Flamingo tongue snail: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of gastropod}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Flamingo tongue snail |
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| image = Cyphoma gibbosum (living) 2.jpg |
| image = Cyphoma gibbosum (living) 2.jpg |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = Feeding on a [[soft coral]]; the [[siphon (mollusc)|siphon]] is visible at the top, and the tip of the tail is visible at the bottom. A large skid mark is visible as a brown stripe on the coral. These snails are pink and orange. |
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| image2 = Cyphoma_gibbosum_01.JPG |
| image2 = Cyphoma_gibbosum_01.JPG |
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| image2_caption = Five views of a shell of ''Cyphoma gibbosum'' (Linné, 1758) |
| image2_caption = Five views of a shell of ''Cyphoma gibbosum'' (Linné, 1758) |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Mollusca]] |
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| classis = [[Gastropoda]] |
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| unranked_superfamilia = |
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clade [[Caenogastropoda]]<br/> |
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clade [[Hypsogastropoda]]<br/> |
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clade [[Littorinimorpha]] |
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| familia = [[Ovulidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Cyphoma]]'' |
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| species = '''''C. gibbosum''''' |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite WoRMS |author=Gary Rosenberg |year=2013 |title=''Cyphoma gibbosum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |id=432297 |accessdate=15 October 2013}}</ref> |
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite WoRMS |author=Gary Rosenberg |year=2013 |title=''Cyphoma gibbosum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |id=432297 |accessdate=15 October 2013}}</ref> |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} |
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*''Bulla gibbosa'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> |
*''Bulla gibbosa'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> |
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*''Cyphoma alleneae'' <small>Cate, 1973</small> |
*''Cyphoma alleneae'' <small>Cate, 1973</small> |
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*''Ovula pharetra'' <small>[[George Perry (naturalist)|Perry]], 1811</small> |
*''Ovula pharetra'' <small>[[George Perry (naturalist)|Perry]], 1811</small> |
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*''Ovula rostrata'' <small>[[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]], 1877</small> |
*''Ovula rostrata'' <small>[[Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch|Mörch]], 1877</small> |
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{{hidden end}} |
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}} |
}} |
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⚫ | The '''flamingo tongue snail''' (''Cyphoma gibbosum'') is a [[species]] of small but brightly colored [[sea snail]], a [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Ovulidae]], the cowry allies.<ref name="WoRMS">[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432297 Rosenberg, G. (2010). Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at www.marinespecies.org on 2017-06-27]</ref> |
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⚫ | The '''flamingo tongue snail''' ('''''Cyphoma gibbosum''''') is a [[species]] of small but brightly colored [[sea snail]], a [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Ovulidae]], the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.<ref name="WoRMS">[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=432297 Rosenberg, G. (2010). Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at www.marinespecies.org on 2017-06-27]</ref> |
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⚫ | This is the most common of several species in the genus ''Cyphoma'', which lives in the tropical waters of the western |
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==Taxonomy== |
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Three species of ''Cyphoma'', known as ''Cyphoma gibbosum'', ''Cyphoma signatum'' and ''Cyphoma mcguntyi'' have been found to be genetically similar even though their phenotypes suggest otherwise. The species of ''Cyphoma signatum'' and ''Cyphoma mcguntyi'' can be distinguished from their different patterns; whether having a fingertip pattern or brown dots. However, if these two species were being distinguished based on their morphological features, it would be difficult to differentiate them. The genotype of these species is known to be very similar even though their phenotypes are different, and thus these species are hypothesized to have physical characteristics that precede their genetic makeup.<ref>Reijnen, B. T., & Van der Meij, S. E. (2017). Coat of many colours—DNA reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in Caribbean Cyphoma Röding, 1798 (Gastropoda, Ovulidae). PeerJ. doi:DOI 10.7717/peerj.3018</ref> |
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A 2017 DNA analysis confirmed that ''Cyphoma signatum'' and ''Cyphoma mcgintyi'' are genetically homogenous with ''Cyphoma gibbosum'', and that each type are morphological variations of a single species.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.7717/peerj.3018 | title=Coat of many colours—DNA reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in Caribbean ''Cyphoma'' Röding, 1798 (Gastropoda, Ovulidae) | year=2017 | last1=Reijnen | first1=Bastian T. | last2=Van Der Meij | first2=Sancia E.T. | journal=PeerJ | volume=5 | pages=e3018 | pmid=28265504 | pmc=5337085 | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Alive, the snail appears bright orange-yellow in color with black markings. However, these colors are not in the shell, but are only due to live [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] tissue which usually covers the shell. The mantle flaps can be retracted, exposing the shell, but this usually happens only when the animal is attacked. |
Alive, the snail appears bright orange-yellow in color with black markings. However, these colors are not in the shell, but are only due to live [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] tissue which usually covers the shell. The mantle flaps can be retracted, exposing the shell, but this usually happens only when the animal is attacked. |
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The shells reach on average {{convert|25|-|35|mm|abbr=on}} of length, with a minimum size of {{convert|18|mm|abbr=on}} and a maximum [[gastropod shell|shell]] length of {{convert| |
The shells reach on average {{convert|25|-|35|mm|abbr=on}} of length, with a minimum size of {{convert|18|mm|abbr=on}} and a maximum [[gastropod shell|shell]] length of {{convert|45|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Welch 2010">Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". ''[[PLOS One]]'' 5(1): e8776. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0008776}}.</ref> |
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The shape is usually elongated and the dorsum shows a thick transversal ridge. The dorsum surface is smooth and shiny and may be white or orange, with no markings at all except a longitudinal white or cream band. The base and the interior of a ''C. gibbosum'' shell is white or pinkish, with a wide aperture. |
The shape is usually elongated and the dorsum shows a thick transversal ridge. The dorsum surface is smooth and shiny and may be white or orange, with no markings at all except a longitudinal white or cream band. The base and the interior of a ''C. gibbosum'' shell is white or pinkish, with a wide aperture. |
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⚫ | This is the most common of several species in the genus ''Cyphoma'', which lives in the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from [[North Carolina]] to northern coast of Brazil, including off [[Bermuda]], in the [[Caribbean Sea]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]], and off the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gastropods.com/2/Shell_442.shtml|title=Cyphoma gibbosum|first=Eddie|last=Hardy|website=www.gastropods.com}}</ref> |
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The minimum recorded depth is 0.3 m, and the maximum recorded depth is 90 m.<ref name="Welch 2010"/> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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The flamingo tongue snail feeds by browsing on the living tissues of the soft corals on which it lives. Common prey include ''[[Briareum]]'' spp., ''[[Gorgonia]]'' spp., ''[[Plexaura]]'' spp., and ''[[Plexaurella]]'' spp. Adult females of ''C. gibbosum'' attach eggs to coral which they have recently fed upon. After roughly 10 days, the larvae hatch. They are planktonic and eventually settle onto other gorgonian corals. Juveniles tend to remain on the underside of coral branches, while adults are far more visible and mobile. An adult scrapes the polyps off the coral with its radula, leaving an easily visible feeding scar on the coral. However, the corals can regrow the polyps, so predation by ''C. gibbosum'' is generally not lethal. |
The flamingo tongue snail feeds by browsing on the living tissues of the soft corals on which it lives. Common prey include ''[[Briareum]]'' spp., ''[[Gorgonia]]'' spp., ''[[Plexaura]]'' spp., and ''[[Plexaurella]]'' spp. Adult females of ''C. gibbosum'' attach eggs to coral which they have recently fed upon. After roughly 10 days, the larvae hatch. They are planktonic and eventually settle onto other gorgonian corals. Juveniles tend to remain on the underside of coral branches, while adults are far more visible and mobile. An adult scrapes the polyps off the coral with its radula, leaving an easily visible feeding scar on the coral. However, the corals can regrow the polyps, so predation by ''C. gibbosum'' is generally not lethal. |
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==Conservation status== |
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This species used to be common, but it has become rather uncommon in heavily visited areas because of |
This species used to be common, but it has become rather uncommon in heavily visited areas because of over-collecting by snorkelers and scuba divers, who make the mistake of thinking that the bright colors are in the shell of the animal.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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* Burkepile D. E. & Hay M. E. (2007). Predator release of the gastropod ''Cyphoma gibbosum'' increases predation on gorgonian corals. ''[[Oecologia]]'' 154(1): 167–173. {{doi|10.1007/s00442-007-0801-4}} |
* Burkepile D. E. & Hay M. E. (2007). Predator release of the gastropod ''Cyphoma gibbosum'' increases predation on gorgonian corals. ''[[Oecologia]]'' 154(1): 167–173. {{doi|10.1007/s00442-007-0801-4}} |
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* Cate, C. N. 1973. ''A systematic revision of the recent Cypraeid family Ovulidae''. Veliger 15 (supplement): 1-117. |
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* Lorenz F. & Fehse D. (2009) The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries: Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. |
* Lorenz F. & Fehse D. (2009) The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries: Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. |
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* Reijnen B.T. & van der Meij S.E.T. (2017). "Coat of many colours—DNA reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in Caribbean ''Cyphoma'' Röding, 1798 (Gastropoda, Ovulidae)". PeerJ5:e3018 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3018 |
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* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. ''Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico'', Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas |
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* Whalen K. E., Lane A. L., Kubanek J., Hahn M. E. (2010). Biochemical Warfare on the Reef: The Role of Glutathione Transferases in Consumer Tolerance of Dietary Prostaglandins. ''[[PLOS One]]'' 5(1): e8537. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0008537}} |
* Whalen K. E., Lane A. L., Kubanek J., Hahn M. E. (2010). Biochemical Warfare on the Reef: The Role of Glutathione Transferases in Consumer Tolerance of Dietary Prostaglandins. ''[[PLOS One]]'' 5(1): e8537. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0008537}} |
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{{Portal|Gastropods|Marine life}} |
{{Portal|Gastropods|Marine life}} |
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{{Taxonbar| |
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q2373541|from2=Q3171984|from3=Q1093799}} |
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[[Category:Ovulidae]] |
[[Category:Ovulidae]] |
Latest revision as of 22:01, 7 June 2024
Flamingo tongue snail | |
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Feeding on a soft coral; the siphon is visible at the top, and the tip of the tail is visible at the bottom. A large skid mark is visible as a brown stripe on the coral. These snails are pink and orange. | |
Five views of a shell of Cyphoma gibbosum (Linné, 1758) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
Order: | Littorinimorpha |
Family: | Ovulidae |
Genus: | Cyphoma |
Species: | C. gibbosum
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Binomial name | |
Cyphoma gibbosum | |
Synonyms[1] | |
List
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The flamingo tongue snail (Cyphoma gibbosum) is a species of small but brightly colored sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]A 2017 DNA analysis confirmed that Cyphoma signatum and Cyphoma mcgintyi are genetically homogenous with Cyphoma gibbosum, and that each type are morphological variations of a single species.[3]
Description
[edit]Alive, the snail appears bright orange-yellow in color with black markings. However, these colors are not in the shell, but are only due to live mantle tissue which usually covers the shell. The mantle flaps can be retracted, exposing the shell, but this usually happens only when the animal is attacked.
The shells reach on average 25–35 mm (0.98–1.38 in) of length, with a minimum size of 18 mm (0.71 in) and a maximum shell length of 45 mm (1.8 in).[4] The shape is usually elongated and the dorsum shows a thick transversal ridge. The dorsum surface is smooth and shiny and may be white or orange, with no markings at all except a longitudinal white or cream band. The base and the interior of a C. gibbosum shell is white or pinkish, with a wide aperture.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]This is the most common of several species in the genus Cyphoma, which lives in the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to northern coast of Brazil, including off Bermuda, in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and off the Lesser Antilles.[5]
The minimum recorded depth is 0.3 m, and the maximum recorded depth is 90 m.[4]
Ecology
[edit]The minimum recorded depth is at the surface, and the maximum recorded depth is 29 m.[4]
The flamingo tongue snail feeds by browsing on the living tissues of the soft corals on which it lives. Common prey include Briareum spp., Gorgonia spp., Plexaura spp., and Plexaurella spp. Adult females of C. gibbosum attach eggs to coral which they have recently fed upon. After roughly 10 days, the larvae hatch. They are planktonic and eventually settle onto other gorgonian corals. Juveniles tend to remain on the underside of coral branches, while adults are far more visible and mobile. An adult scrapes the polyps off the coral with its radula, leaving an easily visible feeding scar on the coral. However, the corals can regrow the polyps, so predation by C. gibbosum is generally not lethal.
Conservation status
[edit]This species used to be common, but it has become rather uncommon in heavily visited areas because of over-collecting by snorkelers and scuba divers, who make the mistake of thinking that the bright colors are in the shell of the animal.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ Gary Rosenberg (2013). "Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- ^ Rosenberg, G. (2010). Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758). In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at www.marinespecies.org on 2017-06-27
- ^ Reijnen, Bastian T.; Van Der Meij, Sancia E.T. (2017). "Coat of many colours—DNA reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in Caribbean Cyphoma Röding, 1798 (Gastropoda, Ovulidae)". PeerJ. 5: e3018. doi:10.7717/peerj.3018. PMC 5337085. PMID 28265504.
- ^ a b c Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLOS One 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
- ^ Hardy, Eddie. "Cyphoma gibbosum". www.gastropods.com.
Further reading
[edit]- Burkepile D. E. & Hay M. E. (2007). Predator release of the gastropod Cyphoma gibbosum increases predation on gorgonian corals. Oecologia 154(1): 167–173. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0801-4
- Cate, C. N. 1973. A systematic revision of the recent Cypraeid family Ovulidae. Veliger 15 (supplement): 1-117.
- Lorenz F. & Fehse D. (2009) The living Ovulidae. A manual of the families of allied cowries: Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Eocypraeidae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks.
- Reijnen B.T. & van der Meij S.E.T. (2017). "Coat of many colours—DNA reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in Caribbean Cyphoma Röding, 1798 (Gastropoda, Ovulidae)". PeerJ5:e3018 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3018
- Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas
- Whalen K. E., Lane A. L., Kubanek J., Hahn M. E. (2010). Biochemical Warfare on the Reef: The Role of Glutathione Transferases in Consumer Tolerance of Dietary Prostaglandins. PLOS One 5(1): e8537. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008537
External links
[edit]- "Cyphoma gibbosa". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
- Cate, C. N. 1973. A systematic revision of the recent Cypraeid family Ovulidae. Veliger 15 (supplement): 1-117
- Reijnen B.T. and van der Meij S.E.T. (2017). Coat of many colours? DNA reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in Caribbean Cyphoma Röding, 1798 (Gastropoda, Ovulidae). PeerJ. 5: e3018
- Photos of Flamingo tongue snail on Sealife Collection