. Gabbard said she developed a "distinctly Armstrongian style" and Friedwald said she "mimicked" Armstrong.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African Americans in the Nazi Era| last=Lusane|first=Clarence|year=2003|page=168}}</ref> In a 1928 performance in Chicago at the Sunset Café, Snow played the trumpet, sang. Then seven pairs of shoes were placed in a row at the front of the stage, and she danced in each pair for one chorus. The dances and shoes to match were: soft-shoe, adagio shoes, tap shoes, Dutch clogs, Chinese straw sandals, Turkish slippers, and the last pair, Russian boots. "When Louis Armstrong saw the show one night, he continued clapping after others had stopped and remarked, 'Boy I never saw anything that great'."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hot Snow: Valaida Snow (Queen of the Trumpet Sings and Swings|last=Reitz|first=Rosetta|publisher=Black American Literature Forum|year=1982|page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Snow, Valaida| last=Devlin|first=Paul| publisher=New York: Oxford University Press|year=2008}}</ref> Despite her talent, she had fewer opportunities to hold residencies as a bandleader at clubs in New York or Chicago, like many of her male peers. Instead, she predominantly toured, playing concerts throughout the US, Europe, and China. In 1926, she toured London and Paris with [[Lew Leslie]]'s ''Blackbirds'' revue and then from 1926 to 1929, she toured with Jack Carter's Serenaders in Shanghai, Singapore, [[Calcutta]], and [[Jakarta]].
⚫
According to a jazz radio show that aired 10/28/2017, she said she was arrested in Europe, apparently going to jail for theft and illegal drugs. While later touring through Denmark in 1941, she said she was arrested by Nazis and probably kept at [[Vestre Fængsel]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Lusane |first=Clarence |authorlink=Clarence Lusane |title=Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era |isbn=978-0-415-93295-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersblackvict00clar }}</ref> a Danish prison in [[Copenhagen]] that was run by the Nazis, before being released on a prisoner exchange in May 1942.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rye |first=Howard |title=Snow, Valaida [Valada, Little Louis] |publisher=Grove Music Online |editor=L. Macy |accessdate=March 18, 2008 |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/J418900}}</ref> It was rumored that her friendship with a Belgium police official helped her board a ship carrying foreign diplomats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/40886252/?terms=valaida+Snow|title=Valaida Snow, Sunset Royal Ork And Alan Courtney at Apollo|date=April 10, 1943|work=The New York Age}}</ref> According to jazz historian [[Scott Yanow]], "she never emotionally recovered from the experience".<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Scott Yanow]] |title=Jazz on Record: The First Sixty Years |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2003 |page=228 |isbn=0-87930-755-2}}</ref> She married [[Earl Edwards (songwriter)|Earl Edwards]]. In the 1950s, she was unable to regain her former success.


⚫
Her most successful period was in the 1930s when she became the toast of London and Paris. Around this time she recorded her hit song "High Hat, Trumpet, and Rhythm". She performed in the [[Ethel Waters]] show ''Rhapsody in Black'', in New York. In the mid-1930s, Snow made films with her husband, Ananias Berry, of the [[Berry Brothers]] dancing troupe. After playing the [[Apollo Theater]] in New York City, she revisited Europe and the Far East for more shows and films. She was imprisoned in a Copenhagen jail during WWII when Nazi soldiers took over Denmark, where she was touring.<ref name="Russonello-2020" />
Valaida Snow died of a brain hemorrhage on May 30, 1956, in New York City, backstage during a performance at the Palace Theater.

⚫
According to a jazz radio show that aired on October 28, 2017, Snow said she was arrested in Europe, apparently going to jail for theft and illegal drugs. While later touring Denmark in 1941, she said she was arrested by Nazis and most likely kept at [[Vestre Fængsel]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Lusane |first=Clarence |author-link=Clarence Lusane |title=Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-93295-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersblackvict00clar }}</ref> a Danish prison in [[Copenhagen]] that was run by the Nazis, before being released on a prisoner exchange in May 1942.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rye |first=Howard |title=Snow, Valaida [Valada, Little Louis] |publisher=Grove Music Online |editor=L. Macy |access-date=March 18, 2008 |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/J418900}}</ref> It was rumored that her friendship with a Belgian police official helped her to board a ship carrying foreign diplomats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/40886252/?terms=valaida+Snow|title=Valaida Snow, Sunset Royal Ork And Alan Courtney at Apollo|date=April 10, 1943|newspaper=[[The New York Age]]}}</ref> According to jazz historian [[Scott Yanow]], "she never emotionally recovered from the experience".<ref>{{cite book |author=Scott Yanow |author-link=Scott Yanow |title=Jazz on Record: The First Sixty Years |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2003 |page=228 |isbn=0-87930-755-2}}</ref> She married [[Earl Edwards (songwriter)|Earl Edwards]]. In the 1950s, she was unable to regain her former success.

Valaida Snow died aged 51 of a brain hemorrhage on May 30, 1956, in New York City, backstage during a performance at the Palace Theater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/valaida-snow-mn0000306274/biography|title=Valaida Snow Biography, Songs, & Albums|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref> Her death came three days before her 52nd birthday.

== Personal life ==
According to an article posted in the ''[[Pittsburgh Courier]]'' in 1933, Snow was arrested and later acquitted of [[bigamy]] after eloping with her fiancé Ananias John W. Berry, Jr.<ref name="Courier">{{cite web |date=December 23, 1933 |title=Valaida and Bros. Are Back |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/40884045/?terms=valaida+Snow |access-date=May 17, 2018 |page=16 |via=Newspapers.com |newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Courier]]}}</ref> Snow had 3 sisters Lavaida, Alvaida, and Hattie all of whom were professional singers. She also had a brother named Arthur Bush.<ref name="Reitz 1982 158">{{Cite journal |last=Reitz |first=Rosetta |date=1982 |title=Hot Snow: Valaida Snow (Queen of the Trumpet Sings & Swings) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2904225 |journal=Black American Literature Forum |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=158–160 |doi=10.2307/2904225 |jstor=2904225 |issn=0148-6179}}</ref> In the year 1934 Valaida married Ananias Berry who was a member of the [[Berry Brothers]]. In 1943 Valaida married Earle Edwards who later became her manager.<ref name="Reitz 1982 158"/>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
While many recordings of her performances still exists, including audio recordings and audiovisual recordings of her on stage or in movies, according to musicology professor Dr. Tammy Kernodle, "The unfortunate thing about her legacy is that she wasn't recorded as much as many of her peers, but she was a greatly respected musician on the vaudeville circuit, and even amongst male jazz musicians themselves." This quote was from a phone interview by Giovanni Russonello, who on February 22, 2020, published her belated obituary in [[The New York Times]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Russonello|first=Giovanni|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/obituaries/valaida-snow-overlooked-black-history-month.html|title=Overlooked No More: Valaida Snow, Charismatic ‘Queen of the Trumpet’|date=2020-02-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>, as part of the Overlooked No More series. There are no commercial recordings of Snow as trumpeter made in the United States, all were recorded in Europe. Before her obituary, [[The New York Times]] wrote about her only once in a paragraph-long review about a 1949 performance at [[The Town Hall (New York City)|Town Hall]] in New York.
Many recordings of Snow performances still exist, including audio recordings and audiovisual recordings of her on stage or in films. According to musicology professor [[Tammy L. Kernodle]], "The unfortunate thing about her legacy is that she wasn't recorded as much as many of her peers, but she was a greatly respected musician on the vaudeville circuit, and even amongst male jazz musicians themselves." This quote was from a phone interview by Giovanni Russonello, who on February 22, 2020, published her belated obituary in ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name=Russonello>{{Cite news|last=Russonello|first=Giovanni|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/obituaries/valaida-snow-overlooked-black-history-month.html|title=Overlooked No More: Valaida Snow, Charismatic 'Queen of the Trumpet'|date=2020-02-22|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2020-02-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as part of the "Overlooked No More" series. There are no commercial recordings of Snow as trumpeter made in the United States, all were recorded in Europe. Before her obituary was published, ''The New York Times'' wrote about her only once in a paragraph-long review about a 1949 Song Recital at New York's [[The Town Hall (New York City)|Town Hall]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1949-05-21|title=Song Recital by Valaida Snow|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/05/21/archives/song-recital-by-valaida-snow.html|access-date=2020-09-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


Dr. Kernodle also said that Snow's legacy is important because she helped "shift the context of jazz away from the early Dixieland style" and "she is important in terms of helping us gain an understanding of the spread of jazz to Europe, particularly after World War I."
Dr. Kernodle also said that Snow's legacy is important as she helped "shift the context of jazz away from the early Dixieland style" and "she [was] important in terms of helping us gain an understanding of the spread of jazz to Europe, particularly after World War I."<ref name=Russonello />


== Concentration Camp Controversy ==
On June 25, 2019, ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' listed Valaida Snow among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the [[2008 Universal fire]].<ref name="Rosen2">{{cite web |last1=Rosen |first1=Jody |title=Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/magazine/universal-music-fire-bands-list-umg.html |website=The New York Times |accessdate=June 28, 2019 |date=June 25, 2019}}</ref> Her biography "High Hat, Trumpet and Rhythm: The Life and Music of Valaida Snow" was written by Mark Miller in 2007.
In interviews after returning from Europe during World War II, Snow claimed she had been in a Nazi concentration camp.<ref name="Brown-2009" />


Historian Jayna Brown studied the controversy over Snow's alleged rumor regarding being detained in a Nazi concentration camp, and concluded that she had not been in a concentration camp. According to Brown, on September 15, 1939, Snow's manager Earl Sutcliff was advised to leave the country to escape the violence that was taking place in Europe.<ref name="Brown-2009" /> It is unclear why or what exactly took place but both Sutcliff and Snow remained in Copenhagen. According to Brown, Snow had another chance to leave Europe, but again refused. Instead, her manager was forced to leave due to drug-related charges; upon arriving in New York he was the first one to state that Snow was allegedly being held in a Nazi concentration camp, where he had nearly escaped.
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== Performances ==
⚫
* March 11, 1933; Earl Hines and Snow performed in Madrid ballroom in Harrisburg, PA.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nite Club Orchestra at Madrid Tomorrow Nite|date=March 3, 1933|work=The Evening News(Harrisburg, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
⚫
*September 23, 1945; First Cavalcade of Jazz concert in Los Angeles at [[Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)|Wrigley Field]] produced by [[Leon Hefflin, Sr.|Leon Hefflin Sr.]] along with [[Count Basie]], [[The Honeydripper]]s, The Peter Sisters, [[Slim Gaillard|Slim and Bam]] and [[Big Joe Turner|Joe Turner]].<ref>“Big Name Bands, Singers in ‘Cavalcade of Music’ Sept. 23” ” The California Eagle Sept. 13, 1945.
</ref>


To add to the confusion and controversy, many have been unable to place Snow's whereabouts between February and October 1941. In October of 1941, Snow was living under some sort of surveillance in [[Copenhagen]] until she was detained with no criminal charges on March 12, 1942, and sent to [[Vestre Prison|Vestre Faengsel]]. Brown indicates that this period was used to treat Snow's alleged drug addiction, and as a way to ensure that she would be able to return to the U.S.<ref name="Brown-2009">{{Cite book |first=Jayna |last=Brown |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1058525699 |title=Babylon Girls : Black Women Performers and the Shaping of the Modern. |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9069-5 |oclc=1058525699}}</ref>
⚫
==Valaida Snow in literature==


⚫
== Performances ==
⚫
*{{cite book |chapter=Valaida |author=[[John Edgar Wideman]] |title=Fever: Twelve Stories |publisher=Henry Holt and Co |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8050-1184-5}}
⚫
* March 11, 1933; Earl Hines and Snow performed in Madrid ballroom in Harrisburg, PA.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nite Club Orchestra at Madrid Tomorrow Nite|date=March 3, 1933|work=The Evening News (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania)}}</ref>
⚫
:Valaida Snow appears as a fictional character who threw herself on top of the protagonist when he was a child to shield him from a beating at the hands of the Nazis in a concentration camp. Snow is depicted as a strong, generous woman who proudly recalls that "They beat me, and fucked me in every hole I had. I was their whore. Their maid. A stool they stood on when they wanted to reach a little higher. But I never sang in their cage, Bobby. Not one note" (p. 28).
⚫
*September 23, 1945; First Cavalcade of Jazz concert in Los Angeles at [[Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)|Wrigley Field]] produced by [[Leon Hefflin, Sr.|Leon Hefflin Sr.]] along with [[Count Basie]], [[The Honeydripper]]s, The Peters Sisters, [[Slim Gaillard|Slim and Bam]] and [[Big Joe Turner|Joe Turner]].<ref>"Big Name Bands, Singers in 'Cavalcade of Music' September 23", ''The California Eagle'', September 13, 1945.</ref>

⚫
*{{cite book |title=Valaida |author=Candace Allen |location=London |publisher=Virago |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84408-172-1 |authorlink=Candace Allen (author) |url=https://archive.org/details/valaida0000alle }}
⚫
:A novel based on Valaida Snow's life story.


⚫
==In literature==
*Earl Hines' oral autobiography, ''The World of Earl Hines'' (with Stanley Dance) includes several vignettes of Snow by her intimate friend.
⚫
*{{cite book |chapter=Valaida |author=John Edgar Wideman |author-link=John Edgar Wideman |title=Fever: Twelve Stories |publisher=Henry Holt and Co |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8050-1184-5}}
⚫
*:Valaida Snow appears as a fictional character who threw herself on top of the protagonist when he was a child to shield him from a beating at the hands of the Nazis in a concentration camp. Snow is depicted as a strong, generous woman who proudly recalls that "They beat me, and fucked me in every hole I had. I was their whore. Their maid. A stool they stood on when they wanted to reach a little higher. But I never sang in their cage, Bobby. Not one note" (p.&nbsp;28).
⚫
*{{cite book |title=Valaida |author=Candace Allen |location=London |publisher=Virago |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84408-172-1 |author-link=Candace Allen (author) |url=https://archive.org/details/valaida0000alle }}
⚫
*:A novel based on Valaida Snow's life story.
*{{cite book |title=High Hat, Trumpet and Rhythm: The Life and Music of Valaida Snow |author=Mark Miller |publisher=The Mercury Press |location=Toronto |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-55128-127-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/highhattrumpetry00mill }}
*{{cite book |title=High Hat, Trumpet and Rhythm: The Life and Music of Valaida Snow |author=Mark Miller |publisher=The Mercury Press |location=Toronto |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-55128-127-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/highhattrumpetry00mill }}
:Biography. Both the Allen and Miller books contradict the assertion that Snow was held by the Nazis and instead place her in Danish custody at a Copenhagen prison.
*:Biography. Both the Allen and Miller books contradict the assertion that Snow was held by the Nazis and instead place her in Danish custody at a Copenhagen prison.

*{{cite book |title=Noire, la neige |author=Pascal Rannou |year=2008 |publisher=Editions Parenthèses |location=Marseille |isbn= 978-2-86364-648-9}}
*{{cite book |title=Noire, la neige |author=Pascal Rannou |year=2008 |publisher=Editions Parenthèses |location=Marseille |isbn= 978-2-86364-648-9}}
:Inspired by Valaida's life, but it is more fictitious than strictly biographical.
*:Inspired by Valaida's life, but it is more fictitious than strictly biographical.

* ''Valaida Snow'', by [[Emmanuel Reuzé]] and [[Maël Rannou]], comic strip, BDMusic, Paris, coll. " BDJazz ", 2012.
* ''Valaida Snow'', by [[Emmanuel Reuzé]] and [[Maël Rannou]], comic strip, BDMusic, Paris, coll. " BDJazz ", 2012.


== Family ==
== Discography ==
According to an article posted in the ''[[Pittsburgh Courier]]'' in 1933, Snow was arrested and later acquitted of [[bigamy]] after eloping with her fiancé Ananias John W. Berry, Jr.<ref name="Courier">{{cite web|title=23 Dec 1933, Page 16 - The Pittsburgh Courier at Newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/40884045/?terms=valaida+Snow |website=Newspapers.com |accessdate=17 May 2018|date=23 December 1933}}</ref>

==Discography==
* ''1940–1953'' (Classics)
* ''1940–1953'' (Classics)
* ''Queen of Trumpet and Song'' (DRG, 1999)
* ''Queen of Trumpet and Song'' (DRG, 1999)
* ''Until The Real Thing Comes Along'' (Monk – MK343 LP, Compilation)


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Snow, Valaida}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Snow, Valaida}}
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[[Category:American jazz trumpeters]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:American female jazz musicians]]
[[Category:American jazz trumpeters]]
[[Category:American women jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Chess Records artists]]
[[Category:Chess Records artists]]
[[Category:African-American female singers]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century trumpeters]]
[[Category:20th-century American trumpeters]]
[[Category:20th-century American women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women singers]]
[[Category:The Washboard Rhythm Kings members]]
[[Category:The Washboard Rhythm Kings members]]
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[[Category:Women trumpeters]]
[[Category:African-American women musicians]]

Latest revision as of 20:13, 7 November 2024

Valaida Snow
Snow in a 1945 advertisement
Snow in a 1945 advertisement
Background information
Born(1904-06-02)June 2, 1904
Chattanooga, Tennessee, U.S.
DiedMay 30, 1956(1956-05-30) (aged 51)
New York City, U.S.
GenresJazz
Occupation(s)Musician, entertainer
InstrumentTrumpet

Valaida Snow (June 2, 1904[1] – May 30, 1956)[2] was an American jazz musician and entertainer who performed internationally. She was also known as "Little Louis" and "Queen of the Trumpet," a nickname given to her by W. C. Handy.[3]

Early life

[edit]

Snow was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Her mother, Etta, was a Howard University-educated music teacher and her father, John, was a minister who was the leader of the Pickaninny Troubadours, a group mainly consisting of child performers. Raised on the road in a show-business family, where starting from the age of five, she began performing with her father's group. By the time she was 15, she learned to play cello, bass, banjo, violin, mandolin, harp, accordion, clarinet, trumpet, and saxophone. She also sang and danced.

Snow appeared in a Swedish advertisement when she toured Scandinavia

Career

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Her solo career began when she joined a popular revue called Holiday in Dixieland, after exiting an abusive marriage. She then held a residency at a Harlem cabaret, which helped lead her to be cast alongside Josephine Baker in the musical In Bamville, a follow-up to the enduring hit musical Shuffle Along. While the musical was itself not a hit, Baker and Snow both received positive reviews.

In the year 1922, when she was 18 years old she gained national recognition, leading her to travel all over the U.S. to perform as a dancer, musician (Trumpet player), and singer. The following year, Valaida appeared in the black musical Ramblin Round. In the year 1923, she also appeared in Will Mastin’s Follow Me revue. By 1924 she became a key figure in The Chocolate Dandies a broadway musical along with Elizabeth Welch and Josephine Baker.[4]

After focusing on the trumpet, Snow quickly became so famous at the instrument that she was nicknamed "Little Louis" after Louis Armstrong, who called her the world's second-best jazz trumpet player, besides himself. W. C. Handy, who is known as the Father of the Blues, gave her the nickname "Queen of the Trumpet." Contemporary critics Krin Gabbard and Will Friedwald have commented on her approach to playing like Armstrong. Gabbard said she developed a "distinctly Armstrongian style" and Friedwald said she "mimicked" Armstrong.[5] In a 1928 performance in Chicago at the Sunset Café, Snow played the trumpet, sang. Then seven pairs of shoes were placed in a row at the front of the stage, and she danced in each pair for one chorus. The dances and shoes to match were: soft-shoe, adagio shoes, tap shoes, Dutch clogs, Chinese straw sandals, Turkish slippers, and the last pair, Russian boots. "When Louis Armstrong saw the show one night, he continued clapping after others had stopped and remarked, 'Boy I never saw anything that great'."[6][7] Despite her talent, she had fewer opportunities to hold residencies as a bandleader at clubs in New York or Chicago, like many of her male peers. Instead, she predominantly toured, playing concerts throughout the US, Europe, and China. In 1926, she toured London and Paris with Lew Leslie's Blackbirds revue and then from 1926 to 1929, she toured with Jack Carter's Serenaders in Shanghai, Singapore, Calcutta, and Jakarta.

Her most successful period was in the 1930s when she became the toast of London and Paris. Around this time she recorded her hit song "High Hat, Trumpet, and Rhythm". She performed in the Ethel Waters show Rhapsody in Black, in New York. In the mid-1930s, Snow made films with her husband, Ananias Berry, of the Berry Brothers dancing troupe. After playing the Apollo Theater in New York City, she revisited Europe and the Far East for more shows and films. She was imprisoned in a Copenhagen jail during WWII when Nazi soldiers took over Denmark, where she was touring.[3]

According to a jazz radio show that aired on October 28, 2017, Snow said she was arrested in Europe, apparently going to jail for theft and illegal drugs. While later touring Denmark in 1941, she said she was arrested by Nazis and most likely kept at Vestre Fængsel,[8] a Danish prison in Copenhagen that was run by the Nazis, before being released on a prisoner exchange in May 1942.[9] It was rumored that her friendship with a Belgian police official helped her to board a ship carrying foreign diplomats.[10] According to jazz historian Scott Yanow, "she never emotionally recovered from the experience".[11] She married Earl Edwards. In the 1950s, she was unable to regain her former success.

Valaida Snow died aged 51 of a brain hemorrhage on May 30, 1956, in New York City, backstage during a performance at the Palace Theater.[12] Her death came three days before her 52nd birthday.

Personal life

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According to an article posted in the Pittsburgh Courier in 1933, Snow was arrested and later acquitted of bigamy after eloping with her fiancé Ananias John W. Berry, Jr.[13] Snow had 3 sisters Lavaida, Alvaida, and Hattie all of whom were professional singers. She also had a brother named Arthur Bush.[14] In the year 1934 Valaida married Ananias Berry who was a member of the Berry Brothers. In 1943 Valaida married Earle Edwards who later became her manager.[14]

Legacy

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Many recordings of Snow performances still exist, including audio recordings and audiovisual recordings of her on stage or in films. According to musicology professor Tammy L. Kernodle, "The unfortunate thing about her legacy is that she wasn't recorded as much as many of her peers, but she was a greatly respected musician on the vaudeville circuit, and even amongst male jazz musicians themselves." This quote was from a phone interview by Giovanni Russonello, who on February 22, 2020, published her belated obituary in The New York Times,[15] as part of the "Overlooked No More" series. There are no commercial recordings of Snow as trumpeter made in the United States, all were recorded in Europe. Before her obituary was published, The New York Times wrote about her only once in a paragraph-long review about a 1949 Song Recital at New York's Town Hall.[16]

Dr. Kernodle also said that Snow's legacy is important as she helped "shift the context of jazz away from the early Dixieland style" and "she [was] important in terms of helping us gain an understanding of the spread of jazz to Europe, particularly after World War I."[15]

Concentration Camp Controversy

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In interviews after returning from Europe during World War II, Snow claimed she had been in a Nazi concentration camp.[17]

Historian Jayna Brown studied the controversy over Snow's alleged rumor regarding being detained in a Nazi concentration camp, and concluded that she had not been in a concentration camp. According to Brown, on September 15, 1939, Snow's manager Earl Sutcliff was advised to leave the country to escape the violence that was taking place in Europe.[17] It is unclear why or what exactly took place but both Sutcliff and Snow remained in Copenhagen. According to Brown, Snow had another chance to leave Europe, but again refused. Instead, her manager was forced to leave due to drug-related charges; upon arriving in New York he was the first one to state that Snow was allegedly being held in a Nazi concentration camp, where he had nearly escaped.

To add to the confusion and controversy, many have been unable to place Snow's whereabouts between February and October 1941. In October of 1941, Snow was living under some sort of surveillance in Copenhagen until she was detained with no criminal charges on March 12, 1942, and sent to Vestre Faengsel. Brown indicates that this period was used to treat Snow's alleged drug addiction, and as a way to ensure that she would be able to return to the U.S.[17]

Performances

[edit]

In literature

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  • Earl Hines' oral autobiography, The World of Earl Hines (with Stanley Dance) includes several vignettes of Snow by her intimate friend.
  • John Edgar Wideman (1989). "Valaida". Fever: Twelve Stories. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-1184-5.
    Valaida Snow appears as a fictional character who threw herself on top of the protagonist when he was a child to shield him from a beating at the hands of the Nazis in a concentration camp. Snow is depicted as a strong, generous woman who proudly recalls that "They beat me, and fucked me in every hole I had. I was their whore. Their maid. A stool they stood on when they wanted to reach a little higher. But I never sang in their cage, Bobby. Not one note" (p. 28).
  • Candace Allen (2004). Valaida. London: Virago. ISBN 978-1-84408-172-1.
    A novel based on Valaida Snow's life story.
  • Mark Miller (2007). High Hat, Trumpet and Rhythm: The Life and Music of Valaida Snow. Toronto: The Mercury Press. ISBN 978-1-55128-127-8.
    Biography. Both the Allen and Miller books contradict the assertion that Snow was held by the Nazis and instead place her in Danish custody at a Copenhagen prison.
  • Pascal Rannou (2008). Noire, la neige. Marseille: Editions Parenthèses. ISBN 978-2-86364-648-9.
    Inspired by Valaida's life, but it is more fictitious than strictly biographical.
  • Valaida Snow, by Emmanuel Reuzé and Maël Rannou, comic strip, BDMusic, Paris, coll. " BDJazz ", 2012.

Discography

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  • 1940–1953 (Classics)
  • Queen of Trumpet and Song (DRG, 1999)
  • Until The Real Thing Comes Along (Monk – MK343 LP, Compilation)

References

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  1. ^ Hackman, Florence (2007). Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2.. Other presumed birth years are 1900, 1901, 1903, 1905, and 1907
  2. ^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 2317. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.
  3. ^ a b Russonello, Giovanni (February 22, 2020). "Overlooked No More: Valaida Snow, Charismatic 'Queen of the Trumpet'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  4. ^ Brown, Jayna (March 2006). "'Dat Var Negressen Walaida Snow'". Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory. 16 (1): 51–70. doi:10.1080/07407700500515894. ISSN 0740-770X. S2CID 191585520.
  5. ^ Lusane, Clarence (2003). Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African Americans in the Nazi Era. p. 168.
  6. ^ Reitz, Rosetta (1982). Hot Snow: Valaida Snow (Queen of the Trumpet Sings and Swings. Black American Literature Forum. p. 158.
  7. ^ Devlin, Paul (2008). Snow, Valaida. New York: Oxford University Press.
  8. ^ Lusane, Clarence (2003). Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experience of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans and African Americans in the Nazi Era. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93295-0.
  9. ^ Rye, Howard. L. Macy (ed.). "Snow, Valaida [Valada, Little Louis]". Grove Music Online. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
  10. ^ "Valaida Snow, Sunset Royal Ork And Alan Courtney at Apollo". The New York Age. April 10, 1943.
  11. ^ Scott Yanow (2003). Jazz on Record: The First Sixty Years. Backbeat Books. p. 228. ISBN 0-87930-755-2.
  12. ^ "Valaida Snow Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  13. ^ "Valaida and Bros. Are Back". The Pittsburgh Courier. December 23, 1933. p. 16. Retrieved May 17, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ a b Reitz, Rosetta (1982). "Hot Snow: Valaida Snow (Queen of the Trumpet Sings & Swings)". Black American Literature Forum. 16 (4): 158–160. doi:10.2307/2904225. ISSN 0148-6179. JSTOR 2904225.
  15. ^ a b Russonello, Giovanni (February 22, 2020). "Overlooked No More: Valaida Snow, Charismatic 'Queen of the Trumpet'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  16. ^ "Song Recital by Valaida Snow". The New York Times. May 21, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Brown, Jayna (2009). Babylon Girls : Black Women Performers and the Shaping of the Modern. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9069-5. OCLC 1058525699.
  18. ^ "Nite Club Orchestra at Madrid Tomorrow Nite". The Evening News (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania). March 3, 1933.
  19. ^ "Big Name Bands, Singers in 'Cavalcade of Music' September 23", The California Eagle, September 13, 1945.
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