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{{Short description|American media company}}
{{Redirect|Johnathan Davis|the Australian politician|Johnathan Davis (politician)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox website
{{Infobox website
| name = IBT Media
| name = IBT Media
| favicon =
| favicon =
| logo =
| logo = Logo ibtmedia.png
| screenshot =
| screenshot =
| caption =
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| type = [[Publication]]
| type = [[Publication]]
| registration =
| registration =
| owner = Etienne Uzac, Johnathan Davis
| owner = Etienne Uzac,
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2006}} (as IBT Media)
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2006}} (as IBT Media)
| current_status = Active
| current_status = Active
}}
}}


'''IBT Media''' is an American global [[digital newspaper|digital news]] organization with over 90 million monthly readers.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/business/media/tiny-digital-publisher-to-put-newsweek-back-in-print.html|title=Tiny Digital Publisher to Put Newsweek Back in Print|first=Leslie|last=Kaufman|work=NYTimes|accessdate=2014-08-14}}</ref>
'''IBT Media''' is an American global [[digital newspaper|digital news]] organization with over 90 million monthly readers, owned by followers of religious leader [[David Jang]].<ref name=nytimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/business/media/tiny-digital-publisher-to-put-newsweek-back-in-print.html|title=Tiny Digital Publisher to Put Newsweek Back in Print|first=Leslie|last=Kaufman|work=NYTimes|access-date=2014-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Newsweek sues former owners, controversial pastor David Jang, seeking millions |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/07/07/newsweek-sues-former-owners-controversial-pastor-david-jang-seeking-millions/ |work=Religion News Service |date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
It publishes the ''[[International Business Times]]'' and ''Medical Daily'', among others. IBT Media is headquartered in [[New York City]], in the [[Hanover Square (Manhattan)|Hanover Square]] neighborhood of [[Lower Manhattan]].<ref name=juju/> As of 2014, the company posted revenue of about $21 million and generated a profit of about $500,000.<ref name="nytimes"/>
It publishes the ''[[International Business Times]]'' and ''Medical Daily'', among others. IBT Media is headquartered in [[New York City]], in the [[Hanover Square (Manhattan)|Hanover Square]] neighborhood of [[Lower Manhattan]].<ref name=juju/> As of 2014, the company posted revenue of about $21 million and generated a profit of about $500,000.<ref name="nytimes"/>

==Overview==
Founded as '''IBT Media''' in 2006, the company has several brands that it has built organically through specialty vertical sites and also international editions.<ref name=folio>{{cite web|url=http://www.foliomag.com/2013/meet-ibt-media-future-newsweek#.UgBfd9I3uSo|title=Meet IBT Media: The Future of Newsweek|first=Michael|last=Rondon|work=Folio|accessdate=2013-08-06}}</ref>

IBT Media focuses on online publication.


==Corporate structure and revenue==
==Corporate structure and revenue==
IBT Media is a privately held company, formerly owned by Etienne Uzac and Johnathan Davis.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tracy|first=Marc|date=2020-02-14|title=A Former Owner of Newsweek Pleads Guilty in a Fraud Scheme|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/business/media/Etienne-Uzac-newsweek-fraud.html|access-date=2020-10-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The company has not received outside funding,<ref name=fortune /> and has grown with a focus on being an "efficient company", concentrating on the "revenue side as well as on the expenses".<ref name=adage /><ref name=forbes />
IBT Media is a privately held company, owned by Etienne Uzac, a convicted felon.<ref name="NYT-2020-02-14">{{Cite news |last=Tracy |first=Marc |date=2020-02-14 |title=A Former Owner of Newsweek Pleads Guilty in a Fraud Scheme |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/business/media/Etienne-Uzac-newsweek-fraud.html |access-date=2020-10-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The company has not received outside funding,<ref name="fortune" /> and has grown with a focus on being an "efficient company", concentrating on the "revenue side as well as on the expenses".<ref name="adage" /><ref name="forbes" />

It started in 2006, with personal savings, an SBA bank loan, and no input, financial or advisory, from VCs.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref name=fortune /> It has been profitable since 2010.<ref name=folio /><ref name=fortune /><ref name=adage /><ref name=forbes />


It has also grown through the acquisition of ''[[Newsweek]]''.<ref name='BuzzFeed_2013-08-03'>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Lauria |title=Newsweek's New Owners Say They Bought "A Lot Of Cachet" |date=August 3, 2013 |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/peterlauria/barry-dillers-newsweek-experiment-is-over |work=[[BuzzFeed]] |accessdate=2013-08-06}}</ref>
It started in 2006, with personal savings{{From whom?|date=October 2023}}, and SBA bank loan{{To whom?|date=October 2023}}, and no input, financial or advisory, from VCs.{{clarify|date=January 2014}}<ref name="fortune" /> It has been profitable since 2010.<ref name="folio" /><ref name="fortune" /><ref name="adage" /><ref name="forbes" /> Since then it has acquired ''[[Newsweek]]''.<ref name="BuzzFeed_2013-08-03">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Lauria |title=Newsweek's New Owners Say They Bought "A Lot Of Cachet" |date=August 3, 2013 |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/peterlauria/barry-dillers-newsweek-experiment-is-over |work=[[BuzzFeed]] |access-date=2013-08-06}}</ref><ref name="folio">{{cite web |last=Rondon |first=Michael |title=Meet IBT Media: The Future of Newsweek |url=http://www.foliomag.com/2013/meet-ibt-media-future-newsweek#.UgBfd9I3uSo |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-08-06 |work=Folio |archive-date=August 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809050939/http://www.foliomag.com/2013/meet-ibt-media-future-newsweek#.UgBfd9I3uSo }}</ref>


The company derives its profits primarily from advertising and has been profitable since 2010.<ref name=forbes /> It says it has recently undertaken new ventures to become a "multi-product global media group"<ref name=bizrep /> and to diversify capital, including adopting ''Newsweek'''s subscription models across its properties, and launching a new business-to-business arm.<ref name=folio /><ref name=adage /><ref name=slate />
The company derives its profits primarily from advertising and has been profitable since 2010.<ref name=forbes />


On September 14, 2018, after completing the strategic structural changes initially announced in March, IBT Media spun off into two separate companies—''Newsweek'' and IBT Media.
On September 14, 2018, after completing the strategic structural changes initially announced in March, IBT Media spun off into two separate companies—''Newsweek'' and IBT Media.
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==Partnerships==
==Partnerships==


IBT Media says it has an ongoing "working relationship" with [[Olivet University]] which includes the school providing design assistance and computer resources, and IBT Media providing internships for students. It characterizes it as similar to the relationships Silicon Valley companies have with local universities.<ref name='BuzzFeed_2013-08-03'/> However, publication ''[[Christianity Today]]'' alleges that IBT Media has a close relationship both with Olivet and with its founder, controversial<ref name='BuzzFeed_2013-08-03'/><ref name='USAToday_2012-07-16'>{{cite news |first=Bob |last=Smietana |title= LifeWay land deal with Calif. school faces scrutiny |date=July 16, 2012 |url= http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-07-16/lifeway-land-deal/56256458/1 |work= [[USA Today]] |accessdate= 2013-08-06}}</ref> evangelical pastor [[David J. Jang]]. It claims that Jang is an investor in and has exercised control over IBT Media, that Davis was formerly director of journalism at Olivet, and that Uzac was its Treasurer, at least at one time.<ref name='BuzzFeed_2013-08-03' /><ref name='Guardian_2013-08-05'>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=McCarthy |title= Newsweek is dead. Long live Newsweek? |date =August 5, 2013 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/aug/05/newsweek-acquisition-international-business-times |work=[[The Guardian]] |location= London |accessdate= 2013-08-06}}</ref><ref name='Forbes_2013-08-05'>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last= Bercovici |title= Meet The Mysterious Duo Who Just Bought Newsweek |date=August 5, 2013 |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/08/05/meet-the-mysterious-duo-who-just-bought-newsweek/ |work= [[Forbes]] |location= New York |accessdate= 2013-08-06}}</ref> Executives characterize the relationship as between the institutions and not the founders, and that it was purely operational.<ref name= forbes/><ref name= 'BuzzFeed_2013-08-03'/>
IBT Media says it has an ongoing "working relationship" with [[Olivet University]] which includes the school providing design assistance and computer resources, and IBT Media providing internships for students. It characterizes it as similar to the relationships Silicon Valley companies have with local universities.<ref name='BuzzFeed_2013-08-03'/> However, publication ''[[Christianity Today]]'' alleges that IBT Media has a close relationship both with Olivet and with its founder, controversial<ref name='BuzzFeed_2013-08-03'/><ref name="USAToday_2012-07-16">{{cite news |last=Smietana |first=Bob |date=July 16, 2012 |title=LifeWay land deal with Calif. school faces scrutiny |work=[[USA Today]] |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-07-16/lifeway-land-deal/56256458/1 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-08-06 |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308081513/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2012-07-16/lifeway-land-deal/56256458/1 }}</ref> evangelical pastor [[David J. Jang]]. It claims that Jang is an investor in and has exercised control over IBT Media, that Davis was formerly director of journalism at Olivet, and that Uzac was its treasurer, at least at one time.<ref name='BuzzFeed_2013-08-03' /><ref name='Guardian_2013-08-05'>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=McCarthy |title= Newsweek is dead. Long live Newsweek? |date =August 5, 2013 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/aug/05/newsweek-acquisition-international-business-times |work=[[The Guardian]] |location= London |access-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref><ref name='Forbes_2013-08-05'>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last= Bercovici |title= Meet The Mysterious Duo Who Just Bought Newsweek |date=August 5, 2013 |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2013/08/05/meet-the-mysterious-duo-who-just-bought-newsweek/ |work= [[Forbes]] |location= New York |access-date= 2013-08-06}}</ref> Executives characterize the relationship as between the institutions and not the founders, and that it was purely operational.<ref name= forbes/><ref name= 'BuzzFeed_2013-08-03'/>


IBT Media is part of Economist's "Ideas Channel", an ad-network based on mindset rather than demographics, set up in part to reach "an intellectual and often influential audience interested in business, politics and science".<ref name=mp/> The company's Bizu video platform partners with IDG Communications and France 24. for content, and Digitas and PJA Advertising and others for monetization of the platform.<ref name = bizrep/><ref name = CY11013/>
IBT Media is part of Economist's "Ideas Channel", an ad-network based on mindset rather than demographics, set up in part to reach "an intellectual and often influential audience interested in business, politics and science".<ref name=mp/> The company's Bizu video platform partners with IDG Communications and France 24. for content, and Digitas and PJA Advertising and others for monetization of the platform.<ref name = bizrep/><ref name = CY11013/>
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==Controversies==
==Controversies==
In January 2018 [[Manhattan District Attorney]] staff raided the company's offices, taking away eighteen computer servers, in what Newsweek reported was part of an investigation into company finances. On 1 February 2018 co-owner and chairman, Etienne Uzac, and his wife Marion Kim who acted as finance director, resigned.<ref name=money-20180201>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/02/01/media/newsweek-media-chair-resigns/index.html |title=Chair of embattled Newsweek Media Group resigns |last=Gold |first=Hadas |authorlink=Hadas Gold|website=CNN Money |date=1 February 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=nw-20180220/> Uzac was convicted, pleading guilty to avoid jail time <ref>{{Cite news|last=Tracy|first=Marc|date=2020-02-14|title=A Former Owner of Newsweek Pleads Guilty in a Fraud Scheme|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/business/media/Etienne-Uzac-newsweek-fraud.html|access-date=2020-10-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In January 2018 [[Manhattan District Attorney]] staff raided the company's offices, taking away eighteen computer servers, in what ''Newsweek'' reported was part of an investigation into company finances. On 1 February 2018 co-owner and chairman, Etienne Uzac, and his wife Marion Kim who acted as finance director, resigned.<ref name=money-20180201>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/02/01/media/newsweek-media-chair-resigns/index.html |title=Chair of embattled Newsweek Media Group resigns |last=Gold |first=Hadas |author-link=Hadas Gold|website=CNN Money |date=1 February 2018 |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=nw-20180220/> Uzac was convicted, pleading guilty to avoid jail time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tracy|first=Marc|date=2020-02-14|title=A Former Owner of ''Newsweek'' Pleads Guilty in a Fraud Scheme|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/business/media/Etienne-Uzac-newsweek-fraud.html|access-date=2020-10-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


On 20 February 2018 Newsweek reported on the DA's investigation into its parent company, and its relationship with [[Olivet University]].<ref name=nw-20180220>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-manhattan-da-olivet-university-david-jang-fired-new-york-media-813949 |title=Why Is the Manhattan DA Looking at Newsweek's Ties to a Christian University? |first1=Celeste|last1=Katz|first2=Josh|last2=Keefe|first3=Josh|last3=Saul |newspaper=Newsweek |date=20 February 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> Following the publication of the story, several Newsweek staff were fired and some editors threatened to resign stating that management had tried to interfere in the story's publication ([[Matthew Cooper]]{{dn|date=October 2020}} did resign).<ref name=guardian-20180221>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/feb/21/newsweek-plunged-into-chaos-by-its-own-reporters-expose |title=Newsweek plunged into chaos by its own reporters' exposé |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 February 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=chicagotribune-20180221>{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-newsweek-staff-firings-20180221-story.html |title=Newsweek publishes exposé about itself after controversial staff firings |last=Schmidt |first=Samantha |work=Washington Post |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=21 February 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref>
On February 20, 2018, ''Newsweek'' reported on the DA's investigation into its parent company, and its relationship with [[Olivet University]].<ref name=nw-20180220>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-manhattan-da-olivet-university-david-jang-fired-new-york-media-813949 |title=Why Is the Manhattan DA Looking at ''Newsweek'''s Ties to a Christian University? |first1=Celeste|last1=Katz|first2=Josh|last2=Keefe|first3=Josh|last3=Saul |newspaper=Newsweek |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IBT Staff Report |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Newsweek Media Group Will Work More Closely With Christian University, Founder Says |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/newsweek-media-group-will-work-more-closely-christian-university-founder-says-2655850}}</ref>


On 10 October 2018, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that IBT Media was charged with defrauding lenders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/newsweeks-parent-company-co-founder-charged-with-defrauding-lenders-1539208065|title=Newsweek’s Parent Company Charged With Defrauding Lenders|last=Alpert|first=Lukas I.|date=2018-10-10|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2018-10-10|last2=O’Brien|first2=Rebecca Davis|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
Following the publication of the story, several ''Newsweek'' staff were fired and some editors threatened to resign stating that management had tried to interfere in the story's publication (veteran IBT journalist Matthew Cooper did resign).<ref name="guardian-20180221">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/feb/21/newsweek-plunged-into-chaos-by-its-own-reporters-expose |title=''Newsweek'' plunged into chaos by its own reporters' exposé |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="chicagotribune-20180221">{{cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Samantha |date=21 February 2018 |title=''Newsweek'' publishes exposé about itself after controversial staff firings |work=Washington Post |publisher=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-newsweek-staff-firings-20180221-story.html |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161246/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-newsweek-staff-firings-20180221-story.html }}</ref> On October 10, 2018, it was reported by the ''Wall Street Journal'' that IBT Media was charged with defrauding lenders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/newsweeks-parent-company-co-founder-charged-with-defrauding-lenders-1539208065|title=''Newsweek''{{'}}s Parent Company Charged With Defrauding Lenders|last=Alpert|first=Lukas I.|date=2018-10-10|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2018-10-10|last2=O'Brien|first2=Rebecca Davis|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

On June 30, 2022, the New York State Education Department officially ended Olivet's authorization to operate in the state citing that their failings "are part of a larger pattern of poor administration and addressing such problems only after being caught in a criminal conspiracy."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jamali |first=Naveed |date=July 2, 2022 |title=New York Shuts Down Olivet University Amid Federal Money-Laundering Probe |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-shuts-down-olivet-university-amid-federal-money-laundering-probe-1721221}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Belz |first=Emily |date=July 6, 2022 |title=New York Shuts Down Embattled Olivet University Campus |work=Christianity Today |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2022/july/new-york-olivet-university-campus-david-jang.html}}</ref>

On July 6, 2022, a lawsuit was filed in New York state by ''Newsweek''’s current owner, NW Media Holdings Corp., seeking to enforce IBT’s “contractual obligation to indemnify NW Media Holdings for the multi-million-dollar losses incurred as a result of IBT’s former mismanagement of ''Newsweek''.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smietana |first=Bob |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jack |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Newsweek sues former owners, controversial pastor David Jang, seeking millions |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/07/07/newsweek-sues-former-owners-controversial-pastor-david-jang-seeking-millions/ |website=Religious News Service}}</ref> The lawsuit also the lawsuit names several defendants in addition to IBT Media, a company that owned ''Newsweek'' until 2018, including religious leader David Jang and Etienne Uzac, a former CEO and chairman of ''Newsweek''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rouhandeh |first=Alex J. |date=July 8, 2022 |title=Newsweek Sues David Jang, Leader of Sect Under Federal Investigation |url=https://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-sues-david-jang-leader-sect-under-federal-investigation-1723056 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> Additional lawsuits have been filed by ''Newsweek'' co-owners Johnathan Davis and Dev Pragad against each other, alleging various grievances including stolen trade secrets, records falsification and reputational damage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bruell |first=Alexandra |date=July 29, 2022 |title=Newsweek Engulfed in Legal Drama as Co-Owners Sue Each Other |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/newsweek-engulfed-in-legal-drama-as-co-owners-sue-each-other-11659096002 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>


==Innovations==
==Innovations==


IBT Media had run on a proprietary content management system that it has built over several years. The company started to tie-in real-time analytics into the newsroom as early as 2010, and based on those results, optimize follow-up content, positioning, and editorial calendars to serve readers. Social feedback is also built into the newsroom.<ref name="ino">
IBT Media had run on a proprietary content management system that it has built over several years, though based on examination of the HTML source, it currently runs Drupal. The company started to tie-in real-time analytics into the newsroom as early as 2010, and based on those results, optimize follow-up content, positioning, and editorial calendars to serve readers. Social feedback is also built into the newsroom.<ref name="ino">
{{cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/press/newsweek-relaunches-print-bitcoin-coup-156112|title=Newsweek Relaunches in Print|last=Moses|first=Lucia|work=AdWeek|accessdate=2014-03-06}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/press/newsweek-relaunches-print-bitcoin-coup-156112|title=Newsweek Relaunches in Print|last=Moses|first=Lucia|work=AdWeek|access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>


The company has also created platforms for content. Bizu, a video platform for business professionals hosts content and also offers incremental revenue streams to content providers.<ref name=bizrep/>
The company has also created platforms for content. Bizu, a video platform for business professionals hosts content and also offers incremental revenue streams to content providers.<ref name=bizrep/>
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== Assets ==
== Assets ==
*''[[International Business Times]]''&nbsp;– global business and economic news, in seven languages across ten editions<ref name=IBT_CorpBrands/>
*''[[International Business Times]]''&nbsp;– global business and economic news, in seven languages across ten editions<ref name=IBT_CorpBrands/>
*''Medical Daily''&nbsp;– medical news site<ref name="McGann 2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/2380863 | title=Newsweek Named Relaunch of the Year by Media Industry Newsletter | work=Digital Journal | date=December 5, 2014 | accessdate=December 25, 2014 | author=McGann, Lisa Schultz | agency=[[PR Newswire]]}}</ref><ref name="Medical Daily (a)">{{cite web | url=http://www.medicaldaily.com/about-us | title=About Us | publisher=IBT Media | work=Medical Daily | accessdate=December 26, 2014}}</ref>
*''Medical Daily''&nbsp;– medical news site<ref name="Medical Daily (a)">{{cite web | url=http://www.medicaldaily.com/about-us | title=About Us | publisher=IBT Media | work=Medical Daily | access-date=December 26, 2014}}</ref>
*''Latin Times''&nbsp;– Latin American-oriented news site<ref name="McGann 2014" /><ref name="Latin Times (a)">{{cite web | url=http://www.latintimes.com/about-us | title=About Us | publisher=IBT Media | work=Latin Times | accessdate=December 26, 2014}}</ref>
*''Latin Times''&nbsp;– Latin American-oriented news site<ref name="Latin Times (a)">{{cite web | url=http://www.latintimes.com/about-us | title=About Us | publisher=IBT Media | work=Latin Times | access-date=December 26, 2014}}</ref>
*''iDigitalTimes''&nbsp;– technology and digital media news site<ref name="McGann 2014" /><ref name="iDigitalTimes (a)">{{cite web | url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/about-us | title=About Us | publisher=IBT Media | work=iDigitalTimes | accessdate=December 26, 2014}}</ref>
*''iDigitalTimes'' (now ''Player One'')&nbsp;– technology and digital media news site<ref name="iDigitalTimes (a)">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/about-us |url-status=dead |access-date=December 26, 2014 |work=iDigitalTimes |publisher=IBT Media |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106134752/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/about-us }}</ref>


== Chronology ==
== Chronology ==
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* 2013 – Medical Daily, HollywoodTake, and ''Latin Times''<ref name=portada /> are launched.
* 2013 – Medical Daily, HollywoodTake, and ''Latin Times''<ref name=portada /> are launched.
* 2013 – ''Newsweek'' is acquired.<ref name=NYT20130804 /><ref name=WSJ />
* 2013 – ''Newsweek'' is acquired.<ref name=NYT20130804 /><ref name=WSJ />
* 2014 – ''Newsweek'' returns to print,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/business/media/tiny-digital-publisher-to-put-newsweek-back-in-print.html|title=Tiny Digital Publisher to Put Newsweek Back in Print|date=March 3, 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref> and the ''Newsweek'' operations becomes profitable<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/media/2014/10/8554160/emnewsweekem-announces-its-profitable|title=Newsweek announces it's profitable|publisher=|access-date=November 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223041433/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/media/2014/10/8554160/emnewsweekem-announces-its-profitable|archive-date=December 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2014 – ''Newsweek'' returns to print,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/business/media/tiny-digital-publisher-to-put-newsweek-back-in-print.html|title=Tiny Digital Publisher to Put Newsweek Back in Print|date=March 3, 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref> and the ''Newsweek'' operations becomes profitable<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/media/2014/10/8554160/emnewsweekem-announces-its-profitable|title=Newsweek announces it's profitable|access-date=November 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223041433/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/media/2014/10/8554160/emnewsweekem-announces-its-profitable|archive-date=December 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2017 – Company rebrands as Newsweek Media Group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/ibt-media-is-rebranding-as-newsweek-media-group/|title=IBT Media Is Rebranding as Newsweek Media Group|access-date=2018-11-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2017 – Company rebrands as Newsweek Media Group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/ibt-media-is-rebranding-as-newsweek-media-group/|title=IBT Media Is Rebranding as Newsweek Media Group|access-date=2018-11-10|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2018 – ''Newsweek'' is spun off into a separate legal entity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/326408/newsweek-media-group-splits-into-separate-companie.html|title=Newsweek Media Group Splits into Separate Companies: Newsweek, IBT Media|language=en|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref>
* 2018 – ''Newsweek'' is spun off into a separate legal entity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/326408/newsweek-media-group-splits-into-separate-companie.html|title=Newsweek Media Group Splits into Separate Companies: Newsweek, IBT Media|language=en|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref>
* 2018 – Company rebrands back to IBT Media after separating from ''Newsweek''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/newsweek-media-group-splits-into-two-companies----newsweek--ibt-media-300729095.html|title=Newsweek Media Group Splits Into Two Companies -- Newsweek & IBT Media|last=Newsweek|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref>
* 2018 – Company rebrands back to IBT Media after separating from ''Newsweek''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/newsweek-media-group-splits-into-two-companies----newsweek--ibt-media-300729095.html|title=Newsweek Media Group Splits Into Two Companies -- Newsweek & IBT Media|last=Newsweek|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref>
*2020 – Former owner Etienne Uzac pleads guilty to money laundering and fraud.
*2020 – Former owner Etienne Uzac pleads guilty to money laundering and fraud.<ref name="NYT-2020-02-14" />


== References ==
== References ==
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<ref name=juju>
<ref name=juju>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url = http://www.observer.com/2011/07/braving-bad-juju-international-business-times-moves-into-newsweeks-old-newsroom/
| url = https://observer.com/2011/07/braving-bad-juju-international-business-times-moves-into-newsweeks-old-newsroom/
| title = Braving Bad Juju, International Business Times Moves Into Newsweek's Old Newsroom
| title = Braving Bad Juju, International Business Times Moves Into Newsweek's Old Newsroom
| work = The New York Observer |date=July 6, 2011 |first=Kat |last=Stoeffel
| work = The New York Observer |date=July 6, 2011 |first=Kat |last=Stoeffel
| accessdate = 2011-10-09
| access-date = 2011-10-09
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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| url = http://corp.ibt.com
| url = http://corp.ibt.com
| title = Corporate About
| title = Corporate About
| accessdate = 2013-08-05
| access-date = 2013-08-05
}}</ref> -->
}}</ref> -->


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| url = http://corp.ibt.com/about
| url = http://corp.ibt.com/about
| title = Corporate Timeline
| title = Corporate Timeline
| accessdate = 2013-08-05
| access-date = 2013-08-05
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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|url = http://www.cynopsis.com/editions/digital/11013/
|url = http://www.cynopsis.com/editions/digital/11013/
|title = Cynopsis Digital
|title = Cynopsis Digital
|accessdate = 2013-08-05
|access-date = 2013-08-05
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130117222728/http://cynopsis.com/editions/digital/11013/
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130117222728/http://cynopsis.com/editions/digital/11013/
|archivedate = January 17, 2013
|archive-date = January 17, 2013
|df = mdy-all
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name=paid>
<ref name=paid>{{cite news
{{cite news |date=July 23, 2012
|date = July 23, 2012
| url = http://paidcontent.org/2012/07/23/zite-adds-la-times-chicago-tribune-others-to-its-publishers-program/
|url = http://paidcontent.org/2012/07/23/zite-adds-la-times-chicago-tribune-others-to-its-publishers-program/
| title = IBT Media Launches 'The Latin Times' Targeting U.S. Hispanics
|title = IBT Media Launches 'The Latin Times' Targeting U.S. Hispanics
| first = Laura Hazard
|first = Laura Hazard
| last = Owen
|last = Owen
| work = PaidContent
|work = PaidContent
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
|access-date = 2013-08-06
|archive-date = August 26, 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130826102430/http://paidcontent.org/2012/07/23/zite-adds-la-times-chicago-tribune-others-to-its-publishers-program/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name=portada>
<ref name=portada>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url =http://www.portada-online.com/2013/05/06/ibt-media-launches-the-latin-times-targeting-u-s-hispanics/
| url =
http://www.portada-online.com/2013/05/06/ibt-media-launches-the-latin-times-targeting-u-s-hispanics/
| title = IBT Media Launches ‘The Latin Times’ Targeting U.S. Hispanics
| title = IBT Media Launches ‘The Latin Times’ Targeting U.S. Hispanics
| first = Laura
| first = Laura
| last = Martinez
| last = Martinez
| work = Portada
| work = Portada
| accessdate = 2013-08-05
| access-date = 2013-08-05
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name=NYT20130804>
<ref name=NYT20130804>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/business/media/newsweek-bought-by-digital-news-company-ibt.html?_r=0&gwh=997C267ACB209316D3248EB4F8AE391A
| url =
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/business/media/newsweek-bought-by-digital-news-company-ibt.html?_r=0&gwh=997C267ACB209316D3248EB4F8AE391A
| title = Newsweek, Sold in 2010, Changing Hands Again
| title = Newsweek, Sold in 2010, Changing Hands Again
| first = Christine |date=August 4, 2013
| first = Christine |date=August 4, 2013
| last = Haughney
| last = Haughney
| work = The New York Times
| work = The New York Times
| accessdate = 2013-08-05
| access-date = 2013-08-05
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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| last = Knight
| last = Knight
| work = BizReport |date=January 14, 2013
| work = BizReport |date=January 14, 2013
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
| access-date = 2013-08-06
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
<!--
<!--
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| last = Roush
| last = Roush
| work = TalkingBusinessNews
| work = TalkingBusinessNews
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
| access-date = 2013-08-06
}}</ref> -->
}}</ref> -->


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| last = Rothfeder
| last = Rothfeder
| work = MediaPost
| work = MediaPost
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
| access-date = 2013-08-06
}}</ref> -->
}}</ref> -->


<!--
<ref name=slate>
<ref name=slate>
{{cite web
{{cite web
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| last = Politi
| last = Politi
| work = Slate
| work = Slate
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
| access-date = 2013-08-06
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
-->


<ref name=adage>
<ref name=adage>
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| last = Sebastian
| last = Sebastian
| work = adage
| work = adage
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
| access-date = 2013-08-06
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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| last = Siegel
| last = Siegel
| work = MediaPost
| work = MediaPost
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
| access-date = 2013-08-06
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


<ref name=WSJ>
<ref name=WSJ>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url =https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323681904578646820897437326
| url =
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323681904578646820897437326
| title = IBT Media to Buy Newsweek from IAC
| title = IBT Media to Buy Newsweek from IAC
| work = The Wall Street Journal |date=August 3, 2013 |first=William |last=Launder |location=New York
| work = The Wall Street Journal |date=August 3, 2013 |first=William |last=Launder |location=New York
| accessdate = 2013-08-05
| access-date = 2013-08-05
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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| title = Meet the mysterious duo who just bought Newsweek
| title = Meet the mysterious duo who just bought Newsweek
| work = Forbes |location= New York |date=August 5, 2013
| work = Forbes |location= New York |date=August 5, 2013
| accessdate = 2013-08-06
| access-date = 2013-08-06
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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|title = The mysterious company that just bought Newsweek
|title = The mysterious company that just bought Newsweek
|work = Fortune
|work = Fortune
|accessdate = 2013-08-06
|access-date = 2013-08-06
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810103440/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2013/08/07/newsweek-ibt/
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810103440/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2013/08/07/newsweek-ibt/
|archivedate = August 10, 2013
|archive-date = August 10, 2013
|df = mdy-all
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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| url = http://corp.ibt.com/brands
| url = http://corp.ibt.com/brands
| title = Corporate Brands
| title = Corporate Brands
| accessdate = 2013-08-05
| access-date = 2013-08-05
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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| url = http://www.cynopsis.com/editions/cynopsis-sports/092412/
| url = http://www.cynopsis.com/editions/cynopsis-sports/092412/
| title = Cynopsis Sports
| title = Cynopsis Sports
| accessdate = 2013-08-05
| access-date = 2013-08-05
}}</ref> -->
}}</ref> -->


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[[Category:IBT Media| ]]
[[Category:IBT Media| ]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2006]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2006]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in New York City]]

Latest revision as of 14:02, 4 December 2024

IBT Media
Type of site
Publication
OwnerEtienne Uzac,
URLcorp.ibt.com
CommercialYes
Launched2006; 18 years ago (2006) (as IBT Media)
Current statusActive

IBT Media is an American global digital news organization with over 90 million monthly readers, owned by followers of religious leader David Jang.[1][2] It publishes the International Business Times and Medical Daily, among others. IBT Media is headquartered in New York City, in the Hanover Square neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.[3] As of 2014, the company posted revenue of about $21 million and generated a profit of about $500,000.[1]

Corporate structure and revenue

[edit]

IBT Media is a privately held company, owned by Etienne Uzac, a convicted felon.[4] The company has not received outside funding,[5] and has grown with a focus on being an "efficient company", concentrating on the "revenue side as well as on the expenses".[6][7]

It started in 2006, with personal savings[from whom?], and SBA bank loan[to whom?], and no input, financial or advisory, from VCs.[clarification needed][5] It has been profitable since 2010.[8][5][6][7] Since then it has acquired Newsweek.[9][8]

The company derives its profits primarily from advertising and has been profitable since 2010.[7]

On September 14, 2018, after completing the strategic structural changes initially announced in March, IBT Media spun off into two separate companies—Newsweek and IBT Media.

Partnerships

[edit]

IBT Media says it has an ongoing "working relationship" with Olivet University which includes the school providing design assistance and computer resources, and IBT Media providing internships for students. It characterizes it as similar to the relationships Silicon Valley companies have with local universities.[9] However, publication Christianity Today alleges that IBT Media has a close relationship both with Olivet and with its founder, controversial[9][10] evangelical pastor David J. Jang. It claims that Jang is an investor in and has exercised control over IBT Media, that Davis was formerly director of journalism at Olivet, and that Uzac was its treasurer, at least at one time.[9][11][12] Executives characterize the relationship as between the institutions and not the founders, and that it was purely operational.[7][9]

IBT Media is part of Economist's "Ideas Channel", an ad-network based on mindset rather than demographics, set up in part to reach "an intellectual and often influential audience interested in business, politics and science".[13] The company's Bizu video platform partners with IDG Communications and France 24. for content, and Digitas and PJA Advertising and others for monetization of the platform.[14][15]

The company's brands publish to a number of 3rd party platforms, including Flipboard, Zite, and The Washington Post's Social Reader.[16]

Controversies

[edit]

In January 2018 Manhattan District Attorney staff raided the company's offices, taking away eighteen computer servers, in what Newsweek reported was part of an investigation into company finances. On 1 February 2018 co-owner and chairman, Etienne Uzac, and his wife Marion Kim who acted as finance director, resigned.[17][18] Uzac was convicted, pleading guilty to avoid jail time.[19]

On February 20, 2018, Newsweek reported on the DA's investigation into its parent company, and its relationship with Olivet University.[18][20]

Following the publication of the story, several Newsweek staff were fired and some editors threatened to resign stating that management had tried to interfere in the story's publication (veteran IBT journalist Matthew Cooper did resign).[21][22] On October 10, 2018, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that IBT Media was charged with defrauding lenders.[23]

On June 30, 2022, the New York State Education Department officially ended Olivet's authorization to operate in the state citing that their failings "are part of a larger pattern of poor administration and addressing such problems only after being caught in a criminal conspiracy."[24][25]

On July 6, 2022, a lawsuit was filed in New York state by Newsweek’s current owner, NW Media Holdings Corp., seeking to enforce IBT’s “contractual obligation to indemnify NW Media Holdings for the multi-million-dollar losses incurred as a result of IBT’s former mismanagement of Newsweek.”[26] The lawsuit also the lawsuit names several defendants in addition to IBT Media, a company that owned Newsweek until 2018, including religious leader David Jang and Etienne Uzac, a former CEO and chairman of Newsweek.[27] Additional lawsuits have been filed by Newsweek co-owners Johnathan Davis and Dev Pragad against each other, alleging various grievances including stolen trade secrets, records falsification and reputational damage.[28]

Innovations

[edit]

IBT Media had run on a proprietary content management system that it has built over several years, though based on examination of the HTML source, it currently runs Drupal. The company started to tie-in real-time analytics into the newsroom as early as 2010, and based on those results, optimize follow-up content, positioning, and editorial calendars to serve readers. Social feedback is also built into the newsroom.[29]

The company has also created platforms for content. Bizu, a video platform for business professionals hosts content and also offers incremental revenue streams to content providers.[14]

Assets

[edit]
  • International Business Times – global business and economic news, in seven languages across ten editions[30]
  • Medical Daily – medical news site[31]
  • Latin Times – Latin American-oriented news site[32]
  • iDigitalTimes (now Player One) – technology and digital media news site[33]

Chronology

[edit]
  • 2006 – International Business Times incorporates in New York.[34]
  • 2008–2010 – IBTimes launches specialty verticals: Jobs, Health, Real Estate, Education and Travel.
  • 2011 – IBTimes moves into Newsweek's old offices after 1,200% growth for the year.[3]
  • 2012 – International Business Times reincorporates as IBT Media, the new parent company to IBTimes, and launches Bizu, a video web portal and platform.[15]
  • 2013 – Medical Daily, HollywoodTake, and Latin Times[35] are launched.
  • 2013 – Newsweek is acquired.[36][37]
  • 2014 – Newsweek returns to print,[38] and the Newsweek operations becomes profitable[39]
  • 2017 – Company rebrands as Newsweek Media Group.[40]
  • 2018 – Newsweek is spun off into a separate legal entity.[41]
  • 2018 – Company rebrands back to IBT Media after separating from Newsweek.[42]
  • 2020 – Former owner Etienne Uzac pleads guilty to money laundering and fraud.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kaufman, Leslie. "Tiny Digital Publisher to Put Newsweek Back in Print". NYTimes. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  2. ^ "Newsweek sues former owners, controversial pastor David Jang, seeking millions". Religion News Service. July 8, 2022.
  3. ^ a b Stoeffel, Kat (July 6, 2011). "Braving Bad Juju, International Business Times Moves Into Newsweek's Old Newsroom". The New York Observer. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
  4. ^ a b Tracy, Marc (February 14, 2020). "A Former Owner of Newsweek Pleads Guilty in a Fraud Scheme". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "The mysterious company that just bought Newsweek". Fortune. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Sebastian, Michael. "What IBTimes wants with Newsweek". adage. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Bercovici, Jeff (August 5, 2013). "Meet the mysterious duo who just bought Newsweek". Forbes. New York. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  8. ^ a b Rondon, Michael. "Meet IBT Media: The Future of Newsweek". Folio. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e Lauria, Peter (August 3, 2013). "Newsweek's New Owners Say They Bought "A Lot Of Cachet"". BuzzFeed. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  10. ^ Smietana, Bob (July 16, 2012). "LifeWay land deal with Calif. school faces scrutiny". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  11. ^ McCarthy, Tom (August 5, 2013). "Newsweek is dead. Long live Newsweek?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  12. ^ Bercovici, Jeff (August 5, 2013). "Meet The Mysterious Duo Who Just Bought Newsweek". Forbes. New York. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  13. ^ Siegel, Fern. "Economist Ideas Channel Targets Elite". MediaPost. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  14. ^ a b Knight, Kristina (January 14, 2013). "New platform to focus on business related media". BizReport. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  15. ^ a b "Cynopsis Digital". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  16. ^ Owen, Laura Hazard (July 23, 2012). "IBT Media Launches 'The Latin Times' Targeting U.S. Hispanics". PaidContent. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  17. ^ Gold, Hadas (February 1, 2018). "Chair of embattled Newsweek Media Group resigns". CNN Money. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  18. ^ a b Katz, Celeste; Keefe, Josh; Saul, Josh (February 20, 2018). "Why Is the Manhattan DA Looking at Newsweek's Ties to a Christian University?". Newsweek. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  19. ^ Tracy, Marc (February 14, 2020). "A Former Owner of Newsweek Pleads Guilty in a Fraud Scheme". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  20. ^ IBT Staff Report (February 21, 2018). "Newsweek Media Group Will Work More Closely With Christian University, Founder Says". International Business Times.
  21. ^ Rushe, Dominic (February 21, 2018). "Newsweek plunged into chaos by its own reporters' exposé". The Guardian. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  22. ^ Schmidt, Samantha (February 21, 2018). "Newsweek publishes exposé about itself after controversial staff firings". Washington Post. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  23. ^ Alpert, Lukas I.; O'Brien, Rebecca Davis (October 10, 2018). "Newsweek's Parent Company Charged With Defrauding Lenders". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  24. ^ Jamali, Naveed (July 2, 2022). "New York Shuts Down Olivet University Amid Federal Money-Laundering Probe". Newsweek.
  25. ^ Belz, Emily (July 6, 2022). "New York Shuts Down Embattled Olivet University Campus". Christianity Today.
  26. ^ Smietana, Bob; Jenkins, Jack (July 7, 2022). "Newsweek sues former owners, controversial pastor David Jang, seeking millions". Religious News Service.
  27. ^ Rouhandeh, Alex J. (July 8, 2022). "Newsweek Sues David Jang, Leader of Sect Under Federal Investigation". Newsweek.
  28. ^ Bruell, Alexandra (July 29, 2022). "Newsweek Engulfed in Legal Drama as Co-Owners Sue Each Other". The Wall Street Journal.
  29. ^ Moses, Lucia. "Newsweek Relaunches in Print". AdWeek. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  30. ^ "Corporate Brands". Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  31. ^ "About Us". Medical Daily. IBT Media. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  32. ^ "About Us". Latin Times. IBT Media. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  33. ^ "About Us". iDigitalTimes. IBT Media. Archived from the original on January 6, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  34. ^ "Corporate Timeline". Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  35. ^ Martinez, Laura. "IBT Media Launches 'The Latin Times' Targeting U.S. Hispanics". Portada. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  36. ^ Haughney, Christine (August 4, 2013). "Newsweek, Sold in 2010, Changing Hands Again". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  37. ^ Launder, William (August 3, 2013). "IBT Media to Buy Newsweek from IAC". The Wall Street Journal. New York. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  38. ^ "Tiny Digital Publisher to Put Newsweek Back in Print". The New York Times. March 3, 2014.
  39. ^ "Newsweek announces it's profitable". Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  40. ^ "IBT Media Is Rebranding as Newsweek Media Group". Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  41. ^ "Newsweek Media Group Splits into Separate Companies: Newsweek, IBT Media". Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  42. ^ Newsweek. "Newsweek Media Group Splits Into Two Companies -- Newsweek & IBT Media". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
[edit]