Fo Guang Shan: Difference between revisions

Fo Guang Shan
Fo Guang Shan
Chinese	佛光山
Literal meaning	Buddha's Light Mountain
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Fóguāngshān
Bopomofo	ㄈㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄤㄕㄢ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Forguangshan
IPA	[fwǒ.kwáŋ.ʂán]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Hu̍t-kong-san

Fo Guang Shan
佛光山
	The Fo Guang Shan logo: a standing Buddha over a globe
Established	1967
Founder	Hsing Yun
Type	Buddhist Monastic Order
Purpose	Dissemination of Humanistic Buddhism in daily life
Headquarters	Fo Guang Shan Monastery, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Region served	Worldwide
Head Abbot	Most Ven. Hsin Bau
Main organ	FGS Board of Directors; FGS Sangha Affairs Committee
Website	www.fgs.org.tw/en

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Fo Guang Shan (FGS) (Chinese: 佛光山; pinyin: Fó guāng shān; lit. 'Buddha's Light Mountain') is an international Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhist organization and monastic order based in Taiwan that practices Humanistic Buddhism whose roots are traced to the Linji school of Chan Buddhism. The headquarters, Fo Guang Shan Monastery, is located in Dashu District, Kaohsiung, and is the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan. The organization is also one of the largest charity organizations in Taiwan. The organization's counterpart for laypeople is known as the Buddha's Light International Association.

Founded in 1967 by Hsing Yun, the order promotes Humanistic Buddhism and is known for its efforts in the modernization of Chinese Buddhism. The order is famous for its use of technology and its temples are often furnished with the latest equipment.^[1]^[2] Hsing Yun's stated position for Fo Guang Shan is that it is an "amalgam of all Eight Schools of Chinese Buddhism" (Chinese: 八宗兼弘; pinyin: bāzōng jiānhóng). The Fo Guang Shan order has several associated colleges, among them Fo Guang University in Taiwan and University of the West in the United States, which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in both Buddhist Studies and secular fields.

In Taiwan, Hsing Yun is popularly referred to as one of the "Four Heavenly Kings" and Fo Guang Shan is considered one of the "Four Great Mountains" or four major Buddhist organizations of Taiwanese Buddhism, along with Dharma Drum Mountain, Tzu Chi, and Chung Tai Shan.^[3]^[4]^[5]

History

In 1967, Hsing Yun purchased more than 30 hectares in Dashu Township, Kaohsiung County as the site for the construction of a monastery. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on 16 May 1967.

Fo Guang Shan has embarked on many construction projects, including university buildings, shrines, rectories, retirement homes, and a cemetery. In 1975, Fo Guang Shan's iconic 36-metre tall statue of Amitābha Buddha was consecrated. In 1981, 15 years after its establishment, the Great Hero Hall was built. During these times, many other Fo Guang Shan temples outside the order's mother monastery were also built.

In May 1997, Hsing Yun announced that he would close the mountain gate of Fo Guang Shan to the general public. His reason in closing the monastery was to give monastics the cloistered atmosphere they need for their Buddhist practice. In practice, many Chinese monasteries have also closed their mountain gates to give a cloistered atmosphere to the temple residents. At the end of 2000, then President Chen Shui-bian of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and government officials from Kaohsiung visited Fo Guang Shan, bringing with them the wish from their constituents that Fo Guang Shan reopen its mountain gate. After due consideration, Fo Guang Shan decided to reopen the monastery to some extent, thereby providing the public a place to practice Pure Land Buddhism. On top of its headquarters being the largest monastery in Taiwan, it has a network of over 300 branches throughout Taiwan.^[6]

In the 2010s, Fo Guang Shan began establishment in mainland China, focusing more on charity and Chinese cultural revival rather than Buddhist propagation in order to avoid conflict with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which opposes organized religion. Fo Guang Shan's presence in China increased under the leadership of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping after he started a program to revive traditional Chinese faiths.

As of 2017, the order had over 1,000 monks and nuns, and over 1 million followers worldwide, with branches in fifty countries.^[2]

On 5 February 2023 founder Hsing Yun died at his residence at the age of 95 in Kaoshiung, Taiwan.^[7] His funeral took place on 12 February 2023 in the presence of Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen and Premier Chen Chien-jen.^[8]

Activities

Temples and organizations have been established in 173 countries throughout the world, and now encompasses more than 3,500 monastics. The organization emphasizes education and service, maintaining universities, Buddhist colleges, libraries, publishing houses, translation centres, Buddhist art galleries, teahouses, and mobile medical clinics. It has also established a children's room, retirement home, high school and television station.

Social and medical programs

The social and medical programs of Fo Guang Shan include a free medical clinic with mobile units that serve remote villages, an annual winter relief program organized to distribute warm clothing and food supplies to the needy, a children's and seniors' home, wildlife conservation areas to protect living creatures, and a cemetery for the care of the deceased. Fo Guang Shan's social work focuses primarily on helping the poor in remote areas.

The organization also runs orphanages, homes for the elderly, and drug rehabilitation programs in prisons. Fo Guang Shan has also been involved in some international relief efforts.^[6]

Educational programs

The educational programs of Fo Guang Shan include four Buddhist colleges, three regular colleges, and various community colleges. The Fo Guang University was established in 2000. It focuses mainly on the humanities and social sciences. The Chinese Buddhist research institute is subdivided into four separate departments; a women's and men's college, and an international and English Buddhist studies department. Tuition fees and lodging are provided by Fo Guang Shan, free of charge. Other prominent universities the order has established include Nanhua University in Taiwan and the University of the West in the United States.^[9]

The organization also operates Pu-Men High School in Taipei, Jiun Tou Elementary and Junior High School, Humanities Primary and Junior High School, which provides regular curriculum for students. Fo Guang Shan also has nursery schools, kindergartens, and Sunday schools for children.

Along with Tzu Chi, Fo Guang Shan is the only major Buddhist organization in Taiwan that offers some form of strictly secular education, as opposed to purely religious.^[6]

In mainland China, Fo Guang Shan operates numerous cultural education programs and has built several libraries, even having gotten several books published through state controlled media.^[2]^[10]

Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum

Building plans for the Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum (formerly called the Buddha Memorial Center) started with support from the Taiwanese government. The museum's Jade Buddha Shrine is purported to hold tooth relics of the historic Buddha. The site is situated immediately adjacent to the main monastery and covers more than 100 hectares. The complex faces east and is built along a central axial line. Beyond the Welcoming Hall are eight Chinese-styled pagodas on either side of the main avenue leading up to the Bodhi Square, about which are statues of the Buddha's main disciples and of the founders of the principal schools of Chinese Buddhism. The path leads onto the Memorial Hall, which holds several shrines including the Jade Buddha Shrine. Above the hall are four stupas that symbolize the Four Noble Truths. Standing behind but separate from it, there is an enormous seated metal Shakyamuni Buddha 108 meters high.^[11] The Center was opened at an international ceremony on 25 December 2011^[12] and the first anniversary celebrated on Christmas Day 2012.^[13]

Governance

Board of directors

In 1972, Hsing Yun established a nine-member council, known as the Fo Guang Shan Religious Affairs Committee, later renamed the Fo Guang Shan Board of Directors. These nine members govern and oversee the operations of the order through making appointments to various departments and other temples from within the order’s network. Each of the nine members are elected prior to the resignation, death, or the ending of a term of an abbot. Once elected by members of Fo Guang Shan, the votes are openly counted. The nine members then nominate their next abbot, who in practice was chosen by Hsing Yun personally. Eight members of the council are ordained monastics, and one is a non-voting layperson.^[14]

Abbots

Unlike a traditional Mahayana Buddhist monastery, where the incumbent abbot usually selects his successor, Fo Guang Shan directly elects an abbot to head the Order and its temple branches worldwide. The head of the FGS order and all of its branches is the abbot and chief executive of Fo Guang Shan Monastery. The abbot is the chairperson of the Board of Directors, serving a term of six years, with one reappointment by popular vote and, under exceptional circumstances, a second reappointment by two-thirds vote. The abbot is elected by all monastic members of Fo Guang Shan through public vote.

Per tradition, the abbot-elect then begins to use their "inner name", in place of his/her own dharma name, with the first character being Hsin ("心", xin, or heart). In fact, all monastics of Fo Guang Shan have such a name, and several Elders also use theirs publicly. At the beginning of the year, the abbot-elect is inaugurated as the new director of Fo Guang Shan through a traditional dharma transmission ceremony, receiving the robe, bowl, khakkhara, and a copy of the FGS constitution. In the case of Venerable Hsin Bau’s inauguration in 2013, he and 72 other monastics received dharma transmission from Hsing Yun along with him.

Hsing Yun is the only abbot to have served as such for more than two terms and was not elected by the board of directors. In the case of Venerable Hsin Ping, he was also not officially elected, as he was Hsing Yun's designated heir apparent. After Hsin Ping died of sudden illness in 1995, the vice director of Fo Guang Shan, Venerable Hsin Ting was immediately elevated to serve the remaining years of Hsin Ping's term before he was elected to a term in his own right. Abbots have been elected according to FGS's constitution since then.

As with Hsing Yun, emeritus abbots do not leave the order when they retire. They continue to make Dharma talks throughout the world and become elder teachers of the order in their later years. Following Hsing Yun’s death, current abbot Hsin Bau became the permanent guiding teacher of the order.

Dharma propagation

Dharma programs of Fo Guang Shan include lectures given in prisons and factories; programs on television, radio, and online, large-scale public lectures in Taiwan and overseas, and the five precepts initiation given twice a year at the monastery.

All branches of Fo Guang Shan organize pilgrimages to bring devotees to the monastery from different parts of Taiwan and overseas.^[15]

In mainland China the order focuses strongly on cultural exchange rather than religion to introduce Buddhist ideas, as proselytizing is illegal in China.^[2]

Fo Guang Shan's approach to Dharma propagation focuses on simplifying Buddhism in order to make it more appealing to the masses. The organization is known for utilizing modern marketing techniques and preaching methods such as the use of laser shows and multimedia displays.^[2]^[6] Fo Guang Shan temples have no entrance fee, and do not allow many of the practices commonly found in other Chinese temples, such as fortune-telling or the presence of sales vendors.^[2] Despite the popularity of the organization, Fo Guang Shan has received criticism for being "too focused on commercialism, expanding its membership base, and building large temples." (Schak and Hsiao)^[6]

Abbots and directors

Hsing Yun
(1967–1985)
Hsin Ping
(1985–1995)
Hsin Ting
(1997–2005)
Hsin Pei
(2005–2013)
Hsin Bau
(2013–present)

Branches

Fo Guang Shan Mabuhay Temple, Philippines
Zu Lai Temple, Cotia, Brazil
Chung Tian Temple, Queensland, Australia
Hsi Lai Temple, California, US
Nan Hua Temple, South Africa
Nan Tien Temple, Berkeley, Australia
Fo Guang Shan Temple, Auckland, New Zealand
Fo Guang Shan Temple, Toronto, Canada
Guang Ming Temple, Central Florida, US
London Fo Guang Shan Temple, UK

References

^ Harding, John S.; Hori, Victor Sōgen; Soucy, Alexander (29 March 2010). Wild Geese: Buddhism in Canada. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 283. ISBN 9780773591080.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Johnson, Ian (24 June 2017). "Is a Buddhist Group Changing China? Or Is China Changing It?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
^ "Come to Taiwan,Return with good memories". Info.taiwan.net.tw. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
^ Shuai, J. J.; Chen, H. C.; Chang, C. H. (1 December 2010). "Visualization of the Taiwaness Buddhism web based on social network analysis". 2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010). pp. 187–191. doi:10.1109/COMPSYM.2010.5685523. ISBN 978-1-4244-7639-8. S2CID 18858823.
^ Abeynayake, Oliver; Tilakaratne, Asanga (1 January 2011). 2600 Years of Sambuddhatva: Global Journey of Awakening. Ministry of Buddhasasana and Religious Affairs, Government of Sri Lanka. p. 282. ISBN 9789559349334.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Schak, David; Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael (1 June 2005). "Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups". China Perspectives. 2005 (59). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803. ISSN 1996-4617.
^ "Fo Guang Shan founder Hsing Yun dies aged 95 - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ "President, premier attend Buddhist master's funeral - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
^ Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE. p. 406. ISBN 9780761927297.
^ Johnson, Ian; Wu, Adam (24 June 2017). "A Buddhist Leader on China's Spiritual Needs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
^ "佛光山佛陀紀念館". 佛光山佛陀紀念館. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ "Regional Interfaith report". Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
^ Lovelock, Yann, A Buddhist Christmas Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Fo Guang Shan Online Service". Archived from the original on 7 April 2006.
^ "FGS Singapore". Fo Guang Shan (Singapore) & Buddha's Light Association (Singapore). Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.

Bibliography

Chandler, Stuart (2002). Globalizing Chinese Culture, Localizing Buddhist Teachings: the Internationalization of Foguangshan Archived 11 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Global Buddhism 3, 46–78
Chandler, Stuart (2004). Establishing a Pure Land on Earth: The Foguang Buddhist Perspective on Modernization and Globalization. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press

External links

Official website

[1] Harding, John S.; Hori, Victor Sōgen; Soucy, Alexander (29 March 2010). Wild Geese: Buddhism in Canada. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 283. ISBN 9780773591080.

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Johnson, Ian (24 June 2017). "Is a Buddhist Group Changing China? Or Is China Changing It?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

[3] "Come to Taiwan,Return with good memories". Info.taiwan.net.tw. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.

[4] Shuai, J. J.; Chen, H. C.; Chang, C. H. (1 December 2010). "Visualization of the Taiwaness Buddhism web based on social network analysis". 2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010). pp. 187–191. doi:10.1109/COMPSYM.2010.5685523. ISBN 978-1-4244-7639-8. S2CID 18858823.

[5] Abeynayake, Oliver; Tilakaratne, Asanga (1 January 2011). 2600 Years of Sambuddhatva: Global Journey of Awakening. Ministry of Buddhasasana and Religious Affairs, Government of Sri Lanka. p. 282. ISBN 9789559349334.

[:1-6] Schak, David; Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael (1 June 2005). "Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups". China Perspectives. 2005 (59). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803. ISSN 1996-4617.

[7] "Fo Guang Shan founder Hsing Yun dies aged 95 - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.

[8] "President, premier attend Buddhist master's funeral - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2024.

[9] Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE. p. 406. ISBN 9780761927297.

[10] Johnson, Ian; Wu, Adam (24 June 2017). "A Buddhist Leader on China's Spiritual Needs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

[11] "佛光山佛陀紀念館". 佛光山佛陀紀念館. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.

[12] "Regional Interfaith report". Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.

[13] Lovelock, Yann, A Buddhist Christmas Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[14] "Fo Guang Shan Online Service". Archived from the original on 7 April 2006.

[15] "FGS Singapore". Fo Guang Shan (Singapore) & Buddha's Light Association (Singapore). Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Worldwide Buddhist community founded by Hsing Yun}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
 {{Infobox organization
 | image               = 佛光山LOGO（PNG）.png
-| caption             = The Fo Guang Shan logo
+| caption             = The Fo Guang Shan logo: a standing [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] over a globe
 | type                = Buddhist Monastic Order
 | name                = Fo Guang Shan
@@ Line 10: / Line 12: @@
 | established         = 1967
 | founder             = [[Hsing Yun]]
+| purpose             = Dissemination of [[Humanistic Buddhism]] in daily life
+| leader_title2       = Head Abbot
+| leader_name2        = Most Ven. [[Hsin Bau]]
+| main_organ          = FGS Board of Directors<br>FGS Sangha Affairs Committee
+| region_served       = Worldwide
 | headquarters        = [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]], [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]]
 | other_info          =
@@ Line 15: / Line 22: @@
 | map                 =
 }}
+{{Chinese|c={{linktext|佛|光|山}}|l=Buddha's Light Mountain|p=Fóguāngshān|bpmf=ㄈㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄕㄢ|gr=Forguangshan|mi={{IPAc-cmn|f|o|2|.|g|uang|1|.|sh|an|1}}|poj=Hu̍t-kong-san}}
+{{Mahayana Buddhism}}
+'''Fo Guang Shan (FGS)''' ({{zh|t=佛光山|p=Fó guāng shān|l=Buddha's Light Mountain}}) is an international [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhist]] organization and monastic order based in [[Taiwan]] that practices [[Humanistic Buddhism]] whose roots are traced to the [[Linji school]] of Chan Buddhism. The headquarters, [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]], is located in [[Dashu District]], [[Kaohsiung]], and is the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan. The organization is also one of the largest charity organizations in Taiwan. The organization's counterpart for laypeople is known as the [[Buddha's Light International Association]].
+Founded in 1967 by [[Hsing Yun]], the order promotes [[Humanistic Buddhism]] and is known for its efforts in the modernization of Chinese Buddhism. The order is famous for its use of technology and its temples are often furnished with the latest equipment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5O32wwY6uokC&pg=PA283 |title=Wild Geese: Buddhism in Canada|last1=Harding|first1=John S.|last2=Hori|first2=Victor Sōgen|last3=Soucy|first3=Alexander|date=2010-03-29|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=9780773591080|pages=283|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Hsing Yun's stated position for Fo Guang Shan is that it is an "amalgam of all Eight Schools of Chinese Buddhism" ({{zh|t=八宗兼弘|p=bāzōng jiānhóng}}). The Fo Guang Shan order has several associated colleges, among them [[Fo Guang University]] in Taiwan and [[University of the West]] in the United States, which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in both [[Buddhist Studies]] and secular fields.
-{{Chinese|c={{linktext|佛|光|山}}|l=Buddha's Light Mountain|p=Fóguāngshān|mi={{IPAc-cmn|f|o|2|.|g|uang|1|.|sh|an|1}}|poj=Hu̍t-kong-san}}
-'''Fo Guang Shan (FGS)''' ({{zh|t=佛光山|p=Fó guāng shān|l=Buddha's Light Mountain}}) is an international [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhist]] organization and monastic order based in [[Taiwan]] that practices [[Humanistic Buddhism]]. The headquarters, [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]] is located in [[Dashu District]], [[Kaohsiung]], and is the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan. The organization is also one of the largest charity organizations in Taiwan. The organization's counterpart for laypeople is known as the [[Buddha's Light International Association]].
+In Taiwan, Hsing Yun is popularly referred to as one of the "[[Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)|Four Heavenly Kings]]" and Fo Guang Shan is considered one of the "[[Four Great Mountains (Taiwan)|Four Great Mountains]]" or four major Buddhist organizations of Taiwanese Buddhism, along with [[Dharma Drum Mountain]], [[Tzu Chi]], and [[Chung Tai Shan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |title=Come to Taiwan,Return with good memories |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw |access-date=2012-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shuai|first1=J. J.|last2=Chen|first2=H. C.|last3=Chang|first3=C. H.|title=2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010) |chapter=Visualization of the Taiwaness Buddhism web based on social network analysis |date=2010-12-01|pages=187–191|doi=10.1109/COMPSYM.2010.5685523|isbn=978-1-4244-7639-8|s2cid=18858823}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvGWJcQ3ZX0C&q=four+heavenly+kings+|title=2600 Years of Sambuddhatva: Global Journey of Awakening|date=2011-01-01|isbn=9789559349334|pages=282|last1=Abeynayake|first1=Oliver|last2=Tilakaratne|first2=Asanga|publisher=Ministry of Buddhasasana and Religious Affairs, Government of Sri Lanka }}</ref>
-Founded in 1967 by [[Hsing Yun]], the order promotes [[Humanistic Buddhism]] and is known for its efforts in the modernization of Chinese Buddhism. The order is famous for its use of technology and its temples are often furnished with the latest equipment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5O32wwY6uokC&pg=PA283 |title=Wild Geese: Buddhism in Canada|last=Harding|first=John S.|last2=Hori|first2=Victor Sōgen|last3=Soucy|first3=Alexander|date=2010-03-29|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=9780773591080|pages=283|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Hsing Yun's stated position for Fo Guang Shan is that it is an "amalgam of all Eight Schools of Chinese Buddhism" ({{zh|t=八宗兼弘|p=bāzōng jiānhóng}}). The Fo Guang Shan order has an associated college, [[Fo Guang University]], which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in both [[Buddhist Studies]] and secular fields.
-In Taiwan, Hsing Yun is popularly referred to as one of the "[[Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)|Four Heavenly Kings]]" and Fo Guang Shan is considered one of the "[[Four Great Mountains (Taiwan)|Four Great Mountains]]" or four major Buddhist organizations of Taiwanese Buddhism, along with [[Dharma Drum Mountain]], [[Tzu Chi]], and [[Chung Tai Shan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |title=Come to Taiwan,Return with good memories |publisher=Info.taiwan.net.tw |accessdate=2012-02-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183910/http://info.taiwan.net.tw/tourbusE/december_page1.html |archivedate=27 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shuai|first=J. J.|last2=Chen|first2=H. C.|last3=Chang|first3=C. H.|date=2010-12-01|title=Visualization of the Taiwaness Buddhism web based on social network analysis|journal=2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010)|pages=187–191|doi=10.1109/COMPSYM.2010.5685523|isbn=978-1-4244-7639-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wvGWJcQ3ZX0C&dq=four+heavenly+kings+taiwan+tzu+chi&q=four+heavenly+kings+|title=2600 Years of Sambuddhatva: Global Journey of Awakening|date=2011-01-01|isbn=9789559349334|pages=282}}</ref>
 == History ==
 In 1967, [[Hsing Yun]] purchased more than 30 hectares in [[Dashu District|Dashu]] Township, [[Kaohsiung County]] as the site for the construction of a monastery. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on 16 May 1967.
-Fo Guang Shan embarked on many construction projects, including university buildings, shrines, and a cemetery. In 1975, Fo Guang Shan's 36-metre tall statue of [[Amitābha|Amitābha Buddha]] was consecrated. In 1981, 15 years after its establishment, the Great Hero Hall was built. During these times, many other Fo Guang Shan temples outside the order's mother monastery were also built.[[File:Aerial View of Fo Guang Shan.png|thumb|310x310px|An aerial view of [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]], the headquarters of the order.|alt=|left]] In May 1997, Hsing Yun announced that he would close the mountain gate of Fo Guang Shan to the general public. His reason in closing the monastery was to give monastics the cloistered atmosphere they need for their Buddhist practice. In practice, many Chinese monasteries have also closed their mountain gates to give a cloistered atmosphere to the temple residents.
+Fo Guang Shan has embarked on many construction projects, including university buildings, shrines, rectories, retirement homes, and a cemetery. In 1975, Fo Guang Shan's iconic 36-metre tall statue of [[Amitābha|Amitābha Buddha]] was consecrated. In 1981, 15 years after its establishment, the Great Hero Hall was built. During these times, many other Fo Guang Shan temples outside the order's mother monastery were also built.[[File:Aerial View of Fo Guang Shan.png|thumb|310x310px|An aerial view of [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]], the headquarters of the order.|alt=|left]] In May 1997, Hsing Yun announced that he would close the mountain gate of Fo Guang Shan to the general public. His reason in closing the monastery was to give monastics the cloistered atmosphere they need for their Buddhist practice. In practice, many Chinese monasteries have also closed their mountain gates to give a cloistered atmosphere to the temple residents. At the end of 2000, then President [[Chen Shui-bian]] of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and government officials from [[Kaohsiung]] visited Fo Guang Shan, bringing with them the wish from their constituents that Fo Guang Shan reopen its mountain gate. After due consideration, Fo Guang Shan decided to reopen the monastery to some extent, thereby providing the public a place to practice [[Pure Land Buddhism]]. On top of its headquarters being the largest monastery in Taiwan, it has a network of over 300 branches throughout Taiwan.<ref name=":1" />
+In the 2010s, Fo Guang Shan began establishment in [[China|mainland China]], focusing more on charity and Chinese cultural revival rather than Buddhist propagation in order to avoid conflict with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), which opposes organized religion. Fo Guang Shan's presence in China increased under the [[Xi Jinping Administration|leadership]] of [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] after he started a program to revive traditional Chinese faiths.
-At the end of 2000, then President [[Chen Shui-bian]] of the Republic of China and government officials from [[Kaohsiung]] visited Fo Guang Shan, bringing with them the wish from their constituents that Fo Guang Shan reopen its mountain gate. After due consideration, Fo Guang Shan decided to reopen the monastery to some extent, thereby providing the public a place to practice [[Pure Land Buddhism]]. On top of its headquarters being the largest monastery in Taiwan, it has a network of over 300 branches throughout Taiwan.<ref name=":1" />
-Fo Guang Shan entered [[China|mainland China]] in the early 21st century, focusing more on charity and Chinese cultural revival rather than Buddhist propagation in order to avoid conflict with the [[Chinese Communist Party]], which opposes religion. Fo Guang Shan's presence in China increased under the presidency of General Secretary [[Xi Jinping|Xi Jingping]] after he started a program to revive traditional Chinese faiths.
 As of 2017, the order had over 1,000 monks and nuns, and over 1 million followers worldwide, with branches in fifty countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/world/asia/china-buddhism-fo-guang-shan.html|title=Is a Buddhist Group Changing China? Or Is China Changing It?|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=2017-06-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131042630/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/world/asia/china-buddhism-fo-guang-shan.html|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On 5 February 2023 founder Hsing Yun died at his residence at the age of 95 in Kaoshiung, Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Fo Guang Shan founder Hsing Yun dies aged 95 - Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/02/07/2003793885 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref> His funeral took place on 12 February 2023 in the presence of Taiwan President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] and Premier [[Chen Chien-jen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=President, premier attend Buddhist master's funeral - Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/02/14/2003794326 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref>
 == Activities ==
@@ Line 43: / Line 50: @@
 === Educational programs ===
-[[File:Sutra Repository.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Fo Guang Shan's Sutra Repository, the home of the Institute of Humanistic Buddhism and library of over 50 editions of Buddhist canons.|alt=|left]]The educational programs of Fo Guang Shan include four Buddhist colleges, three regular colleges, and various community colleges. The [[Fo Guang University]] was established in 2000. It focuses mainly on the humanities and social sciences. The Chinese Buddhist research institute is subdivided into four separate departments; a women's and men's college, and an international and English Buddhist studies department. Tuition fees and lodging are provided by Fo Guang Shan, free of charge. Other prominent universities the order has established include [[Nanhua University]] in Taiwan and the [[University of the West]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&dq=fo+guang+shan+university#v=onepage&q=fo%20guang%20shan%20university&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|last=Juergensmeyer|first=Mark|last2=Roof|first2=Wade Clark|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761927297|pages=406|language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Sutra Repository.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Fo Guang Shan's Sutra Repository, the home of the Institute of Humanistic Buddhism and library of over 50 editions of Buddhist canons.|alt=|left]]The educational programs of Fo Guang Shan include four Buddhist colleges, three regular colleges, and various community colleges. The [[Fo Guang University]] was established in 2000. It focuses mainly on the humanities and social sciences. The Chinese Buddhist research institute is subdivided into four separate departments; a women's and men's college, and an international and English Buddhist studies department. Tuition fees and lodging are provided by Fo Guang Shan, free of charge. Other prominent universities the order has established include [[Nanhua University]] in Taiwan and the [[University of the West]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&q=fo+guang+shan+university&pg=PA406|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|last1=Juergensmeyer|first1=Mark|last2=Roof|first2=Wade Clark|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761927297|pages=406|language=en}}</ref>
 The organization also operates [[Pu-Men High School]] in Taipei, Jiun Tou Elementary and Junior High School, Humanities Primary and Junior High School, which provides regular curriculum for students. Fo Guang Shan also has nursery schools, [[kindergartens]], and Sunday schools for children.
@@ Line 49: / Line 56: @@
 Along with [[Tzu Chi]], Fo Guang Shan is the only major Buddhist organization in Taiwan that offers some form of strictly secular education, as opposed to purely religious.<ref name=":1" />
-In mainland China, Fo Guang Shan operates numerous cultural education programs and has built several libraries, even having gotten several books published through state controlled media.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/world/asia/hsing-yun-buddhism-fo-guang-shan.html|title=A Buddhist Leader on China's Spiritual Needs|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=2017-06-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-25|last2=Wu|first2=Adam|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072513/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/world/asia/hsing-yun-buddhism-fo-guang-shan.html|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In mainland China, Fo Guang Shan operates numerous cultural education programs and has built several libraries, even having gotten several books published through state controlled media.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/world/asia/hsing-yun-buddhism-fo-guang-shan.html|title=A Buddhist Leader on China's Spiritual Needs|last1=Johnson|first1=Ian|date=2017-06-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-06-25|last2=Wu|first2=Adam|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126072513/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/24/world/asia/hsing-yun-buddhism-fo-guang-shan.html|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum ===
 [[File:Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum 佛光山佛陀紀念館 .jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum]]]]
-Building plans for the [[Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum]] (formerly called the Buddha Memorial Center) started with support from the Taiwanese government. The museum's Jade Buddha Shrine is purported to hold [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|tooth relics]] of the historic Buddha. The site is situated immediately adjacent to the main monastery and covers more than 100 hectares. The complex faces east and is built along a central axial line. Beyond the Welcoming Hall are eight Chinese-styled pagodas on either side of the main avenue leading up to the Bodhi Square, about which are statues of the Buddha's main disciples and of the founders of the principal schools of Chinese Buddhism. The path leads onto the Memorial Hall, which holds several shrines including the Jade Buddha Shrine. Above the hall are four stupas that symbolize the [[Four Noble Truths]]. Standing behind but separate from it, there is an enormous seated metal Shakyamuni Buddha 108 meters high.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fgsbmc.org.tw/en/|title=佛光山佛陀紀念館|website=佛光山佛陀紀念館|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906092115/http://www.fgsbmc.org.tw/en/|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> The Center was opened at an international ceremony on 25 December 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://regionalinterfaith.org.au/home/worldwide-news/596-buddha-memorial-center-built-in-kaohsiung-chinas-taiwan.html|title=Regional Interfaith report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410114949/http://regionalinterfaith.org.au/home/worldwide-news/596-buddha-memorial-center-built-in-kaohsiung-chinas-taiwan.html|archive-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> and the first anniversary celebrated on Christmas Day 2012.<ref>Lovelock, Yann, [http://bcfaiths.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/a-buddhist-christmas-by-yann-lovelock ''A Buddhist Christmas''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190805/http://bcfaiths.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/a-buddhist-christmas-by-yann-lovelock/|date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
+Building plans for the [[Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum]] (formerly called the Buddha Memorial Center) started with support from the Taiwanese government. The museum's Jade Buddha Shrine is purported to hold [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|tooth relics]] of the historic Buddha. The site is situated immediately adjacent to the main monastery and covers more than 100 hectares. The complex faces east and is built along a central axial line. Beyond the Welcoming Hall are eight Chinese-styled pagodas on either side of the main avenue leading up to the Bodhi Square, about which are statues of the Buddha's main disciples and of the founders of the principal schools of Chinese Buddhism. The path leads onto the Memorial Hall, which holds several shrines including the Jade Buddha Shrine. Above the hall are four [[Stupa|stupas]] that symbolize the [[Four Noble Truths]]. Standing behind but separate from it, there is an enormous seated metal [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] 108 meters high.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fgsbmc.org.tw/en/|title=佛光山佛陀紀念館|website=佛光山佛陀紀念館|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906092115/http://www.fgsbmc.org.tw/en/|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> The Center was opened at an international ceremony on 25 December 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://regionalinterfaith.org.au/home/worldwide-news/596-buddha-memorial-center-built-in-kaohsiung-chinas-taiwan.html|title=Regional Interfaith report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410114949/http://regionalinterfaith.org.au/home/worldwide-news/596-buddha-memorial-center-built-in-kaohsiung-chinas-taiwan.html|archive-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> and the first anniversary celebrated on Christmas Day 2012.<ref>Lovelock, Yann, [http://bcfaiths.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/a-buddhist-christmas-by-yann-lovelock ''A Buddhist Christmas''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190805/http://bcfaiths.wordpress.com/2012/12/27/a-buddhist-christmas-by-yann-lovelock/|date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
+== Governance ==
-=== Religious Affairs Committee ===
+=== Board of directors ===
-In 1972, Hsing Yun established a nine-member council, known as the Fo Guang Shan Religious Affairs Committee. These nine members govern the monastery and the order. The members are elected prior to the resignation, death, or the ending of a term of an abbot. Once elected by members of Fo Guang Shan, the votes are openly counted. The nine members then nominate their next abbot. Eight members of the council are ordained monastics, and one is a layperson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fgs.org.tw|title=Fo Guang Shan Online Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060407081235/http://www.fgs.org.tw/|archive-date=7 April 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In 1972, Hsing Yun established a nine-member council, known as the Fo Guang Shan Religious Affairs Committee, later renamed the Fo Guang Shan Board of Directors. These nine members govern and oversee the operations of the order through making appointments to various departments and other temples from within the order’s network. Each of the nine members are elected prior to the resignation, death, or the ending of a term of an abbot. Once elected by members of Fo Guang Shan, the votes are openly counted. The nine members then nominate their next abbot, who in practice was chosen by Hsing Yun personally. Eight members of the council are ordained monastics, and one is a non-voting layperson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fgs.org.tw|title=Fo Guang Shan Online Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060407081235/http://www.fgs.org.tw/|archive-date=7 April 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-==== Abbots ====
+=== Abbots ===
-Unlike a traditional Mahayana Buddhist monastery, where the incumbent abbot usually selects his successor, Fo Guang Shan directly elects an abbot to head the Order and its temple branches worldwide. The head of the FGS order and all of its branches is the abbot of [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]]. The abbot is the chairperson of the Religious Affairs Committee, serving a term of six years, with one reappointment by popular vote and, under exceptional circumstances, a second reappointment by two-thirds vote. The abbot is elected by all members of Fo Guang Shan through public vote. The abbot-elect then begins to use their "inner name", in place of his/her own [[dharma name]], with the first character being ''Hsin'' ("心", ''xin'', or heart). In fact, all monastics of Fo Guang Shan have such a name, and several Elders also use theirs publicly. At the beginning of the year, the abbot-elect is inaugurated as the new director of Fo Guang Shan through a [[dharma transmission]] ceremony, receiving the robe and bowl.
+Unlike a traditional Mahayana Buddhist monastery, where the incumbent abbot usually selects his successor, Fo Guang Shan directly elects an abbot to head the Order and its temple branches worldwide. The head of the FGS order and all of its branches is the abbot and chief executive of [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]]. The abbot is the chairperson of the Board of Directors, serving a term of six years, with one reappointment by popular vote and, under exceptional circumstances, a second reappointment by two-thirds vote. The abbot is elected by all monastic members of Fo Guang Shan through public vote.
+Per tradition, the abbot-elect then begins to use their "inner name", in place of his/her own [[dharma name]], with the first character being ''Hsin'' ("心", ''xin'', or heart). In fact, all monastics of Fo Guang Shan have such a name, and several Elders also use theirs publicly. At the beginning of the year, the abbot-elect is inaugurated as the new director of Fo Guang Shan through a traditional [[dharma transmission]] ceremony, receiving the robe, bowl, khakkhara, and a copy of the FGS constitution. In the case of Venerable Hsin Bau’s inauguration in 2013, he and 72 other monastics received dharma transmission from Hsing Yun along with him.
-Hsing Yun is the only abbot to have served as such for more than two terms, and was not elected by the RAC. In the case of Venerable Hsin Ping (who was originally Venerable Zhizong), he was also not officially elected, as he was Hsing Yun's designated heir apparent. After Hsin Ping died, the vice director of Fo Guang Shan, Hsin Ting (originally Venerable Zhidu), was immediately elevated to serve the remaining years of Hsin Ping's term. Abbots have been elected according to FGS's constitution since then.
+Hsing Yun is the only abbot to have served as such for more than two terms and was not elected by the board of directors. In the case of Venerable Hsin Ping, he was also not officially elected, as he was Hsing Yun's designated heir apparent. After Hsin Ping died of sudden illness in 1995, the vice director of Fo Guang Shan, Venerable Hsin Ting was immediately elevated to serve the remaining years of Hsin Ping's term before he was elected to a term in his own right. Abbots have been elected according to FGS's constitution since then.
-As with Hsing Yun, former abbots do not leave the order when they retire. They continue to make Dharma talks throughout the world and become head teachers of the order in their later years.
+As with Hsing Yun, emeritus abbots do not leave the order when they retire. They continue to make Dharma talks throughout the world and become elder teachers of the order in their later years. Following Hsing Yun’s death, current abbot [[Hsin Bau]] became the permanent guiding teacher of the order.
 == Dharma propagation ==
 [[File:Fo Guang Shan Monastery 13.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Buddha statues in the main shrine of Fo Guang Shan|alt=]]
-[[Dharma]] programs of Fo Guang Shan include lectures given in prisons and factories; programs on television and radio, large-scale public lectures in Taiwan and overseas, and the [[five precepts]] initiation given twice a year at the monastery.
+[[Dharma]] programs of Fo Guang Shan include lectures given in prisons and factories; programs on television, radio, and online, large-scale public lectures in Taiwan and overseas, and the [[five precepts]] initiation given twice a year at the monastery.
-All branches of Fo Guang Shan organize pilgrimages to bring devotees to the monastery from different parts of Taiwan and overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blia.sg/en/default.aspx|title=FGS Singapore|publisher=Fo Guang Shan (Singapore) & Buddha's Light Association (Singapore)|accessdate=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222181534/http://blia.sg/en/default.aspx|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once pilgrims arrive, they are free to make use of all of the different activities that are open to the general public.
+All branches of Fo Guang Shan organize pilgrimages to bring devotees to the monastery from different parts of Taiwan and overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blia.sg/en/default.aspx|title=FGS Singapore|publisher=Fo Guang Shan (Singapore) & Buddha's Light Association (Singapore)|access-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222181534/http://blia.sg/en/default.aspx|archive-date=22 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-In mainland China, the order focuses on cultural exchange rather than religion as a way to introduce Buddhist ideas, as preaching is illegal in China.<ref name=":0" />
+In mainland China the order focuses strongly on cultural exchange rather than religion to introduce Buddhist ideas, as proselytizing is illegal in China.<ref name=":0" />
-Fo Guang Shan's approach to Dharma propagation focuses on simplifying Buddhism in order to make it more appealing to the masses. The organization is known for utilizing modern marketing techniques and methods to preach such as the use of laser shows and multimedia displays.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Fo Guang Shan temples have no entrance fee, and do not allow many of the practices commonly found in other Chinese temples, such as fortune-telling or the presence of sales vendors.<ref name=":0" /> Despite the popularity of the organization, Fo Guang Shan has received criticism for being "too focused on commercialism, expanding its membership base, and building large temples." (Schak and Hsiao)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Schak|first=David|last2=Hsiao|first2=Hsin-Huang Michael|date=2005-06-01|title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups|journal=China Perspectives|volume=2005|language=en|issue=59|issn=1996-4617|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+Fo Guang Shan's approach to Dharma propagation focuses on simplifying Buddhism in order to make it more appealing to the masses. The organization is known for utilizing modern marketing techniques and preaching methods such as the use of laser shows and multimedia displays.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Fo Guang Shan temples have no entrance fee, and do not allow many of the practices commonly found in other Chinese temples, such as fortune-telling or the presence of sales vendors.<ref name=":0" /> Despite the popularity of the organization, Fo Guang Shan has received criticism for being "too focused on commercialism, expanding its membership base, and building large temples." (Schak and Hsiao)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Schak|first1=David|last2=Hsiao|first2=Hsin-Huang Michael|date=2005-06-01|title=Taiwan's Socially Engaged Buddhist Groups|journal=China Perspectives|volume=2005|language=en|issue=59|issn=1996-4617|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2803|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-== Objectives ==
-* To propagate Buddhist teachings through cultural activities
-* To foster talent through education
-* To benefit society through charitable programs
-* To purify human hearts and minds through Buddhist practice
-== Mottos ==
-=== Official motto ===
-[[File:1.頭山門的彌勒佛.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Main entrance to the Fo Guang Shan monastery. Seen also is the [[Buddha's Light International Association|BLIA]] logo, a statue of [[Maitreya]], and the statue of Amitabha in far right.]]
-{{quote|May the Buddha's Light shine upon the ten directions. May the Dharma stream continuously flow towards the five great continents.}}
-=== The Four Verses of Fo Guang Shan and BLIA ===
-*May kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity pervade all worlds;
-*May we cherish and build affinities to benefit all beings;
-*May Chan, Pure Land, and Precepts inspire equality and patience;
-*May our humility and gratitude give rise to great vows.<ref>http://fgsihb.org/dictionary-info.asp?id=19509</ref>
-=== BLIA guidelines ===
-* Offer others confidence
-* Offer others joy
-* Offer others hope
-* Offer others convenience<ref>{{cite web|title=FGS Singapore|url=http://fgs.sg/en/default.aspx|accessdate=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206031512/http://www.fgs.sg/en/default.aspx|archive-date=6 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 == Abbots and directors ==
@@ Line 105: / Line 91: @@
 File:Venerable Hsin Ting At Hsi Lai Temple, 2012.png|[[Hsin Ting]]<br />(1997–2005)
 File:心培和尚.JPG|[[Hsin Pei]]<br />(2005–2013)
-File:2010Jul11慧濟法師.JPG|[[Hsin Bao]]<br />(2013–present)
+File:2010Jul11慧濟法師.JPG|[[Hsin Bau]]<br />(2013–present)
 </gallery>
 == Branches ==
 {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
-*[[IBPS Manila|Fo Guang Shan Mabuhay Temple]]
+*[[IBPS Manila|Fo Guang Shan Mabuhay Temple]], Philippines
-*[[Zu Lai Temple]]
+*[[Zu Lai Temple]], Cotia, Brazil
-*[[Chung Tian Temple]]
+*[[Chung Tian Temple]], Queensland, Australia
-*[[Hsi Lai Temple]]
+*[[Hsi Lai Temple]], California, US
-*[[Nan Hua Temple]]
+*[[Nan Hua Temple]], South Africa
-*[[Nan Tien Temple]]
+*[[Nan Tien Temple]], Berkeley,  Australia
-*[[Fo Guang Shan Temple, Auckland]]
+*[[Fo Guang Shan Temple, Auckland]], New Zealand
-*[[Fo Guang Shan Temple, Toronto]]
+*[[Fo Guang Shan Temple, Toronto]], Canada
-*[[Guang Ming Temple]]
+*[[Guang Ming Temple]], Central Florida, US
-*[[London Fo Guang Shan Temple]]
+*[[London Fo Guang Shan Temple]], UK
 {{Div col end}}
 == See also ==
-*[[Linji school]]
+* [[Buddhism in Taiwan]]
+* [[Four Great Mountains (Taiwan)]]
-*[[Buddha's Light International Association]]
+* [[Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)]]
-*[[University of the West]]
+* [[Linji school]]
+* [[Buddha's Light International Association]]
+* [[Beautiful Life Television]]
+* [[Fo Guang University]]
+* [[University of the West]]
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == Bibliography ==
-* Chandler, Stuart (2002). [http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/download/37/45 Globalizing Chinese Culture, Localizing Buddhist Teachings: the Internationalization of Foguangshan], Journal of Global Buddhism 3, 46–78
+* Chandler, Stuart (2002). [http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/download/37/45 Globalizing Chinese Culture, Localizing Buddhist Teachings: the Internationalization of Foguangshan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411221900/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/download/37/45 |date=11 April 2018 }}, Journal of Global Buddhism 3, 46–78
 * Chandler, Stuart (2004). Establishing a Pure Land on Earth: The Foguang Buddhist Perspective on Modernization and Globalization. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
@@ Line 141: / Line 131: @@
 {{Kaohsiung}}
 {{Four Great Mountains}}
+{{Authority control}}
-__FORCETOC__
 [[Category:Fo Guang Shan| ]]

v t e Four Great Mountains of Taiwan
Four Great Mountains	Dharma Drum Mountain Fo Guang Shan Tzu Chi Chung Tai Shan
Four Heavenly Kings	Sheng-yen Hsing Yun Cheng Yen Wei Chueh

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	United States Czech Republic