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Coordinates: 2°12′N 102°15′E / 2.200°N 102.250°E / 2.200; 102.250
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{{Short description|State of Malaysia}}
{{Short description|State of Malaysia}}
{{About|the Malaysian state|other uses|Malacca (disambiguation)|similar terms|Malaka (disambiguation){{!}}Malaka}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox political division
{{About|the Malaysian state|other uses|Malacca (disambiguation)|similar terms|Malaka (disambiguation){{!}}Malaka}}
| name = Malacca
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Melaka
| native_name = {{lang|ms|Melaka}}
| native_name = Melaka
| translit_lang1 = Other
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]
| official_name = Malacca State
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ms-Arab|{{Script|Arab|ملاک}}}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| translit_lang1_type2 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| subdivision_name = [[Malaysia]]
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{Lang|zh-hans|马六甲}} {{font|size=70%|([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])}}<br />{{Lang|zh-hant|馬六甲}} {{font|size=70%|([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])}}<br /> {{lang|zh-latn|Mǎliùjiǎ}} {{font|size=70%|([[Hanyu Pinyin]])}}
| settlement_type = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State of Malaysia]]
| translit_lang1_type3 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| translit_lang1 = Other
| translit_lang1_info3 = {{lang|ta|மலாக்கா}}<br />{{lang|ta-latn|Malākkā}} {{font|size=70%|([[ISO 15919|Transliteration]])}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Malay language|Malay]]
| translit_lang1_type4 = [[Kristang language|Kristang]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ms|Melaka}} {{font|size=70%|([[Malay orthography|Rumi]])}}<br />{{lang|ms-Arab|ملاک}} {{font|size=70%|([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]])}}
| translit_lang1_info4 = Malaká
| translit_lang1_type2 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| settlement_type = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{Lang|zh-hant|马六甲}} {{font|size=70%|([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])}}<br>{{Lang|zh-hant|馬六甲}} {{font|size=70%|([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])}}
| translit_lang1_type3 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| image_flag = Flag of Malacca.svg
| translit_lang1_info3 = மலாக்கா
| flag_size =
| image_flag = Flag of Malacca.svg
| flag_alt =
| flag_size =
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Malacca.svg
| flag_alt =
| shield_alt =
| nickname = {{lang|ms|Negeri Bersejarah}}<br>{{small|The Historic State}}
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Malacca.svg
| shield_alt =
| motto = {{lang|ms|Bersatu Teguh}}<br />{{small|Firmly United}}
| anthem = "[[Melaka Maju Jaya]]"{{center|{{small|"Malacca, Onwards Come!"}}}}{{center|[[File:Lagu Rasmi Melaka - Melaka Maju Jaya.ogg]]}}
| nickname = The Venice of the East<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/melaka-river.htm |title=Melaka River - Malacca City Attractions |publisher=Malacca.ws |date= |accessdate=2012-10-29}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|2|12|N|102|15|E|region:MY-04_adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| motto = "Bersatu Teguh" (Firmly United)
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references; use <ref> tags -->
| anthem = [[Melaka Maju Jaya|''Melaka Maju Jaya'' <center>(Malacca, Onwards Come!)]]</center><br><center>[[File:Melaka_Maju_Jaya.oga]]</center>
| image_map = Malacca in Malaysia.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|2|12|N|102|15|E|region:MY|display=inline,title}}
| mapsize =
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references; use <ref> tags -->
| image_map = Malacca in Malaysia.svg
| map_alt = Map showing the location of the state of Malacca within Malaysia
| map_caption = {{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=silver}} '''Malacca''' in {{Legend inline|#FDF9D2|outline=silver}} '''[[Malaysia]]'''
| mapsize = 285px <!--no larger, please, for sake of smaller windows/screens-->
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| map_alt = Map showing the location of the state of Malacca within Malaysia
| subdivision_name = {{MYS}}
| map_caption = {{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=silver}} '''Malacca''' in {{Legend inline|#FDF9D2|outline=silver}} '''[[Malaysia]]'''
| established_title = [[Malacca Sultanate]]
| seat_type = [[List of national capitals|Capital]]
| established_date = 15th century
| seat = [[Malacca City]]
| established_title1 = [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|Portuguese control]]<ref name="Headrick2010">{{harvp|Headrick|2010|pages=63}}</ref>
| parts_type = Royal capital
| established_date1 = 24 August 1511
| parts_style = list
| established_title2 = [[Dutch Malacca|Dutch control]]<ref name="arkib.gov.my">{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/melaka-jatuh-ke-tangan-belanda/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Melaka Jatuh Ke Tangan Belanda -|publisher=hids.arkib.gov.my |access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091128/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/melaka-jatuh-ke-tangan-belanda/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHRsCgAAQBAJ&q=melaka+ditawan+belanda+1641&pg=PA34 |title=Kerdipan Bintang Melayu Dilangit Turki |author=Mat Rofa Ismail<!--No last name, Malaysian name--> |date=2015 |publisher=Alaf 21 |via=Google Books|isbn=9789678604864 }}</ref>
| p1 =
| established_date2 = 14 January 1641
| government_type = [[parliamentary system|Parliamentary]]
| established_title3 = [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824|British control]]<ref name="arkib.gov.my"/><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMrICgAAQBAJ&q=malacca+British+control+17+March+1824&pg=PA76 |title=China-ASEAN Relations: Economic and Legal Dimensions |publisher=World Scientific |year=2006 |editor-last=Wong |editor-first=John |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Zou |editor-first2=Keyuan |editor-last3=Zeng |editor-first3=Huaqun|isbn=9789814478618 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c|title=Signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty (Treaty of London) of 1824 - Singapore History|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]
| established_date3 = 17 March 1824
| leader_name = [[Ali Rustam]]
| established_title4 = [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|Japanese occupation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_162143.html|title=Malayan Campaign - Infopedia|first=National Library Board|last=Singapore|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/428/2/BAB1.pdf |title=Info |publisher=studentsrepo.um.edu.my }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Chief Minister]]
| established_date4 = 11 January 1942
| leader_name1 = [[Sulaiman Md Ali]] ([[Perikatan Nasional|PN]]-[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| established_title5 = [[Malayan Union]]<ref name="arkib.gov.my1">{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penubuhan-malayan-union/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Penubuhan Malayan Union |website=hids.arkib.gov.my|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131618/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penubuhan-malayan-union/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 1664
| established_date5 = 1 April 1946
| area_water_km2 =
| established_title6 = [[Federation of Malaya]] independence<ref name="nlb.gov.sg">{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/72e9ebe6-7a0f-4512-aa48-3da99d598525|title=Federation of Malaya is inaugurated - Singapore History|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref><ref name="arkib.gov.my2">{{cite web |url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/pengisytiharan-kemerdekaan-tanah-melayu |title=Official Portal of Malaysia National Archives |publisher=Arkib.gov.my |access-date=2018-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818084219/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/pengisytiharan-kemerdekaan-tanah-melayu |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |accessdate=24 January 2011}}</ref>
| established_date6 = 31 August 1957
| population_demonym = Malaccan
| established_title7 = [[Proclamation of Malaysia]]
| population_total = 872900
| established_date7 = 16 September 1963
| population_as_of = 2015
| capital = [[Malacca City]]{{ref|cap|[a]}}
| population_density_km2 = manual
| largest_city = capital
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2015 population">{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|title=Population by States and Ethnic Group|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia|year=2015|accessdate=12 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|archivedate=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2020
| demographics_type1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| ethnic_groups_ref = {{my10|2020kf}}
| demographics1_title1 = 2010
| ethnic_groups = {{tree list}}
| demographics1_info1 = 0.804&nbsp;(<span style="color:#090;">very high</span>) ([[States and federal territories of Malaysia|4th]])
* 66.6% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references; use <ref> tags -->
** 65.5% [[Malaysian Malays|Malay]]
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]]
** 1.1% indigenous groups from [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]]
| postal_code = 75xxx to 78xxx
* 20.6% [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Malaysia|Calling code]]
* 5.2% [[Malaysian Indian|Indian]]
| area_code = 06
* 0.5% Other ethnicities
| registration_plate = [[Malaysian vehicle license plates|M]]
* 7.1% Non-citizens
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Malacca Sultanate]]
{{tree list/end}}
| blank_info_sec2 = 15th century
| religion_year = 2020
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|Portuguese control]]<ref name="Headrick2010">{{harvp|Headrick|2010|pages=63}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec2 = 24 August 1511
| religion_ref = {{my10|2020kf}}
| religion = {{ubl|68.9% [[Islam in Malaysia|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])|19.2% [[Buddhism in Malaysia|Buddhism]]|5.3% [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Hinduism]]|2.6% [[Christianity in Malaysia|Christianity]]|0.5% Other religions|3.5% [[Irreligion|No religion]]}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Dutch Malacca|Dutch control]]<ref name="arkib.gov.my">{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/melaka-jatuh-ke-tangan-belanda/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Melaka Jatuh Ke Tangan Belanda -|website=hids.arkib.gov.my|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091128/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/melaka-jatuh-ke-tangan-belanda/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=XHRsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=melaka+ditawan+belanda+1641#v=onepage&q=melaka+ditawan+belanda+1641&f=false |title=Kerdipan Bintang Melayu Dilangit Turki |author=Mat Rofa Ismail<!--No last name, Malaysian name--> |date=2015 |publisher=Alaf 21 |via=Google Books|isbn=9789678604864 }}</ref>
| blank2_info_sec2 = 14 January 1641
| p1 =
| government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824|British control]]<ref name="arkib.gov.my"/><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TMrICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=malacca+British+control+17+March+1824#v=onepage&q=malacca+British+control+17+March+1824&f=false |title=China-ASEAN Relations: Economic and Legal Dimensions |publisher=World Scientific |year=2006 |editor-last=Wong |editor-first=John |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Zou |editor-first2=Keyuan |editor-last3=Zeng |editor-first3=Huaqun|isbn=9789814478618 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c|title=Signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty (Treaty of London) of 1824 - Singapore History|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = 17 March 1824
| leader_name1 = [[Mohd Ali Rustam]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|Japanese occupation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_162143.html|title=Malayan Campaign - Infopedia|first=National Library Board|last=Singapore|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/428/2/BAB1.pdf |title=Info |website=studentsrepo.um.edu.my }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Chief Minister of Malacca|Chief Minister]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = 11 January 1942
| leader_name2 = [[Ab Rauf Yusoh]] <br> ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| blank5_name_sec2 = Accession into the [[Malayan Union]]<ref name="arkib.gov.my1">{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penubuhan-malayan-union/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Penubuhan Malayan Union -|website=hids.arkib.gov.my|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131618/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penubuhan-malayan-union/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| legislature = [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| blank5_info_sec2 = 1 April 1946
| area_km2 = 1775
| blank6_name_sec2 = Accession into the [[Federation of Malaya]]<ref name="nlb.gov.sg">{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/72e9ebe6-7a0f-4512-aa48-3da99d598525|title=Federation of Malaya is inaugurated - Singapore History|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref>
| blank6_info_sec2 = 1 February 1948
| area_rank = 11th
| area_rank_link = States and federal territories of Malaysia#States
| blank7_name_sec2 = Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya<ref name="arkib.gov.my2">{{cite web |url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/pengisytiharan-kemerdekaan-tanah-melayu |title=Official Portal of Malaysia National Archives |publisher=Arkib.gov.my |date= |accessdate=2018-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818084219/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/pengisytiharan-kemerdekaan-tanah-melayu |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 512
| blank7_info_sec2 = 31 August 1957
| elevation_max_point = Bukit Gapis
| website = {{URL|http://www.melaka.gov.my}}
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=27 December 2010 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065739/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download/download_POPULATION.php?cat=1&id_file=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| footnotes =
| demonym = Malaccan
| population_census = 1,027,500
| population_census_year = 2023
| population_density_km2 = 622
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_rank = 6th
| population_density_rank_link = Demographics of Malaysia#Demographic trends and key rate
| GDP_PPP = $38.745 billion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 11th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $37,708
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 6th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link = List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state
| GDP_nominal = $12.150 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 11th
| GDP_nominal_rank_link = List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product by state
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $11,825
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 6th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link = List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state
| Gini = 0.370
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref name="dosm2024">{{Cite journal |date=Aug 2024 |title=Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri Melaka 2023 |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |language=ms |issn=2600-9897 }}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI = 0.810
| HDI_change = decrease
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank_link = List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index
| HDI_rank = 8th
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references; use <ref> tags -->
| currency = [[Malaysian ringgit]] (RM/MYR)
| currency_code =
| timezone = [[Malaysian Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = dd-mm-yyyy
| electricity =
| drives_on = Left
| iso_code = MY-04
| calling_code = +606-2, +606-3, +606-5
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 75xxx to 78xxx
| registration_plate = [[Malaysian vehicle license plates|M]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.melaka.gov.my}}
| footnotes = {{note|cap|[a]}}[[Ayer Keroh]], [[Hang Tuah Jaya]] is the state administrative centre and the seat of the Malacca state government ([[Malacca State Executive Council|executive branch]] & [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|legislative branch]]). However, [[Malacca City]] remains the official capital of the Malacca state.
}}
}}


'''Malacca''' ({{langx|ms|Melaka}}), officially the '''Historic State of Malacca''' ({{langx|ms|Melaka Negeri Bersejarah}}), is a [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|state]] in [[Malaysia]] located in the [[Peninsular Malaysia#Other features|southern region]] of the [[Malay Peninsula]], facing the [[Strait of Malacca]]. The state is bordered by [[Negeri Sembilan]] to the north and west and [[Johor]] to the south. The [[Enclaves and exclaves|exclave]] of [[Tanjung Tuan]] also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north. Its capital is [[Malacca City]], which has been listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 7 July [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2008 (32nd session)|2008]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.usm.my/km/35(Supp.1)2017/km35s12017_4.pdf|title=Community Involvement for Sustainable World Heritage Sites: The Melaka Case|website=web.usm.my|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202041007/http://web.usm.my/km/35(Supp.1)2017/km35s12017_4.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.star2.com/culture/2018/07/05/making-melaka-liveable/|title=Making Melaka liveable, resilient, and future-proof|access-date=2018-11-18|website=Star2.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118032047/https://www.star2.com/culture/2018/07/05/making-melaka-liveable/|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>
'''Malacca''' ({{lang-ms|Melaka}}; {{lang-ta|மலாக்கா}}; {{zh|t=馬六甲|p=Mǎliùjiǎ}}; dubbed "The Historic State"; {{lang-ms|"Bandar Raya Bersejarah"}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/liyanams1316581145/makanan.html|title=MELAKA BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH
|access-date=2020-08-08|website=geocities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702170400/http://www.geocities.ws/liyanams1316581145/makanan.html|archive-date=2016-07-02|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=MELAKA HISTORIC CITY}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.usm.my/km/35(Supp.1)2017/km35s12017_4.pdf|title=Community Involvement for Sustainable World Heritage Sites: The Melaka Case|website=web.usm.my|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202041007/http://web.usm.my/km/35(Supp.1)2017/km35s12017_4.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2018}}</ref> is a state in [[Malaysia]] located in the southern region of the [[Malay Peninsula]], next to the [[Strait of Malacca]].


Malacca has diverse [[tropical rainforest]] and experiences an [[equatorial climate]]. Situated immediately south of the [[Titiwangsa Mountains]], the state is mostly level and dotted with [[inselbergs]], with Bukit Gapis as the highest point.
The state is bordered by [[Negeri Sembilan]] to the north and west and [[Johor]] to the south. The [[Enclaves and exclaves|exclave]] of [[Tanjung Tuan|Cape Rachado]] also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north. Its capital is [[Malacca City]], which is {{convert|148|km|0|abbr=off}} southeast of Malaysia's capital city [[Kuala Lumpur]], {{convert|235|km|0|abbr=off}} northwest of Johor's largest city [[Johor Bahru]] and {{convert|95|km|0|abbr=in}} northwest of Johor's second largest city, [[Batu Pahat (city)|Batu Pahat]]. This historical city centre has been listed as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] since 7 July [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2008 (32nd session)|2008]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.star2.com/culture/2018/07/05/making-melaka-liveable/|title=Making Melaka liveable, resilient, and future-proof|access-date=2018-11-18|website=Star2.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118032047/https://www.star2.com/culture/2018/07/05/making-melaka-liveable/|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>


Although it was the location of one of the earliest [[Malay sultanate]]s, the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511. The head of state is the ''[[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]'' or Governor, rather than a [[Sultan]]. Malacca is famous for its unique history and is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia. With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes, Malacca was once a well-known international trade centre in the East. Many traders anchored in Malacca, especially traders from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[China]] and [[India]], traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day.
Although it was the location of one of the earliest [[Malay sultanate]]s, namely the [[Malacca Sultanate]], the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquered it]] in 1511. The head of state is the {{Lang|ms|[[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]}} or Governor, rather than a [[sultan]]. Malacca is noted for its unique history and it is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia. With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes, Malacca was once a well-known international trade centre in the East. Many traders anchored in Malacca, especially traders from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], China and India, traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day.


The harmonious life and ambience of the people of Malacca is attributed to the life of various races and ethnicities that have long existed among the local community. [[Malaysian Malay|Malays]], [[Malaysian Chinese]], [[Malaysian Indians]], [[Peranakan|Baba Nyonya]], [[Kristang people|Kristang]], [[Chitty]] and [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasians]] are important ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca up to the present day.<ref>https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/malaysia-s-most-beautiful-places-to-visit-must-see-destinations/</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suhaila Abdullah |date=2013 |title=Effect of Malay-China Trade Relations During the Malacca Sultanate on the Emergence of Chinese Peranakan Community |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c136/2ec0cc99c0d7637dddcdd8c731b06640fa6d.pdf |journal=World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=143–149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ravichandran Moorthy |date=2009 |title=The Evolution of the Chitty Community of Melaka |url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/357/1/1.pdf |journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies |volume=36 |pages=1–15}}</ref><ref>https://www.melaka.gov.my/en/citizen/melaka-info/culture</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-08-06_115106.html |title=Eurasian community |date=2013 |website=Singapore Infopedia}}</ref>
A great diversity of races and ethnicities have long existed among the local community reflecting its history. [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]], [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]], [[Peranakans|Baba Nyonya]], [[Kristang people|Kristang]], [[Chitty]], [[Temuan people|Temuan]] and Eurasians are significant ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca in the present day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ravichandran Moorthy |date=2009 |title=The Evolution of the Chitty Community of Melaka |url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/357/1/1.pdf |journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies |volume=36 |pages=1–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/en/citizen/melaka-info/culture | title=Plone site }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-08-06_115106.html |title=Eurasian community |date=2013 |website=Singapore Infopedia}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

The state's name dates to a popular legend surrounding the founding of the Malacca Sultanate by [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]], who sought a new location to establish a kingdom after fleeing a [[Majapahit]] invasion of [[Kingdom of Singapura|Singapura]]. As the story goes, Parameswara was resting under a [[Phyllanthus emblica|Malacca tree]] ({{langx|ms|pokok melaka}}) near a river during a hunt, when one of his dogs cornered a [[mouse deer]]. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a good omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided then to found an empire at that spot. He named this empire after the tree where he had just taken shelter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/07/29/know-your-malacca-tree/ |title=Know your Malacca tree |date=29 July 2006 |website=The Star Online |access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref> This story shows remarkable similarities with and was probably adapted (as some historians argued) from folk-tales from [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka, and [[Samudera Pasai Sultanate|Pasai]], Sumatra (both of which pre-date Malacca).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winstedt|first=R. O.|date=1922|title=Two legends of Malacca|journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=85|page=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Adam|first=Ahmat|title=Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai|publisher=SIRD|year=2019|location=Petaling Jaya|page=71}}</ref>

The "Malacca tree" was taken as a basis for the species ''Phyllanthus emblica'' named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 through Latinising its original [[Sanskrit]] name {{lang|sa|आमलक}} ({{translit|sa|iast|āmalaka}}), to which the species have since been planted as ornamentals in various state attractions.<ref name="FRIMStar" /> However, some researchers like those of the Forestry Research Institute of Malaysia speculate that the legendary name-giving tree may have been the species ''[[Phyllanthus pectinatus]]'' more endemic to Malay Archipelago forests which superficially resemble ''P. emblica''. There is no geographical overlap between the species.<ref name="FRIMStar">{{Cite news|last=Ng|first=Francis|date=5 November 2011|title=What tree did Parameswara really see in Malacca?|page=23|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|department=Star Bizweek|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2011/11/05/what-tree-did-parameswara-really-see-in-malacca|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>

Another account on the origin of the naming of Malacca claims that during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1424–1444), Arab merchants called the kingdom 'Malakat' (Arabic for 'congregation of merchants') because it was home to many trading communities.<ref>{{harvnb|Ahmad Sarji|2011|p=112}}</ref> One theory suggests, as mentioned in the ''Suma Oriental'' by [[Tomé Pires]], that it is derived from the Javanese terms melayu or mlayu (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe the strong current of a river in Sumatra that today bears the name Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') which was later possibly adopted to be Melaka as denoting a place for the fleeing prince.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/858|title=Suma Oriental, by Tomé Pires, edited by Rui Manuel Loureiro. Lisbon: Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau and Fundação Jorge Álvares; Macau: Fundação Macau, 2017, 335 pages, bibl., index. ISBN 978-972-8586-52-2.|first=Roderich|last=Ptak|date=15 November 2018|journal=Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien|volume=96 |issue=96|pages=176–179|doi=10.4000/archipel.858 |s2cid=166201438 |via=journals.openedition.org}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{Quote box
{{Colonial Malacca}}
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag of Portugal (1640).svg}} [[Portuguese Malacca]] 1511–1641<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg}} [[Dutch Malacca|Dutch East India Company]] 1641–1795<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Dutch East Indies]] 1818–1825<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of the British Straits Settlements (1904–1925).svg}} [[Straits Settlements|British Straits Settlements]] 1825–1946<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Malacca (1946-1957).svg}} [[Crown Colony of Malacca]] 1946–1957<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Malaya.svg}} [[Federation of Malaya]] 1957–1963<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Malaysia.svg}} [[Malaysia]] 1963–present
| align = left
| width = 23em
| fontsize = 90%
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
}}


=== Sultanate of Malacca ===
=== Sultanate of Malacca ===
{{Main|Malacca Sultanate}}
{{Main|Malacca Sultanate}}
[[File:Malacca Sultanate Palace.JPG|thumb|left|[[Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum]]]]
[[File:Malacca Sultanate Palace.JPG|thumb|left|[[Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum]], modern reconstruction of the palace of the Malacca Sultanate.]]

Before the arrival of the first [[Sultan]], Malacca was a fishing village inhabited by local inhabitants known as Orang Laut. Malacca was founded by [[Parameswara (sultan)|Parameswara]], also known as Iskandar Shah. He found his way to Malacca around 1402 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the [[Malacca Straits]].<ref name="RICKLEFSp19">{{harvp|Ricklefs|1993|page=19}}</ref> In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameśwara was escorted by [[Zheng He]] and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]] granted it protection from attacks by [[Siam]] and [[Majapahit]]. Malacca officially submitted to [[Ming China]] as a [[protectorate]]. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and [[India]], [[Middle East]], [[Africa]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource |date=2005 |url=http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1730?hl=Malacca |place=Singapore |publisher=Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore |translator-last=Wade |translator-first=Geoff}}</ref>

According to a popular legend, Parameswara was resting under a tree near a river during a hunt, when one of his dogs cornered a [[mouse deer]]. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a propitious omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided then and there to found an empire on that very spot. He named it 'Malacca' after the tree where he had just taken shelter at, the [[Phyllanthus emblica|Malacca tree]] ({{lang-ms|Pokok Melaka}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/07/29/know-your-malacca-tree/ |title=Know your Malacca tree |date=29 July 2006 |website=The Star Online |access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref>


Before the arrival of the first [[sultan]], the area that's now Malacca was a fishing village. Malacca was founded by [[Parameswara of Malacca|Parameswara]], also known as Iskandar Shah. He found his way to Malacca around 1402 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the [[Strait of Malacca]].<ref name="RICKLEFSp19">{{harvp|Ricklefs|1993|page=19}}</ref> In collaboration with his [[Proto-Malay]] privateers allies, called the [[Orang Laut]] ("sea-people"), he established Malacca as an international port by compelling passing ships to call there, and establishing fair and reliable facilities for warehousing and trade.<ref name="RICKLEFSp19" />
Winstedt<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winstedt|first=R. O.|date=1922|title=Two legends of Malacca|url=|journal=Journal of Straits Branch of Royal Asiatic Society|volume=85|pages=40|via=}}</ref> suggested that the mouse deer story is likely a story modified from a folk-tale from Kandy, Sri Lanka. And more recently, Ahmat Adam<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adam|first=Ahmat|title=Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai|publisher=SIRD|year=2019|isbn=|location=Petaling Jaya|pages=71}}</ref> pointed out the another possible source of the mouse deer story in his recent romanization work on Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai. Since the founding of Kandy and Pasai predate Melaka, it is not unsafe to conclude that the Melaka version of mouse deer is borrowed and adapted from them.


In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameswara was escorted by [[Zheng He]] and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]] granted it protection from attacks by [[Siam]] and [[Majapahit]]. Malacca officially submitted to Ming China as a [[protectorate]]. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and India, the [[Middle East]], Africa and Europe.<ref>{{Citation |title=Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource |date=2005 |url=http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1730?hl=Malacca |place=Singapore |publisher=Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore |translator-last=Wade |translator-first=Geoff |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112601/http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1730?hl=Malacca |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In collaboration with allies from the sea-people (''[[orang laut]]''), the wandering [[Proto Malay|proto-Malay]] privateers of the Straits, he established Malacca as an international port by compelling passing ships to call there, and establishing fair and reliable facilities for warehousing and trade.<ref name="RICKLEFSp19" />


[[File:Mao Kun map - Malacca.png|thumb|[[Mao Kun map]], from ''[[Wubei Zhi]]'', which comes from the early 15th century maps of [[Zheng He]]'s navigators and cartographers, showing Malacca (滿剌加) near the top left.]]
[[File:Mao Kun map - Malacca.png|thumb|[[Mao Kun map]], from ''[[Wubei Zhi]]'', which comes from the early 15th century maps of [[Zheng He]]'s navigators and cartographers, showing Malacca (滿剌加) near the top left.]]


In Malacca during the early 15th century, [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]] actively sought to develop a commercial hub and a base of operation for their [[Ming treasure voyages|treasure voyages into the Indian Ocean]].<ref name=se16-615/> Malacca had been a relatively insignificant region, not even qualifying as a polity prior to the voyages according to both [[Ma Huan]] and [[Fei Xin]], and was a vassal region of [[Siam]].<ref name=se16-615>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=615 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038}}</ref> In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral [[Zheng He]] with a stone tablet enfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country.<ref name=se16-615/> The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortified cantonment for their soldiers.<ref name=se16-615/> Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare to invade Malacca thereafter.<ref name=se16-615/> The rulers of Malacca, such as [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] in 1411, would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in person.<ref name=se16-615/> In 1431, when a Malaccan representative complained that Siam was obstructing tribute missions to the Ming court, the Xuande Emperor dispatched Zheng He carrying a threatening message for the Siamese king saying "You, king should respect my orders, develop good relations with your neighbours, examine and instruct your subordinates and not act recklessly or aggressively."<ref name=se16-615/> The early kings of Malacca—Parameswara, [[Megat Iskandar Shah of Malacca|Megat Iskandar Shah]], and [[Sri Maharaja]]—understood that they could gain [[Ming China]]'s protection through skilful diplomacy and thereby could establish a strong foundation to their kingdom against Siam and other potential enemies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wang|first1=Gungwu |editor1-first=Leo |editor1-last=Suryadinata |title=Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia |date=2005 |publisher=International Zheng He Society |location=Singapore |isbn=981-230-329-4 |chapter=The First Three Rulers of Malacca | page=40}}</ref> Chinese involvement was crucial for Malacca to grow into a key alternative to other important and established ports.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=620–621|doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038| ref=harv}}.</ref>
During the early 15th century, [[Ming dynasty|Ming China]] actively sought to build in Malacca a commercial hub and a base of operation for their [[Ming treasure voyages|treasure voyages into the Indian Ocean]].<ref name=se16-615/> Malacca had been a relatively insignificant region, not even qualifying as a polity prior to the voyages according to both [[Ma Huan]] and [[Fei Xin]], and was a vassal region of [[Siam]].<ref name=se16-615>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |page=615 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038}}</ref> In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral [[Zheng He]] with a stone tablet enfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country.<ref name=se16-615/> The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortified cantonment for their soldiers.<ref name=se16-615/> Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare to invade Malacca thereafter.<ref name=se16-615/> The rulers of Malacca, such as [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] in 1411, would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in person.<ref name=se16-615/> In 1431, when a Malaccan representative complained that Siam was obstructing tribute missions to the Ming court, the Xuande Emperor dispatched Zheng He carrying a threatening message for the Siamese king saying "You, king should respect my orders, develop good relations with your neighbours, examine and instruct your subordinates and not act recklessly or aggressively."<ref name=se16-615/> The early kings of Malacca—Parameswara, [[Megat Iskandar Shah of Malacca|Megat Iskandar Shah]], and [[Sri Maharaja]]—understood that they could gain Ming China's protection through skilful diplomacy and thereby could establish a strong foundation to their kingdom against Siam and other potential enemies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wang|first1=Gungwu |editor1-first=Leo |editor1-last=Suryadinata |title=Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia |date=2005 |publisher=International Zheng He Society |location=Singapore |isbn=981-230-329-4 |chapter=The First Three Rulers of Malacca | page=40}}</ref> Chinese involvement was crucial for Malacca to grow into a key alternative to other important and established ports.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=620–621|doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038}}</ref>


To enhance relations, [[Hang Li Po]], according to local folklore, a daughter of the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] Emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan [[Mansur Shah of Malacca|Manshur Shah]] who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married locals and settled mostly in [[Bukit Cina]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jin|first=Shaoqing|title=Zheng He's voyages down the western seas|editor=Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province|publisher=China Intercontinental Press|location=Fujian, China|year=2005|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QmpkR6l5MaMC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=zheng+he+mansur+shah&q=zheng%20he%20mansur%20shah|accessdate=2 August 2009 | isbn=978-7-5085-0708-8}}</ref>
According to Malaccan folklore, to enhance relations, [[Hang Li Po]], a daughter of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] Emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan [[Mansur Shah of Malacca|Mansur Shah]] who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married Malaccans and settled mostly in [[Bukit Cina]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jin|first=Shaoqing|title=Zheng He's voyages down the western seas|editor=Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province|publisher=China Intercontinental Press|location=Fujian, China|year=2005|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmpkR6l5MaMC&q=zheng%20he%20mansur%20shah&pg=PA58|access-date=2 August 2009 | isbn=978-7-5085-0708-8}}</ref>
[[File:New Geographic Map of the Interior of Malaca WDL972.png|thumb|Map of Malacca 1602]]
[[File:New Geographic Map of the Interior of Malaca WDL972.png|thumb|Map of Malacca 1602]]
"In the 9th month of the year 1481 envoys arrived with the [...<!--??: |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251|title=Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, [[Reinhold Rost]]|year=1887|publisher=Trübner & Co.|location=LONDON|page=251|isbn=|accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref>-->...] Malacca again sent envoys to China in 1481 to inform the Chinese that, while Malaccan envoys were returning to Malacca from China in 1469, the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] attacked the Malaccans, killing some of them while castrating the young and enslaving them. The Malaccans reported that [[Vietnam]] was in control of Champa and also sought to conquer Malacca, but the Malaccans did not fight back, because they did not want to fight against another state that was a tributary to China without permission from the Chinese. They requested to confront the Vietnamese delegation to [[China]] which was in China at the time, but the Chinese informed them since the incident was years old, they could do nothing about it, and the Emperor sent a letter to the Vietnamese ruler reproaching him for the incident. The Chinese Emperor also ordered the Malaccans to raise soldiers and fight back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked them again.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA252 |title=Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1 |last=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost |publisher=Trübner & Co. |year=1887 |location=London |page=252 |quote=. |access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=Other reports condemned Annamese alleged violation of an Asian "diplomatic protocol" as they killed and enslaved several Southeast Asian envoys who carried tributary missions to China in 1469. Older members of the mission were all killed while younger members were castrated and sold into slavery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&q=envoys#v=onepage&q=envoys%20killed%20enslaved%20southeast%20asian%20older%20diplomatic%20protocol&f=false|title=The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|edition=illustrated|isbn=0-7914-2687-4|page=15|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
Malacca again sent envoys to China in 1481 to inform the Chinese that, while Malaccan envoys were returning to Malacca from China in 1469, the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] attacked the Malaccans, killing some of them while castrating the young and enslaving them. The Malaccans reported that [[Vietnam]] was in control of Champa and also sought to conquer Malacca, but the Malaccans did not fight back, because they did not want to fight against another state that was a tributary to China without permission from the Chinese. They requested to confront the Vietnamese delegation to China which was in China at the time, but the Chinese informed them since the incident was years old, they could do nothing about it, and the Emperor sent a letter to the Vietnamese ruler reproaching him for the incident. The Chinese Emperor also ordered the Malaccans to raise soldiers and fight back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked them again.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA252 |title=Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1 |last=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost |publisher=Trübner & Co. |year=1887 |location=London |page=252 |quote=. |access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=Other reports condemned Annamese alleged violation of an Asian "diplomatic protocol" as they killed and enslaved several Southeast Asian envoys who carried tributary missions to China in 1469. Older members of the mission were all killed while younger members were castrated and sold into slavery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&q=envoys+killed+enslaved+southeast+asian+older+diplomatic+protocol|title=The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty|author=Shih-shan Henry Tsai|year=1996|publisher=SUNY Press|edition=illustrated|isbn=0-7914-2687-4|page=15|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>


===Colonial era===
===Colonial era===
{{See also|Portuguese Malacca|Dutch Malacca|Straits Settlement|Crown Colony of Malacca}}
{{See also|Portuguese Malacca|Dutch Malacca|Straits Settlements|Crown Colony of Malacca}}
[[File:Malacca 1630.jpg|thumb|left|1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of Melaka]]
[[File:Malacca 1630.jpg|thumb|left|1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of Malacca]]
[[File:Bastion Middleburg.JPG|thumb|right|The construction of the [[Bastion Middelburg]] was carried out in 1660 under [[Dutch Malacca|Dutch]] colonized, it is strategically located at the mouth of Malacca River]]
[[File:Bastion Middleburg.JPG|thumb|The construction of the [[Middelburg Bastion]] was carried out in 1660 during [[Dutch Malacca|Dutch-rule]] in Malacca, it is strategically located at the mouth of Malacca River]]


In April 1511, [[Alfonso de Albuquerque]] set sail from [[Goa]] to Malacca with a force of some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.<ref name="RICKLEFSp23">{{harvp|Ricklefs|1993|page=23}}</ref> They [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquered]] the city on 24 August 1511. After seizing the city [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] spared the [[Hindu]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Myanmar|Burmese]] inhabitants but had the Muslim inhabitants massacred or sold into slavery.<ref name="Headrick2010"/>
In April 1511, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] set sail from [[Goa]] to Malacca with a force of some 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.<ref name="RICKLEFSp23">{{harvp|Ricklefs|1993|page=23}}</ref> They [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquered]] the city on 24 August 1511. After seizing the city Afonso de Albuquerque spared the [[Hindu]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Myanmar|Burmese]] inhabitants but had the Muslim inhabitants massacred or sold into slavery.<ref name="Headrick2010"/>


It soon became clear that [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] control of Malacca did not also mean they controlled [[Asian people|Asian]] trade centred there. Their Malaccan rule was severely hampered by administrative and economic difficulties.<ref name="RICKLEFSp23-24">{{harvp|Ricklefs|1993|pages=23–24}}</ref> Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating Asian trade, the Portuguese had disrupted the organisation of the network. The centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth had now gone, as was a Malay state to police the [[Straits of Malacca]] that made it safe for commercial traffic. Trade was now scattered over a number of ports among bitter warfare in the Straits.<ref name="RICKLEFSp23-24" />
It soon became clear that [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] control of Malacca did not also mean that they controlled the [[Asian people|Asian]] trade centred there. The Malaccan rule was severely hampered by administrative and economic difficulties.<ref name="RICKLEFSp23-24">{{harvp|Ricklefs|1993|pages=23–24}}</ref> Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating Asian trade, the Portuguese had disrupted the organised network that had existed. The centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth was now gone, as was a Malay state to police the [[Strait of Malacca]] which had made it safe for commercial traffic. Trade was now scattered over a number of ports that fought amongst each other.<ref name="RICKLEFSp23-24" />


[[File:Malaca, Malaka, Histoire générale des voyages, Paris, Didot, 1750.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch Malacca]], c. 1750]]
[[File:Malaca, Malaka, Histoire générale des voyages, Paris, Didot, 1750.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch Malacca]], c. 1750]]


The [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[missionary]] [[Francis Xavier]] spent several months in Malacca in 1545, 1546, and 1549. The Dutch launched several attacks on the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] colony during the first four decades of the seventeenth century. The first attack took place in 1606 under the command of Dutch Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge who laid siege to the town with the help of his Johor allies. He engaged the Portuguese armada which had been sent from Goa to offer armed relief to the besieged port.<ref name="BORSCHBERG01">{{harvp|Borschberg|2015|pages=65-74}}</ref> On 14 January 1641, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese in an effort to capture Malacca, with the help of the Sultan of [[Johor]].<ref name="arkib.gov.my"/><ref name="auto" /><ref name="BORSCHBERG02">{{harvp|Borschberg|2010|pages=157–158}}</ref> <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[File:Fort Formosa.jpg|thumbnail|220px|right|Fort A Famosa: Slated for demolition by the British, the plan was aborted after the intervention of Sir Stamford Raffles in 1808.]] -->The Dutch ruled Malacca from 1641 to 1798 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance on [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] ([[Jakarta]]) and [[Java]] as their administrative centre. However they still built their landmark, better known as the [[Stadthuys]]. In the Dutch era the building was white, the red paint is of later date.
The [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[missionary]] [[Francis Xavier]] spent several months in Malacca in 1545, 1546, and 1549. The Dutch launched several attacks on the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] colony during the first four decades of the seventeenth century. The first attack took place in 1606 under the command of Dutch Admiral [[Cornelis Matelief de Jonge]] who laid siege to the town with the help of his ally, the [[Johor Sultanate]]. He engaged the Portuguese armada which had been sent from Goa to offer armed relief to the besieged port.<ref name="BORSCHBERG01">{{harvp|Borschberg|2015|pages=65-74}}</ref> On 14 January 1641, the Dutch [[Siege of Malacca (1641)|defeated the Portuguese]] in an effort to capture Malacca, with the help of the Sultan of [[Johor]].<ref name="arkib.gov.my"/><ref name="auto" /><ref name="BORSCHBERG02">{{harvp|Borschberg|2010|pages=157–158}}</ref> The Dutch ruled Malacca from 1641 to 1798 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance on [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] ([[Jakarta]]) and [[Java]] as their administrative centre. However they still built an administrative building called, [[Stadthuys]], which is now a landmark. In the Dutch era the building was white, the current red paint was from a later date.
[[File:Image from page 26 of "British Malaya; an account of the origin and progress of British influence in Malaya;... (1907) (14580981259).jpg|thumb|left|Malacca River 1907, [[Church of St. Francis Xavier, Malacca City|Church of St. Francis Xavier]] in the background]]
[[File:Image from page 26 of "British Malaya; an account of the origin and progress of British influence in Malaya;... (1907) (14580981259).jpg|thumb|left|Malacca River 1907, [[Church of St. Francis Xavier, Malacca City|Church of St. Francis Xavier]] in the background]]
Malacca was ceded to the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] in exchange for [[Bengkulu|Bencoolen]] on Sumatra. From 1824 to 1942, Malacca was under the rule of the British, first by the [[British East India Company]] and then as a [[crown colony]]. Due to dissatisfaction with British jurisdiction over [[Naning]], [[Dol Said]], a local chief, fought the [[East India Company]] in [[Naning war|a war]] from 1831 to 1832, which resulted in a decisive British victory. It formed part of the [[Straits Settlements]], together with [[Singapore]] and [[Penang]]. Malacca went briefly under the rule of [[Empire of Japan]] in 1942–1945<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.arkib.gov.my/hids/print.php?type=A&item_id=3858|title=Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah|website=www2.arkib.gov.my}}</ref> during [[World War II]].
Malacca was ceded to the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] in exchange for [[British Bencoolen|Bencoolen]] on Sumatra. From 1824 to 1942, Malacca was under the rule of the British, first by the [[East India Company]] and then as a [[crown colony]]. Due to dissatisfaction with British jurisdiction over [[Naning]], [[Dol Said]], a local chief, fought the [[East India Company]] in [[Naning War|a war]] from 1831 to 1832, which resulted in a decisive British victory. It formed part of the [[Straits Settlements]], together with [[Singapore]] and [[Penang]]. Malacca went briefly under the rule of [[Empire of Japan]] between 1942 and 1945<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.arkib.gov.my/hids/print.php?type=A&item_id=3858|title=Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah|website=www2.arkib.gov.my|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124853/http://www2.arkib.gov.my/hids/print.php?type=A&item_id=3858|url-status=dead}}</ref> during [[World War II]].


===Post colonial era===
===Post colonial era===
After the dissolution of this crown colony, Malacca and [[Penang]] became part of the [[Malayan Union]] on 1 April 1946,<ref name="arkib.gov.my1"/> which later became the [[Federation of Malaya]] on 1 February 1948.<ref name="nlb.gov.sg"/> The declaration of independence was made by the first Prime Minister of Malaya, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], at Padang Pahlawan on 20 February 1956, which eventually led to the independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957.<ref name="arkib.gov.my2"/> On 16 September 1963, Malaysia was formed with the merger of Malaya with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and Malacca became part of it.<ref name="arkib.gov.my3">{{cite web|url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-19632|title=Portal Rasmi Arkib Negara Malaysia|website=www.arkib.gov.my}}</ref> On 15 April 1989, Malacca was declared a historical city. It was then also listed as UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] since 7 July 2008.<ref name=":0" />


After the war, Malacca was placed under a [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|military administration]] until 1946. Subsequently, the [[Straits Settlements]] was abolished, as the British sought to consolidate the various political entities in [[British Malaya]] under a single polity named the [[Malayan Union]]. The now separate [[Crown Colony of Malacca]] was consequently merged into the Malayan Union, which was then replaced by the [[Federation of Malaya]] in 1948.<ref name="arkib.gov.my1"/><ref name="nlb.gov.sg"/> The declaration of independence was made by the first Prime Minister of Malaya, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], at Padang Pahlawan on 20 February 1956, which eventually led to the independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957.<ref name="arkib.gov.my2"/> On 16 September 1963, Malaysia was formed with the merger of Malaya with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and Malacca became part of it.<ref name="arkib.gov.my3">{{cite web|url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-19632|title=Portal Rasmi Arkib Negara Malaysia|website=www.arkib.gov.my|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203090503/http://www.arkib.gov.my/web/guest/penubuhan-malaysia-16-september-19632|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Malacca River Walk 2012.JPG|thumb|[[Malacca River]]]]
[[File:195a Malacca, Malaysia (51256732430).jpg|thumb|Malacca in 1971]]
The state capital, [[Malacca City]], with a variety of architectures inherited from its colonial days, was declared a historical city on 15 April 1989 and granted city status on 15 April 2003 by the [[Government of Malaysia|Federal Government of Malaysia]]. The city's historical core has been listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 7 July 2008. Malacca City along with [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] was confirmed as a [[Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2011.<ref name=":0" />


==Governance and politics==
The state of Malacca covers an area of {{convert|1664|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010"/> It sits upon the southwestern coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]] opposite [[Sumatra]], with the state of [[Negeri Sembilan]] to the north and west and [[Johor]] to the east. Malacca is situated roughly two-thirds of the way down the west coast, {{convert|148|km|0|abbr=on}} south of [[Kuala Lumpur]] and commands a central position on the [[Straits of Malacca]]. With the exception of some of its small hills, Malacca is generally a lowland area with average elevation below 50 meters above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floodmap.net/elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1734759 |title=Elevation of Melaka, Malaysia Elevation Map, Topography, Contour |work=floodmap.net |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316031853/http://floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1734759 |archivedate=16 March 2015 }}</ref>
[[File:Main building inside Seri Negeri Complex, Malacca.JPG|thumb|[[Seri Negeri complex]], which houses the office of Malacca's chief minister, the [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]], the State Secretariat office and the [[official residence]] of the Governor.]]
Malacca is one of four [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|Malaysian states]] without hereditary monarchies, despite being the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates, as the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquered it]] in 1511. The head of state of Malacca is the governor ({{langx|ms|[[List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]}}), who is appointed by the [[King of Malaysia]]. [[Ali Rustam]] is the current Governor of Malacca, having assumed office on 4 June 2020. In practice, the Governor's role is largely symbolic and ceremonial. This includes the authority to appoint the [[Chief Minister of Malacca|head of government]] and approve legislation that has been passed by the state's legislature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tytmelaka.gov.my/index.php/institusi-tyt-melaka/|title=Institusi TYT Melaka|access-date=1 December 2021|website=tytmelaka.gov.my}}</ref>


The Malacca state government has its own executive council and legislature, but their powers are limited compared to the [[Government of Malaysia|Malaysian federal government]]. According to the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], the state may legislate on matters pertaining to Malay customs, land, agriculture and forestry, local government, civil and water works, and state administration, whereas matters that fall under the joint purview of both state and federal authorities include social welfare, wildlife protection and national parks, scholarships, husbandry, town planning, drainage and irrigation, and public health and health regulations.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf|title=Constitution of Malaysia|access-date=11 June 2011|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514094615/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/malaysia.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Malacca River]] roughly runs through the centre line of the state from north to south. [[Kesang River]] acts as the eastern border of Melaka with [[Johor]]. The offshore [[Pulau Besar (Malacca)|Besar Island]], [[Pulau Upeh|Upeh Island]] and [[Pulau Undan|Undan Island]] are part of Malacca which are accessible by jetty from Malacca mainland. The peninsula of Tanjung Tuan (Cape Rachado) is an exclave of the state, situated on the coast of Negeri Sembilan which it borders to the north. Malacca has several beaches edged with palm trees which has brought a number of resorts along the coast. Beaches include [[Tanjung Bidara Beach]], [[Klebang Beach]], [[Puteri Beach]] and [[Pengkalan Balak Beach]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.net/beaches_island.htm|title=Beautiful beaches and island in Malacca, Malaysia|work=melaka.net}}</ref>


===Executive and Legislature===
The man-made [[Malacca Island]] is connected to the mainland and it is the first phase of the development of [[Melaka Gateway|Malacca Gateway]] offshore development, expected to be completed by 2025.
{{Main|Malacca State Executive Council|Malacca State Legislative Assembly}}
{{See also|Chief Minister of Malacca}}
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:left; margin-right:.8em; margin-top:.7em; font-size:90%;"
|- style="background:#EEF; vertical-align:top;"
!Political Party/<br />Alliance
![[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|State Legislative<br/>Assembly]]
![[Dewan Rakyat|Malaysian]]
[[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#00bfff;" |[[Barisan Nasional]]
||21 (75.0%)
||0
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f77;" |[[Pakatan Harapan]]
||5 (17.86%)
||3 (50.0%)
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#003152;" |[[Perikatan Nasional]]
|2 (7.14%)
|3 (50.0%)
|}
Malacca's state legislature is the unicameral 28-seat [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]], the highest authority in the state which decides on policy matters. The State Executive Council is responsible to the assembly and comprises members who are appointed every five years by the political party or coalition in power.


The state government is headed by the [[Chief Minister of Malacca|chief minister]], appointed by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri from among the State Legislative Assembly members of the governing party or coalition. The chief Minister presides over a meeting of State Executive Council ministers weekly at the chief minister's office. The Chief Minister's Department is responsible for the overall administration of the state, as well as its political interest. The current chief minister is [[Sulaiman Md Ali]] of the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO).
===Climate===
The climate of Malacca is hot and humid throughout the year with rainfall occurring mostly between October and March. Temperature ranges generally between 30-35&nbsp;°C during daytime and between 27-29&nbsp;°C during night time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malacca.ws/info/weather.htm|title=Malacca Weather|work=malacca.ws}}</ref>


The administrative complex is located at [[Seri Negeri complex]] in [[Ayer Keroh]]. It houses the chief minister's office, the [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]], the state secretariat office and the official residence of the governor.
{{Weather box
|location = Malacca (1961–1990)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan high C = 31.4
|Feb high C = 32.6
|Mar high C = 32.6
|Apr high C = 32.4
|May high C = 31.8
|Jun high C = 31.4
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 30.9
|Sep high C = 31.0
|Oct high C = 31.3
|Nov high C = 31.0
|Dec high C = 30.9
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan low C = 22.5
|Feb low C = 22.9
|Mar low C = 23.1
|Apr low C = 23.4
|May low C = 23.4
|Jun low C = 23.0
|Jul low C = 22.7
|Aug low C = 22.7
|Sep low C = 22.7
|Oct low C = 22.9
|Nov low C = 22.9
|Dec low C = 22.6
|year low C = 22.9
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 73.3
|Feb rain mm = 90.9
|Mar rain mm = 144.1
|Apr rain mm = 197.5
|May rain mm = 172.0
|Jun rain mm = 165.8
|Jul rain mm = 164.2
|Aug rain mm = 164.1
|Sep rain mm = 210.2
|Oct rain mm = 212.9
|Nov rain mm = 231.5
|Dec rain mm = 123.8
|year rain mm = 1950.3
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 7
|Feb rain days = 7
|Mar rain days = 10
|Apr rain days = 13
|May rain days = 12
|Jun rain days = 10
|Jul rain days = 12
|Aug rain days = 12
|Sep rain days = 13
|Oct rain days = 14
|Nov rain days = 17
|Dec rain days = 11
|year rain days = 138
|Jan sun = 193.0
|Feb sun = 202.5
|Mar sun = 214.8
|Apr sun = 207.5
|May sun = 210.5
|Jun sun = 193.9
|Jul sun = 201.3
|Aug sun = 191.2
|Sep sun = 171.5
|Oct sun = 179.6
|Nov sun = 156.9
|Dec sun = 166.8
|year sun =
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__V/MS/48665.TXT
| title = Malacca Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| accessdate = 7 May 2014}}</ref>
|date=February 2011}}


==Government==
{{for|a complete list of members|Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018-)#Malacca}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| colspan=6 | [[File:Melaka State 2018.svg|300px]]
| colspan=6 | [[File:Melaka State 2021.svg|300px]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Affiliation
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Affiliation
Line 229: Line 236:
! colspan="2" |Seats
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
|-
![[2018 Malacca state election|2018 election]]
![[2021 Malacca state election|2021 election]]
!Current
!Current
|-
|-
|{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}}
|{{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}}<br />{{Color box|#CC2200|border=darkgray}}
|[[Perikatan Nasional]]
|[[Barisan Nasional]]<br />[[Pakatan Harapan]]
|[[Sulaiman Md Ali]]
|[[Sulaiman Md Ali]]
|Government
|Government
|13
|26
|17
|26
|-
|-
|{{Color box|#CC2200|border=darkgray}}
|{{Color box|#031e61|border=darkgray}}
|[[Pakatan Harapan]]
|[[Perikatan Nasional]]
|[[Adly Zahari]]
|[[Mohd Yadzil Yaakub]]
|[[Opposition (Malaysia)|Opposition]]
|[[Opposition (Malaysia)|Opposition]]
|15
|2
|11
|2
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!28
!28
|-
|-
! colspan="4" |Government majority
! colspan="4" |Government majority
!2
!24
!6
!24
|}
|}
[[File:Main building inside Seri Negeri Complex, Malacca.JPG|thumb|[[Seri Negeri complex]], which houses the office of Malacca Chief Minister and [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]].]]
[[File:Melaka State 2018.svg|thumb|Party composition in the [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]] after the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]]: {{Color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} [[Pakatan Harapan|PH]] (15) and {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] (13).]]


===Local governments===
Malacca's state parliament is called the [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]] and the party in power forms the Executive Committee. The assembly represents the highest authority in the state and decides on policy matters. The State Executive Council is responsible to the assembly and comprises members who are appointed every five years by the political party in power. It is headed by the [[List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] who is appointed by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of Malaysia. The current Yang di-Pertua Negeri is [[Mohd Khalil Yaakob]].
Malacca is further divided into four municipalities, one of which is a city-level municipality, each administered by a [[Local government in Malaysia|local government]]. The local governments exercise power in areas such as planning and development control, public housing, public spaces, waste disposal, business licensing, markets, local transport, and municipal roads.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harding |first=Andrew |date=Sep 2022 |title=A Baseline Study of Local Government in West Malaysia |url=https://law.nus.edu.sg/cals/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/09/CALS-WPS-2201.pdf |journal=[[National University of Singapore]]}}</ref> Malacca is also divided into three administrative districts of Alor Gajah, Jasin and Melaka Tengah. Each district is headed by a district officer. The lands and district office in each district deals with land administration and revenue. Thus, it differs from the local governments that oversee the provision and maintenance of urban infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganason|first=Anesh|title=Land Administration System in Malaysia: Building Institutional and Organisational Capacity for Coordinating Land Administration between the Federal and State Authorities|url=https://ifolio.ukm.my/Scripts/tinymce/plugins/filemanager/files/2596/LAND_ADMINISTRATION_SYSTEM_IN_MALAYSIA_ANESH_AJMedit250320101.pdf|journal=[[National University of Malaysia|Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]]|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204000732/https://ifolio.ukm.my/Scripts/tinymce/plugins/filemanager/files/2596/LAND_ADMINISTRATION_SYSTEM_IN_MALAYSIA_ANESH_AJMedit250320101.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


* [[Malacca City Council]] administers most of [[Melaka Tengah District]].
The State Government is headed by the [[Chief Ministers in Malaysia|Chief Minister]]. The minister is appointed by Yang di-Pertua Negeri from among the State Legislative Assembly members. The Chief Minister presides over a meeting of State Executive Council ministers weekly at the Chief Minister's office. The [[Chief Ministers in Malaysia|Chief Minister]]'s Department is responsible for the overall administration of the state, as well as its political interest. The current Chief Minister is [[Sulaiman Md Ali]] from the [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]].
* Alor Gajah Municipal Council administers most of [[Alor Gajah District]].

* Jasin Municipal Council administers most of [[Jasin District]].
The administrative complex is located at [[Seri Negeri complex]] in [[Ayer Keroh]]. It houses the [[Chief Minister]]'s office, [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]] and [[Malacca State Secretariat Building|State Secretariat office]]. For administrative purposes, Malacca is divided into three districts under separate jurisdiction:
* [[Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council]] is in charge of [[Hang Tuah Jaya]] municipality, which consists of the northern part of Melaka Tengah District, the southeastern part of Alor Gajah District and the western part of Jasin District.
* Malacca Central District and Land Office
* Alor Gajah District and Land Office
* Jasin District and Land Office

===Districts and local authorities===
Malacca is divided into 3 districts and 4 local authorities.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Rank
!District
!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
!Population (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/malaysia-admin.php?adm1id=04|title=Melaka (Federal State, Malaysia) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts|work=citypopulation.de}}</ref>
!District Seat
!Local Government
|-
|align=center|{{nts|1}}
|[[Central Malacca]]
|align=centre|279.85
|align=centre|503,127
|[[Malacca City]]<br />[[Ayer Keroh]]
|[[Malacca City Council|Historical Malacca City Council]]<br/>[[Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council]]
|-
|align=center|{{nts|2}}
|[[Alor Gajah District|Alor Gajah]]
|align=centre|660.00
|align=centre|182,666
|[[Alor Gajah|Alor Gajah Town]]
|[[Alor Gajah Municipal Council]]
|-
|align=center|{{nts|3}}
|[[Jasin District|Jasin]]
|align=centre|676.07
|align=centre|135,317
|[[Jasin (town)|Jasin Town]]
|[[Jasin Municipal Council]]
|}


{{multiple image
{{multiple image
Line 301: Line 276:
| image1 = Melaka Malaysia Majlis-Bandaraya-Melaka-Bersejarah-01.jpg
| image1 = Melaka Malaysia Majlis-Bandaraya-Melaka-Bersejarah-01.jpg
| width1 = 282
| width1 = 282
| caption1 = [[Malacca City Council|Historical Malacca City Council]]
| caption1 = Graha Makmur in Ayer Keroh serves as the headquarters of the Malacca City Council.
| image2 = Melaka Mall.jpg
| image2 = Melaka Mall.jpg
| width2 = 250
| width2 = 250
| caption2 = Melaka Mall which houses Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council
| caption2 = Melaka Mall, adjacent to Graha Makmur and formerly known as Kotamas, houses the Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council headquarters.
| image3 = Alor Gajah Municipal Council.JPG
| width3 = 250
| caption3 = Alor Gajah Municipal Council
| image4 = Jasin Municipal Council.JPG
| width4 = 250
| caption4 = Jasin Municipal Council
| direction =
| total_width =
| alt1 =
}}
}}


===Towns===
=== Foreign relations===
Besides [[Malacca City]], other major Malacca townships include [[Alor Gajah]], [[Pekan Asahan|Asahan]], [[Ayer Keroh]], [[Batang Melaka]], [[Batu Berendam]], [[Bemban]], [[Bukit Katil]], [[Cheng Township|Cheng]], [[Durian Tunggal]], [[Hang Tuah Jaya]], [[Jasin, Malacca|Jasin]], [[Klebang]], [[Kuala Sungai Baru]], [[Lendu, Malacca|Lendu]], [[Lubuk China]], [[Machap Baru]], [[Melaka Pindah|Malacca Pindah]], [[Masjid Tanah]], [[Merlimau]], [[Naning]], [[Nyalas]], [[Pulau Sebang]], [[Ramuan China]], [[Selandar]], [[Serkam]], [[Simpang Ampat, Malacca|Simpang Ampat]], [[Sungai Rambai]], [[Sungai Udang]], [[Tanjung Kling]], [[Telok Mas]] and [[Umbai]].
[[File:Beautiful Rickshaw.jpg|thumb|Elaborately decorated rickshaws are available in Melaka]]


Malacca signed sister state relationship memorandums with China's [[Jiangsu|Jiangsu Province]] and [[Guangdong|Guangdong Province]].<ref>''Jiangsu''. (2017). Retrieved from Jiangsu Provincial People's Government website: http://en.jiangsu.gov.cn/col/col54176/index.html?yqpgnm=msjgy3</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2001&dt=0415&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Ekonomi&pg=ek_04.htm|title=Melaka jalin hubungan dengan wilayah Jiangsu|website=Utusan Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/2015-09/23/content_133454460.htm |title=Guangdong & Malacca sign sister relationship memo |author=Chan |publisher=News Guangdong |date=23 September 2015 |access-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925084738/http://www.newsgd.com/news/2015-09/23/content_133454460.htm |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kln.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=73198&folderId=5316759&name=DLFE-159420.pdf |title=Document |website=www.kln.gov.my |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803062059/http://www.kln.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=73198&folderId=5316759&name=DLFE-159420.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From the late 2000s to late 2010s, two bungalows in the town of [[Peringgit]] housed galleries which display and promote foreign artwork and culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/07/09/cuba-comes-to-malacca/|title=Cuba comes to Malacca|work=Bernama|publisher=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=9 July 2011|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssig.gov.my/blog/2011/07/04/casa-cuba-exposes-malaysia-to-cuban-culture/|title=Casa Cuba Exposes Malaysia To Cuban Culture|author=Fadzli Ramli|work=Bernama|publisher=South-South Information Gateway|date=4 July 2011|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322202930/http://www.ssig.gov.my/blog/2011/07/04/casa-cuba-exposes-malaysia-to-cuban-culture/|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among these were [[Casa Cuba]], which was established by the [[Cuba–Malaysia relations|embassy of Cuba]] and the [[Macau Gallery Melaka|Macau Gallery]], which was established by the [[Government of Macau|Government]] of [[Macau]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/07/05/casa-cuba-meets-melaka-heritage-city|title=Casa Cuba meets Melaka heritage city|work=[[Bernama]]|publisher=[[The Brunei Times]]|date=5 July 2011|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622090930/http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2011/07/05/casa-cuba-meets-melaka-heritage-city|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[Melaka Gallery (Indonesia)|gallery]] promoting the state was also established in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmdi.com.my/dmdi-web/index.php/foto-aktiviti-tahun-2013/24-perasmian-galeri-melaka|title=Perasmian Galeri Melaka|work=dmdi.com.my|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614111620/http://www.dmdi.com.my/dmdi-web/index.php/foto-aktiviti-tahun-2013/24-perasmian-galeri-melaka|archive-date=14 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merdeka.com/jakarta/ada-galeri-melaka-jokowi-harap-turis-malaysia-banjiri-jakarta.html|title=Ada Galeri Melaka, Jokowi harap turis Malaysia banjiri Jakarta|author=Al Amin|date=22 February 2013|work=merdeka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.tempo.co/read/news/2012/09/14/083429421/Malaysia-Dirikan-Galeri-Kebudayaan-di-Jakarta|title=Malaysia Dirikan Galeri Kebudayaan di Jakarta - Tempo Metro|work=Tempo|date=14 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/04/10/13213571/Melawat.Melaka.Lewat.Galeri.Melaka|title=Melawat Melaka Lewat Galeri Melaka|author=Kompas Cyber Media|work=KOMPAS.com|date=10 April 2013}}</ref>
==Economy==
[[File:Serkam Industrial Area.JPG|thumb|left|[[Serkam]] industrial area]]


==Geography==
Despite being located in a land without any significant natural resources, the economy of Malacca dates back more than 500 years, due to its strategic location. As the center of the all important spice trade, Malacca attracted many colonial powers to engage wars to control it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spy.my/malacca/business.html|title=Malacca business, the Malacca economy & the booming tourist industry|author=Juli Paul|work=spy.my}}</ref>
[[File:Malacca River Walk 2012.JPG|thumb|[[Malacca River]]]]


The state of Malacca covers an area of {{convert|1775|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010"/> It located on the southwestern coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]] opposite [[Sumatra]], with the state of [[Negeri Sembilan]] to the north and west and [[Johor]] to the east. Malacca is situated roughly two-thirds of the way down the west coast, {{convert|149|km|0|abbr=on}} south of [[Kuala Lumpur]] and has a central position on the [[Strait of Malacca]]. With the exception of some of its [[Inselberg|small hills]], Malacca is generally a lowland area with average elevation of less than 50 metres above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floodmap.net/elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1734759 |title=Elevation of Melaka, Malaysia Elevation Map, Topography, Contour |work=floodmap.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316031853/http://floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1734759 |archive-date=16 March 2015 }}</ref> While being relatively isolated from the [[Titiwangsa Mountains]] proper, which end near the border with [[Negeri Sembilan]] at the neighbouring towns of [[Pulau Sebang]] and [[Tampin (town)|Tampin]], the hills are composed of Titiwangsa [[granite]]. The southernmost known Titiwangsa granite outcrop is known to be in [[Besar Island, Malacca|Besar Island]], off the coast of [[Jasin District]]. The 512-metre-tall Bukit Gapis, also known as Gunung Melaka, is the state's highest point.
[[File:Melaka International Trade Center.jpg|thumb|[[Malacca International Trade Centre]]]]
[[Sungai Udang]] houses the [[oil refinery|PETRONAS Malacca Refinery Complex]] consisting two refining trains, established in 1994 and 1999 and owned by PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn. Bhd. and Malaysian Refining Company Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The total capacity of the refinery is 270,000 barrels of oil per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/our-business/downstream/oil/oil-refining/Pages/melaka-refinery.aspx|title=Melaka Refinery|work=petronas.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/about-us/petronas-directory/Pages/PETRONAS%20Directory/PETRONAS-Penapisan-(Melaka)-Sdn-Bhd.aspx|title=PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn Bhd|work=petronas.com.my}}</ref>


The peninsula of [[Tanjung Tuan]] (formerly known as Cape Rachado) is an exclave of the state, situated on the coast of Negeri Sembilan which it borders to the north. The major rivers within Malacca include the Malacca, Linggi and Kesang Rivers. [[Malacca River]] (Sungai Melaka) runs roughly north to south down the middle of the state, [[Linggi River]] acts as the western border of Malacca with [[Negeri Sembilan]], while [[Kesang River]] acts as the eastern border of Malacca with [[Johor]]. Malacca has 17 islands off its coast, with [[Besar Island, Malacca|Besar Island]] being the largest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.net/beaches_island.htm|title=Beautiful beaches and island in Malacca, Malaysia|work=melaka.net}}</ref>
The [[Malacca International Trade Centre]] in [[Ayer Keroh]] which was opened in June 2003 is the leading commercial centre and the centre for meetings, incentives, convention and exhibitions which plays an important role in the development of trade in Malacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-trade-centre |title=Melaka International Trade Centre|accessdate=2015-05-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701122427/http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-trade-centre |archivedate=1 July 2015 }}</ref>


===Climate===
On 20 October 2010 an event was held to announce that Malacca had met the benchmark of 'Developed State' as set out by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] and a declaration of "Melaka Maju 2010" was made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/penafian/7622-melaka-maju-2011.html|title=MELAKA MAJU 2010|access-date=2018-11-18|website=1KLIK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035355/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/penafian/7622-melaka-maju-2011.html|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=ms|trans-title=PROGRESSIVE MELAKA 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=1019&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_06.htm|title=Rakyat iktiraf Melaka Maju 2010|date=2018-11-18|newspaper=Utusan ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118040822/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=1019&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_06.htm|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=ms|trans-title=Malaysians recognize Progressive Malacca 2010|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>
The climate of Malacca is hot and humid throughout the year with abundant rainfall, highest between September and November. Daytime high temperatures range between {{cvt|31 and 33|°C}} and nighttime lows around {{cvt|23|°C}}.<ref name="NOAA (sun)" />


{{Weather box
{{As of|2012}}, service sector contributes to the largest share of economy in Malacca accounted for 46.9%, followed by manufacturing (43.5%), agriculture (6.5%), construction (2.9%) and mining (0.1%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pknm.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/2014-08-18-03-48-16/2014-08-18-07-18-11/economy-in-melaka|title=Economy In Melaka|author=Super User|work=pknm.gov.my|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622085126/http://www.pknm.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/2014-08-18-03-48-16/2014-08-18-07-18-11/economy-in-melaka|archivedate=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In terms of number of workforce, {{As of|2013|lc=y}}, there were 275,000 people working in the industrial sectors, 225,000 people working in the service sectors, 35,000 people working in the entrepreneurship sectors and 12,300 people working in the agricultural sectors.<ref name="superuser">{{cite web|url=http://www.emelaka.gov.my/en/index.php/emelaka|title=E-MELAKA|author=Super User|work=emelaka.gov.my|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704063426/http://www.emelaka.gov.my/en/index.php/emelaka|archivedate=4 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|location = Malacca (1991–2020 normals)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
| Jan record high C = 35.2
| Feb record high C = 37.8
| Mar record high C = 37.2
| Apr record high C = 37.3
| May record high C = 38.0
| Jun record high C = 34.7
| Jul record high C = 35.7
| Aug record high C = 34.2
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 35.6
| Nov record high C = 34.4
| Dec record high C = 34.6
| year record high C =
| Jan record low C = 21.7
| Feb record low C = 22.0
| Mar record low C = 22.2
| Apr record low C = 22.6
| May record low C = 22.4
| Jun record low C = 22.1
| Jul record low C = 21.8
| Aug record low C = 21.8
| Sep record low C = 21.9
| Oct record low C = 22.1
| Nov record low C = 22.3
| Dec record low C = 21.9
| year record low C =


|Jan high C = 31.8
Malacca has successfully opened itself up to foreign investors since the early 1970s. By 1997, the state has registered a total investment of over MYR16 billion. In 2014, the state achieved a total MYR4.4 billion worth of investment, in which MYR1.8 billion came from foreign investors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1343115 |title=Step up Malacca-China bilateral cooperation to boost economy |date=2 March 2015 |work=www.thesundaily.my |access-date=6 May 2017 |agency=Bernama}}</ref>
|Feb high C = 32.9
|Mar high C = 33.2
|Apr high C = 33.0
|May high C = 32.6
|Jun high C = 32.1
|Jul high C = 31.6
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.8
|Oct high C = 32.1
|Nov high C = 31.7
|Dec high C = 31.3
| year high C = 32.1
|Jan mean C = 26.9
|Feb mean C = 27.5
|Mar mean C = 27.8
|Apr mean C = 28.0
|May mean C = 28.2
|Jun mean C = 27.9
|Jul mean C = 27.5
|Aug mean C = 27.4
|Sep mean C = 27.4
|Oct mean C = 27.4
|Nov mean C = 26.9
|Dec mean C = 26.7
| year mean C = 27.5
|Jan low C = 23.7
|Feb low C = 23.9
|Mar low C = 24.3
|Apr low C = 24.5
|May low C = 24.6
|Jun low C = 24.4
|Jul low C = 23.9
|Aug low C = 23.9
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 24.0
|Nov low C = 23.9
|Dec low C = 23.8
| year low C = 24.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 102.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 79.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 129.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 166.1
|May precipitation mm = 167.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 172.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 196.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 219.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 161.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 189.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 233.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 177.1
| year precipitation mm = 1993.8
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.0
|Feb precipitation days = 6.5
|Mar precipitation days = 10.1
|Apr precipitation days = 11.9
|May precipitation days = 10.6
|Jun precipitation days = 9.4
|Jul precipitation days = 11.7
|Aug precipitation days = 12.4
|Sep precipitation days = 11.4
|Oct precipitation days = 12.1
|Nov precipitation days = 15.7
|Dec precipitation days = 12.5
|year precipitation days = 132.3
|Jan sun = 193.0
|Feb sun = 202.5
|Mar sun = 214.8
|Apr sun = 207.5
|May sun = 210.5
|Jun sun = 193.9
|Jul sun = 201.3
|Aug sun = 191.2
|Sep sun = 171.5
|Oct sun = 179.6
|Nov sun = 156.9
|Dec sun = 166.8
|year sun =
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Malaysia/CSV/Melaka_48665.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 19 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA<ref name = "NOAA (sun)">{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__V/MS/48665.TXT
| title = Malacca Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 7 May 2014}}</ref>
|date=February 2011}}


===Urban and suburban areas===
In 2013, Malacca had a GDP of MYR22,646 million with GDP per capita of MYR34,109. It had 3.2% GDP growth in 2013. Inflation rate in 2012 was 1.6%. {{As of|2015}}, the Malacca State Government has an outstanding MYR861.7 million of loan to the [[Government of Malaysia|federal government]]. In 2014, the state government's reserve amounted to MYR206.61 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/melaka-expects-rm5.4b-in-green-technology-investments-by-2020|title=Melaka expects RM5.4b in green technology investments by 2020|work=themalaymailonline.com}}</ref> The unemployment rate in 2014 was 0.9% or around 3,500 people.<ref name="statistics.gov.my">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=TmlOYTJZTEJJZXg5QUZQMUxrRVFKUT09|title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Website|work=statistics.gov.my|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615234747/https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column%2Fcone&menu_id=TmlOYTJZTEJJZXg5QUZQMUxrRVFKUT09|archivedate=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The state has a relatively well-educated population, with a youth literacy rate of 99.5% as reported by Malaysia Millennium Development Goals Report 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://un.org.my/upload/undp_mdg_report_2015.pdf|title=Malaysia Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|access-date=2018-11-18|publisher=ECONOMIC PLANNING UNIT PRIME MINISTER'S DEPARTMENT MALAYSIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118042622/http://un.org.my/upload/undp_mdg_report_2015.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>


{{Location map many|Malaysia Malacca|width=900|float=center
Currently there are 23 industrial areas which are centred along the edges of the city proper in suburbs which include Ayer Keroh, Batu Berendam, Cheng, Taman Tasik Utama and Tanjung Kling. While outside Malacca City, industrial areas include Alor Gajah and Sungai Udang. There are around 500 factories in the state which come from Germany, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, United States etc. For [[small and medium-sized enterprises]], a number of estates have been established by the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/kawasan-perindustrian |title=Industrial Area
|caption=A map of '''Malacca''' with the locations of the capital city of [[Malacca City|Malacca]] and its suburbs, and other major towns.
|accessdate=2015-05-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713081610/http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/kawasan-perindustrian |archivedate=13 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.net/melakatoday.htm|title=The historic state and city : Melaka today|work=melaka.net}}</ref>
|lat1=2.15|long1=102|label1_size=90 |label1='''''[[Strait of Malacca|<i style="color:#48A3B5"">Strait of Malacca</i>]]'''''|position1=centre|mark1size=0

|lat2=2.49|long2=101.9|label2_size=90 |label2='''[[Negeri Sembilan|<i style="color: #666;">'''Negeri Sembilan'''</i>]]'''|position2=right|mark2size=0
In 2016, Malacca became the safest place to live in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/01/123463/terengganu-second-safest-place-live-after-malacca|title=Terengganu second safest place to live in after Malacca|date=2018-11-27|newspaper=NEW STRAITS TIMES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219075359/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/01/123463/terengganu-second-safest-place-live-after-malacca|archive-date=2016-02-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The state crime rates dropped by 15.5 per cent in 2017 with 3,096 cases recorded compared to 3,663 in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/melaka-ns/kadar-jenayah-di-melaka-turun-15-5-peratus-1.797613|title=Kadar jenayah di Melaka turun 15.5 peratus|date=2018-11-18|newspaper=Sinar ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118094708/http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/melaka-ns/kadar-jenayah-di-melaka-turun-15-5-peratus-1.797613|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-11-18|language=ms|trans-title=Crime rates in Melaka fell by 15.5 percent}}</ref> Malacca recorded a gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 8.1% in 2017, the second highest in the country after Sabah. Services sector remained the main contributor to the state’s economy at 44.8% of GDP. The GDP per capita also expanded 11.2% to RM46,015 in 2017, surpassing the national-level figure of RM42,228.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/08/13/melaka-posts-second-highest-gdp-growth-in-malaysia/|title=Melaka posts second-highest GDP growth in Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-30|website=FMT news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130034511/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/08/13/melaka-posts-second-highest-gdp-growth-in-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-30|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The State Socioeconomic Report 2017 published on July 26, 2018 reported that Malacca was the state that recorded the lowest unemployment rate in 2017 with only 1.0 percent.<ref>Mohd Uzir, M. (n.d.). ''Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri 2017''. Retrieved from Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia website: <nowiki>https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=d21BMHFxZFBIcFlCNExIYUQ1cE92Zz09</nowiki></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1632181|title=Isu Tenaga Kerja Antara Fokus Exco Melaka G. Saminathan|date=2018-11-30|newspaper=Bernama.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130041530/http://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1632181|archive-date=2018-11-30|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Manpower Issue Among Focus by Melaka Exco G. Saminathan}}</ref>
|lat3=2.3|long3=102.54|label3_size=90 |label3='''[[Johor|<i style="color: #666;">'''Johor'''</i>]]'''|position3=right|mark3size=0

|lat4=2.3833|long4=102.1|label4_size=75 |label4=[[Alor Gajah District|<i style="color:gray;">Alor Gajah</i>]]|position4=right|mark4size=0
==Culture==
|lat5=2.25|long5=102.43|label5_size=75 |label5=[[Jasin District|<i style="color:gray;">Jasin</i>]]|position5=right|mark5size=0

|lat6=2.29|long6=102.17|label6_size=75 |label6=[[Melaka Tengah District|<i style="color:gray;">Melaka Tengah</i>]]|position6=right|mark6size=0
[[File:Melaka Mosque .jpg|thumb|left|Melaka Mosque&nbsp;]]
|lat7=2.1944|long7=102.25|label7_size=90 |label7='''[[Malacca City]]'''|position7=right|mark7=Red pog.svg
Each group upholds their tradition and it is reflected in their food, religion customs, festivals, culture, design, application, jewellery and handicrafts.<ref name="melaka.gov.my1">{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/pelancongan/masyarakat-di-melaka|title=Community In Melaka|work=melaka.gov.my}}</ref>
|lat8=2.3833|long8=102.21|label8_size=75 |label8=[[Alor Gajah]]|position8=right|mark8=Blue pog.svg

|lat9=2.3105|long9=102.43|label9_size=75 |label9=[[Jasin (town)|Jasin]]|position9=right|mark9=Blue pog.svg
=== Performance arts̟ ===
|lat10=2.2667|long10=102.2833|label10_size=75 |label10=[[Ayer Keroh]]|position10=right|mark10=Blue pog.svg
Among the unique Melaka culture is [[Dondang Sayang]] which is recognized by [[UNESCO]]. Dondang Sayang is a traditional Malay art still practised in Melaka by four communities: the Malay, Baba Nyonya, Chitty and Portuguese communities. The practice combines elements of music (violins, gongs and tambourines or the tambour), songs and chants, and features melodious strains of poetry. Also known as love ballads, the songs are used by communities to convey feelings of love and give advice on special topics such as love and kindness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dondang-sayang-01410|title=Dondang Sayang|access-date=2018-12-25|website=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225024335/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dondang-sayang-01410|archive-date=2018-12-25|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/dondang-sayang-terima-pengiktirafan-unesco-192690|title=Dondang Sayang terima pengiktirafan UNESCO|access-date=2018-12-25|publisher=astro AWANI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225024708/http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/dondang-sayang-terima-pengiktirafan-unesco-192690|archive-date=2018-12-25|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Dondang Sayang receives UNESCO recognition}}</ref>
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=== Street art ===
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Penang started the street art trend in Malaysia and Malacca soon followed suit with their River Art Project in 2012. Water has always been a big part of Malacca’s history. It was once one of the world’s most important trading ports, so it also makes sense that Malacca start the street art with the buildings beside the river. To boost the art landscape in Malacca, nine artists came together to paint their works on the walls of historical shophouses along the river in Jalan Kampung Hulu. Known as ProjectARM, these artworks are designed to highlight the beauty of Malacca. The murals depict the artists representation of Malacca and include a colourful mosaic painted on the walls of Kiehl’s store.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theculturemap.com/street-art-malacca-malaysia/|title=Street Art in Malacca (Melaka)
|lat14=2.3167|long14=102.2833|label14_size=75 |label14=[[Durian Tunggal]]|position14=right|mark14=Blue pog.svg
|access-date=2018-11-29|website=the Culture Map|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129092756/https://www.theculturemap.com/street-art-malacca-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-29|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/the-best-mural-artworks-in-malaysia/|title=The Best Mural Artworks in Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-29|website=culture trip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129093237/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/the-best-mural-artworks-in-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-29|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
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=== Cuisine ===
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For food, Malacca received recognition from the World Street Food Congress for Nyonya Siamese Noodles (34th) and Coolie Street Satay (43rd).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsfcongress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Top-50-Street-Food-Awards-WSFC17.pdf|title=Top 50 World Street Food Masters|access-date=2018-11-18|publisher=world street food congress 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118100301/http://wsfcongress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Top-50-Street-Food-Awards-WSFC17.pdf|archive-date=2018-11-18|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The various street dishes and delicacies of Malacca include (but not limited to) [[Devil's curry|devil's curry]], ''[[satay celup]]''; [[rice ball|chicken rice balls]]; duck noodles; ''[[wonton noodles|Melaka-style wantan mee]]''; ''[[laksa|nyonya laksa]]''; ''pai tee'' (also known as ''[[pie tee]]'' and top hats); ''ayam pongteh''; ''[[asam pedas|asam pedas with fish]]''; Portuguese grilled fish and seafood; ''fishball lobak''; coconut shake; ''[[cendol|nyonya cendol]]''; ''[[puto|putu piring]]''; and ''[[kuih|nyonya kuih]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20190601/281505047703975|title=Melakaː Asam pedas
|lat18=2.2221|long18=102.1631|label18_size=75 |label18=[[Tanjung Kling]]|position18=top|mark18=Blue pog.svg
|date=2019-06-01|newspaper=THE Star Malaysia|archive-url=https://archive.st/archive/2020/10/www.pressreader.com/4c0c/www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20190601/281505047703975.html|archive-date=2020-10-10|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://says.com/my/lifestyle/melaka-food|title=15 Malaccan Dishes You Should Try Before You Die|access-date=2018-11-18|website=SAYS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118101606/https://says.com/my/lifestyle/melaka-food|archive-date=2018-11-18|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
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|lat20=2.28|long20=102.1332|label20_size=75 |label20=[[Sungai Udang]]|position20=right|mark20=Blue pog.svg
==Demographics==
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Malacca has an estimated population of 931,210 {{As of|2016|lc=y}} with an average annual population growth of 2%.<ref name="statistics.gov.my"/><ref name="melaka.gov.my">{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/fakta-nombor|title=Fact & Number|work=melaka.gov.my|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601123629/http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/fakta-nombor/|archivedate=1 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, 27% of the population aged below 15 years old and 8% aged above 60 years old.<ref name="superuser"/> The ethnic composition of Malacca as of 2015 is 66.8% [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] (552,700), 1.4% other Bumiputras (11,500), 26.0% [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] (215,000), 6.2% [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]] and [[Chitty]] (51,400) and 0.6% others (4,800).<ref name="2015 population"/> Malacca has small communities of [[Kristang people|Kristang]], [[Dutch people|Dutch Eurasian]] and [[Temuan people|Temuan]] people.
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[[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] community in Malacca is generally divided into two, which are the Temenggong custom and the Perpatih custom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/ms/rakyat/info-melaka/kebudayaan |title=Kebudayaan — Bahasa Melayu |language=ms|publisher=Melaka.gov.my |date= |accessdate=2018-08-18}}</ref> The remaining traditional Malay village in Malacca City is the [[Morten Village]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/malaccas-most-famous-malay-village-kampung-morten-is-named-after-a-british-era-collector-of-land-revenue/|title=Malacca's most famous Malay village, Kampung Morten, is named after a british-era collector of land revenue|work=Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal}}</ref>
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|lat25=2.3818|long25=102.3298|label25_size=75 |label25=[[Machap Baru]]|position25=top|mark25=Blue pog.svg
[[Jonker Walk]] is the [[Chinatown]] area of Malacca. It was once known for its antique shops but have since turned into a well-known tourist destination that features clothes, food and crafts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malacca.ws/jonker-street/|title=Jonker Street in Malacca - Everything you need to know about Jonker Street|website=malacca.ws|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> The [[Peranakan]] people in Malacca show unique features, such as furniture, porcelain, crockery, style and food. Their culture is showcased at the [[Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum]].
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[[Malaysian Indians|Indians]] in Malacca are predominantly Tamils, many of whom used to work at the rubber plantation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/519/|title=Melaka dalam zaman moden|first=Khoo, Kay|last=Kim|date=18 August 1979|website=journalarticle.ukm.my}}</ref> However, many of them now work in the jewellery, fabrics, retailers, merchants and money lender sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/en/citizen/melaka-info/culture/culture?set_language=en |title=Culture — English |publisher=Melaka.gov.my |date= |accessdate=2018-08-18}}</ref> Many of them reside in [[Little India, Malacca|Little India]]. There is also Chitty Village for the minority [[Chitty]] people which houses the [[Chitty Museum]].
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Besides, small number of [[Malayalees]] who speak [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and [[Telugus]] who speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]] exist among the Indians in Malacca. [[All Malaysia Malayalee Association|Malacca Kerala Samajam]] is an association that represents the [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] speaking community in Malacca. A branch of [[Malaysian Telugu|Telugu Association Malaysia]] is situated in [[Ayer Keroh]] to represent the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking community in Malacca.
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A sizeable number of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs]] residing in Malacca, and Sikhs from Malacca and abroad congregate in the [[gurdwara]] (Sikh temple) situated in Jalan Temenggong.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/05/31/memorial-fest-to-renew-ties-sikhs-gather-from-all-over-the-world-to-celebrate-for-four-days/|title=Sikhs gather from all over the world to celebrate for four days - Community - The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> They celebrate the Guru Nanak's birthday and Vasakhi new year annually.
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|lat33=2.4333|long33=102.4667|label33_size=75 |label33=[[Nyalas]]|position33=right|mark33=Blue pog.svg
[[File:Portuguese Settlement.JPG|thumb|[[Portuguese Settlement, Malacca|Portuguese Settlement (Saint John's Village)]]]]
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A [[Kristang people|population of Portuguese descent]], who speak a Portuguese creole, are the descendants of colonists from the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref>In Joseph, C. (2018). ''Policies and politics in Malaysian education: Education reforms, nationalism and neoliberalism''.</ref> Even to this day, many of the traditions originating with the Portuguese occupation are still practised, i.e. "Intrudu" from Portuguese word "Entrudo" (a water festival that marks the beginning of [[Lent]], the Catholic fasting period), "branyu" (traditional dance), "Santa Cruz" (a yearly Festival of street celebrations). Many of them settle down around the [[Portuguese Settlement, Malacca|Portuguese Settlement]] area, which has a population of about 1,200 residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=0101&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_01.htm|title=Perkampungan Portugis jadi tarikan|last=Rizanizam|first=A. H.|date=1 January 2009|work=Utusan Malaysia}}</ref>
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|lat37=2.1667|long37=102.3533|label37_size=75 |label37=[[Umbai]]|position37=right|mark37=Blue pog.svg
The [[Orang Asli|indigenous people]], mostly ethnic [[Temuan people|Temuan]] is relatively small. They generally reside in rural settlements, the edge of the woods and along the coast facing Malacca Strait. Malacca houses the [[Aborigines Museum]] in [[Ayer Keroh]].<ref name="melaka.gov.my1"/>
|lat38=2.4548|long38=102.0715|label38_size=75 |label38=[[Lubuk China]]|position38=right|mark38=Blue pog.svg

|lat39=2.2833|long39=102.2167|label39_size=75 |label39=[[Paya Rumput]]|position39=top|mark39=Blue pog.svg
===Language===
|lat40=2.3982|long40=102.1668|label40_size=75 |label40=[[Ayer Paabas]]|position40=right|mark40=Blue pog.svg
Malacca is a multi-linguistic state. [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] is the official language of Malacca and is used in the government and public sectors. [[English language|English]] is widely used in the business and tourism sectors. A [[Malayan languages|local Malay]], known as Malaccan Malay is a unique variety of Malay spoken within the state of Malacca. It has its own distinct pronunciation and vocabulary compared to the rest of Malaysia. Other minority languages such as [[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese and its varieties]], [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kristang language|Kristang]] ([[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]]) and various [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay-based creoles]] such as [[Baba Malay]] and [[Malaccan Creole Malay]] are also spoken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.net/should_know.htm|title=Travelling information one should know while in Malaysia|work=melaka.net}}</ref> The Orang Asli languages spoken within Malacca are mostly speakers of the [[Temuan language]].
|lat41=2.263|long41=102.2525|label41_size=75 |label41=[[Malacca International Airport|<i style="color:black"">Int' Airport</i>]]|position41=top|mark41=BSicon FLUGg.svg|mark41size=12

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Malacca - 2010 Census<ref name="2010 stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia |accessdate=17 June 2012 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archivedate=22 May 2014 |df=dmy }} p. 13</ref>
|titlebar=
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|66.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|24.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|5.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|3.0}}
{{bar percent|Unknown / None|Brown|0.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Chinese Folk Religion|Chinese Ethnic Religion]]|Magenta|0.2}}
{{bar percent|Others|Gray|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No Religion]]|Black|0.2}}
}}
}}
According to the 2010 census, the population of Malacca is 66.1% [[Muslim]], 24.2% [[Buddhist]], 5.7% [[Hindu]], 3.0% [[Christians|Christian]], 0.4% of unknown affiliation, 0.2% non-religious, 0.2% [[Taoism|Taoist]] or [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religion]] follower, and 0.2% of followers of other religions.<ref name="2010 stats"/>


==Economy==
Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 91.6% of the Chinese population in Malacca are identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (6.7%), [[Chinese folk religion]]s (0.7%) and Muslims (0.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (86.3%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Christians (6.6%), Muslims (3.4%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malay ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]'' community are predominantly Christians (46.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (24.2%) and Buddhists (12.0%).<ref name="demographics"/>
[[File:Serkam Industrial Area.JPG|thumb|Serkam industrial area]]
[[File:Melaka International Trade Center.jpg|thumb|Melaka International Trade Centre]]


Despite being in a location without any significant natural resources, the economy of Malacca dates back more than 500 years, due to its strategic location. As the centre of the [[spice trade]], Malacca attracted many colonial powers that engaged in wars to control it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spy.my/malacca/business.html|title=Malacca business, the Malacca economy & the booming tourist industry|author=Juli Paul|work=spy.my}}</ref>
As the [[Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia|definition of a "Malay" in the Malaysian constitution]] requires that the person professes the religion of Islam, all Malays are necessarily Muslims.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia |language=Malay, English |accessdate=17 June 2012 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214433/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 |page=86 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZV6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Constitution of Malaysia: A Contextual Analysis |first= Andrew |last=Harding |chapter=Chapter 8 - Religion and the Constitution |isbn=9781847319838|publisher=Hart Publishing|date=27 July 2012 }}</ref>


The Port of Tanjung Bruas, located in [[Tanjung Kling]], was constructed in the late 1970s and commenced operations in the early 1980s to provide port facilities and services to the local business communities and to handle the exportation of hinterland goods as well as the importation of raw materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbpmelaka.com.my/index.php?type=history|title=History of Tanjung Bruas Port|access-date=24 April 2022|agency=Tanjung Bruas Port}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmc.com.my/tbp.html|title=Tanjung Bruas Port Sdn Bhd|agency=MMC Group|access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> Container ship handling services began in 2019, with the MV ''West Scent'' became the first container vessel to dock at the port.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/05/03/tanjung-bruas-port-now-offers-container-ships-services/|title=Tanjung Bruas Port now offers container ships services|date=3 May 2019|access-date=24 April 2022|agency=The Malaysian Reserve|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022061016/https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/05/03/tanjung-bruas-port-now-offers-container-ships-services/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/malacca-port-tanjung-bruas-expands-services-handle-containerships|title=Malacca port Tanjung Bruas expands services to handle containerships|date=23 April 2019|access-date=24 April 2022|agency=Seatrade Maritime News|author=Lee Hong Liang}}</ref>
==Sports==
Sports-related affairs of Malacca are governed by the Malacca State Sports Council ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Majlis Sukan Negeri Melaka'') under the Malacca State Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/kerajaan/sektor-pengurusan/majlis-sukan-negeri-melaka-msnm|title=Melaka State Sports Council (MSNM)|work=melaka.gov.my}}</ref> Another governing body of sports in Malacca is the Department of Youth and Sports ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Jabatan Belia dan Sukan Negeri Melaka'').[[File:Malacca International Motorsport Circuit.JPG|thumb|[[Malacca International Motorsport Circuit]]]]Malacca is home to several football stadiums, such as [[Hang Jebat Stadium]], [[Hang Tuah Stadium]] and [[Tun Fatimah Stadium]]. Built in 1954, Hang Tuah Stadium is the oldest stadium in Malacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/venue/stadium-hang-tuah |title=Hang Tuah Stadium |author=Super User |work=stadiummelaka.gov.my |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405220331/http://stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/venue/stadium-hang-tuah |archivedate=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Established under the Malacca Stadium Corporation Enactment of 2004, the Malacca Stadium Corporation is the entity that manages stadiums in Malacca which started its operation on 16 September 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/typography/latar-belakang-perbadanan-stadium-melaka|title=Profile|author=Super User|work=stadiummelaka.gov.my|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626033245/http://www.stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/typography/latar-belakang-perbadanan-stadium-melaka|archivedate=26 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


The [[Port of Kuala Sungai Linggi]], commercially known as Linggi International Floating Transshipment & Trading HUB (LIFT-HUB), is a transshipment area for liquid bulk transshipments and break-bulking located offshore of [[Linggi River]] in the [[Strait of Malacca]]. It was gazetted in 2006, covers an area of 154&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (45 sq mi) and is among the largest designated [[Ship-to-ship cargo transfer]] areas in [[Malaysia]].<ref>[[GAC Logistics]] [http://www.gac.com/gacen/news_show.aspx?id=53637 "Linggi International Floating Transshipment HUB"], 26 April 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812225655/http://www.gac.com/gacen/news_show.aspx?id=53637|date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>[[Utusan Malaysia]] [http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2012&dt=0405&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_01.htm "Kuala Linggi New Maritime HUB in Malacca Straits"], 05 April 2012 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413083659/http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2012&dt=0405&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_01.htm |date=13 April 2012 }}</ref>
There is also a motorsport racetrack in [[Ayer Keroh]], the [[Malacca International Motorsport Circuit]]. Ayer Keroh also houses the Malacca International Bowling Centre. With 52 lanes, it is the largest [[bowling]] centre in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-bowling-centre;jsessionid=6428407F967CC7E857F218719255AA78 |title=Melaka International Bowling Centre |website=Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602113424/http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-bowling-centre%3Bjsessionid%3D6428407F967CC7E857F218719255AA78 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>


[[Sungai Udang]] houses the [[oil refinery|PETRONAS Malacca Refinery Complex]] consisting of two refining trains, established in 1994 and 1999 and owned by PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn. Bhd. and Malaysian Refining Company Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The total capacity of the refinery is 270,000 barrels of oil per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/our-business/downstream/oil/oil-refining/Pages/melaka-refinery.aspx|title=Melaka Refinery|work=petronas.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petronas.com.my/about-us/petronas-directory/Pages/PETRONAS%20Directory/PETRONAS-Penapisan-(Melaka)-Sdn-Bhd.aspx|title=PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn Bhd|work=petronas.com.my}}</ref>
There are four [[golf courses]] in Malacca, namely Ayer Keroh Golf and Country Club, Orna Golf and Country Club and Tiara Malacca Golf and Country Club in [[Ayer Keroh]] and A'Famosa Golf Resort in [[Simpang Ampat, Malacca|Simpang Ampat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiagolfholiday.com/golf-courses/malacca/|title=Golf Courses in Malacca|author=Golfasian|date=16 December 2013|work=malaysiagolfholiday.com}}</ref> Golf-related paraphernalia in Malacca is showcased at the Malacca Golf Gallery.


The [[Melaka International Trade Centre]] (MITC) in [[Ayer Keroh]] which opened in June 2003 is the leading commercial centre and the centre for [[Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions|meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions]] (MICE) which plays an important role in the development of trade in Malacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-trade-centre |title=Melaka International Trade Centre|access-date=2015-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701122427/http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-trade-centre |archive-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref>
Malacca was the host venue for the [[2010 Sukma Games]] held on 10–19 June 2010.


On 20 October 2010 an event was held to announce that Malacca had met the benchmark of 'Developed State' as set out by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] and a declaration of "Melaka Maju 2010" (Progressive Malacca 2010) was made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/penafian/7622-melaka-maju-2011.html|title=MELAKA MAJU 2010|access-date=2018-11-18|website=1KLIK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035355/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/penafian/7622-melaka-maju-2011.html|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=ms|trans-title=PROGRESSIVE MELAKA 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=1019&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_06.htm|title=Rakyat iktiraf Melaka Maju 2010|date=2018-11-18|newspaper=Utusan ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118040822/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=1019&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_06.htm|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=ms|trans-title=Malaysians recognize Progressive Malacca 2010|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>
Malacca also has a football team known as [[Melaka United]] representing Malacca in the Malaysian football league. The Melaka football team won the first [[Malaysia Premier League]] title in 1983, in addition they were the champion of the third division of the Malaysia football league, [[Malaysia FAM League|FAM League]] Cup, in 2015 before won the second Premier League title a year after it. [[Melaka United]] uses the [[Hang Jebat Stadium]] in Krubong as their home ground with a capacity of 40,000 spectators.


{{As of|2012}}, service sector had the largest share of Malacca's economy at 46.9%, followed by manufacturing at 43.5%, agriculture at 6.5%, construction at 2.9% and mining at 0.1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pknm.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/2014-08-18-03-48-16/2014-08-18-07-18-11/economy-in-melaka|title=Economy In Melaka|work=pknm.gov.my|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622085126/http://www.pknm.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/2014-08-18-03-48-16/2014-08-18-07-18-11/economy-in-melaka|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In terms workforce numbers, {{As of|2013|lc=y}}, there were 275,000 people working in the industrial sectors, 225,000 people working in the service sectors, 35,000 people working in the entrepreneurship sectors and 12,300 people working in the agricultural sectors.<ref name="superuser">{{cite web|url=http://www.emelaka.gov.my/en/index.php/emelaka|title=E-MELAKA|work=emelaka.gov.my|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704063426/http://www.emelaka.gov.my/en/index.php/emelaka|archive-date=4 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==Education==


Malacca has successfully opened itself up to foreign investors since the early 1970s. By 1997, the state has registered a total investment of over MYR16 billion. In 2014, the state achieved a total MYR4.4 billion worth of investment, in which MYR1.8 billion came from foreign investors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1343115 |title=Step up Malacca-China bilateral cooperation to boost economy |date=2 March 2015 |work=www.thesundaily.my |access-date=6 May 2017 |agency=Bernama}}</ref>
===Primary and secondary education===
[[File:Ayer Keroh National High School.JPG|thumb|Ayer Keroh National High School]]


In 2013, Malacca had a GDP of MYR22,646 million with a GDP per capita of MYR34,109. It had 3.2% GDP growth in 2013. The inflation rate in 2012 was 1.6%. {{As of|2015}}, the Malacca State Government has an outstanding MYR861.7 million of loan to the [[Government of Malaysia|federal government]]. In 2014, the state government's reserve amounted to MYR206.61 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/melaka-expects-rm5.4b-in-green-technology-investments-by-2020|title=Melaka expects RM5.4b in green technology investments by 2020|work=themalaymailonline.com|date=30 May 2023 }}</ref> The unemployment rate in 2014 was 0.9% or around 3,500 people.<ref name="statistics.gov.my">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=TmlOYTJZTEJJZXg5QUZQMUxrRVFKUT09|title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Website|work=statistics.gov.my|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615234747/https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column%2Fcone&menu_id=TmlOYTJZTEJJZXg5QUZQMUxrRVFKUT09|archive-date=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The state has a relatively well-educated population, with a youth literacy rate of 99.5% as reported by Malaysia Millennium Development Goals Report 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un.org.my/upload/undp_mdg_report_2015.pdf|title=Malaysia Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|access-date=2018-11-18|publisher=ECONOMIC PLANNING UNIT PRIME MINISTER'S DEPARTMENT MALAYSIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118042622/http://un.org.my/upload/undp_mdg_report_2015.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>
Up to 2018, there are 237 primary schools and 77 secondary schools in Melaka.<ref>https://www.malaysia.gov.my/public/dservice/education.html</ref> Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Yok Bin, Sekolah Kebangsaan Convent Of The Infant Jesus (2), Sekolah Kebangsaan (P) Methodist (2) and Sekolah Kebangsaan Convent Of The Infant Jesus (1) is the high performance primary school in Melaka while for secondary school is [[Sekolah Menengah Sains Muzaffar Syah]] (MOZAC), [[SBP Integrasi Selandar|Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Selandar]] and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Sharifah Rodziah.<ref>https://moe.gov.my/index.php/en/soal-selidik/183-murid-pelajar/sekolah/1574-sekolah-berpretasi-tinggi</ref> The [[Malacca High School]] is one of the premier schools in Malaysia and is the second oldest recorded school in the country after [[Penang Free School]] in [[Penang]]. The Ministry of Education of Malaysia enrolls students based on their Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) and Pentaksiran Tingkatan 3 (PT3). A centre for juvenile convicts, [[Henry Gurney Prisoners School]], is in Telok Mas, Malacca. Established in 1949 as High Moral School, it was renamed to the School of Henry Gurney on May 15, 1950. This centre runs rehabilitation programs for male juvenile offenders.


Currently there are 23 industrial areas which are centred along the edges of the city proper in suburbs which include Ayer Keroh, Batu Berendam, Cheng, Taman Tasik Utama and Tanjung Kling. While outside Malacca City, industrial areas include Alor Gajah and Sungai Udang. There are around 500 factories in the state which come from Germany, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, United States etc. For [[small and medium-sized enterprises]], a number of estates have been established by the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/kawasan-perindustrian |title=Industrial Area
Malacca has three international schools, the Melaka International School, which cater for the local communities; MES and KYS International School, staffed by expatriate teachers, which specialise in teaching Cambridge International A Levels and cater for the expatriate communities.
|access-date=2015-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713081610/http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/kawasan-perindustrian |archive-date=13 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.net/melakatoday.htm|title=The historic state and city : Melaka today|work=melaka.net}}</ref>


In 2016, Malacca became the safest place to live in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/01/123463/terengganu-second-safest-place-live-after-malacca|title=Terengganu second safest place to live in after Malacca|date=2018-11-27|newspaper=NEW STRAITS TIMES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219075359/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/01/123463/terengganu-second-safest-place-live-after-malacca|archive-date=2016-02-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The state crime rates dropped by 15.5 per cent in 2017 with 3,096 cases recorded compared to 3,663 in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/melaka-ns/kadar-jenayah-di-melaka-turun-15-5-peratus-1.797613|title=Kadar jenayah di Melaka turun 15.5 peratus|date=2018-11-18|newspaper=Sinar ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118094708/http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/melaka-ns/kadar-jenayah-di-melaka-turun-15-5-peratus-1.797613|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-11-18|language=ms|trans-title=Crime rates in Melaka fell by 15.5 percent}}</ref> Malacca recorded a gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 8.1% in 2017, the second highest in the country after Sabah. Services sector remained the main contributor to the state’s economy at 44.8% of GDP. The GDP per capita also expanded 11.2% to RM46,015 in 2017, surpassing the national-level figure of RM42,228.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/08/13/melaka-posts-second-highest-gdp-growth-in-malaysia/|title=Melaka posts second-highest GDP growth in Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-30|website=FMT news|date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130034511/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/08/13/melaka-posts-second-highest-gdp-growth-in-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-30|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The State Socioeconomic Report 2017 published on 26 July 2018 reported that Malacca was the state that recorded the lowest unemployment rate in 2017 with only 1.0 percent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mohd Uzir |first=M. |title=Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri 2017 |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=d21BMHFxZFBIcFlCNExIYUQ1cE92Zz09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1632181|title=Isu Tenaga Kerja Antara Fokus Exco Melaka G. Saminathan|date=2018-11-30|newspaper=Bernama.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130041530/http://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1632181|archive-date=2018-11-30|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Manpower Issue Among Focus by Melaka Exco G. Saminathan}}</ref>
===Higher education===
[[File:Technical University of Malaysia Melaka - City Campus.jpg|thumb|[[Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka]]]]


==Utilities==
Institutions include:
[[File:Tanjung Kling Power Station.JPG|thumb|[[Tanjung Kling Power Station]]]]
*[[Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka]] (UTeM).
[[File:Durian Tunggal Reservoir.JPG|thumb|[[Durian Tunggal Reservoir]]]]
*[[Universiti Teknologi MARA]] (UiTM) campuses that are located at Lendu, Malacca City and Jasin.
*[[Malacca Manipal Medical College]] in [[Bukit Baru]] is the foremost institution for medical education in the state.
*[[Multimedia University]] (MMU) at [[Bukit Beruang]].
*[[Malaysian Maritime Academy]] (ALAM) at Kuala Sungai Baru.
*[[Malaysian Han Studies]] (MAHANS) at [[Hang Tuah Jaya]].


===Electric supply===
There are several institutions that offer nursing education: Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai, Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota, Kolej Kejururawatan & Kesihatan Nilam, and Kolej Perubatan Komplementari Melaka. Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai is linked to Pantai Hospital at Ayer keroh while Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota is linked to [[Mahkota Medical Centre]].
Malacca houses three power stations, namely the 330 MW [[Tanjung Kling Power Station]] in [[Tanjung Kling]] and 440 MW Telok Gong Power Station 1 and 720 MW Telok Gong Power Station 2 in [[Telok Gong]], with a total installed generation capacity of 1,490 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.powertek.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=71|title=Company Profile - Powertek Berhad Group|author=Administrator|work=powertek.com.my|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527063140/http://www.powertek.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=71|archive-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Green energy===
The Institut Skill Tech in Machap provides training in agriculture. It has a branch in Taman Tasik Utama, Ayer Keroh.
On 16 December 2013, the Malacca State Government unveiled the draft 8,000 hectares special area called the Melaka World Solar Valley in Rembia, [[Alor Gajah]] applying solar energy as the primary alternative in all municipal activity sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/malacca-unveils-draft-plan-for-solar-valley|title=Malacca unveils draft plan for solar valley|work=themalaymailonline.com|date=19 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melakagreentech.gov.my/index.php/go-green/peta-lokasi/2014-09-12-03-41-25/melaka-world-solar-valley|title=Melaka World Solar Valley|work=melakagreentech.gov.my}}</ref> By 2020, the government-run 7,248ha Melaka World Solar Valley aims to power most of the daily activities of manufacturers, housing developers, farmers, and other stakeholders. Recently, a public-private partnership installed 100,000 LED street lamps along the Alor Gajah–Melaka Tengah–Jasin (AMJ) highway, which will improve road safety and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nst.com.my/node/416836/amp| title = Go green like Melaka {{!}} New Straits Times}}</ref>


===Water supply===
Part-time study is available at [[Open University Malaysia]] (OUM), while those who wish to obtain an academic diploma can enroll at [[University of Malaya]] Centre for Continuing Education (UMCCE) at [[Sinar College]].
Water supply-related matters in Malacca is administered by [[Syarikat Air Melaka]] Berhad (Malacca Water Company Limited) which is headquartered at Malacca City. It was established on 1 July 2006 after it was upgraded from its predecessor Malacca Water Corporation ({{langx|ms|Perbadanan Air Melaka}}). The company is also responsible for the maintenance and delivery infrastructure of clean water in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samb.com.my/index.php/2013-10-05-07-20-55/latar-belakang|title=Latar Belakang|work=samb.com.my}}</ref>


Currently, there are three dams located in Malacca supplying its residents with water, which are [[Durian Tunggal Reservoir|Durian Tunggal Dam]] in [[Alor Gajah]], [[Jus Reservoir|Jus Dam]] and [[Asahan Reservoir|Asahan Dam]] in [[Jasin District|Jasin]]. The fourth dam, [[Jernih Dam]], will be constructed in Taboh Naning in Alor Gajah and expected to be completed by 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1296511|title=RM190m Jernih Dam scheduled to be completed by 2018|work=thesundaily.my}}</ref> There are three major [[retention basin]]s in the state, which are Kesang Satu Lake, Kesang Dua Lake and [[Ayer Keroh Lake]]. Raw water is supplied from the [[Malacca River]], [[Kesang River]] and Gerisik River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/bahasa/article/mengambil-iktibar-daripada-pengurusan-air-melaka |title=Mengambil iktibar daripada pengurusan air Melaka |work=themalaysianinsider.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919170801/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/bahasa/article/mengambil-iktibar-daripada-pengurusan-air-melaka |archive-date=19 September 2015 }}</ref>
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) lectures and examinations are provided at [[Sinar College]] at Malacca City. Sinar College is the only institution in the state that offers complete accounting education. Sinar College is the only approved training centre for tourism courses. Other academic institutions include International College of Yayasan Melaka (ICYM), Melaka International College of Science and Technology (MiCoST).


Daily water consumption for Malacca is 500 million litres and each resident consumes 220 litres per day, higher than the national average of 180 litres per day. The Malacca State Government signed an agreement with Johor State Government on a water supply agreement in 1993 and additional water supply agreement in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/02/28/malacca-water-rationing-after-March-29/|title=Malacca to start water rationing after Mar 29 if dry spell continues - Nation - The Star Online|author=Star Media Group Berhad|work=thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/04/10/learning-efficient-water-supply-management-from-malacca/|title=Learning efficient water supply management from Malacca|work=The Rakyat Post|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524084944/https://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/04/10/learning-efficient-water-supply-management-from-malacca/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another water supply agreement is planned to be signed with [[Negeri Sembilan]] in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mynewshub.cc/2015/01/14/rm190-million-jernih-dam-scheduled-to-be-completed-by-2018/#gs.75cbac5a9a264234b31c28a54d9350fd|title=RM190 Million Jernih Dam Scheduled To Be Completed By 2018|author=khalid|work=MyNewsHub|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617061455/http://eng.mynewshub.cc/2015/01/14/rm190-million-jernih-dam-scheduled-to-be-completed-by-2018/#gs.75cbac5a9a264234b31c28a54d9350fd|archive-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The state government of Malacca provides financial assistance mainly in the form of loans to local citizens via Melaka Education Trust Fund (TAPEM).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170106/283489320787720|title=Bapa lega dapat bantuan TAPEM, MAIM
|date=2018-11-20|newspaper=Harian Metro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815090922/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170106/283489320787720|archive-date=2018-08-15|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Father relieved after TAPEM, MAIM help}}</ref> Among the facilities provided by TAPEM are Higher Education Loan, Minor Scholarship/Incentive Scholarship for Secondary School, and School Assistance to Primary School Students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/en/jkmm/departments-units/deputy-state-secretary-management/melaka-state-education-trust-tapem |title=Tabung Amanah Pendidikan Negeri Melaka — English |publisher=Melaka.gov.my |date= |accessdate=2018-08-18}}</ref>


==Transportation==
===Public libraries===
[[File:Malacca Public Library.JPG|thumb|[[Malacca Public Library]] main building at Bukit Baru.]]
[[File:New Malacca Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Malacca International Airport]]]]
[[File:Beautiful Rickshaw.jpg|thumb|Elaborately decorated rickshaws are available in Malacca]]


===Air===
The very first library in Malacca was the Khutub Khanah Malacca, established in 1881 and was located at the [[Stadthuys]]. After the independence of Malaya in 1957 and formation of Malaysia in 1963, the library was moved to Hang Tuah Hall in 1966. In 1975, the Malacca Public Library Corporation was enacted to establish the Malacca Public Library. The corporation was then established 2 years later in 1977 located at Hang Tuah Hall. In 1993, the Malacca Public Library Enactment (Amendment) Act 1993 went in force. The library was finally moved to its current location at Bukit Baru and inaugurated on 4 November 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perpustam.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/corporate-info/chronology|title=Chronology|author=Super User|work=perpustam.gov.my}}</ref>
[[Malacca International Airport]] (IATA: MKZ, ICAO: WMKM) (formerly known as Batu Berendam Airport) is an airport located in Batu Berendam, Malacca, Malaysia. The airport serves the state of Malacca, as well as northern Johor, with links to [[Singapore]] provided by [[Scoot]] since October 2024.<ref name="businesstraveller.com">{{cite web |title=SIA's Scoot launches new E2 routes |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2024/08/07/sias-scoot-launches-new-e2-routes/ |website=Business Traveller Asia Pacific |publisher=Business Traveller Media Limited |date=7 August 2024}}</ref>


[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]] is a two-hour drive from [[Malacca City]].
At [[Districts of Malaysia|district]] level, the [[Jasin District|Jasin]] branch of the library was established in 1986 at JKR Building, which then later moved to a new building in 1999. The [[Alor Gajah]] branch of the library was established in 1988 at UMNO Building, which then later moved to a new building in 1998. The [[Central Malacca]] branch of the library was established in 1996 at Hang Tuah Mall after the main library moved to Bukit Baru, which then later changed to Higher Education Institute Resource Center Library in 2001.


===Railway===
At town and village level, library branches are [[Masjid Tanah]] branch established in 1992 and 2005; Air Tawar Village Library, Felda Kemendor Village Library, Selandar Village Library and Kuala Linggi Village Library branches established in 1993; Rantau Panjang Village Library branch established in 1994; [[Merlimau]] branch established in 1994 and moved to a new building in 2003; [[Pulau Sebang]] Village Library branch established in 1997; Japerun [[Sungai Rambai]] Library, Japerun [[Serkam]] Library, Japerun [[Durian Tunggal]] Library and Ayer Molek Darat Village Library branches established in 1999; Felda Bukti Senggeh Village Library and Felda Bukit Sedanan Village Library branches established in 2000; Kampung Padang Village Cyber Library branch established in 2001; Japerun Air Panas Library, Bertam Hulu Village Library, Japerun Bukit Asahan Library, Tangga Batu Village Library and Paya Rumput Village Library branches established in 2002; Ilmu Air Limau Cyber Library and Ilmu Chenderah Cyber Library branches established in 2003; Menggong Village Library branch established in 2004; [[Klebang]] Village Cyber Library established in 2005; [[Telok Mas]] Town Library and [[Telok Gong]] Village Library established in 2006; Bukit Bulat Village Library established in 2008; [[Malacca Planetarium]] Community Library and ÆON Community Library branches established in 2010; [[Sungai Rambai]] Village 1Malaysia Library established in 2012.
There are currently two [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] railway stations in Malacca, which are the [[Pulau Sebang/Tampin railway station|Pulau Sebang/Tampin Station]] in [[Pulau Sebang]], [[Alor Gajah]] and [[Batang Melaka railway station|Batang Melaka Station]] in [[Batang Melaka]], [[Jasin District|Jasin]].


There were railway tracks from [[Pulau Sebang]] to Malacca City before World War II, but these were dismantled by the Japanese for the construction of the [[Myanmar|Burmese]] [[Death Railway]].<ref>Nor Shahid, M. N. (24 July 2015). We can revive Tampin-Malacca rail service. ''New Straits Times''. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/we-can-revive-tampin-malacca-rail-service</ref> On 10 October 2015, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) commuter service has introduced a new route, shuttle service between Seremban-Sebang/Tampin-Gemas station.<ref>KTMB perkenal perkhidmatan komuter baharu dari Seremban ke Gemas. (1 October 2015). ''Berita Harian''. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/node/85731</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/410837|title=Komuter guna jadual baru mulai esok|date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
==Health care==
[[File:Malacca General Hospital main building.jpg|thumb|[[Malacca General Hospital]]]]


A 1.6-km line of [[Melaka Monorail]] was launched in October 2010, served the route along the [[Malacca River]]. Due to several technical glitches months into its operation, the system was left idle in 2013. However, in June 2015 the Malacca State Government decided to revive the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/malacca-wants-revive-monorail-line-promote-river|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625084646/http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/malacca-wants-revive-monorail-line-promote-river|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2015|title=Malacca wants to revive monorail line to promote river|work=AsiaOne}}</ref> On 4 December 2017, Melaka Monorail has re-operate<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2018/02/03/lebih-17000-guna-monorel-melaka-sejak-beroperasi-semula |title=Lebih 17,000 guna Monorel Melaka sejak beroperasi semula |date=3 February 2018 |work=Utusan Borneo Online}}</ref> with enhanced safety features such as lightning-prevention devices and the addition of a rescue vehicle to attract wagons in the event of a technical problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-bisnes/kos-taman-tema-naik-taraf-kawasan-monorel-melaka-rm109-juta-162130|title=Kos taman tema, naik taraf kawasan monorel Melaka RM109 juta - Astro Awani|website=www.astroawani.com}}</ref> The previous incident is believed will not recur as tests had been performed for two months before re-operation. The Melaka Monorail operating hours are 10.00 am to 10.00 pm on weekdays and continued until 12.00 midnight on Saturdays and Sundays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/bahasa/s/25766|title=Monorel Melaka beroperasi semula esok - The Malaysian Insight|website=www.themalaysianinsight.com}}</ref>
Malacca houses a number of government and private hospitals and health clinics, as well as hundreds of private clinics. The location of medical institutions are located all over the state of Malacca, either in urban or rural areas, providing uniform and equitable healthcare to the residents. Health-related affairs in Malacca is governed by Malacca State Health Department by providing basic health service to the residents and oversee all government health facilities in the state among hospitals, community polyclinic, rural health clinics and clinics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/rakyat/kesihatan|title=Health|work=melaka.gov.my}}</ref>


===Water===
Malacca is also a popular place for health care and [[medical tourism]] for Indonesian people from [[Sumatra]] due to its close proximity to the state, followed by [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amazingmelaka.com/2011/11/melaka-international-airport/|title=Melaka International Airport|work=AmazingMelaka.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213031/http://amazingmelaka.com/2011/11/melaka-international-airport/|archivedate=13 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/melaka-ns/muzium-melaka-akan-dibina-di-china-1.370740|title=Muzium Melaka akan dibina di China|date=19 March 2015|work=sinarharian.com.my}}</ref> In 2014, Malacca received over 500,000 tourists for medical tourism-related purpose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/05/14/Top-venue-for-health-tourism-Malacca-medical-tourism-hits-over-500000-tourists-seeking-treatments/|title=Malacca medical tourism hits over 500,000 tourists seeking treatments - Community - The Star Online|work=thestar.com.my}}</ref>
Daily ferries run from Malacca to the Indonesian cities of [[Bengkalis]], [[Dumai]] and [[Pekanbaru]] departing from Harbour Master's Jetty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-attractions-in-malaysia.com/ferries-to-malaysia-part3.html|title=Ferries to Malaysia-ferries from Indonesia|work=Tourist Attractions in Malaysia|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613192500/http://www.tourist-attractions-in-malaysia.com/ferries-to-malaysia-part3.html|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Regular boat services to [[Big Island, Malaysia|Big Island]] depart from mainland Malacca in [[Umbai]]. Several jetties around the state, such as in [[Merlimau]], are used by fishermen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.songketmail.org/2010/09/merlimau-pantai-jetty-jetty-nelayan.html|title=Malaysia Truly Asia - Tourism Travel Information Guide: Merlimau Pantai Jetty - Jetty Nelayan Merlimau Pantai|work=songketmail.org}}</ref>


Two existing container ports in Malacca are the [[Port of Kuala Sungai Linggi]] and Port of Tanjung Bruas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/11/12/longer-runway-and-international-port-for-malacca/|title=Longer runway and international port for Malacca|work=Free Malaysia Today|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622084853/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/11/12/longer-runway-and-international-port-for-malacca/|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Government hospitals in Malacca are [[Malacca General Hospital]] and [[Jasin District Hospital]], while private hospitals are Putra Hospital, Pantai Hospital Ayer Keroh, Mahkota Medical Centre and Oriental Melaka Straits Medical Centre.


===Road===
==Energy and environment==
Travelling to Malacca by bus is favored by most people. This is because Malacca is well connected to the [[PLUS Expressways|PLUS highway]] via three major exits. The Ayer Keroh exit at the [[North–South Expressway (Malaysia)|North–South Expressway]] is the main entry to Malacca, connected by [[Lebuh Ayer Keroh|Ayer Keroh highway]] to [[Malacca City]]. There are two additional exits along the North–South Expressway, namely the Simpang Ampat and Jasin exits. The [[Jalan Syed Abdullah Aziz|Syed Abdullah Aziz Road]] or Malacca Coastal Highway roughly connects the western and eastern sides of Malacca separated by the [[Malacca River]] through the [[Malacca Coastal Bridge]]. It is also easy to access Malacca by bus because Malacca has three main bus hubs such as Melaka Sentral, Alor Gajah Sentral and Jasin Sentral. The location of the bus stations are based on their districts, [[Central Melaka District|Melaka Tengah]], [[Alor Gajah]] and [[Jasin District|Jasin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://melakacool.com/melaka-road-bus/|title=Getting to Melaka: By Bus|access-date=2020-08-08|website=MelakaCool|date=17 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231631/https://melakacool.com/melaka-road-bus/|archive-date=2019-06-03|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The [[Melaka Sentral]] bus station, combined with taxi terminal, serves cities around [[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressbusmalaysia.com/bus-stations/melaka-sentral-bus-terminal|title=Melaka Sentral|work=ExpressBusMalaysia.com}}</ref> The Panorama Melaka bus is the public bus serving Malacca City and major landmarks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panoramamelaka.com.my/routes|title=Routes & Schedules - Panorama Melaka|website=panoramamelaka.com.my}}</ref>
[[File:Tanjung Kling Power Station.JPG|thumb|[[Tanjung Kling Power Station]]]]
[[File:Durian Tunggal Reservoir.JPG|thumb|[[Durian Tunggal Reservoir]]]]


Efforts are also being undertaken to promote pedestrianisation and the use of bicycles as an environmentally friendly mode of transportation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20180705/281771334942304|title=Making Melaka Resilient|date=2020-08-09|newspaper=TheStar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808040806/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20180705/281771334942304|archive-date=2020-08-08|url-status=live|language=en}} [https://archive.st/archive/2020/8/www.pressreader.com/71rl/www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20180705/281771334942304.html Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2020/01/645888/motif-kuda-belang-di-lintasan-pejalan-kaki-melaka|title=Motif kuda belang di lintasan pejalan kaki Melaka|date=2020-08-09|newspaper=BHOnline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809154233/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2020/01/645888/motif-kuda-belang-di-lintasan-pejalan-kaki-melaka|archive-date=2020-08-09|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=The motif of a zebra at the Melaka pedestrian crossing}}</ref> Dedicated bicycle lanes are being built on several main roads in this historic city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/03/17/riding-a-green-wave-in-malacca|title=Riding a green wave in Malacca|date=2020-08-09|newspaper=TheStar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809153022/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/03/17/riding-a-green-wave-in-malacca|archive-date=2020-08-09|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
===Power generation===
Malacca houses three power stations, namely the 330 MW [[Tanjung Kling Power Station]] in [[Tanjung Kling]] and 440 MW Telok Gong Power Station 1 and 720 MW Telok Gong Power Station 2 in [[Telok Gong]], with a total installed generation capacity of 1,490 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.powertek.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=71|title=Company Profile - Powertek Berhad Group|author=Administrator|work=powertek.com.my|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527063140/http://www.powertek.com.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=71|archive-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Many of the heavily decorated [[cycle rickshaw]]s ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''beca'') equipped with sound system can be seen on the streets in Malacca City. Most of them are used to bring tourist around the town for sightseeing. The average size can accommodate two average adult with probably a child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://visit-malaysia.yinteing.com/2011/07/28/trishaw-or-beca-rides-in-malacca-town/|title=Trishaw or Beca rides in Malacca town|work=yinteing.com|date=27 July 2011 }}</ref>
===Green energy===
On 16 December 2013, the Malacca State Government unveiled the draft 8,000 hectares special area called the Malacca World Solar Valley in Rembia, [[Alor Gajah]] applying solar energy as the primary alternative in all municipal activity sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/malacca-unveils-draft-plan-for-solar-valley|title=Malacca unveils draft plan for solar valley|work=themalaymailonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melakagreentech.gov.my/index.php/go-green/peta-lokasi/2014-09-12-03-41-25/melaka-world-solar-valley|title=Melaka World Solar Valley|author=Super User|work=melakagreentech.gov.my}}</ref>


==Demographics==
By 2020, the government-run 7,248ha Melaka World Solar Valley aims to power most of the daily activities of manufacturers, housing developers, farmers, and other stakeholders. Recently, a public-private partnership installed 100,000 LED street lamps along the Alor Gajah–Central Melaka–Jasin (AMJ) highway, which will improve road safety and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.<ref>https://www.nst.com.my/node/416836/amp</ref>


===Water supply===
===Ethnicities===
{{Historical populations
Water supply-related matters in Malacca is administered by the Malacca Water Company Ltd. ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad'') which is headquartered at Malacca City. It was established on 1 July 2006 after it was upgraded from its predecessor Malacca Water Corporation ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Perbadanan Air Melaka''). The company is also responsible for the maintenance and delivery infrastructure of clean water in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samb.com.my/index.php/2013-10-05-07-20-55/latar-belakang|title=Latar Belakang|author=Super User|work=samb.com.my}}</ref>
|1970 |404125
|1980 |446769
|1991 |506321
|2000 |605239
|2010 |790136
|2020 |998428
|source={{my10|2020kf}}
|graph-pos=bottom
}}
Malacca has an estimated population of 931,210 {{As of|2016|lc=y}} with an average annual population growth of 2%.<ref name="statistics.gov.my"/><ref name="melaka.gov.my">{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/fakta-nombor|title=Fact & Number|work=melaka.gov.my|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601123629/http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/fakta-nombor/|archive-date=1 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, 27% of the population were below 15 years old and 8% were above 60 years old.<ref name="superuser"/> The ethnic composition of Malacca as of 2015 is 66.8% [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] (552,700), 1.4% other Bumiputras (11,500), 26.0% [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] (215,000), 6.2% [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]] and [[Chitty]] (51,400) and 0.6% others (4,800).<ref name="2015 population">{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|title=Population by States and Ethnic Group|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia|year=2015|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|archive-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Malacca has small communities of [[Kristang people|Kristang]], [[Dutch people|Dutch Eurasian]] and [[Temuan people|Temuan]] people.


The [[Malaysian Malays|Malay]] population of Malacca is generally divided into two cultural groups: those practicing Adat Temenggong{{explain|date=December 2023}} and the other who are ethnically of [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] origin practicing [[Adat Perpatih]] in [[Naning]] northside (absorbed from [[Negeri Sembilan]] following the [[Naning War]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/ms/rakyat/info-melaka/kebudayaan |title=Kebudayaan — Bahasa Melayu |language=ms|publisher=Melaka.gov.my |access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> The remaining traditional Malay village in Malacca City is the [[Morten Village]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/malaccas-most-famous-malay-village-kampung-morten-is-named-after-a-british-era-collector-of-land-revenue/|title=Malacca's most famous Malay village, Kampung Morten, is named after a british-era collector of land revenue|work=Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal}}</ref>
Currently, there are three dams located in Malacca supplying its residents with water, which are [[Durian Tunggal Reservoir|Durian Tunggal Dam]] in [[Alor Gajah]], [[Jus Reservoir|Jus Dam]] and [[Asahan Reservoir|Asahan Dam]] in [[Jasin District|Jasin]]. The fourth dam, [[Jernih Dam]], will be constructed in Taboh Naning in Alor Gajah and expected to be completed by 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1296511|title=RM190m Jernih Dam scheduled to be completed by 2018|work=thesundaily.my}}</ref> There are three major [[retention basin]]s in the state, which are Kesang Satu Lake, Kesang Dua Lake and [[Ayer Keroh Lake]]. Raw water is supplied from the [[Malacca River]], [[Kesang River]] and Gerisik River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/bahasa/article/mengambil-iktibar-daripada-pengurusan-air-melaka |title=Mengambil iktibar daripada pengurusan air Melaka |work=themalaysianinsider.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919170801/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/bahasa/article/mengambil-iktibar-daripada-pengurusan-air-melaka |archivedate=19 September 2015 }}</ref>


[[Jonker Walk]] is the [[Chinatown]] area of Malacca. It was once known for its antique shops but have since turned into a well-known tourist destination that features clothes, food and crafts. The [[Peranakan]] people in Malacca show unique features, such as furniture, porcelain, crockery, style and food. Their culture is showcased at the [[Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum]].
Daily water consumption for Malacca is 500 million litres and each resident consumes 220 litres per day, higher than the national average of 180 litres per day. The Malacca State Government signed an agreement with Johor State Government on a water supply agreement in 1993 and additional water supply agreement in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/02/28/malacca-water-rationing-after-March-29/|title=Malacca to start water rationing after Mar 29 if dry spell continues - Nation - The Star Online|author=Star Media Group Berhad|work=thestar.com.my}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/04/10/learning-efficient-water-supply-management-from-malacca/|title=Learning efficient water supply management from Malacca|work=The Rakyat Post}}</ref> Another water supply agreement is planned to be signed with [[Negeri Sembilan]] in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mynewshub.cc/2015/01/14/rm190-million-jernih-dam-scheduled-to-be-completed-by-2018/#gs.75cbac5a9a264234b31c28a54d9350fd|title=RM190 Million Jernih Dam Scheduled To Be Completed By 2018|author=khalid|work=MyNewsHub|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617061455/http://eng.mynewshub.cc/2015/01/14/rm190-million-jernih-dam-scheduled-to-be-completed-by-2018/#gs.75cbac5a9a264234b31c28a54d9350fd|archive-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


[[Malaysian Indians|Indians]] in Malacca are predominantly Tamils, many of whom used to work at the rubber plantation.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/519/|title=Melaka dalam zaman moden|first=Kay Kim |last=Khoo |date=18 August 1979|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies|volume=09 |pages=32–43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305060618/https://journalarticle.ukm.my/519/ |archive-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> However, many of them now work in the jewellery, fabric, retail, merchant and money lending sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/en/citizen/melaka-info/culture/culture?set_language=en |title=Culture — English |publisher=Melaka.gov.my |access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> Many of them reside in [[Little India, Malacca|Little India]]. There is also Chitty Village for the minority [[Chitty]] people which houses the [[Chitty Museum]].
===Environmental campaign===
Malacca adopted a campaign slogan of ''Don't Mess with Malacca'' since 2014 to reduce littering in the state after the local authorities found that cleanliness levels had dropped. The slogan was adopted from the ''Don't Mess with Texas'' campaign held in [[Texas]], [[United States]], launched in 1986. The idea came from [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Chief Minister]] [[Idris Haron]] when he was still studying at the [[University of Texas at El Paso]] in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1329574|title=Understand the 'Don't mess with Melaka' campaign|work=thesundaily.my}}</ref>


A small number of [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]] who speak [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and [[Telugus]] who speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]] exist among the Indians in Malacca. [[All Malaysia Malayalee Association|Malacca Kerala Samajam]] is an association that represents the [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] speaking community in Malacca. A branch of [[Malaysian Telugu|Telugu Association Malaysia]] is situated in [[Ayer Keroh]] to represent the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking community in Malacca.
==Tourism==
{{see also|List of tourist attractions in Malacca}}
[[File:St Paul Church Melaka 7.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Church of Saint Paul, Malacca|St Paul's Church]] first built in 1521, the oldest church in Southeast Asia]]
[[File:KL Christ Church Melaka - Iglesia Holandesa.jpg|thumb|[[Christ Church, Malacca|Christ Church]]]]
Tourism is a booming industry in Malacca. It is a popular travel destinations for [[Singapore]]ans during the weekends. Malacca has adopted as its slogan, "Visiting Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia" ("''Melawat Melaka Bererti Melawati Malaysia''"). There is a tourist map provided by Malacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/ms/pelancongan/peta-melaka/peta-negeri-melaka/mlk-state.pdf |title=Melaka State Map|website=www.melaka.gov.my }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/ms/pelancongan/peta-melaka/peta-bandar-melaka/mlk-town.pdf |title=Melaka Town Map|website=www.melaka.gov.my }}</ref>


A sizeable number of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs]] residing in Malacca, and Sikhs from Malacca and abroad congregate in the [[gurdwara]] (Sikh temple) situated in Jalan Temenggong.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/05/31/memorial-fest-to-renew-ties-sikhs-gather-from-all-over-the-world-to-celebrate-for-four-days/|title=Sikhs gather from all over the world to celebrate for four days - Community - The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> They celebrate the Guru Nanak's birthday and Vasakhi new year annually.
In 2017, the state recorded 16.79 million tourist arrivals, the highest number to date. Despite been a small state spanning 1,644&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, Melaka has been a destination of choice for travellers from [[China]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/new-straits-times/20180307/281569471234867|title=MELAKA|access-date=2018-11-18|newspaper=New Straits Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814134741/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/new-straits-times/20180307/281569471234867|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> During the first six months (January–June) 2018, over 8.73 million tourists were recorded visiting Melaka which is over seven percent compared to 8.14 million tourists for the first six months of 2017. It showed an increase of 599,037 tourists. The increase was contributed by the increase of domestic tourists to Melaka which was more than 72,000 or 1.36 percent. For domestic tourists, five states reportedly visited the most are from [[Selangor]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Johor]], [[Terengganu]] and [[Negeri Sembilan]]. Most of these tourists love to enjoy grilled fish and ''asam pedas'' in Malacca. In addition, foreign tourist arrivals also experienced a sharp increase of more than 520,000 or 19.03 percent. Travellers from five countries recorded the highest rates are [[China]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[South Korea]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-bisnes/melaka-catat-kedatangan-lebih-8-73-juta-pelancong-183032|title=Melaka catat kedatangan lebih 8.73 juta pelancong|access-date=2018-11-20|publisher=astro AWANI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120024548/http://www.astroawani.com/berita-bisnes/melaka-catat-kedatangan-lebih-8-73-juta-pelancong-183032|archive-date=2018-11-20|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Melaka recorded more than 8.73 million visitors}}</ref>


[[File:Portuguese Settlement.JPG|thumb|[[Portuguese Settlement, Malacca|Portuguese Settlement (Saint John's Village)]]]]
In recent years, Malacca has received numerous international accolades. The city has been listed by several publications, including Forbes and Lonely Planet, as one of Asia's and World's Top Travel Destinations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabel/2018/02/22/the-10-coolest-cities-around-the-world-to-visit-in-2018/#60f844611bb3|title=The 10 Coolest Cities Around the World to Visit in 2018|access-date=2018-11-18|website=Forbes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222171421/https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabel/2018/02/22/the-10-coolest-cities-around-the-world-to-visit-in-2018//|archive-date=2018-02-22|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/travel-tips-and-articles/lonely-planets-best-in-asia-2017/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d2755b7b|title=Lonely Planet's Best in Asia 2017|access-date=2018-11-18|website=lonely planet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118111751/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/travel-tips-and-articles/lonely-planets-best-in-asia-2017/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d2755b7b|archive-date=2018-11-18|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> Malacca listed as one of 10 Best Destinations in Malaysia by Tripadvisor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/TravelersChoice-Destinations-cTop-g293951|title=Top 10 Destinations — Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-18|website=tripadvisor MALAYSIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118112242/https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/TravelersChoice-Destinations-cTop-g293951|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> Waze App recognized Malacca with 'The Best City to Drive In' Award.<ref name=":1" /> Globally, the historic city is ranked ahead of other major metros like Sydney, Lisbon, and Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://says.com/my/news/waze-says-this-historic-city-is-the-best-place-to-drive-in-the-country|title=Waze Says This Historic City Is The Best Place To Drive In Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-18|website=SAYS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118113605/https://says.com/my/news/waze-says-this-historic-city-is-the-best-place-to-drive-in-the-country|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> The city also has been recognised by HuffPost as 15 of the Best Street Art Cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/15-of-the-best-street-art_b_9444242|title=15 of the Best Street Art Cities -- an Alternative List
|access-date=2018-11-18|website=LIFE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118114058/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/15-of-the-best-street-art_b_9444242|archive-date=2018-11-18|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> In addition, Time publication placed Malacca as one of the best places to live and retire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/money/5021651/4-under-the-radar-ultra-cheap-overseas-retirement-destinations/|title=4 Under-the-Radar Countries Where You Can Retire for Cheap|access-date=2018-11-18|website=Money|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220141646/http://time.com/money/5021651/4-under-the-radar-ultra-cheap-overseas-retirement-destinations/|archive-date=20 February 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>


A [[Kristang people|population of Portuguese descent]], who speak a Portuguese creole, are the descendants of colonists from the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref>In Joseph, C. (2018). ''Policies and politics in Malaysian education: Education reforms, nationalism and neoliberalism''.</ref> To this day, many of the traditions originating with the Portuguese occupation are still practised, i.e. "Intrudu" from Portuguese word "Entrudo" (a water festival that marks the beginning of [[Lent]], the Catholic fasting period), "branyu" (traditional dance), "Santa Cruz" (a yearly Festival of street celebrations). Many of them settled down around the [[Portuguese Settlement, Malacca|Portuguese Settlement]] area, which has a population of about 1,200 residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=0101&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_01.htm|title=Perkampungan Portugis jadi tarikan|last=Rizanizam|first=A. H.|date=1 January 2009|work=Utusan Malaysia|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820043908/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=0101&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_01.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Tourist attractions===


The [[Orang Asli|indigenous]] population, mostly ethnic [[Temuan people|Temuan]] is relatively small. They generally reside in rural settlements, the edge of the woods and along the coast facing the Strait of Malacca. Malacca houses the [[Aborigines Museum]] in [[Ayer Keroh]].<ref name="melaka.gov.my1">{{cite web |title=Community In Melaka |url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/pelancongan/masyarakat-di-melaka |work=melaka.gov.my}}</ref>
[[File:A Famosa Melaka.JPG|thumb|left|[[A Famosa|A Famosa Fort]]]]
Malacca has numerous historical places and buildings. In order to preserve those sites, numerous museums have been built to preserve those legacies. Most of the museums in the state are managed by Malacca Museum Corporation (PERZIM; {{lang-ms|Perbadanan Muzium Melaka}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perzim.gov.my/en/perzim/info-perzim/background-of-perzim/|title=PERZIM - Background of PERZIM|work=PERZIM}}</ref> Museums in Malacca are [[Aborigines Museum]], [[Agricultural Museum (Malaysia)|Agricultural Museum]], [[Melaka Al-Quran Museum|Malacca Al-Quran Museum]], [[Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum]], [[Beauty Museum]], [[Cheng Ho Cultural Museum]], [[Chitty Museum]], [[Royal Malaysian Customs Department Museum|Customs Department Museum]], [[Democratic Government Museum]], [[Education Museum]], [[Melaka Forestry Museum|Malacca Forestry Museum]], [[Governor's Museum]], [[History and Ethnography Museum]], [[Melaka Islamic Museum|Malacca Islamic Museum]], [[Kite Museum (Melaka)|Malacca Kite Museum]], [[Melaka Literature Museum|Malacca Literature Museum]], [[Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum]], [[Malay and Islamic World Museum]], [[Malaysia Architecture Museum]], [[Maritime Museum (Malaysia)|Maritime Museum]], [[Royal Malaysian Navy Museum|Navy Museum]], [[People's Museum]], [[Malaysia Prison Museum|Prison Museum]], Pulau Besar Museum, [[Melaka Stamp Museum|Stamp Museum]], [[Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum]], [[Submarine Museum]], [[Toy Museum (Melaka)|Toy Museum]], Tradition and Custom Museum, [[Melaka UMNO Museum|UMNO Museum]], [[World's Bees Museum]] and [[Malaysia Youth Museum|Youth Museum]].


===Languages===
[[File:Jonker Walk.JPG|thumb|[[Jonker Walk]]]]
Malacca is a multi-linguistic state. [[Malaysian Malay]] is the official language of Malacca and is used in the government and public sectors. English is widely used in the business and tourism sectors. A [[Malayic languages|local form of Malay]], known as Malaccan Malay is spoken within the state of Malacca. It has its own distinct pronunciation and vocabulary compared to the rest of Malaysia. Other minority languages such as [[Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]], [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kristang language|Kristang]] ([[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]]) and various [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay-based creoles]] such as [[Baba Malay]] and [[Malaccan Creole Malay]] are also spoken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.net/should_know.htm|title=Travelling information one should know while in Malaysia|work=melaka.net}}</ref> The [[Temuan language]] is commonly spoken by Orang Asli within Malacca.
The other historical buildings and structures are [[A Famosa]], [[Alor Gajah British Graveyard]], [[Bastion Middleburg]], [[Dutch Graveyard]], [[Hang Jebat Mausoleum]], [[Hang Kasturi Mausoleum]], [[Hang Li Poh's Well]], [[Hang Tuah Mausoleum]], [[Hang Tuah's Well]], [[Malacca Light]], [[Malacca Warrior Monument]], [[Portuguese Well]], [[Proclamation of Independence Memorial]], [[St. Paul's Church, Malacca|Ruins of Saint Paul's Church]], [[St. John's Fort|Saint John's Fort]], [[Stadthuys]], [[Tun Abdul Ghafar Baba Memorial]] and [[Tun Teja Mausoleum]].


===Religions===
There are also galleries displaying various aspects of life in Malacca, which include, [[Melaka Chief Minister’s Gallery|Chief Minister’s Gallery]], [[Demang Abdul Ghani Gallery]], [[Melaka Folks Art Gallery|Folks Art Gallery]], [[Melaka Gallery (Malaysia)|Malacca Gallery]], [[Gallery of Admiral Cheng Ho]], [[Macau Gallery Melaka|Macau Gallery]], [[Malacca Art Gallery]] and [[Malacca House]].
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Malacca - 2010 Census<ref name="2010 stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia |access-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |df=dmy }} p. 13</ref>
|titlebar=
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|66.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|24.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|Orange|5.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|3.0}}
{{bar percent|Unknown / None|Brown|0.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Chinese Folk Religion|Chinese Ethnic Religion]]|Magenta|0.2}}
{{bar percent|Others|Gray|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No Religion]]|Black|0.2}}
}}
According to the 2010 census, the population of Malacca is 66.1% [[Muslim]], 24.2% [[Buddhist]], 5.7% [[Hindu]], 3.0% [[Christians|Christian]], 0.4% of unknown affiliation, 0.2% non-religious, 0.2% [[Taoism|Taoist]] or [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religion]] follower, and 0.2% of followers of other religions.<ref name="2010 stats"/>


Statistics from the 2010 census indicate that 91.6% of the Chinese population in Malacca identify as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.7%), [[Chinese folk religion]]s (0.7%) and Muslims (0.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (86.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.6%), Muslims (3.4%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malay ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]'' community are predominantly Christians (46.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (24.2%) and Buddhists (12.0%).<ref name="demographics"/>
[[File:Malacca Chinese Mosque.JPG|thumb|left|[[Malacca Chinese Mosque]]]]
Theme parks, education centres, resorts and zoos in Malacca are [[A' Famosa Resort]], [[Al-Khawarizmi Astronomy Complex]], [[Malacca Bird Park]], [[Malacca Butterfly and Reptile Sanctuary]], [[Malacca Crocodile Farm]], [[Malacca Planetarium]], [[Malacca Wonderland]], [[Malacca Zoo]], [[Mini Malaysia and ASEAN Cultural Park]], Pirate Park and [[Taming Sari Tower]].


As the [[Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia|definition of a "Malay" in the Malaysian constitution]] requires that the person professes the religion of Islam, all Malays are necessarily Muslims.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia |language=ms, en |access-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214433/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |page=86 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZV6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 |title=The Constitution of Malaysia: A Contextual Analysis |first= Andrew |last=Harding |chapter=Chapter 8 - Religion and the Constitution |isbn=9781847319838|publisher=Hart Publishing|date=27 July 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Coastal side of Melaka.jpg|thumb|Coastal side of Malacca]]
Malacca has natural-related tourist sites, such as [[Ayer Keroh Lake]], [[Bukit Batu Lebah Recreational Forest]], [[Tanjung Tuan|Cape Rachado]], [[Garden of Thousand Flowers]], [[Klebang Beach]], [[Malacca Botanical Garden]], [[Malacca River]], Malacca Tropical Fruit Farm, [[Paya Laut Linggi Recreational Forest]], [[Pengkalan Balak Beach]], [[Puteri Beach]], [[St. Paul's Hill|Saint Paul's Hill]] and [[Sungai Udang Recreational Forest]]. Malacca has also hot springs, namely [[Gadek Hot Spring]] and [[Jasin Hot Spring]].


==Education==
Malacca is a multi-religious society, therefore various worshiping places can be found around the state, namely [[Cheng Hoon Teng|Cheng Hoon Teng Temple]], [[Melaka Chinese Mosque|Chinese Mosque]], [[Christ Church, Malacca|Christ Church]], [[Kampung Hulu Mosque]], [[Kampung Kling Mosque]], [[Poh San Teng Temple]], [[Xiang Lin Si Temple]], [[Church of St. Francis Xavier, Malacca City|Saint Francis Xavier Church]], [[St. Peter's Church, Malacca|Saint Peter's Church]], [[Malacca Straits Mosque|Straits Mosque]], [[Sri Poyatha Moorthi Temple]], [[Al Azim Mosque|State Mosque]] and [[Tranquerah Mosque]].
{{see also|List of schools in Malacca}}
[[File:Catholic High School, Melaka - Outside view of hall.jpg|thumb|[[Catholic High School, Melaka|Catholic High School]]]]
[[File:Malacca High School.JPG|thumb|[[Malacca High School]]]]
[[File:Technical University of Malaysia Melaka - City Campus.jpg|thumb|[[Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka]] City Campus in [[Ayer Keroh]]]]


As of 2022, there are 238 primary schools and 78 secondary schools in Malacca.<ref name="Senarai sekolah">{{Cite report |url=https://www.moe.gov.my/en/muat-turun/laporan-dan-statistik/senarai-sekolah/5341-senarai-sekolah-rendah-dan-menengah-jun-2022/file |title=Senarai Sekolah Rendah dan Menengah Jun 2022 |date=2022-09-02 |language=ms |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923145457/https://www.moe.gov.my/en/muat-turun/laporan-dan-statistik/senarai-sekolah/5341-senarai-sekolah-rendah-dan-menengah-jun-2022/file |archive-date=2022-09-23 |format=XLSX |url-status=live |trans-title=List of Primary and Secondary Schools June 2022}}</ref> The [[Malacca High School]] is the second oldest recorded school in the country. The [[Catholic High School, Melaka|Catholic High School]] was the first government-funded school in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-12-02 |title=甲公教中學科學館開幕教育局長主持典禮同時舉行科學展覽會及展出學生各科成績 |page=14 |script-work=zh:南洋商報 |language=zh-Hant |trans-work=[[Nanyang Siang Pau]] |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/nysp19611202-1.2.35.2 |access-date=2023-04-25}}</ref> One branch of centre for juvenile convicts, [[Henry Gurney School]], is located in Telok Mas. This centre runs rehabilitation programs for male juvenile offenders. Additionally, Malacca has eight international schools staffed by expatriate teachers, which are specialise in teaching Cambridge International A Levels and cater for both the local and expatriate communities.
Public squares in Malacca are [[1Malaysia Square]], [[Alor Gajah Square]], [[Ayer Keroh Square]] and [[Jasin Square]].


Institutions include: [[Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka]] (UTeM), [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]] (UiTM) campuses that are located at Lendu, Malacca City and Jasin, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM) in Bukit Baru is the foremost institution for medical education in the state, [[Multimedia University]] (MMU) at [[Bukit Beruang]], [[Malaysian Maritime Academy]] (ALAM) at Kuala Sungai Baru, [[Malaysian Han Studies]] (MAHANS) at [[Hang Tuah Jaya]].
Some night markets can be found along [[Jonker Walk]] in Chinatown during weekends evening and along [[Puteri Beach]] in [[Tanjung Kling]]. In total, there are around 87 night markets around Malacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emelaka.gov.my/en/index.php/night-market|title=NIGHT MARKET|author=Super User|work=emelaka.gov.my|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704030001/http://www.emelaka.gov.my/en/index.php/night-market|archivedate=4 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the [[Ramadan|Islamic fasting month]], special night markets are opened along many major roads throughout the month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/58896|title=Tahun ini terlalu mahal|work=HM Online}}</ref>


There are several institutions that offer nursing education: Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai, Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota, Kolej Kejururawatan & Kesihatan Nilam, and Kolej Perubatan Komplementari Melaka. Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai is linked to Pantai Hospital at Ayer keroh while Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota is linked to Mahkota Medical Centre.
==International relations==


Skill-Tech Institute provides training in agriculture, homestay, biotechnology, ranching, aquaculture, estate supervision, landscaping, and food processing. It has two branches in Machap, Durian Tunggal and Taman Tasik Utama, Ayer Keroh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://institutskilltech.com/|title=Institut Skill-Tech &#124; Kemahiran Untuk Semua}}</ref>
===Cultural exchanges===


Part-time study is available at [[Open University Malaysia]] (OUM), while those who wish to obtain an academic diploma can enroll at [[University of Malaya]] Centre for Continuing Education (UMCCE) at Sinar College.
====China====
[[File:Macau Gallery.JPG|thumb|[[Macau Gallery Malacca]]]]
In June 2012, the [[Macau Gallery Malacca]] was opened at [[Peringgit]], Malacca under the [[Government of Macau|government]] of [[Macau]]. In April 2015, the Malacca State Government decided to build the MYR300 million Malacca Information Centre which will be located in [[Zhuhai]], [[Guangdong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2015/04/29/Melaka-information-centre-will-be-developed-in-Zhuhai-China/?style=biz|title=Melaka information centre will be developed in China, says Idris Haron - Business News - The Star Online|work=thestar.com.my}}</ref>


Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) lectures and examinations are provided at Sinar College at Malacca City. Sinar College is the only institution in the state that offers complete accounting education. Sinar College is the only approved training centre for tourism courses. Other academic institutions include International College of Yayasan Melaka (ICYM), [[Melaka International College of Science and Technology]] (MiCoST)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.v21.icym.edu.my/index.php/ms/|title=Laman Utama|website=www.v21.icym.edu.my}}</ref> and [[Malacca College of Complementary Medicine]].
====Cuba====
[[File:Casa Cuba.JPG|thumb|[[Casa Cuba]]]]
In June 2007, the [[Casa Cuba]] was opened at Peringgit.


The state government of Malacca provides financial assistance mainly in the form of loans to local citizens via Malacca Education Trust Fund (TAPEM).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170106/283489320787720|title=Bapa lega dapat bantuan TAPEM, MAIM
====Indonesia====
|date=2018-11-20|newspaper=Harian Metro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815090922/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170106/283489320787720|archive-date=2018-08-15|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Father relieved after TAPEM, MAIM help}}</ref> Among the facilities provided by TAPEM are Higher Education Loan, Minor Scholarship/Incentive Scholarship for Secondary School, and School Assistance to Primary School Students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.melaka.gov.my/en/jkmm/departments-units/deputy-state-secretary-management/melaka-state-education-trust-tapem |title=Tabung Amanah Pendidikan Negeri Melaka — English |publisher=Melaka.gov.my |access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref>
In February 2013, the [[Malacca Gallery (Indonesia)|Malacca Gallery]] in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] was officiated by [[List of Governors of Jakarta|Jakarta Governor]] [[Joko Widodo]] and [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Malacca Chief Minister]] [[Mohd Ali Rustam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmdi.com.my/dmdi-web/index.php/foto-aktiviti-tahun-2013/24-perasmian-galeri-melaka|title=Perasmian Galeri Melaka|work=dmdi.com.my|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614111620/http://www.dmdi.com.my/dmdi-web/index.php/foto-aktiviti-tahun-2013/24-perasmian-galeri-melaka|archivedate=14 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merdeka.com/jakarta/ada-galeri-melaka-jokowi-harap-turis-malaysia-banjiri-jakarta.html|title=Ada Galeri Melaka, Jokowi harap turis Malaysia banjiri Jakarta|author=Al Amin|date=22 February 2013|work=merdeka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.tempo.co/read/news/2012/09/14/083429421/Malaysia-Dirikan-Galeri-Kebudayaan-di-Jakarta|title=Malaysia Dirikan Galeri Kebudayaan di Jakarta - Tempo Metro|work=Tempo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/04/10/13213571/Melawat.Melaka.Lewat.Galeri.Melaka|title=Melawat Melaka Lewat Galeri Melaka|author=Kompas Cyber Media|work=KOMPAS.com}}</ref>


==Healthcare==
===Twin towns and friendship cities===
[[File:Malacca General Hospital main building.jpg|thumb|[[Malacca General Hospital]]]]
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia}}


Malacca houses a number of government and private hospitals and clinics. Medical institutions are located all over Malacca, providing uniform and equitable healthcare to the residents. Health-related affairs in Malacca are governed by Malacca State Health Department by providing basic health service to the residents and oversee all government health facilities in the state among hospitals, community polyclinic, rural health clinics and clinics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/rakyat/kesihatan|title=Health|work=melaka.gov.my}}</ref>
Malacca first started twinning in 1984 with the city of [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] and it is now [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with or established as a friendship city with the following cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdesk.mbmb.gov.my/twincities/glance.cfm|title=At A Glance [TwinCities 2017]|publisher=Melaka Historic City Council|accessdate=28 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231002356/http://msdesk.mbmb.gov.my/twincities/glance.cfm|archivedate=31 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="list of Malacca City twin cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.mbmb.gov.my/en/mbmb-muo-twin-cities|title=MBMB MUO With Twin Cities|publisher=Melaka Historic City Council|accessdate=28 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080732/http://www.mbmb.gov.my/en/mbmb-muo-twin-cities|archivedate=17 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Malacca is also a popular place for health care and [[medical tourism]] for Indonesian people from [[Sumatra]] due to its close proximity to the state, followed by [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amazingmelaka.com/2011/11/melaka-international-airport/|title=Melaka International Airport|work=AmazingMelaka.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213031/http://amazingmelaka.com/2011/11/melaka-international-airport/|archive-date=13 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/melaka-ns/muzium-melaka-akan-dibina-di-china-1.370740|title=Muzium Melaka akan dibina di China|date=19 March 2015|work=sinarharian.com.my}}</ref> In 2014, Malacca received over 500,000 tourists for medical tourism-related reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/05/14/Top-venue-for-health-tourism-Malacca-medical-tourism-hits-over-500000-tourists-seeking-treatments/|title=Malacca medical tourism hits over 500,000 tourists seeking treatments - Community - The Star Online|work=thestar.com.my}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Sister Cities
!Country
!Year
|-
|1
|[[Lisbon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa |accessdate=23 August 2013 |work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Lisbon - Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |archivedate=31 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="google.com">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1295&dat=20020425&id=S10uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SHsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1392,2075248|title=New Sunday Times - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Consulta|website=www.anmp.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.perdana.org.my/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1989-1992/1989/00008175.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091437/http://library.perdana.org.my/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1989-1992/1989/00008175.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-25|title=Wayback Machine|date=25 September 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
|{{Flag|Portugal}}
|1984
|-
|2
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]<ref name="perdana.org.my">{{cite web |url=http://library.perdana.org.my/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1989-1992/1989/00008175.pdf |title=News |date=1992 |website=library.perdana.org.my |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091437/http://library.perdana.org.my/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1989-1992/1989/00008175.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdesk.mbmb.gov.my/twincities/glance.cfm|title=Twincities|website=msdesk.mbmb.gov.my}}</ref>
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|1989
|-
|3
|[[Hoorn]]<ref name="perdana.org.my"/><ref name="google.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/lang_en/press/article_200105_malacca_a_dutch_conquest_forgotten.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925090623/http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/lang_en/press/article_200105_malacca_a_dutch_conquest_forgotten.html|archivedate=2015-09-25|title=MDDP - In the Press =- Malacca, a Dutch conquest forgotten|date=25 September 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|1989
|-
|4
| [[Valparaíso]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19980109&id=SPxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2532,3311135&hl=en|title=Valpairaso, land of steep hills, trains, sea and curves|author=Marina Tan|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=9 January 1998|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/chl_santiago/n2007/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/anniversary-of-the-twinning-of-the-cities-of-melaka-and-valparaiso?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fchl_santiago%2Fn2007%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_ME2g%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3D118_INSTANCE_2hIE_column-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D1%26p_p_col_count%3D2%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_andOperator%3Dtrue%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_delta%3D30 |title=Portal - Anniversary of the twinning of the Cities of Melaka and Valparaiso - Year 2007 |publisher=Kln.gov.my |date= |accessdate=2018-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803061622/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/chl_santiago/n2007/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/anniversary-of-the-twinning-of-the-cities-of-melaka-and-valparaiso?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fchl_santiago%2Fn2007%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_ME2g%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3D118_INSTANCE_2hIE_column-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D1%26p_p_col_count%3D2%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_andOperator%3Dtrue%26_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_delta%3D30 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/chl_santiago/n2007/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/melaka-is-keen-to-get-valparaiso-s-help?redirect=/web/chl_santiago/n2007?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_ME2g&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=118_INSTANCE_2hIE_column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_delta=20&_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_keywords=&_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_advancedSearch=false&_101_INSTANCE_ME2g_andOperator=true&cur=1|title=Portal - Melaka is keen to get Valparaiso's help - Year 2007|website=www.kln.gov.my}}</ref>
|{{Flag|Chile}}
|1991
|-
|5
|[[Nanjing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0703&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_07.htm|title=Penerbangan khas Nanjing-Melaka guna LTAM|website=Utusan Online|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803044648/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0703&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_07.htm|archive-date=3 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pressreader.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20131004/282166468894336|title=PressReader.com - Connecting People Through News|website=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> in [[Jiangsu|Jiangsu Province]]<ref>''Jiangsu''. (2017). Retrieved from Jiangsu Provincial People's Government website: <nowiki>http://en.jiangsu.gov.cn/col/col54176/index.html?yqpgnm=msjgy3</nowiki></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2001&dt=0415&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Ekonomi&pg=ek_04.htm|title=Melaka jalin hubungan dengan wilayah Jiangsu|website=Utusan Online}}</ref><ref name="pressreader.com"/>
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|China}}
|2002
|-
|6
|[[Changsha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/AboutHunan/GlobalAssociations/SisterCities/|title=Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn|first=Hunan|last=Government|website=www.enghunan.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mbmb.gov.my/en/mbmb-muo-twin-cities|title=MBMB MUO With Twin Cities|last=kamarul|date=11 May 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
|2004
|-
|7
|[[Sawahlunto]]<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/8021809|title=sawahlunto malaka|first=surya|last=wiguna|publisher=}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|2004
|-
|8
|[[Padang Panjang]]<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdesk.mbmb.gov.my/twincities/glance.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231002356/http://msdesk.mbmb.gov.my/twincities/glance.cfm|archivedate=2017-12-31|title=Twincities|date=31 December 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
|2006
|-
|9
|[[Kota Tua Jakarta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakpost.travel/news/jakartas-kota-tua-and-melaka-are-now-sister-cities-6j9lkLRp0senA7K4.html|title=Jakarta's 'Kota Tua' and Melaka are now sister cities|author=Edna Tarigan|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|publisher=The Jakarta Post Travel|date=2 January 2014|accessdate=25 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206133222/http://www.jakpost.travel/news/jakartas-kota-tua-and-melaka-are-now-sister-cities-6j9lkLRp0senA7K4.html|archivedate=6 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.detik.com/international-destination/d-2613111/melaka-kembaran-kota-tua-jakarta-di-malaysia|title=Melaka, Kembaran Kota Tua Jakarta di Malaysia|publisher=}}</ref>
|2014
|-
|10
|[[Guangdong Province|Guangdong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/2015-09/23/content_133454460.htm |title=Guangdong & Malacca sign sister relationship memo |author=Chan |publisher=News Guangdong |date=23 September 2015 |accessdate=25 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925084738/http://www.newsgd.com/news/2015-09/23/content_133454460.htm |archivedate=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kln.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=73198&folderId=5316759&name=DLFE-159420.pdf |title=Document |website=www.kln.gov.my |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803062059/http://www.kln.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=73198&folderId=5316759&name=DLFE-159420.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Flag|China}}
|2015
|}


Government hospitals in Malacca are the [[Malacca General Hospital]] and Jasin District Hospital, while private hospitals are the Putra Hospital, Pantai Hospital Ayer Keroh, Mahkota Medical Centre and Oriental Melaka Straits Medical Centre.
==Transportation==
[[File:New Malacca Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Malacca International Airport]]]]


===Air===
==Culture==
===Arts===
[[Malacca International Airport]] (IATA: MKZ, ICAO: WMKM) (formerly known as Batu Berendam Airport) is an airport located in Batu Berendam, Malacca, Malaysia. The airport serves the state of Malacca, as well as northern Johor, with links to [[Pekanbaru]]<ref name="astroawani.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-bisnes/melaka-mahu-buka-semula-laluan-penerbangan-domestik-antarabangsa-di-ltam-123237|title=Melaka mahu buka semula laluan penerbangan domestik, antarabangsa di LTAM - Astro Awani|website=www.astroawani.com}}</ref> and [[Penang]]<ref name="astroawani.com"/>
[[Dondang Sayang]] is a traditional Malay art still practised in Malacca by four communities: the Malay, Baba Nyonya, Chitty and Portuguese communities and is recognized by [[UNESCO]]. The practice combines elements of music (violins, gongs and tambourines or the tambour), songs and chants, and features melodious strains of poetry. Also known as love ballads, the songs are used by communities to convey feelings of love and give advice on special topics such as love and kindness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dondang-sayang-01410|title=Dondang Sayang|access-date=2018-12-25|website=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225024335/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dondang-sayang-01410|archive-date=2018-12-25|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/dondang-sayang-terima-pengiktirafan-unesco-192690|title=Dondang Sayang terima pengiktirafan UNESCO|access-date=2018-12-25|publisher=astro AWANI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225024708/http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/dondang-sayang-terima-pengiktirafan-unesco-192690|archive-date=2018-12-25|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Dondang Sayang receives UNESCO recognition}}</ref>


ProjectARM was a street art project brought about by nine artists to create street art along the river in Jalan Kampung Hulu that would highlight Malacca's beauty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theculturemap.com/street-art-malacca-malaysia/|title=Street Art in Malacca (Melaka)
===Railway===
|access-date=2018-11-29|website=the Culture Map|date=27 February 2015
There are currently two [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] railway stations in Malacca, which are the [[Pulau Sebang/Tampin railway station|Pulau Sebang/Tampin Station]] in [[Pulau Sebang]], [[Alor Gajah]] and [[Batang Melaka railway station|Batang Malacca Station]] in [[Batang Malacca]], [[Jasin District|Jasin]].
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129092756/https://www.theculturemap.com/street-art-malacca-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-29|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/the-best-mural-artworks-in-malaysia/|title=The Best Mural Artworks in Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-29|website=culture trip|date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129093237/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/malaysia/articles/the-best-mural-artworks-in-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-29|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>


===Media===
There were railway tracks from [[Pulau Sebang]] to Malacca City before World War II, but these were dismantled by the Japanese for the construction of the [[Myanmar|Burmese]] [[Death Railway]].<ref>Nor Shahid, M. N. (2015, July 24). We can revive Tampin-Malacca rail service. ''New Straits Times''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/we-can-revive-tampin-malacca-rail-service</nowiki></ref> On October 10, 2015, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) commuter service has introduced a new route, shuttle service between Seremban-Sebang/Tampin-Gemas station.<ref>KTMB perkenal perkhidmatan komuter baharu dari Seremban ke Gemas. (2015, October 1). ''Berita Harian''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.bharian.com.my/node/85731</nowiki></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/410837|title=Komuter guna jadual baru mulai esok|date=2 February 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
Malacca is a popular filming location for domestic and international film production companies with the presence of various tourist attractions and historical remains. Iconic Bollywood artist, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] described Malacca as beautiful and said he would return for acting and holiday in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ww1.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2009&dt=0625&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm|title=Malaysia syurga penggambaran|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Kosmo! Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728191306/http://ww1.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2009&dt=0625&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm|archive-date=2018-07-28|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Malaysia is paradise of filming}}</ref> The films and the music videos published in Malacca include:


* 1987 - ''[[Tragic Hero (film)|Tragic Hero]]'', starring [[Andy Lau]]. Part of this Hong Kong movie was filmed in Malacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.retrojunk.com/content/child/description/page/1992/tragic-hero|title=Tragic Hero (1987)|access-date=2018-11-19|website=RETRO JUNK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119072802/http://www.retrojunk.com/content/child/description/page/1992/tragic-hero|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
A 1.6-km line of [[Malacca Monorail]] was launched in October 2010, served the route along the [[Malacca River]]. Due to several technical glitches months into its operation, the system was left idle in 2013. However, in June 2015 the Malacca State Government decided to revive the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/malacca-wants-revive-monorail-line-promote-river|title=Malacca wants to revive monorail line to promote river|work=AsiaOne}}</ref> On December 4, 2017, Malacca Monorail has re-operate<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2018/02/03/lebih-17000-guna-monorel-melaka-sejak-beroperasi-semula |title=Lebih 17,000 guna Monorel Melaka sejak beroperasi semula |date=3 February 2018 |work=Utusan Borneo Online}}</ref> with enhanced safety features such as lightning-prevention devices and the addition of a rescue vehicle to attract wagons in the event of a technical problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-bisnes/kos-taman-tema-naik-taraf-kawasan-monorel-melaka-rm109-juta-162130|title=Kos taman tema, naik taraf kawasan monorel Melaka RM109 juta - Astro Awani|website=www.astroawani.com}}</ref> The previous incident is believed will not recur as tests had been performed for two months before re-operation. The Malacca Monorail operating hours are 10.00 am to 10.00 pm on weekdays and will be continued until 12.00 midnight on Saturdays and Sundays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/bahasa/s/25766|title=Monorel Melaka beroperasi semula esok - The Malaysian Insight|website=www.themalaysianinsight.com}}</ref>
* 1999 - ''[[Entrapment (film)|Entrapment]]'', starring [[Sean Connery]], [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] and [[Kee Thuan Chye]], Malaysian actor. Part of the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie was shot at [[Malacca River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2013/07/13/hollywood-movies-filmed-in-malaysia/|title=7 Hollywood Movies Filmed in Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-19|website=ExpatGo|date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119073412/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2013/07/13/hollywood-movies-filmed-in-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>

* 2001 - ''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'', starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=1207&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_22.htm|title=Shah Rukh Khan terima pingat Datuk|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Kosmo! Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075023/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=1207&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_22.htm|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Shah Rukh Khan accepts Datukship}}</ref>
===Water===
* 2008 - Singaporean drama series ''[[The Little Nyonya]]'', starring [[Jeanette Aw]] and [[Qi Yuwu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/tv/news/2009/11/22/big-little-nyonya/|title=Big Little Nyonya
Daily ferries run from Malacca to the Indonesian cities of [[Bengkalis]], [[Dumai]] and [[Pekanbaru]] departing from Harbour Master's Jetty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-attractions-in-malaysia.com/ferries-to-malaysia-part3.html|title=Ferries to Malaysia-ferries from Indonesia|work=Tourist Attractions in Malaysia|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613192500/http://www.tourist-attractions-in-malaysia.com/ferries-to-malaysia-part3.html|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Regular boat services to [[Big Island, Malaysia|Big Island]] depart from mainland Malacca in [[Umbai]]. Several jetties around the state, such as in [[Merlimau]], are used by fishermen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.songketmail.org/2010/09/merlimau-pantai-jetty-jetty-nelayan.html|title=Malaysia Truly Asia - Tourism Travel Information Guide: Merlimau Pantai Jetty - Jetty Nelayan Merlimau Pantai|work=songketmail.org}}</ref>

Two existing container ports in Malacca are the [[Port of Kuala Sungai Linggi]] and Port of Tanjung Bruas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/11/12/longer-runway-and-international-port-for-malacca/|title=Longer runway and international port for Malacca|work=Free Malaysia Today|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622084853/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/11/12/longer-runway-and-international-port-for-malacca/|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Road===
Travelling to Melaka by bus is favored by most people. This is because Melaka is well connected to the [[PLUS Expressways|PLUS highway]] via three major exits. The Ayer Keroh exit at the [[North–South Expressway (Malaysia)|North–South Expressway]] is the main entry to Malacca, connected by [[Lebuh Ayer Keroh|Ayer Keroh highway]] to [[Malacca City]]. There are two additional exits along the North–South Expressway, namely the Simpang Ampat and Jasin exits. The [[Jalan Syed Abdullah Aziz|Syed Abdullah Aziz Road]] or Malacca Coastal Highway roughly connects the western and eastern sides of Malacca separated by the [[Malacca River]] through the [[Malacca Coastal Bridge]]. It is also easy to access Melaka by bus because Melaka have 3 main bus hubs such as Melaka Sentral, Alor Gajah Sentral and Jasin Sentral. The location of the bus stations are based on their districts, [[Central Melaka District|Central Melaka]], [[Alor Gajah]] and [[Jasin District|Jasin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://melakacool.com/melaka-road-bus/|title=Getting to Melaka: By Bus|access-date=2020-08-08|website=MelakaCool|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231631/https://melakacool.com/melaka-road-bus/|archive-date=2019-06-03|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> The [[Melaka Sentral|Malacca Sentral]] bus station, combined with taxi terminal, serves cities around [[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressbusmalaysia.com/bus-stations/melaka-sentral-bus-terminal|title=Melaka Sentral|work=ExpressBusMalaysia.com}}</ref> The Panorama Malacca bus is the public bus that covered almost entire routes in Melaka from historical place, the shopping mall, and to the hotels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panoramamelaka.com.my/routes|title=Routes & Schedules - Panorama Melaka|website=panoramamelaka.com.my}}</ref>

Efforts are also being undertaken to promote pedestrianisation and the use of bicycles as an environmentally friendly mode of transportation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20180705/281771334942304|title=Making Melaka Resilient|date=2020-08-09|newspaper=TheStar|archive-url=https://archive.st/archive/2020/8/www.pressreader.com/71rl/www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20180705/281771334942304.html|archive-date=2020-08-09|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2020/01/645888/motif-kuda-belang-di-lintasan-pejalan-kaki-melaka|title=Motif kuda belang di lintasan pejalan kaki Melaka|date=2020-08-09|newspaper=BHOnline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809154233/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2020/01/645888/motif-kuda-belang-di-lintasan-pejalan-kaki-melaka|archive-date=2020-08-09|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=The motif of a zebra at the Melaka pedestrian crossing}}</ref> Dedicated bicycle lanes are being built on several main roads in this historic city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/03/17/riding-a-green-wave-in-malacca|title=Riding a green wave in Malacca|date=2020-08-09|newspaper=TheStar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809153022/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/03/17/riding-a-green-wave-in-malacca|archive-date=2020-08-09|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>

Many of the heavily decorated [[cycle rickshaw]]s ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''beca'') equipped with sound system can be seen on the streets in Malacca. Most of them are used to bring tourist around the town for sightseeing. The average size can accommodate two average adult with probably a child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://visit-malaysia.yinteing.com/2011/07/28/trishaw-or-beca-rides-in-malacca-town/|title=Trishaw or Beca rides in Malacca town|work=yinteing.com}}</ref>

==Art of culture and entertainment==
Melaka is an ideal filming location for domestic and international film production companies with the presence of various tourist attractions and historical remains. Iconic Bollywood artist, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] described Melaka as beautiful and said he would return for acting and holiday in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ww1.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2009&dt=0625&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm|title=Malaysia syurga penggambaran|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Kosmo! Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728191306/http://ww1.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2009&dt=0625&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm|archive-date=2018-07-28|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Malaysia is paradise of filming}}</ref> The films and the music videos published in Malacca include:

* 1987 - '''[[Tragic Hero (film)|Tragic Hero]],''' starring [[Andy Lau]]. Part of this Hong Kong movie was filmed in Malacca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.retrojunk.com/content/child/description/page/1992/tragic-hero|title=Tragic Hero (1987)|access-date=2018-11-19|website=RETRO JUNK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119072802/http://www.retrojunk.com/content/child/description/page/1992/tragic-hero|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
* 1999 - '''[[Entrapment (film)|Entrapment]],''' starring [[Sean Connery]], [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] and [[Kee Thuan Chye]], Malaysian actor. Part of the [[Hollywood]] movie was shot at [[Malacca River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2013/07/13/hollywood-movies-filmed-in-malaysia/|title=7 Hollywood Movies Filmed in Malaysia|access-date=2018-11-19|website=ExpatGo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119073412/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2013/07/13/hollywood-movies-filmed-in-malaysia/|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
* 2001 - '''[[One 2 Ka 4]],''' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=1207&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_22.htm|title=Shah Rukh Khan terima pingat Datuk|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Kosmo! Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119075023/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=1207&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_22.htm|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Shah Rukh Khan accepts Datukship}}</ref>
* 2008 - Singaporean drama series '''[[The Little Nyonya]],''' starring [[Jeanette Aw]] and [[Qi Yuwu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/tv/news/2009/11/22/big-little-nyonya/|title=Big Little Nyonya
|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=THE Star ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119080920/https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/tv/news/2009/11/22/big-little-nyonya/|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=THE Star ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119080920/https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/tv/news/2009/11/22/big-little-nyonya/|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
* 2011 - '''[[Don 2]],''' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. Malacca Prison were among the filming set of the [[Bollywood]] movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://says.com/my/entertainment/10-movies-you-didn-t-know-were-filmed-in-malaysia-spot-the-bas-sekolah|title=10 Movies You Didn't Know Were Filmed In Malaysia. Spot The Bas Sekolah!
* 2011 - ''[[Don 2]]'', starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. Malacca Prison were among the filming set of the [[Bollywood]] movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://says.com/my/entertainment/10-movies-you-didn-t-know-were-filmed-in-malaysia-spot-the-bas-sekolah|title=10 Movies You Didn't Know Were Filmed In Malaysia. Spot The Bas Sekolah!
|access-date=2018-11-19|website=SAYS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119082002/https://says.com/my/entertainment/10-movies-you-didn-t-know-were-filmed-in-malaysia-spot-the-bas-sekolah|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
|access-date=2018-11-19|website=SAYS|date=2 March 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119082002/https://says.com/my/entertainment/10-movies-you-didn-t-know-were-filmed-in-malaysia-spot-the-bas-sekolah|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
* 2013 - '''''Suami Aku Ustaz,''''' starring [[:ms:Ady Putra|Ady Putra]], [[Nora Danish]] and [[Izzue Islam]]. The filming is fully carried out at several locations in Malacca.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/hiburan/nora-danish-suami-aku-ustaz-1.174519|title=Nora Danish: 'Suami aku ustaz'|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Sinar ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119085336/http://www.sinarharian.com.my/hiburan/nora-danish-suami-aku-ustaz-1.174519|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=My husband is an ustaz}}</ref>
* 2013 - ''Suami Aku Ustaz'', starring {{ill|Ady Putra|ms|vertical-align=sup}}, [[Nora Danish]] and [[Izzue Islam]]. The filming is fully carried out at several locations in Malacca.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/hiburan/nora-danish-suami-aku-ustaz-1.174519|title=Nora Danish: 'Suami aku ustaz'|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Sinar ONLINE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119085336/http://www.sinarharian.com.my/hiburan/nora-danish-suami-aku-ustaz-1.174519|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=My husband is an ustaz}}</ref>
* 2016 - '''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]],''' starring [[Rajinikanth]]. Melaka Contingent Police Headquarters, Sungai Udang Prison and somewhere around Melaka towns were among the filming sites of the [[Kollywood]] movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.projekmm.com/s/995325/exco-melaka-wartawan-teruja-jumpa-sendiri-rajinikanth|title=Exco Melaka, wartawan teruja jumpa sendiri Rajinikanth|access-date=2018-11-19|website=PROJEK mm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119094355/https://www.projekmm.com/s/995325/exco-melaka-wartawan-teruja-jumpa-sendiri-rajinikanth|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Melaka exco, journalist excitedly met Rajinikanth himself}}</ref>
* 2016 - ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'', starring [[Rajinikanth]]. Malacca Contingent Police Headquarters and Sungai Udang Prison were filming sites for [[Kollywood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.projekmm.com/s/995325/exco-melaka-wartawan-teruja-jumpa-sendiri-rajinikanth|title=Exco Melaka, wartawan teruja jumpa sendiri Rajinikanth|access-date=2018-11-19|website=PROJEK mm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119094355/https://www.projekmm.com/s/995325/exco-melaka-wartawan-teruja-jumpa-sendiri-rajinikanth|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Melaka exco, journalist excitedly met Rajinikanth himself}}</ref>
* 2016 - [[:ms:Ayda Jebat|Ayda Jebat's]] '''''Pencuri Hati''''' music<nowiki/> video (dangdut version).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cosmopolitan.my/ayda-jebat-tampil-dengan-telefon-edisi-istimewa/|title=Ayda Jebat Tampil Dengan Telefon Edisi Istimewa
* 2016 - {{ill|Ayda Jebat's|ms|Ayda Jebat|vertical-align=sup}} ''Pencuri Hati'' music video (dangdut version).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cosmopolitan.my/ayda-jebat-tampil-dengan-telefon-edisi-istimewa/|title=Ayda Jebat Tampil Dengan Telefon Edisi Istimewa
|access-date=2018-11-19|website=COSMOPOLITAN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119110200/http://cosmopolitan.my/ayda-jebat-tampil-dengan-telefon-edisi-istimewa/|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Ayda Jebat Appear With Special Edition Phone}}</ref>
|access-date=2018-11-19|website=COSMOPOLITAN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119110200/http://cosmopolitan.my/ayda-jebat-tampil-dengan-telefon-edisi-istimewa/|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Ayda Jebat Appear With Special Edition Phone}}</ref>
* 2017 - Malaysian drama series '''''Hikayat Cinta Si Pematah Hati,''''' starring [[Alif Satar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170417/282819306082590|title=Memang penat tapi berbaloi|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Harian Metro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914094331/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170417/282819306082590|archive-date=2018-09-14|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=It is tiring but worth it}}</ref>
* 2017 - Malaysian drama series ''Hikayat Cinta Si Pematah Hati'', starring [[Alif Satar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170417/282819306082590|title=Memang penat tapi berbaloi|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=Harian Metro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914094331/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20170417/282819306082590|archive-date=2018-09-14|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=It is tiring but worth it}}</ref>
* 2018 - Malaysian telemovie '''''Aku Nazmi''''' starring [[:ms:Jay Iswazir|Jay Iswazir]], [[:ms:Ayda Jebat|Ayda Jebat]] and [[:ms:Sheila Rusly|Sheila Rusly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gempak.com/artikel/8392/belajar-bahasa-isyarat-ayda-jebat-menangis|title=Belajar Bahasa Isyarat, Ayda Jebat Menangis|access-date=2018-11-19|website=GEMPAK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119121756/http://www.gempak.com/artikel/8392/belajar-bahasa-isyarat-ayda-jebat-menangis|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Learn Sign Language, Ayda Jebat Cries}}</ref>
* 2018 - Malaysian telemovie ''Aku Nazmi'' starring {{ill|Jay Iswazir|ms|vertical-align=sup}}, [[Ayda Jebat]] and {{ill|Sheila Rusly|ms|vertical-align=sup}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gempak.com/artikel/8392/belajar-bahasa-isyarat-ayda-jebat-menangis|title=Belajar Bahasa Isyarat, Ayda Jebat Menangis|access-date=2018-11-19|website=GEMPAK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119121756/http://www.gempak.com/artikel/8392/belajar-bahasa-isyarat-ayda-jebat-menangis|archive-date=2018-11-19|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Learn Sign Language, Ayda Jebat Cries}}</ref>
* 2018 - Malaysian drama series '''Mr. Grey,''' starring Fendi Bakry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www2.hmetro.com.my/rap/2018/04/333798/fendy-berubat-kampung-sakit-misteri|title=Fendy berubat kampung sakit misteri
* 2018 - Malaysian drama series ''Mr. Grey'', starring Fendi Bakry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www2.hmetro.com.my/rap/2018/04/333798/fendy-berubat-kampung-sakit-misteri|title=Fendy berubat kampung sakit misteri
|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=my Metro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425131609/https://www.hmetro.com.my/rap/2018/04/333798/fendy-berubat-kampung-sakit-misteri|archive-date=2018-04-25|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Fendy use traditional medicine to treat his mystery illness}}</ref>
|date=2018-11-19|newspaper=my Metro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425131609/https://www.hmetro.com.my/rap/2018/04/333798/fendy-berubat-kampung-sakit-misteri|archive-date=2018-04-25|url-status=live|language=ms|trans-title=Fendy use traditional medicine to treat his mystery illness}}</ref>
* 2021 - ''[[Mechamato]]'' is a Malaysian animation series which set in a fictional city inspired from Malacca City.


==Notable people ==
===Cuisine===
Malacca received recognition from the World Street Food Congress for Nyonya Siamese Noodles (34th) and Coolie Street Satay (43rd).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wsfcongress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Top-50-Street-Food-Awards-WSFC17.pdf|title=Top 50 World Street Food Masters|access-date=2018-11-18|publisher=world street food congress 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118100301/http://wsfcongress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Top-50-Street-Food-Awards-WSFC17.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> The various street dishes and delicacies of Malacca include ''[[satay celup]]''; [[rice ball|chicken rice balls]]; duck noodles; ''[[wonton noodles|Malacca-style wonton noodles]]''; ''[[laksa|nyonya laksa]]''; ''pai tee'' (also known as ''[[pie tee]]'' and top hats); ''ayam pongteh''; ''[[asam pedas|asam pedas with fish]]''; Portuguese grilled fish and seafood; ''fishball lobak''; coconut shake; ''[[cendol|nyonya cendol]]''; ''[[putu piring]]''; and ''[[kuih|nyonya kuih]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://says.com/my/lifestyle/melaka-food|title=15 Malaccan Dishes You Should Try Before You Die
{{Overly detailed|section|date=August 2018}}
|access-date=2018-11-18|website=SAYS|date=28 April 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118101606/https://says.com/my/lifestyle/melaka-food|archive-date=2018-11-18|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>


===Sports===
;Experts and Academicians:
[[File:Malacca International Motorsport Circuit.JPG|thumb|Melaka International Motorsport Circuit]]
*[[Shirley Geok-lin Lim]], award-winning novelist, writer and Professor of English at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].
Sports-related affairs of Malacca are governed by the Malacca State Sports Council ({{langx|ms|Majlis Sukan Negeri Melaka}}) under the Malacca State Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/kerajaan/sektor-pengurusan/majlis-sukan-negeri-melaka-msnm|title=Melaka State Sports Council (MSNM)|work=melaka.gov.my}}</ref> Another governing body of sports in Malacca is the Department of Youth and Sports ({{langx|ms|Jabatan Belia dan Sukan Negeri Melaka}}). Malacca is home to several football stadiums, such as [[Hang Jebat Stadium]] (the state's main stadium), [[Hang Tuah Stadium]] and [[Tun Fatimah Stadium]]. Built in 1954, Hang Tuah Stadium is the oldest stadium in Malacca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/venue/stadium-hang-tuah |title=Hang Tuah Stadium |work=stadiummelaka.gov.my |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405220331/http://stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/venue/stadium-hang-tuah |archive-date=5 April 2015 }}</ref> Established under the Malacca Stadium Corporation Enactment of 2004, the Malacca Stadium Corporation is the entity that manages stadiums in Malacca which started its operation on 16 September 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/typography/latar-belakang-perbadanan-stadium-melaka|title=Profile|work=stadiummelaka.gov.my|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626033245/http://www.stadiummelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/typography/latar-belakang-perbadanan-stadium-melaka|archive-date=26 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Suhaimi Sulaiman]], news anchor and experienced media strategist in [[Malaysia]].
*[[Ahmad Maarop|Tan Sri Dato' Sri Ahmad Maarop]], seventh and current [[Court of Appeal of Malaysia|President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia]].


There is also a motorsport racetrack in [[Durian Tunggal]] named the Melaka International Motorsport Circuit. Melaka International Bowling Centre in Ayer Keroh with 52 lanes is the largest [[bowling]] centre in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-bowling-centre;jsessionid=6428407F967CC7E857F218719255AA78 |title=Melaka International Bowling Centre |website=Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602113424/http://www.mphtj.gov.my/en/melaka-international-bowling-centre%3Bjsessionid%3D6428407F967CC7E857F218719255AA78 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
;Film, Television and Music

*[[Amar Asyraf]], actor.
There are four [[golf courses]] in Malacca, namely Ayer Keroh Golf and Country Club in [[Ayer Keroh]], Orna Golf and Country Club in [[Bemban]] and Tiara Melaka Golf and Country Club in [[Bukit Katil]] and A'Famosa Golf Resort in [[Simpang Ampat, Malacca|Simpang Ampat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiagolfholiday.com/golf-courses/malacca/|title=Golf Courses in Malacca|author=Golfasian|date=16 December 2013|work=malaysiagolfholiday.com}}</ref> Golf-related paraphernalia in Malacca is showcased at the Malacca Golf Gallery.
*[[Anuar Zain]], singer and a multi award-winning artist.

*[[Aubrey Suwito]], Malaysian pianist, keyboardist, songwriter, arranger and producer.
Malacca was the host venue for the [[2010 Sukma Games]] held on 10–19 June 2010.
*[[Christopher Lee (Malaysian actor)|Christopher Lee]], actor.
*[[Remy Ishak]], actor.
*[[Resh (Malaysian singer)]] or Reshmonu, singer-songwriter.
*[[Ziana Zain]], pop singer-songwriter, model, entrepreneur and actress


Malacca also has a football team known as [[Melaka United]] representing Malacca in the Malaysian football league. The Melaka United football team won the first [[Malaysia Premier League]] title in 1983, in addition they were the champion of the third division of the Malaysia football league, [[Malaysia FAM League|FAM League]] Cup, in 2015 before won the second Premier League title a year after it. [[Melaka United]] uses the [[Hang Jebat Stadium]] in Krubong as their home ground with a capacity of 40,000 spectators.
;History:
*[[Dol Said]], 19th-century [[Malay people|Malay]] leader of an area called [[Naning]], which was then part of Malacca on the [[Malay Peninsula]].
*[[Ee Tiang Hong]], Malayan poet of Chinese ancestry.
*[[Hang Jebat]], closest companion of the legendary Malaccan hero [[Hang Tuah]].
*[[Hang Li Po]], fifth wife of Malaccan Sultan Mansur Shah (reigned 1456-1477).
*[[Hang Nadim]], very young Malay boy of great ingenuity who saved Temasek, now called Singapore, from attack by shoals of a species of swordfish named todak; attacks which cost many indigenous Malays their lives.
*[[Hang Tuah]], legendary warrior who lived in Malacca during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah in the 15th century.
*Munshi Abdullah ([[Abdullah Abdul Kadir]]), Malayan writer, was a Malacca-born Indian munshi of Singapore and died in Jeddah, a part of the Ottoman Empire.
*Panglima Awang ([[Enrique of Malacca]]), native of the [[Malay Archipelago]] who participated in the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[explorer]] [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s mission in the 16th century to sail around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/printheritage/detail/dd3d97ec-0018-4bd1-9e23-8270477e2d16.aspx|title=Purbawara Panglima Awang - BookSG - National Library Board, Singapore|last=Singapore|first=National Library Board|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref>Nasron Sira, R. (2015, May 18). SIRI MISTERI: 'Panglima Awang' Melayu pertama keliling dunia. ''Berita Harian''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.bharian.com.my/node/55556</nowiki></ref>
*[[Zainon Munshi Sulaiman|Tan Sri Hajjah Zainon Munshi Sulaiman]], historic Malaysian politician, teacher and an independence campaigner.
*[[Tan Cheng Lock|Tun Dato' Sri Tan Cheng Lock]], (one of the founding fathers of modern [[Malaysia]] and the founder of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]]).
*[[Tun Ali of Malacca]], fourth [[bendahara]], or [[prime minister]] of the [[Malaccan Sultanate]].
*[[Tun Perak]], fifth [[bendahara]], a Malay rank similar to a [[prime minister]], of the [[Sultanate of Malacca]].
*[[Tun Perpatih Putih]], sixth [[bendahara]] of the [[Sultanate of Malacca]].
*[[Tun Mutahir of Malacca]], [[bendahara]] of the [[Malaccan Sultanate]].
*[[Tun Fatimah]], well-known [[Malaysia]]n [[heroine]] and daughter of [[Tun Mutahir of Malacca|Tun Mutahir]] the Malaccan [[bendahara]] who lived during the 16th century.


== Notable people ==
;Politics:
* [[Andre Filipe Desker]] (1826–1898), butcher and philanthropist<ref name = "InfoPedia">{{cite web |url= https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=18c6470e-de02-4bb4-96c8-a45e6ba0b7c0|title= Desker Road|last1= Cornelius-Takaham|first1= Vernon|last2= Ibrahim|first2= Faridah|date= |website= Singapore Infopedia|publisher= [[National Library Board]]|access-date= 1 September 2024|quote=}}</ref>
*[[Betty Chew]], wife to [[Lim Guan Eng]], former [[Minister of Finance (Malaysia)|Minister of Finance]] of Malaysia (2018-2020).
* [[Devan Nair]] (1923–2005), third [[President of Singapore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devan Nair |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=758964c3-cc21-4561-8e59-32d75cd7526f |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=National Library Board}}</ref>
*[[Chua Tian Chang]], Malaysian politician and was the former Member of Parliament for the Batu constituency in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from March 2008 to May 2018.
* [[Khairul Hafiz Jantan]] (born 1998), Malaysian sprinter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20171021/282269550636891|title=Khairul cuba aksi 60 meter|via=PressReader|accessdate=2 December 2023}}</ref>
*[[Liow Tiong Lai|Dato' Seri Liow Tiong Lai]], former [[Minister of Transport (Malaysia)|Minister of Transport]] of Malaysia (2014-2018) and [[Minister of Health]] (2008-2013).
* [[A. Samad Said]] (born 1935), novelist and poet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/datuk-abdul-samad-muhammad-said-a.-samad-said-1|title=Datuk Abdul Samad Muhammad Said (A. Samad Said)|publisher=[[National Archives of Malaysia]]|access-date=2018-10-02|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002214848/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/datuk-abdul-samad-muhammad-said-a.-samad-said-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Ahmad Hamzah|Datuk Wira Haji Ahmad Hamzah]], Malaysian politician and is the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Jasin constituency in the State of Melaka.
* [[Tan Cheng Lock]] (1883–1960), businessman, politician and 1st President of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association|Malayan Chinese Association]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202230635/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F12%2F15%2Fnation%2F16326831&sec=nation|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F12%2F15%2Fnation%2F16326831&sec=nation|title=A true Malayan nationalist|archivedate=2 December 2010|date=15 December 2006}}</ref>
*[[Devan Nair]], Melaka-born third President of Singapore and appointed by Parliament on October 23, 1981.
* [[Tan Siew Sin]] (1916–1988), Minister of finance and 3rd President of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]], son of Tan Cheng Lock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tourism-melaka.com/tuntansiewsin.pdf |title=Famous Malaccans: Tun Tan Siew Sin (1916–1988) |access-date=20 February 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717080145/http://www.tourism-melaka.com/tuntansiewsin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Goh Leong San]], [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] politician.
* [[Soh Chin Ann]] (born 1950), Malaysian former footballer.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/football/2020/11/24/chin-auns-name-may-be-misspelt-but-he-committed-very-few-errors-on-field Chin Aun's name may be misspelt but he committed very few errors on field] – The Star, 24 November 2020.</ref>
*[[Kerk Kim Hock]], [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] politician and the fourth secretary-general for the [[Democratic Action Party]] (DAP).
* [[Ziana Zain]] (born 1968), singer and actress.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rotikaya.com/lebih-sedekad-tanpa-konsert-solo-ziana-zain-janji-yang-terbaik/ |title=Lebih Sedekad Tanpa Konsert Solo, Ziana Zain Janji Yang Terbaik |work=RotiKaya.com |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
*[[Koh Nai Kwong]], [[Malaysia]]n politician of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] (MCA).
*[[Lai Meng Chong]], [[Malaysia]]n [[politician]] from the town of [[Machap Baru]] in Malacca state.
*[[Mas Ermieyati Samsudin]], independent member of parliament.
*[[Md Sirat Abu]], Malaysian politician and a former Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Bukit Katil constituency in the state of Melaka.
*[[Shamsul Iskandar Md. Akin]], Malaysian politician.
*[[Tan Siew Sin]], son of [[Tan Cheng Lock|Tun Dato' Sri Tan Cheng Lock]], Malaya's (later Malaysia's) first Minister of Commerce and Industry, Finance Minister for 15 years, and third president of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA, later Malaysian Chinese Association), a major component party of Alliance and later National Front (BN) coalition.
*[[Abu Seman Yusop|Tan Sri Datuk Seri (DR.) Abu Seman Yusop]], Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Masjid Tanah constituency in the state of Melaka from 2004 to 2013.
*[[Tun Abdullah Mohd Salleh]], 5th Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia, serving as Chief Secretary from 1 October 1976 to 31 December 1978.
*[[Abdul Rahim Thamby Chik|Tan Sri Abdul Rahim Thamby Chik]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Malacca Chief Minister]] (1982-1994).
*[[Mohd Zin Abdul Ghani|Datuk Seri Haji Mohd Zin Abdul Ghani]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Malacca Chief Minister]] (1994-1997).
*[[Abu Zahar Ithnin|Allahyarham YAB Datuk Seri Abu Zahar Ithnin]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Malacca Chief Minister]] (1997-1999).
*[[Mohd Ali Rustam|Tan Sri Haji Mohd Ali Rustam]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Malacca Chief Minister]] (1999-2013). Melaka River Cruise which is also known as Venice of the East<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/travel/melakas-appeal-lies-its-colourful-past|title=Melaka's appeal lies in its colourful past|work=AsiaOne|access-date=2018-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=0824&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_24.htm|title=Sungai Melaka ibarat Venice of The East|website=Utusan Online|access-date=2018-07-27}}</ref> was inspired by him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppspm.gov.my/index.php/pelancongan/melaka-river-cruise|title=MELAKA RIVER CRUISE|website=www.ppspm.gov.my|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/10/02/sg-melaka-%E2%80%94-money-spinner-for-heritage-city/|title=Sg Melaka — money spinner for heritage city|date=2010-10-02|work=BorneoPost Online {{!}} Borneo , Malaysia, Sarawak Daily News|access-date=2018-07-27|language=en-US}}</ref> His contribution of ideas also in the construction of Melaka Straits Mosque<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itc.gov.my/mosque/masjid-selat-melaka-malacca-straits-mosque/|title=Masjid Selat Melaka (Malacca Straits Mosque)|website=Islamic Tourism Centre|access-date=2018-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/melaka/masjid-selat-melaka-tumpuan-pelancong-1.91969 |title=Masjid Selat Melaka tumpuan pelancong |last=Bakar |first=Suffian Abu |work=Utusan Online |access-date=2018-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072052/http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/melaka/masjid-selat-melaka-tumpuan-pelancong-1.91969 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |language=Malay |trans-title=Malacca Strait Mosque is a tourist attraction }}</ref> and Taming Sari Tower.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/92455 |title=Rosak: Taming Sari jawab PAS |last=Jimadie Shah Othman<!--Malaysian name--> |date=2008-11-04 |access-date=2018-07-28 |language=ms-MY}}</ref>
*[[Idris Haron|Datuk Seri Utama Ir. Haji Idris Haron]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Malacca Chief Minister]] (2013-2018). He has been leading the project to redevelop Big Island starting with electricity supply to the Big Island and upgrading Sekolah Menengah Agama Dan Tahfiz Al-Quran Pulau Besar Melaka<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/melaka/penduduk-pulau-8232-besar-terima-manfaat-1.60789 |title=Penduduk Pulau Besar terima manfaat |last=Bakar |first=Suffian Abu |work=Utusan Online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807064924/http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/melaka/penduduk-pulau-8232-besar-terima-manfaat-1.60789 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |language=Malay |trans-title=The people of the Big Island benefit |access-date=7 August 2018 }}</ref> In March 2018, Datuk Seri Utama Ir. Idris Haron has been awarded the Melaka State Sports Icon Award recipient.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://melakaunited.my/datuk-seri-utama-ir-idris-haron-dinobat-ikon-pembangunan-sukan-negeri-melaka/|title=Datuk Seri Utama Ir. Idris Haron Dinobat Ikon Pembangunan Sukan Negeri Melaka|publisher=}}</ref>
*[[Adly Zahari|Haji Adly Zahari]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Malacca Chief Minister]] (2018-2020).


==See also==
;Sports:
*[[Amirul Hadi]], Malaysian professional footballer who plays for Malaysian club Johor Darul Ta'zim II and the Malaysian national team as a central midfielder.
*[[Azman Adnan]], former Malaysian footballer.
*[[Badrul Hisyam Abdul Manap]], Malaysian competitive runner.
*[[Ching Hong Aik]], Malaysian former footballer.
*[[Rabuan Pit|Datuk Rabuan Pit]], former Asian sprint king.
*[[Dollah Salleh]], former [[Association football|footballer]] and football coach.
*[[Elena Goh Ling Yin]], Malaysian [[Racewalking|race walker]].
*[[Farderin Kadir]], Malaysian footballer who mainly plays as a striker but can also plays as an attacking midfielder for Melaka United.
*[[Goh Liu Ying]], Malaysian professional badminton player.
*[[Goh Soon Huat]], [[badminton]] player from Malaysia.
*[[Julia Wong Pei Xian]], [[badminton]] player from [[Malaysia]].
*[[Khairul Hafiz Jantan]], Malaysian sprinter.
*[[Lim Teong Kim]], retired Malaysian football player and formerly an assistant coach of Bayern Munich U-19 Team.
*[[Mirnawan Nawawi]], former field hockey player.
*[[Mohd Suffian Abdul Rahman]], Malaysian footballer currently playing as a goalkeeper for Terengganu FA.
*[[Mohizam Shah Dawood Shah]], Malaysian former football player.
*[[Norhafiz Zamani Misbah]], Malaysian professional footballer who plays as centre-back.
*[[Norizam Ali Hassan]], Malaysian former footballer who played as striker.
*[[Ong Kim Swee]], Malaysian football manager and former footballer.
*[[Robert Braddell]], historic English cricketer.
*[[Adam See|See Kok Luen]], Malaysian footballer who currently plays for [[Melaka United FC]] in the [[2020 Malaysia M3 League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.fam.org.my/v1/teamdetail/czo0OiJtdWZjIjs%3D/Y2020YM3|title= Senarai Pemain Melaka United FC 2020|website=
Football Association of Malaysia}}</ref>
*[[Shukor Adan]], Malaysian footballer who is currently playing for Felda United and also serves as their captain.
*[[Soh Chin Aun]], Malaysian national football player from Malacca alongside the late Mokhtar Dahari and R. Arumugam.
*[[Mohamad Norza Zakaria|YH Dato' Sri Mohamad Norza Zakaria]], President of Olympic Council of Malaysia (OCM) and also hold the post of President of Commonwealth Games Association of Malaysia.


*[[Portuguese East Indies]]
;Others:
*[[British Straits Settlements]]
*[[Abdul Razak Mohd Yusof]], police senior officer, martial artist and one of the national heroes from the Royal Malaysia Police 69 Commando of the Pasukan Gerakan Khas.
*[[Malaysia]]
*[[A. Samad Said]], novelist and poet.
*[[Malacca sultanate]]
*[[Danny Lim]], Malaysian writer, journalist and photographer.


==References==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


===Sources===
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Borschberg |first=Peter |date=2002 |title=The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 – c. 1616) |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=31–62 |doi=10.1017/S0022463402000024 |jstor=20072387}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmad Sarji |first=Abdul Hamid |title=The Encyclopedia of Malaysia |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |volume=16 – The Rulers of Malaysia |year=2011 |isbn=978-981-3018-54-9}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Borschberg|editor-first=Peter |title=Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area and Adjacent Regions (16th to 18th Centuries)|series=South China and Maritime Asia 14|location=Germany|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2004|isbn=3-447-05107-8}} https://www.academia.edu/4302755
* {{cite journal |last=Borschberg |first=Peter |year=2002 |title = The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 – c. 1616) |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=31–62 |doi=10.1017/S0022463402000024 |jstor=20072387 |s2cid=154935503 }}
*{{cite book|last=Borschberg|first=Peter|title=The Singapore and Melaka Straits. Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century|location=Singapore|publisher=NUS Press|year=2010|isbn=978-9971-69-464-7|ref=harv}} https://www.academia.edu/4302722
*{{cite book|editor-last=Borschberg|editor-first=Peter|title=Journal, Memorial and Letters of Admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th Century Southeast Asia|location=Singapore|publisher=NUS Press|year=2015|isbn=978-9971-69-798-3|ref=harv}} https://www.academia.edu/4302783
* {{cite book |editor-last=Borschberg|editor-first=Peter |title = Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area and Adjacent Regions (16th to 18th Centuries) |series=South China and Maritime Asia 14 |location=Germany |publisher=Harrassowitz |year=2004 |isbn=3-447-05107-8 }} [https://www.academia.edu/4302755 Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area and Adjacent Regions (16th to 18th Centuries)]
*{{cite book|last=Borschberg|first=Peter|title=The Singapore and Melaka Straits. Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century|location=Singapore|publisher=NUS Press|year=2010|isbn=978-9971-69-464-7}} [https://www.academia.edu/4302722 The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century]
*{{cite book|editor-last=Borschberg|editor-first=Peter|title=Journal, Memorial and Letters of Admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th Century Southeast Asia|location=Singapore|publisher=NUS Press|year=2015|isbn=978-9971-69-798-3}} [https://www.academia.edu/4302783 Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia.]
*{{Cite journal |last=Borschberg |first=Peter |date=2017 |title=The Value of Admiral Matelieff's Writings for Studying the History of Southeast Asia, c. 1600–1620 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=414–435 |doi=10.1017/S002246341700056X|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Borschberg |first=Peter |date=2017 |title=The Value of Admiral Matelieff's Writings for Studying the History of Southeast Asia, c. 1600–1620 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=414–435 |doi=10.1017/S002246341700056X|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book|last=De Witt|first=Dennis|title=Melaka from the Top|location=Malaysia|publisher=Nutmeg Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-983-43519-2-2}}
* {{cite book|last=De Witt|first=Dennis|title=Melaka from the Top|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l36VlIdHvGkC|location=Malaysia|publisher=Nutmeg Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-983-43519-2-2}}
*{{cite book|last=De Witt|first=Dennis|title=History of the Dutch in Malaysia|location=Malaysia|publisher=Nutmeg Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-983-43519-0-8}}
* {{cite book |last=De Witt|first=Dennis|title=History of the Dutch in Malaysia |location=Malaysia|publisher=Nutmeg Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-983-43519-0-8}}
*{{Cite book |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |isbn=0-333-57689-6 |edition=2nd |location=London|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |isbn=0-333-57689-6 |edition=2nd |location=London}}
*{{Cite book |title=Power Over Peoples: Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the present |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |location=Princeton|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title = Power Over Peoples: Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the present |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |location=Princeton }}
* "Popular History of Thailand" by M.L. Manich Jumsai, C.B.E., M.A.
* "Popular History of Thailand" by M.L. Manich Jumsai, C.B.E., M.A.
<!-- Are these images on Commons somewhere ?[http://www.picable.com/Architecture/Christ-Church-of-Malacca-malaysia.233591 picture: Christ Church (Malacca, Malaysia)]<br/>
<!-- Are these images on Commons somewhere ?[http://www.picable.com/Architecture/Christ-Church-of-Malacca-malaysia.233591 picture: Christ Church (Malacca, Malaysia)]<br />
[http://www.picable.com/Architecture/Dutch-Windmill-Replica-of-Malacca-malaysia.231981 picture: Dutch Windmill Replica (Malacca, Malaysia)]<br/>
[http://www.picable.com/Architecture/Dutch-Windmill-Replica-of-Malacca-malaysia.231981 picture: Dutch Windmill Replica (Malacca, Malaysia)]<br />
[http://www.picable.com/Architecture/Red-Clock-Tower-malacca.231975 picture: Red Clock Tower] -->
[http://www.picable.com/Architecture/Red-Clock-Tower-malacca.231975 picture: Red Clock Tower] -->
*{{PD-old-text|title= Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1|year=1887|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost}}
* {{PD-old-text |title= Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1 |year=1887|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost}}
*{{PD-old-text|title= Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1|year=1887|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost}}
* {{PD-old-text |title= Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1 |year=1887|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Melaka}}
{{Commons category|Melaka}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Malacca (state)}}
{{Wikivoyage|Malacca (state)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090413040751/http://www.melaka.org.my/ Official Melaka Tourism Action Council website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090413040751/http://www.melaka.org.my/ Official Melaka Tourism Action Council website]
* [http://www.melaka.gov.my/ Official Malacca government website]
* [http://www.melaka.gov.my/ Official Malacca government website]
* [http://www.worldheritage.com.my/ Malacca Tourist Attraction]
* [http://www.worldheritage.com.my/ Malacca Tourist Attraction]
* [https://focaljourney.com/things-to-do-in-malacca/ Malacca Tourist Attraction]
* [http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/melaka Tourism Malaysia – Melaka]
* [http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/melaka Tourism Malaysia – Melaka]
* [http://www.malaccaguide.com Malacca Guide]
* [http://www.malaccaguide.com Malacca Guide]
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}


{{Clear}}
{{Geographic location
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Malacca
|Centre = Malacca
|North = [[Rembau District|Rembau]] / [[Tampin]], {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}}
|North = [[Rembau District|Rembau]] / [[Tampin]], {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}}
|Northeast = [[Tampin]], {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} <br/> [[Ledang]], {{flag|Johor}}
|Northeast = [[Tampin]], {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} <br /> [[Ledang]], {{flag|Johor}}
|East = [[Ledang]], {{flag|Johor}}
|East = [[Ledang]], {{flag|Johor}}
|Southeast = [[Ledang]], {{flag|Johor}}
|Southeast = [[Ledang]], {{flag|Johor}}
Line 766: Line 732:
|Southwest = [[Straits of Malacca]]
|Southwest = [[Straits of Malacca]]
|West = [[Straits of Malacca]]
|West = [[Straits of Malacca]]
|Northwest = [[Port Dickson]], {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} <br/> [[Straits of Malacca]]
|Northwest = [[Port Dickson]], {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}} <br /> [[Straits of Malacca]]
}}
}}



Latest revision as of 08:45, 26 November 2024

Malacca
Melaka
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawiملاک
 • Chinese马六甲 (Simplified)
馬六甲 (Traditional)
Mǎliùjiǎ (Hanyu Pinyin)
 • Tamilமலாக்கா
Malākkā (Transliteration)
 • KristangMalaká
Nickname(s)
Negeri Bersejarah
The Historic State
Motto
Bersatu Teguh
Firmly United
Anthem: "Melaka Maju Jaya"
"Malacca, Onwards Come!"
Map showing the location of the state of Malacca within Malaysia
   Malacca in    Malaysia
Country Malaysia
Malacca Sultanate15th century
Portuguese control[1]24 August 1511
Dutch control[2][3]14 January 1641
British control[2][3][4][5]17 March 1824
Japanese occupation[6][7]11 January 1942
Malayan Union[8]1 April 1946
Federation of Malaya independence[9][10]31 August 1957
Proclamation of Malaysia16 September 1963
Capital
and largest city
Malacca City[a]
2°12′N 102°15′E / 2.200°N 102.250°E / 2.200; 102.250
Ethnic groups
(2020)[11]
Religion
(2020)[11]
Demonym(s)Malaccan
GovernmentParliamentary
Mohd Ali Rustam
Ab Rauf Yusoh
(BNUMNO)
LegislatureLegislative Assembly
Area
• Total
1,775 km2 (685 sq mi) (11th)
Highest elevation
(Bukit Gapis)
512 m (1,680 ft)
Population
• 2023 census
1,027,500
• Density
622/km2 (1,611.0/sq mi) (6th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
$38.745 billion (11th)
• Per capita
$37,708 (6th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
$12.150 billion (11th)
• Per capita
$11,825 (6th)
Gini (2022)Positive decrease 0.370[12]
low
HDI (2022)Decrease 0.810
very high · 8th
CurrencyMalaysian ringgit (RM/MYR)
Time zoneUTC+8 (Malaysian Time)
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
Driving sideleft
Calling code+606-2, +606-3, +606-5
Postal code
75xxx to 78xxx
ISO 3166 codeMY-04
Websitewww.melaka.gov.my
^[a] Ayer Keroh, Hang Tuah Jaya is the state administrative centre and the seat of the Malacca state government (executive branch & legislative branch). However, Malacca City remains the official capital of the Malacca state.

Malacca (Malay: Melaka), officially the Historic State of Malacca (Malay: Melaka Negeri Bersejarah), is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, facing the Strait of Malacca. The state is bordered by Negeri Sembilan to the north and west and Johor to the south. The exclave of Tanjung Tuan also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north. Its capital is Malacca City, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008.[14][15]

Malacca has diverse tropical rainforest and experiences an equatorial climate. Situated immediately south of the Titiwangsa Mountains, the state is mostly level and dotted with inselbergs, with Bukit Gapis as the highest point.

Although it was the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates, namely the Malacca Sultanate, the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511. The head of state is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor, rather than a sultan. Malacca is noted for its unique history and it is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia. With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes, Malacca was once a well-known international trade centre in the East. Many traders anchored in Malacca, especially traders from Arabia, China and India, traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day.

A great diversity of races and ethnicities have long existed among the local community reflecting its history. Malays, Chinese, Indians, Baba Nyonya, Kristang, Chitty, Temuan and Eurasians are significant ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca in the present day.[16][17][18]

Etymology

[edit]

The state's name dates to a popular legend surrounding the founding of the Malacca Sultanate by Parameswara, who sought a new location to establish a kingdom after fleeing a Majapahit invasion of Singapura. As the story goes, Parameswara was resting under a Malacca tree (Malay: pokok melaka) near a river during a hunt, when one of his dogs cornered a mouse deer. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a good omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided then to found an empire at that spot. He named this empire after the tree where he had just taken shelter.[19] This story shows remarkable similarities with and was probably adapted (as some historians argued) from folk-tales from Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Pasai, Sumatra (both of which pre-date Malacca).[20][21]

The "Malacca tree" was taken as a basis for the species Phyllanthus emblica named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 through Latinising its original Sanskrit name आमलक (āmalaka), to which the species have since been planted as ornamentals in various state attractions.[22] However, some researchers like those of the Forestry Research Institute of Malaysia speculate that the legendary name-giving tree may have been the species Phyllanthus pectinatus more endemic to Malay Archipelago forests which superficially resemble P. emblica. There is no geographical overlap between the species.[22]

Another account on the origin of the naming of Malacca claims that during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1424–1444), Arab merchants called the kingdom 'Malakat' (Arabic for 'congregation of merchants') because it was home to many trading communities.[23] One theory suggests, as mentioned in the Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires, that it is derived from the Javanese terms melayu or mlayu (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe the strong current of a river in Sumatra that today bears the name Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') which was later possibly adopted to be Melaka as denoting a place for the fleeing prince.[24]

History

[edit]
Historical affiliations

Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641
Dutch East India Company 1641–1795
Dutch East Indies 1818–1825
British Straits Settlements 1825–1946
Crown Colony of Malacca 1946–1957
Federation of Malaya 1957–1963
Malaysia 1963–present

Sultanate of Malacca

[edit]
Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum, modern reconstruction of the palace of the Malacca Sultanate.

Before the arrival of the first sultan, the area that's now Malacca was a fishing village. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah. He found his way to Malacca around 1402 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Strait of Malacca.[25] In collaboration with his Proto-Malay privateers allies, called the Orang Laut ("sea-people"), he established Malacca as an international port by compelling passing ships to call there, and establishing fair and reliable facilities for warehousing and trade.[25]

In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameswara was escorted by Zheng He and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with Ming China granted it protection from attacks by Siam and Majapahit. Malacca officially submitted to Ming China as a protectorate. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and India, the Middle East, Africa and Europe.[26]

Mao Kun map, from Wubei Zhi, which comes from the early 15th century maps of Zheng He's navigators and cartographers, showing Malacca (滿剌加) near the top left.

During the early 15th century, Ming China actively sought to build in Malacca a commercial hub and a base of operation for their treasure voyages into the Indian Ocean.[27] Malacca had been a relatively insignificant region, not even qualifying as a polity prior to the voyages according to both Ma Huan and Fei Xin, and was a vassal region of Siam.[27] In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral Zheng He with a stone tablet enfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country.[27] The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortified cantonment for their soldiers.[27] Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare to invade Malacca thereafter.[27] The rulers of Malacca, such as Parameswara in 1411, would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in person.[27] In 1431, when a Malaccan representative complained that Siam was obstructing tribute missions to the Ming court, the Xuande Emperor dispatched Zheng He carrying a threatening message for the Siamese king saying "You, king should respect my orders, develop good relations with your neighbours, examine and instruct your subordinates and not act recklessly or aggressively."[27] The early kings of Malacca—Parameswara, Megat Iskandar Shah, and Sri Maharaja—understood that they could gain Ming China's protection through skilful diplomacy and thereby could establish a strong foundation to their kingdom against Siam and other potential enemies.[28] Chinese involvement was crucial for Malacca to grow into a key alternative to other important and established ports.[29]

According to Malaccan folklore, to enhance relations, Hang Li Po, a daughter of the Ming Emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married Malaccans and settled mostly in Bukit Cina.[30]

Map of Malacca 1602

Malacca again sent envoys to China in 1481 to inform the Chinese that, while Malaccan envoys were returning to Malacca from China in 1469, the Vietnamese attacked the Malaccans, killing some of them while castrating the young and enslaving them. The Malaccans reported that Vietnam was in control of Champa and also sought to conquer Malacca, but the Malaccans did not fight back, because they did not want to fight against another state that was a tributary to China without permission from the Chinese. They requested to confront the Vietnamese delegation to China which was in China at the time, but the Chinese informed them since the incident was years old, they could do nothing about it, and the Emperor sent a letter to the Vietnamese ruler reproaching him for the incident. The Chinese Emperor also ordered the Malaccans to raise soldiers and fight back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked them again.[31][32]

Colonial era

[edit]
1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of Malacca
The construction of the Middelburg Bastion was carried out in 1660 during Dutch-rule in Malacca, it is strategically located at the mouth of Malacca River

In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of some 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.[33] They conquered the city on 24 August 1511. After seizing the city Afonso de Albuquerque spared the Hindu, Chinese and Burmese inhabitants but had the Muslim inhabitants massacred or sold into slavery.[1]

It soon became clear that Portuguese control of Malacca did not also mean that they controlled the Asian trade centred there. The Malaccan rule was severely hampered by administrative and economic difficulties.[34] Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating Asian trade, the Portuguese had disrupted the organised network that had existed. The centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth was now gone, as was a Malay state to police the Strait of Malacca which had made it safe for commercial traffic. Trade was now scattered over a number of ports that fought amongst each other.[34]

Dutch Malacca, c. 1750

The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier spent several months in Malacca in 1545, 1546, and 1549. The Dutch launched several attacks on the Portuguese colony during the first four decades of the seventeenth century. The first attack took place in 1606 under the command of Dutch Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge who laid siege to the town with the help of his ally, the Johor Sultanate. He engaged the Portuguese armada which had been sent from Goa to offer armed relief to the besieged port.[35] On 14 January 1641, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese in an effort to capture Malacca, with the help of the Sultan of Johor.[2][3][36] The Dutch ruled Malacca from 1641 to 1798 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance on Batavia (Jakarta) and Java as their administrative centre. However they still built an administrative building called, Stadthuys, which is now a landmark. In the Dutch era the building was white, the current red paint was from a later date.

Malacca River 1907, Church of St. Francis Xavier in the background

Malacca was ceded to the British in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 in exchange for Bencoolen on Sumatra. From 1824 to 1942, Malacca was under the rule of the British, first by the East India Company and then as a crown colony. Due to dissatisfaction with British jurisdiction over Naning, Dol Said, a local chief, fought the East India Company in a war from 1831 to 1832, which resulted in a decisive British victory. It formed part of the Straits Settlements, together with Singapore and Penang. Malacca went briefly under the rule of Empire of Japan between 1942 and 1945[37] during World War II.

Post colonial era

[edit]

After the war, Malacca was placed under a military administration until 1946. Subsequently, the Straits Settlements was abolished, as the British sought to consolidate the various political entities in British Malaya under a single polity named the Malayan Union. The now separate Crown Colony of Malacca was consequently merged into the Malayan Union, which was then replaced by the Federation of Malaya in 1948.[8][9] The declaration of independence was made by the first Prime Minister of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman, at Padang Pahlawan on 20 February 1956, which eventually led to the independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957.[10] On 16 September 1963, Malaysia was formed with the merger of Malaya with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and Malacca became part of it.[38]

Malacca in 1971

The state capital, Malacca City, with a variety of architectures inherited from its colonial days, was declared a historical city on 15 April 1989 and granted city status on 15 April 2003 by the Federal Government of Malaysia. The city's historical core has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008. Malacca City along with George Town was confirmed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.[15]

Governance and politics

[edit]
Seri Negeri complex, which houses the office of Malacca's chief minister, the Malacca State Legislative Assembly, the State Secretariat office and the official residence of the Governor.

Malacca is one of four Malaysian states without hereditary monarchies, despite being the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates, as the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511. The head of state of Malacca is the governor (Malay: Yang di-Pertua Negeri), who is appointed by the King of Malaysia. Ali Rustam is the current Governor of Malacca, having assumed office on 4 June 2020. In practice, the Governor's role is largely symbolic and ceremonial. This includes the authority to appoint the head of government and approve legislation that has been passed by the state's legislature.[39]

The Malacca state government has its own executive council and legislature, but their powers are limited compared to the Malaysian federal government. According to the Constitution of Malaysia, the state may legislate on matters pertaining to Malay customs, land, agriculture and forestry, local government, civil and water works, and state administration, whereas matters that fall under the joint purview of both state and federal authorities include social welfare, wildlife protection and national parks, scholarships, husbandry, town planning, drainage and irrigation, and public health and health regulations.[40]

Executive and Legislature

[edit]
Political Party/
Alliance
State Legislative
Assembly
Malaysian

Parliament

Barisan Nasional 21 (75.0%) 0
Pakatan Harapan 5 (17.86%) 3 (50.0%)
Perikatan Nasional 2 (7.14%) 3 (50.0%)

Malacca's state legislature is the unicameral 28-seat State Legislative Assembly, the highest authority in the state which decides on policy matters. The State Executive Council is responsible to the assembly and comprises members who are appointed every five years by the political party or coalition in power.

The state government is headed by the chief minister, appointed by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri from among the State Legislative Assembly members of the governing party or coalition. The chief Minister presides over a meeting of State Executive Council ministers weekly at the chief minister's office. The Chief Minister's Department is responsible for the overall administration of the state, as well as its political interest. The current chief minister is Sulaiman Md Ali of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).

The administrative complex is located at Seri Negeri complex in Ayer Keroh. It houses the chief minister's office, the State Legislative Assembly, the state secretariat office and the official residence of the governor.

Affiliation Coalition/Party Leader Status Seats
2021 election Current
 
 
Barisan Nasional
Pakatan Harapan
Sulaiman Md Ali Government 26 26
  Perikatan Nasional Mohd Yadzil Yaakub Opposition 2 2
Total 28 28
Government majority 24 24

Local governments

[edit]

Malacca is further divided into four municipalities, one of which is a city-level municipality, each administered by a local government. The local governments exercise power in areas such as planning and development control, public housing, public spaces, waste disposal, business licensing, markets, local transport, and municipal roads.[41] Malacca is also divided into three administrative districts of Alor Gajah, Jasin and Melaka Tengah. Each district is headed by a district officer. The lands and district office in each district deals with land administration and revenue. Thus, it differs from the local governments that oversee the provision and maintenance of urban infrastructure.[42]

Graha Makmur in Ayer Keroh serves as the headquarters of the Malacca City Council.
Melaka Mall, adjacent to Graha Makmur and formerly known as Kotamas, houses the Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council headquarters.

Foreign relations

[edit]

Malacca signed sister state relationship memorandums with China's Jiangsu Province and Guangdong Province.[43][44][45][46] From the late 2000s to late 2010s, two bungalows in the town of Peringgit housed galleries which display and promote foreign artwork and culture.[47][48] Among these were Casa Cuba, which was established by the embassy of Cuba and the Macau Gallery, which was established by the Government of Macau.[49] A gallery promoting the state was also established in Jakarta, Indonesia.[50][51][52][53]

Geography

[edit]
Malacca River

The state of Malacca covers an area of 1,775 km2 (685 sq mi).[13] It located on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula opposite Sumatra, with the state of Negeri Sembilan to the north and west and Johor to the east. Malacca is situated roughly two-thirds of the way down the west coast, 149 km (93 mi) south of Kuala Lumpur and has a central position on the Strait of Malacca. With the exception of some of its small hills, Malacca is generally a lowland area with average elevation of less than 50 metres above sea level.[54] While being relatively isolated from the Titiwangsa Mountains proper, which end near the border with Negeri Sembilan at the neighbouring towns of Pulau Sebang and Tampin, the hills are composed of Titiwangsa granite. The southernmost known Titiwangsa granite outcrop is known to be in Besar Island, off the coast of Jasin District. The 512-metre-tall Bukit Gapis, also known as Gunung Melaka, is the state's highest point.

The peninsula of Tanjung Tuan (formerly known as Cape Rachado) is an exclave of the state, situated on the coast of Negeri Sembilan which it borders to the north. The major rivers within Malacca include the Malacca, Linggi and Kesang Rivers. Malacca River (Sungai Melaka) runs roughly north to south down the middle of the state, Linggi River acts as the western border of Malacca with Negeri Sembilan, while Kesang River acts as the eastern border of Malacca with Johor. Malacca has 17 islands off its coast, with Besar Island being the largest.[55]

Climate

[edit]

The climate of Malacca is hot and humid throughout the year with abundant rainfall, highest between September and November. Daytime high temperatures range between 31 and 33 °C (88 and 91 °F) and nighttime lows around 23 °C (73 °F).[56]

Climate data for Malacca (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.2
(95.4)
37.8
(100.0)
37.2
(99.0)
37.3
(99.1)
38.0
(100.4)
34.7
(94.5)
35.7
(96.3)
34.2
(93.6)
34.6
(94.3)
35.6
(96.1)
34.4
(93.9)
34.6
(94.3)
38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.8
(89.2)
32.9
(91.2)
33.2
(91.8)
33.0
(91.4)
32.6
(90.7)
32.1
(89.8)
31.6
(88.9)
31.6
(88.9)
31.8
(89.2)
32.1
(89.8)
31.7
(89.1)
31.3
(88.3)
32.1
(89.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4)
27.5
(81.5)
27.8
(82.0)
28.0
(82.4)
28.2
(82.8)
27.9
(82.2)
27.5
(81.5)
27.4
(81.3)
27.4
(81.3)
27.4
(81.3)
26.9
(80.4)
26.7
(80.1)
27.5
(81.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7)
23.9
(75.0)
24.3
(75.7)
24.5
(76.1)
24.6
(76.3)
24.4
(75.9)
23.9
(75.0)
23.9
(75.0)
23.9
(75.0)
24.0
(75.2)
23.9
(75.0)
23.8
(74.8)
24.1
(75.4)
Record low °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1)
22.0
(71.6)
22.2
(72.0)
22.6
(72.7)
22.4
(72.3)
22.1
(71.8)
21.8
(71.2)
21.8
(71.2)
21.9
(71.4)
22.1
(71.8)
22.3
(72.1)
21.9
(71.4)
21.7
(71.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 102.1
(4.02)
79.7
(3.14)
129.1
(5.08)
166.1
(6.54)
167.3
(6.59)
172.6
(6.80)
196.0
(7.72)
219.5
(8.64)
161.7
(6.37)
189.4
(7.46)
233.1
(9.18)
177.1
(6.97)
1,993.8
(78.50)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 6.5 10.1 11.9 10.6 9.4 11.7 12.4 11.4 12.1 15.7 12.5 132.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 193.0 202.5 214.8 207.5 210.5 193.9 201.3 191.2 171.5 179.6 156.9 166.8 2,289.5
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[57]
Source 2: NOAA[56]

Urban and suburban areas

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Serkam industrial area
Melaka International Trade Centre

Despite being in a location without any significant natural resources, the economy of Malacca dates back more than 500 years, due to its strategic location. As the centre of the spice trade, Malacca attracted many colonial powers that engaged in wars to control it.[58]

The Port of Tanjung Bruas, located in Tanjung Kling, was constructed in the late 1970s and commenced operations in the early 1980s to provide port facilities and services to the local business communities and to handle the exportation of hinterland goods as well as the importation of raw materials.[59][60] Container ship handling services began in 2019, with the MV West Scent became the first container vessel to dock at the port.[61][62]

The Port of Kuala Sungai Linggi, commercially known as Linggi International Floating Transshipment & Trading HUB (LIFT-HUB), is a transshipment area for liquid bulk transshipments and break-bulking located offshore of Linggi River in the Strait of Malacca. It was gazetted in 2006, covers an area of 154 km2 (45 sq mi) and is among the largest designated Ship-to-ship cargo transfer areas in Malaysia.[63][64]

Sungai Udang houses the PETRONAS Malacca Refinery Complex consisting of two refining trains, established in 1994 and 1999 and owned by PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn. Bhd. and Malaysian Refining Company Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The total capacity of the refinery is 270,000 barrels of oil per day.[65][66]

The Melaka International Trade Centre (MITC) in Ayer Keroh which opened in June 2003 is the leading commercial centre and the centre for meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions (MICE) which plays an important role in the development of trade in Malacca.[67]

On 20 October 2010 an event was held to announce that Malacca had met the benchmark of 'Developed State' as set out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and a declaration of "Melaka Maju 2010" (Progressive Malacca 2010) was made.[68][69]

As of 2012, service sector had the largest share of Malacca's economy at 46.9%, followed by manufacturing at 43.5%, agriculture at 6.5%, construction at 2.9% and mining at 0.1%.[70] In terms workforce numbers, as of 2013, there were 275,000 people working in the industrial sectors, 225,000 people working in the service sectors, 35,000 people working in the entrepreneurship sectors and 12,300 people working in the agricultural sectors.[71]

Malacca has successfully opened itself up to foreign investors since the early 1970s. By 1997, the state has registered a total investment of over MYR16 billion. In 2014, the state achieved a total MYR4.4 billion worth of investment, in which MYR1.8 billion came from foreign investors.[72]

In 2013, Malacca had a GDP of MYR22,646 million with a GDP per capita of MYR34,109. It had 3.2% GDP growth in 2013. The inflation rate in 2012 was 1.6%. As of 2015, the Malacca State Government has an outstanding MYR861.7 million of loan to the federal government. In 2014, the state government's reserve amounted to MYR206.61 million.[73] The unemployment rate in 2014 was 0.9% or around 3,500 people.[74] The state has a relatively well-educated population, with a youth literacy rate of 99.5% as reported by Malaysia Millennium Development Goals Report 2015.[75]

Currently there are 23 industrial areas which are centred along the edges of the city proper in suburbs which include Ayer Keroh, Batu Berendam, Cheng, Taman Tasik Utama and Tanjung Kling. While outside Malacca City, industrial areas include Alor Gajah and Sungai Udang. There are around 500 factories in the state which come from Germany, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, United States etc. For small and medium-sized enterprises, a number of estates have been established by the state government.[76][77]

In 2016, Malacca became the safest place to live in Malaysia.[78] The state crime rates dropped by 15.5 per cent in 2017 with 3,096 cases recorded compared to 3,663 in 2016.[79] Malacca recorded a gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 8.1% in 2017, the second highest in the country after Sabah. Services sector remained the main contributor to the state’s economy at 44.8% of GDP. The GDP per capita also expanded 11.2% to RM46,015 in 2017, surpassing the national-level figure of RM42,228.[80] The State Socioeconomic Report 2017 published on 26 July 2018 reported that Malacca was the state that recorded the lowest unemployment rate in 2017 with only 1.0 percent.[81][82]

Utilities

[edit]
Tanjung Kling Power Station
Durian Tunggal Reservoir

Electric supply

[edit]

Malacca houses three power stations, namely the 330 MW Tanjung Kling Power Station in Tanjung Kling and 440 MW Telok Gong Power Station 1 and 720 MW Telok Gong Power Station 2 in Telok Gong, with a total installed generation capacity of 1,490 MW.[83]

Green energy

[edit]

On 16 December 2013, the Malacca State Government unveiled the draft 8,000 hectares special area called the Melaka World Solar Valley in Rembia, Alor Gajah applying solar energy as the primary alternative in all municipal activity sectors.[84][85] By 2020, the government-run 7,248ha Melaka World Solar Valley aims to power most of the daily activities of manufacturers, housing developers, farmers, and other stakeholders. Recently, a public-private partnership installed 100,000 LED street lamps along the Alor Gajah–Melaka Tengah–Jasin (AMJ) highway, which will improve road safety and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.[86]

Water supply

[edit]

Water supply-related matters in Malacca is administered by Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad (Malacca Water Company Limited) which is headquartered at Malacca City. It was established on 1 July 2006 after it was upgraded from its predecessor Malacca Water Corporation (Malay: Perbadanan Air Melaka). The company is also responsible for the maintenance and delivery infrastructure of clean water in the state.[87]

Currently, there are three dams located in Malacca supplying its residents with water, which are Durian Tunggal Dam in Alor Gajah, Jus Dam and Asahan Dam in Jasin. The fourth dam, Jernih Dam, will be constructed in Taboh Naning in Alor Gajah and expected to be completed by 2018.[88] There are three major retention basins in the state, which are Kesang Satu Lake, Kesang Dua Lake and Ayer Keroh Lake. Raw water is supplied from the Malacca River, Kesang River and Gerisik River.[89]

Daily water consumption for Malacca is 500 million litres and each resident consumes 220 litres per day, higher than the national average of 180 litres per day. The Malacca State Government signed an agreement with Johor State Government on a water supply agreement in 1993 and additional water supply agreement in 2013.[90][91] Another water supply agreement is planned to be signed with Negeri Sembilan in the future.[92]

Transportation

[edit]
Malacca International Airport
Elaborately decorated rickshaws are available in Malacca

Air

[edit]

Malacca International Airport (IATA: MKZ, ICAO: WMKM) (formerly known as Batu Berendam Airport) is an airport located in Batu Berendam, Malacca, Malaysia. The airport serves the state of Malacca, as well as northern Johor, with links to Singapore provided by Scoot since October 2024.[93]

Kuala Lumpur International Airport is a two-hour drive from Malacca City.

Railway

[edit]

There are currently two Keretapi Tanah Melayu railway stations in Malacca, which are the Pulau Sebang/Tampin Station in Pulau Sebang, Alor Gajah and Batang Melaka Station in Batang Melaka, Jasin.

There were railway tracks from Pulau Sebang to Malacca City before World War II, but these were dismantled by the Japanese for the construction of the Burmese Death Railway.[94] On 10 October 2015, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) commuter service has introduced a new route, shuttle service between Seremban-Sebang/Tampin-Gemas station.[95][96]

A 1.6-km line of Melaka Monorail was launched in October 2010, served the route along the Malacca River. Due to several technical glitches months into its operation, the system was left idle in 2013. However, in June 2015 the Malacca State Government decided to revive the project.[97] On 4 December 2017, Melaka Monorail has re-operate[98] with enhanced safety features such as lightning-prevention devices and the addition of a rescue vehicle to attract wagons in the event of a technical problem.[99] The previous incident is believed will not recur as tests had been performed for two months before re-operation. The Melaka Monorail operating hours are 10.00 am to 10.00 pm on weekdays and continued until 12.00 midnight on Saturdays and Sundays.[100]

Water

[edit]

Daily ferries run from Malacca to the Indonesian cities of Bengkalis, Dumai and Pekanbaru departing from Harbour Master's Jetty.[101] Regular boat services to Big Island depart from mainland Malacca in Umbai. Several jetties around the state, such as in Merlimau, are used by fishermen.[102]

Two existing container ports in Malacca are the Port of Kuala Sungai Linggi and Port of Tanjung Bruas.[103]

Road

[edit]

Travelling to Malacca by bus is favored by most people. This is because Malacca is well connected to the PLUS highway via three major exits. The Ayer Keroh exit at the North–South Expressway is the main entry to Malacca, connected by Ayer Keroh highway to Malacca City. There are two additional exits along the North–South Expressway, namely the Simpang Ampat and Jasin exits. The Syed Abdullah Aziz Road or Malacca Coastal Highway roughly connects the western and eastern sides of Malacca separated by the Malacca River through the Malacca Coastal Bridge. It is also easy to access Malacca by bus because Malacca has three main bus hubs such as Melaka Sentral, Alor Gajah Sentral and Jasin Sentral. The location of the bus stations are based on their districts, Melaka Tengah, Alor Gajah and Jasin.[104] The Melaka Sentral bus station, combined with taxi terminal, serves cities around Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.[105] The Panorama Melaka bus is the public bus serving Malacca City and major landmarks.[106]

Efforts are also being undertaken to promote pedestrianisation and the use of bicycles as an environmentally friendly mode of transportation.[107][108] Dedicated bicycle lanes are being built on several main roads in this historic city.[109]

Many of the heavily decorated cycle rickshaws (Malay: beca) equipped with sound system can be seen on the streets in Malacca City. Most of them are used to bring tourist around the town for sightseeing. The average size can accommodate two average adult with probably a child.[110]

Demographics

[edit]

Ethnicities

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1970 404,125—    
1980 446,769+10.6%
1991 506,321+13.3%
2000 605,239+19.5%
2010 790,136+30.5%
2020 998,428+26.4%
Source: [11]

Malacca has an estimated population of 931,210 as of 2016 with an average annual population growth of 2%.[74][111] As of 2016, 27% of the population were below 15 years old and 8% were above 60 years old.[71] The ethnic composition of Malacca as of 2015 is 66.8% Malays (552,700), 1.4% other Bumiputras (11,500), 26.0% Chinese (215,000), 6.2% Indians and Chitty (51,400) and 0.6% others (4,800).[112] Malacca has small communities of Kristang, Dutch Eurasian and Temuan people.

The Malay population of Malacca is generally divided into two cultural groups: those practicing Adat Temenggong[further explanation needed] and the other who are ethnically of Minangkabau origin practicing Adat Perpatih in Naning northside (absorbed from Negeri Sembilan following the Naning War).[113] The remaining traditional Malay village in Malacca City is the Morten Village.[114]

Jonker Walk is the Chinatown area of Malacca. It was once known for its antique shops but have since turned into a well-known tourist destination that features clothes, food and crafts. The Peranakan people in Malacca show unique features, such as furniture, porcelain, crockery, style and food. Their culture is showcased at the Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum.

Indians in Malacca are predominantly Tamils, many of whom used to work at the rubber plantation.[115] However, many of them now work in the jewellery, fabric, retail, merchant and money lending sectors.[116] Many of them reside in Little India. There is also Chitty Village for the minority Chitty people which houses the Chitty Museum.

A small number of Malayalees who speak Malayalam and Telugus who speak Telugu exist among the Indians in Malacca. Malacca Kerala Samajam is an association that represents the Malayalam speaking community in Malacca. A branch of Telugu Association Malaysia is situated in Ayer Keroh to represent the Telugu speaking community in Malacca.

A sizeable number of Punjabi Sikhs residing in Malacca, and Sikhs from Malacca and abroad congregate in the gurdwara (Sikh temple) situated in Jalan Temenggong.[117] They celebrate the Guru Nanak's birthday and Vasakhi new year annually.

Portuguese Settlement (Saint John's Village)

A population of Portuguese descent, who speak a Portuguese creole, are the descendants of colonists from the 16th and 17th centuries.[118] To this day, many of the traditions originating with the Portuguese occupation are still practised, i.e. "Intrudu" from Portuguese word "Entrudo" (a water festival that marks the beginning of Lent, the Catholic fasting period), "branyu" (traditional dance), "Santa Cruz" (a yearly Festival of street celebrations). Many of them settled down around the Portuguese Settlement area, which has a population of about 1,200 residents.[119]

The indigenous population, mostly ethnic Temuan is relatively small. They generally reside in rural settlements, the edge of the woods and along the coast facing the Strait of Malacca. Malacca houses the Aborigines Museum in Ayer Keroh.[120]

Languages

[edit]

Malacca is a multi-linguistic state. Malaysian Malay is the official language of Malacca and is used in the government and public sectors. English is widely used in the business and tourism sectors. A local form of Malay, known as Malaccan Malay is spoken within the state of Malacca. It has its own distinct pronunciation and vocabulary compared to the rest of Malaysia. Other minority languages such as Hokkien, Mandarin, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Punjabi, Kristang (Portuguese creole) and various Malay-based creoles such as Baba Malay and Malaccan Creole Malay are also spoken.[121] The Temuan language is commonly spoken by Orang Asli within Malacca.

Religions

[edit]
Religion in Malacca - 2010 Census[122]
religion percent
Islam
66.1%
Buddhism
24.2%
Hinduism
5.7%
Christianity
3.0%
Unknown / None
0.4%
Chinese Ethnic Religion
0.2%
Others
0.2%
No Religion
0.2%

According to the 2010 census, the population of Malacca is 66.1% Muslim, 24.2% Buddhist, 5.7% Hindu, 3.0% Christian, 0.4% of unknown affiliation, 0.2% non-religious, 0.2% Taoist or Chinese religion follower, and 0.2% of followers of other religions.[122]

Statistics from the 2010 census indicate that 91.6% of the Chinese population in Malacca identify as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.7%), Chinese folk religions (0.7%) and Muslims (0.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (86.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.6%), Muslims (3.4%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Christians (46.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (24.2%) and Buddhists (12.0%).[123]

As the definition of a "Malay" in the Malaysian constitution requires that the person professes the religion of Islam, all Malays are necessarily Muslims.[123][124]

Education

[edit]
Catholic High School
Malacca High School
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka City Campus in Ayer Keroh

As of 2022, there are 238 primary schools and 78 secondary schools in Malacca.[125] The Malacca High School is the second oldest recorded school in the country. The Catholic High School was the first government-funded school in the state.[126] One branch of centre for juvenile convicts, Henry Gurney School, is located in Telok Mas. This centre runs rehabilitation programs for male juvenile offenders. Additionally, Malacca has eight international schools staffed by expatriate teachers, which are specialise in teaching Cambridge International A Levels and cater for both the local and expatriate communities.

Institutions include: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) campuses that are located at Lendu, Malacca City and Jasin, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM) in Bukit Baru is the foremost institution for medical education in the state, Multimedia University (MMU) at Bukit Beruang, Malaysian Maritime Academy (ALAM) at Kuala Sungai Baru, Malaysian Han Studies (MAHANS) at Hang Tuah Jaya.

There are several institutions that offer nursing education: Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai, Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota, Kolej Kejururawatan & Kesihatan Nilam, and Kolej Perubatan Komplementari Melaka. Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai is linked to Pantai Hospital at Ayer keroh while Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota is linked to Mahkota Medical Centre.

Skill-Tech Institute provides training in agriculture, homestay, biotechnology, ranching, aquaculture, estate supervision, landscaping, and food processing. It has two branches in Machap, Durian Tunggal and Taman Tasik Utama, Ayer Keroh.[127]

Part-time study is available at Open University Malaysia (OUM), while those who wish to obtain an academic diploma can enroll at University of Malaya Centre for Continuing Education (UMCCE) at Sinar College.

Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) lectures and examinations are provided at Sinar College at Malacca City. Sinar College is the only institution in the state that offers complete accounting education. Sinar College is the only approved training centre for tourism courses. Other academic institutions include International College of Yayasan Melaka (ICYM), Melaka International College of Science and Technology (MiCoST)[128] and Malacca College of Complementary Medicine.

The state government of Malacca provides financial assistance mainly in the form of loans to local citizens via Malacca Education Trust Fund (TAPEM).[129] Among the facilities provided by TAPEM are Higher Education Loan, Minor Scholarship/Incentive Scholarship for Secondary School, and School Assistance to Primary School Students.[130]

Healthcare

[edit]
Malacca General Hospital

Malacca houses a number of government and private hospitals and clinics. Medical institutions are located all over Malacca, providing uniform and equitable healthcare to the residents. Health-related affairs in Malacca are governed by Malacca State Health Department by providing basic health service to the residents and oversee all government health facilities in the state among hospitals, community polyclinic, rural health clinics and clinics.[131]

Malacca is also a popular place for health care and medical tourism for Indonesian people from Sumatra due to its close proximity to the state, followed by Singapore.[132][133] In 2014, Malacca received over 500,000 tourists for medical tourism-related reasons.[134]

Government hospitals in Malacca are the Malacca General Hospital and Jasin District Hospital, while private hospitals are the Putra Hospital, Pantai Hospital Ayer Keroh, Mahkota Medical Centre and Oriental Melaka Straits Medical Centre.

Culture

[edit]

Arts

[edit]

Dondang Sayang is a traditional Malay art still practised in Malacca by four communities: the Malay, Baba Nyonya, Chitty and Portuguese communities and is recognized by UNESCO. The practice combines elements of music (violins, gongs and tambourines or the tambour), songs and chants, and features melodious strains of poetry. Also known as love ballads, the songs are used by communities to convey feelings of love and give advice on special topics such as love and kindness.[135][136]

ProjectARM was a street art project brought about by nine artists to create street art along the river in Jalan Kampung Hulu that would highlight Malacca's beauty.[137][138]

Media

[edit]

Malacca is a popular filming location for domestic and international film production companies with the presence of various tourist attractions and historical remains. Iconic Bollywood artist, Shah Rukh Khan described Malacca as beautiful and said he would return for acting and holiday in the state.[139] The films and the music videos published in Malacca include:

Cuisine

[edit]

Malacca received recognition from the World Street Food Congress for Nyonya Siamese Noodles (34th) and Coolie Street Satay (43rd).[151] The various street dishes and delicacies of Malacca include satay celup; chicken rice balls; duck noodles; Malacca-style wonton noodles; nyonya laksa; pai tee (also known as pie tee and top hats); ayam pongteh; asam pedas with fish; Portuguese grilled fish and seafood; fishball lobak; coconut shake; nyonya cendol; putu piring; and nyonya kuih.[152]

Sports

[edit]
Melaka International Motorsport Circuit

Sports-related affairs of Malacca are governed by the Malacca State Sports Council (Malay: Majlis Sukan Negeri Melaka) under the Malacca State Government.[153] Another governing body of sports in Malacca is the Department of Youth and Sports (Malay: Jabatan Belia dan Sukan Negeri Melaka). Malacca is home to several football stadiums, such as Hang Jebat Stadium (the state's main stadium), Hang Tuah Stadium and Tun Fatimah Stadium. Built in 1954, Hang Tuah Stadium is the oldest stadium in Malacca.[154] Established under the Malacca Stadium Corporation Enactment of 2004, the Malacca Stadium Corporation is the entity that manages stadiums in Malacca which started its operation on 16 September 2004.[155]

There is also a motorsport racetrack in Durian Tunggal named the Melaka International Motorsport Circuit. Melaka International Bowling Centre in Ayer Keroh with 52 lanes is the largest bowling centre in Malaysia.[156]

There are four golf courses in Malacca, namely Ayer Keroh Golf and Country Club in Ayer Keroh, Orna Golf and Country Club in Bemban and Tiara Melaka Golf and Country Club in Bukit Katil and A'Famosa Golf Resort in Simpang Ampat.[157] Golf-related paraphernalia in Malacca is showcased at the Malacca Golf Gallery.

Malacca was the host venue for the 2010 Sukma Games held on 10–19 June 2010.

Malacca also has a football team known as Melaka United representing Malacca in the Malaysian football league. The Melaka United football team won the first Malaysia Premier League title in 1983, in addition they were the champion of the third division of the Malaysia football league, FAM League Cup, in 2015 before won the second Premier League title a year after it. Melaka United uses the Hang Jebat Stadium in Krubong as their home ground with a capacity of 40,000 spectators.

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

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