Pruth River Campaign: Difference between revisions

Pruth River Campaign
	Part of the Great Northern War and the Russo-Turkish wars
Date	20 November 1710 – 23 July 1711
Location	Pruth River near Stănilești,; Ottoman Empire; (today Romania)
Result	Ottoman victory; Treaty of Pruth; Treaty of Adrianople (1713);
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate; Karamanli dynasty (only in 1711); Co-belligerents:; Swedish Empire; Political support:; Stanisław's faction	Tsardom of Russia; Cossack Hetmanate (faction of Ivan Skoropadsky); Moldavia
Commanders and leaders
Baltacı Mehmet Pasha; Devlet II Giray	Peter the Great; Boris Sheremetev; Carl Ewald von Rönne; Fyodor Apraksin; Ivan Skoropadsky; Dimitrie Cantemir
Strength
190,000 to 320,000 120,000 to 250,000 Ottomans; 70,000 Crimean Tatars;	73,000 to 95,000 38,000 to 60,000 Russians; 30,000 Cossacks; 5,000 Moldavians;
Casualties and losses
Unknown	27,285 including 4,800 in battle

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 18:27, 9 December 2024

The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1711,^[b] also known as the Pruth River Campaign, was a brief military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The main battle took place during 18–22 July 1711 in the basin of the Pruth river near Stănilești after Tsar Peter I entered the Ottoman vassal Principality of Moldavia, following the Ottoman Empire’s declaration of war on Russia. The ill-prepared Russians, Cossacks, and Moldavians found themselves surrounded by the Ottoman Army under Grand Vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha. After three days of fighting and heavy casualties the Tsar and his army were allowed to withdraw after agreeing to abandon the fortress of Azov and its surrounding territory. The Ottoman victory led to the Treaty of the Pruth which was confirmed by the Treaty of Adrianople.^[12]

Background

The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1711 broke out as a result of the Great Northern War, which pitted the Swedish Empire of King Charles XII of Sweden against the Tsardom of Russia of Tsar Peter I. Charles invaded Russian-ruled Ukraine in 1708, but suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Poltava in the summer of 1709. He and his retinue fled to the Ottoman fortress of Bender,^[13] in the Ottoman vassal principality of Moldavia. Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III declined incessant Russian demands for Charles's eviction, prompting Tsar Peter I to attack the Ottoman Empire, which in its turn declared war on Russia on 20 November 1710.^[13] Concurrently with these events, the ruler (Hospodar) Dimitrie Cantemir of Moldavia and Tsar Peter signed the Treaty of Lutsk (13 April 1711), by which Moldavia pledged to support Russia in its war against the Ottomans with troops and by allowing the Russian army to cross its territory and place garrisons in Moldavian fortresses. In the summer of 1711, Peter led his army into Moldavia and united it with Cantemir's forces near the Moldavian capital Iași; they then advanced southwards along the Pruth river. They aimed to cross the Danube, which marked the border between Moldavia and Ottoman territory proper. Meanwhile, the Ottoman government mobilized their own army, which outnumbered the Russo-Moldavian troops significantly.^[14] Under the command of Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, it advanced north to confront the Russians in June 1711.^[15]

Military actions

Peter I at the Pruth River by Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov

Peter assigned Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev to prevent the Ottoman army from crossing the Danube. However, harassment by the forces of the Crimean Khanate, a major Ottoman vassal which supplied the Ottoman army with light cavalry, and his failure to find enough food for his troops prevented him from achieving this objective. Consequently, the Ottoman army succeeded in crossing the Danube without opposition.^[16] Meanwhile, Fyodor Apraksin held the chief command in the Black Sea during the campaign.^[17]

Siege of Brăila

As the Russo-Moldavian army moved along the Prut, a portion of the Russian army under General Carl Ewald von Rönne moved towards Brăila, a major port town located on the left bank of the Danube (in Wallachia) but administered directly by the Ottomans as a kaza. The Russian army met with a portion of the Wallachian army commanded by Spatharios (the second-highest military commander after the ruler) Toma Cantacuzino, who disobeyed the orders of the ruler Constantin Brâncoveanu and joined the Russians. The two armies assaulted and conquered Brăila after a two-day siege (13–14 July 1711).^[18]

Battle of Stănilești

Peter and Cantemir concentrated their troops on the right bank of the Prut, across the river from the Ottomans. On 19 July, Ottoman janissaries and Tatar light cavalry crossed the Prut, by swimming or by boat, driving back the Russian advance guard. This allowed the remainder of the Ottoman army to build pontoon bridges and cross the river. Peter tried to bring up the main army to relieve the advance guard, but the Ottomans repulsed his troops. He withdrew the Russo-Moldavian army into a defensive position at Stănilești, where they entrenched. The Ottoman army rapidly surrounded this position, trapping Peter's army. The janissaries repeatedly attacked, but were repulsed, suffering about 8,000 casualties. However, the Ottomans bombarded the Russo-Moldavian camp with artillery, preventing them from reaching the Prut for water.^[19] Starving and thirsty, Peter was left with no choice but to sign a peace on Ottoman terms, which he duly did on 22 July. ^[20]^[21]

Peace treaty

The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the Treaty of the Pruth, to the disappointment of Charles XII. The treaty, reconfirmed in 1713 through the Treaty of Adrianople (1713), stipulated the return of Azov to the Ottomans; Taganrog and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished; and the Tsar pledged to stop interfering in the affairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Ottomans also demanded that Charles XII be granted safe passage to Sweden and asked the Tsar to hand over Cantemir. Although Peter acquiesced to all demands, he refused to fulfill the latter, under the pretext that Cantemir had fled his camp.^[22]

According to legend, the bribe Baltacı Mehmed Pasha received was effective in the fact that the treaty was lighter than the victory (amount of almost 2 wheelbarrows).^[23]

Consequences

Alexander Mikaberidze argues that Baltacı Mehmet Pasha made an important strategic mistake by signing the treaty with relatively easy terms for the Russians.^[24] Since Peter himself was commanding the Russian army, and had Baltacı Mehmet Pasha not accepted Peter's peace proposal and pursued to capture him as a prisoner instead, the course of history could have changed. Without Peter, Russia would have hardly become an imperial power, and the future arch-enemy of the Ottoman State in the Balkans, the Black Sea basin and the Caucasus.

Although the news of the victory was first received well in Constantinople, the dissatisfied pro-war party turned general opinion against Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, who was accused of accepting a bribe from Peter the Great. Baltacı Mehmet Pasha was then relieved from his office.^[25]

An immediate consequence of the war was the change in Ottoman policies towards the Christian vassals states of Moldavia and Wallachia. In order to consolidate the control over the two Danubian Principalities, the Ottomans would introduce (in the same year in Moldavia, and in 1716 in Wallachia) direct rule through appointed Christian rulers (the so-called Phanariotes). The ruler Cantemir of Moldavia fled to Russia accompanied by a large retinue, and the Ottomans took charge of the succession to the throne of Moldavia by appointing Nicholas Mavrocordatos as ruler. The ruler Constantin Brâncoveanu of Wallachia was accused by the Sultan of colluding with the enemy. While the Russo-Moldavian army was on the move, Brâncoveanu had gathered Wallachian troops in Urlați, near the Moldavian border, awaiting the entry of the Christian troops to storm into Wallachia and offer his services to Peter, while also readying to join the Ottoman counter-offensive in the event of a change in fortunes. When Toma Cantacuzino switched to the Russian camp, the ruler was forced to decide in favor of the Ottomans or risk becoming an enemy of his Ottoman suzerain, and he swiftly returned the gifts he had received from the Russians. After three years, the Sultan's suspicion and hostility finally prevailed, and Brâncoveanu, his four sons, and his counselor Ianache Văcărescu, were arrested and executed in Constantinople.

Charles XII and his political pro-war ally, the Crimean khan Devlet II Giray, continued their lobbying to have the Sultan declare another war. In the spring of 1712 the pro-war party, which accused the Russians of delaying to meet the terms negotiated in the peace treaty, came close to achieving their goal. War was avoided by diplomatic means, and a second treaty was signed on 17 April 1712. A year after this new settlement, the war party succeeded, this time accusing the Russians of delaying in their retreat from Poland. Ahmed III declared another war on 30 April 1713.^[26] However, there were no significant hostilities and another peace treaty was negotiated very soon. Finally the Sultan became annoyed by the pro-war party and decided to help the Swedish king to return to his homeland. Ahmed III also deposed Devlet II Giray from the throne of the Crimean Khanate and sent him into exile to the Ottoman island of Rodos because he didn't show enough respect to Charles XII during the campaigns against Russia (Devlet II Giray considered Charles XII a prisoner and ignored his commands). Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire for Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania, which by then was besieged by troops from Saxony, Denmark, Prussia and Russia.

Notes

^ 200,000 - 250,000^[5]
^ Formally, the war ended in 1713 after the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople (1713).

References

^ Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41.
^ Treaty of Pruth, Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 726.
^ Türkal, Merve. "Baltacı Mehmed Paşa'nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan'a Gönderdiği Mektuplar" [The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan]. Journal of Seljuk Studies (15): 167 – via Dergipark.
^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 712.
^ Егоршина 2023, p. 72.
^ Егоршина 2023, p. 72-73.
^ Stevens C. Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460-1730. Routledge. 2013. p. 267
^ Türkal, Merve. "Baltacı Mehmed Paşa'nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan'a Gönderdiği Mektuplar" [The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan]. Journal of Seljuk Studies (15): 167 – via Dergipark.
^ Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları A. B. Şirokorad.p;105 (SELENGE YAYINLARI)
^ Young 2004, p. 459.
^ Егоршина 2023, p. 740.
^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 772.
^ ^a ^b Walter Moss, A History of Russia: To 1917, (Anthem Press, 2005), 233
^ Türkal, Merve. "Baltacı Mehmed Paşa'nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan'a Gönderdiği Mektuplar" [The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan]. Journal of Seljuk Studies (15): 167 – via Dergipark.
^ Virginia Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 1700 - 1870: An Empire Besieged, London: Routledge, 2007, 95
^ Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 96
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Apraksin, Thedor Matvyeevich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–230.
^ Ionel Cândea, "Asediu Brăilei de la 1711. Două puncte de vedere contemporane Archived 10 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", in Analele Universității „Dunărea de Jos" din Galați - Seria Istorie, Seria 19, VII/2008, p. 91-95.
^ Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 96 - 97
^ Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 772.
^ Артамонов В. А. Турецко-русская война 1710–1713 гг. — М.: «Кучково поле», 2019. — 448 с.; 8 л. ил.
^ Cernovodeanu, Paul (1995), "Notes and comments", in Cantemir, Dimitrie (ed.), Scurtă povestire despre stârpirea familiilor lui Brâncoveanu și a Cantacuzinilor, Bucharest: Minerva Publishing, p. 59
^ Я. Е. Водарский Легенды Прутского похода Петра І (1711 г.)
^ Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, 772.
^ Ahmad III, H. Bowen, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht, (E.J.Brill, 1986), 269.
^ Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 231.

Sources

Mikaberidze, A. (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-336-1.
Young, W. (2004). International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-32992-2.
Егоршина, Петрова (2023). История русской армии [The history of the Russian Army] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. ISBN 978-5-699-42397-2.

External links

Enciclopedia României - Bătălia de la Stănilești (7/18 – 11/22 iulie 1711) (in Romanian)

[6] 200,000 - 250,000^[5]

[13] Formally, the war ended in 1713 after the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople (1713).

[1] Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41.

[2] Treaty of Pruth, Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 726.

[3] Türkal, Merve. "Baltacı Mehmed Paşa'nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan'a Gönderdiği Mektuplar" [The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan]. Journal of Seljuk Studies (15): 167 – via Dergipark.

[4] A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 712.

[FOOTNOTEЕгоршина202372-5] Егоршина 2023, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEЕгоршина202372-73-7] Егоршина 2023, p. 72-73.

[8] Stevens C. Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460-1730. Routledge. 2013. p. 267

[9] Türkal, Merve. "Baltacı Mehmed Paşa'nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan'a Gönderdiği Mektuplar" [The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan]. Journal of Seljuk Studies (15): 167 – via Dergipark.

[10] Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları A. B. Şirokorad.p;105 (SELENGE YAYINLARI)

[FOOTNOTEYoung2004459-11] Young 2004, p. 459.

[FOOTNOTEЕгоршина2023740-12] Егоршина 2023, p. 740.

[FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011772-14] Mikaberidze 2011, p. 772.

[Moss233-15] Walter Moss, A History of Russia: To 1917, (Anthem Press, 2005), 233

[16] Türkal, Merve. "Baltacı Mehmed Paşa'nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan'a Gönderdiği Mektuplar" [The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan]. Journal of Seljuk Studies (15): 167 – via Dergipark.

[17] Virginia Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 1700 - 1870: An Empire Besieged, London: Routledge, 2007, 95

[18] Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 96

[19] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Apraksin, Thedor Matvyeevich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–230.

[20] Ionel Cândea, "Asediu Brăilei de la 1711. Două puncte de vedere contemporane Archived 10 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", in Analele Universității „Dunărea de Jos" din Galați - Seria Istorie, Seria 19, VII/2008, p. 91-95.

[21] Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 96 - 97

[22] Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 772.

[23] Артамонов В. А. Турецко-русская война 1710–1713 гг. — М.: «Кучково поле», 2019. — 448 с.; 8 л. ил.

[24] Cernovodeanu, Paul (1995), "Notes and comments", in Cantemir, Dimitrie (ed.), Scurtă povestire despre stârpirea familiilor lui Brâncoveanu și a Cantacuzinilor, Bucharest: Minerva Publishing, p. 59

[25] Я. Е. Водарский Легенды Прутского похода Петра І (1711 г.)

[26] Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, 772.

[27] Ahmad III, H. Bowen, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht, (E.J.Brill, 1986), 269.

[28] Stanford J. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 231.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[a]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[b]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|1710–1711 Russo-Ottoman conflict of the Great Northern War}}
 {{more footnotes|date=September 2014}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
 {{Infobox military conflict
-| conflict    = Pruth Campaign
+| conflict          = Pruth River Campaign
-| partof      = [[Great Northern War]] and [[Russo-Turkish wars]]
+| partof            = the [[Great Northern War]] and the [[Russo-Turkish wars]]
-| image       = [[File:Prut pohod in 1711-en.png|300px|Map of the [[Prut campaign]]]]
+| image             = [[File:Prut pohod in 1711-en.png|300px|Map of the [[Prut campaign]]]]
-| date        = 1710–1711
+| date              = 20 November 1710 – 23 July 1711
-| place       = [[Pruth River]]
+| place             = [[Pruth River]] near [[Stănilești]],<br />[[Ottoman Empire]]<br />(today [[Romania]])
-| result      = Decisive Ottoman victory<ref>Donald Quataert, ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41.</ref><br />
+| result            = Ottoman victory<ref>Donald Quataert, ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41.</ref><br />
-*[[Treaty of Pruth]]<ref>''Treaty of Pruth'', [[Alexander Mikaberidze]], ''[[Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia]]'', Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 726.</ref><br />
+*[[Treaty of Pruth]]<ref>''Treaty of Pruth'', [[Alexander Mikaberidze]], ''[[Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia]]'', Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 726.</ref>
 *[[Treaty of Adrianople (1713)]]
-| combatant1  = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
+| combatant1        = {{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} [[Ottoman Empire]]
-*{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} [[Crimean Khanate]]
+*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg|link=Crimean Khanate}} [[Crimean Khanate]]
+*[[Karamanli dynasty]] (only in 1711)
-{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish Empire]]
+<hr/>'''Co-belligerents:'''<br/>{{flagicon|Sweden|naval}}
-| combatant2  = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Tsardom of Russia]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg}} [[Cossack Hetmanate]] <small>(faction of [[Ivan Skoropadsky]])</small><br/>{{flag|Moldavia}}
+ [[Swedish Empire]]<br/>'''Political support:'''<br/>{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of Stanisław Leszczyński.svg}} [[Stanisław I Leszczyński|Stanisław's faction]]
-| commander1  = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]]<br />
+| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg|link=Tsardom of Russia}} [[Tsardom of Russia]]<br/>{{flagicon|Cossack Hetmanate}} [[Cossack Hetmanate]] <small>(faction of [[Ivan Skoropadsky]])</small><br/>{{flagicon|Moldavia}} [[Moldavia]]
-{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} [[Devlet II Giray]]
-| commander2  = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]]<br/>{{flagicon |Russian Empire}} [[Boris Sheremetev]]<br/>{{flagicon |Russian Empire}} [[Carl Ewald von Rönne]]<br/>{{flagicon image |Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg}} [[Ivan Skoropadsky]]<br/>{{flagicon |Moldavia}} [[Dimitrie Cantemir]]
+| commander1        = {{flagicon image|Ottoman red flag.svg}} [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Crimean Khanate (15th century).svg|link=Crimean Khanate}} [[Devlet II Giray]]
+| commander2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg|link=Tsardom of Russia}} [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg|link=Tsardom of Russia}} [[Boris Sheremetev]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg|link=Tsardom of Russia}} [[Carl Ewald von Rönne]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg|link=Tsardom of Russia}} [[Fyodor Apraksin]]<br/>{{flagicon|Cossack Hetmanate}} [[Ivan Skoropadsky]]<br/>{{flagicon|Moldavia}} [[Dimitrie Cantemir]]
-| strength1   = 70,000<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 712.</ref>
+| strength1         = '''190,000 to 320,000'''
-| strength2   = 70,000 Russians<ref name=Young/><ref>Stevens C. Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460-1730. Routledge. 2013. p. 267</ref><br> 10,000 Moldavians<ref name=Young>Young W. International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature. iUniverse. 2004. p. 459</ref>
+* 120,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Türkal |first=Merve |title=Baltacı Mehmed Paşa’nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan’a Gönderdiği Mektuplar |trans-title=The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2231160 |journal=Journal of Seljuk Studies |issue=15 |pages=167 |via=Dergipark}}</ref> to 250,000 Ottomans<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 712.</ref>{{efn|200,000 - 250,000{{sfn|Егоршина|2023|p=72}}}}
-| casualties1 = Unknown
+* 70,000 Crimean Tatars{{sfn|Егоршина|2023|p=72-73}}
-| casualties2 = Unknown
+| strength2         = '''73,000 to 95,000'''
+*38,000<ref>Stevens C. Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460-1730. Routledge. 2013. p. 267</ref> to 60,000 Russians<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Türkal |first=Merve |title=Baltacı Mehmed Paşa’nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan’a Gönderdiği Mektuplar |trans-title=The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2231160 |journal=Journal of Seljuk Studies |issue=15 |pages=167 |via=Dergipark}}</ref>
+*30,000 Cossacks<ref>Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları
+A. B. Şirokorad.p;105 (SELENGE YAYINLARI)</ref>
+*5,000 Moldavians{{sfn | Young | 2004 | p=459}}
+| casualties1       = Unknown
+| casualties2       = 27,285 including 4,800 in battle{{sfn|Егоршина|2023|p=740}}
 }}
 {{Campaignbox Great Northern War}}
 {{Russo–Ottoman War Series}}
+The '''Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1711''',{{efn|Formally, the war ended in 1713 after the signing of the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1713)]].}} also known as the '''Pruth River Campaign''', was a brief military conflict between the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The main battle took place during 18–22 July 1711 in the basin of the [[Prut|Pruth]] river near [[Stănilești]] after Tsar [[Peter the Great|Peter I]] entered the Ottoman vassal Principality of [[Moldavia]], following the Ottoman Empire’s declaration of war on Russia. The ill-prepared Russians, Cossacks, and Moldavians found themselves surrounded by the Ottoman Army under [[Grand Vizier]] [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]]. After three days of fighting and heavy casualties the Tsar and his army were allowed to withdraw after agreeing to abandon the fortress of [[Azov]] and its surrounding territory. The Ottoman victory led to the [[Treaty of the Pruth]] which was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1713)|Treaty of Adrianople]].{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|p=772}}
-The '''Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–11''', also known as the '''Pruth River Campaign''' after the main event of the war, erupted as a consequence of the defeat of [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] by the [[Russian Empire]] in the [[Battle of Poltava]] in the summer of 1709 and the escape of the wounded King [[Charles XII of Sweden]] and his large retinue to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fortress of [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]]<ref name="Moss233">Walter Moss, ''A History of Russia: To 1917'', (Anthem Press, 2005), 233.</ref> (in present-day Moldova). Sultan [[Ahmed III]] declined incessant Russian demands for Charles's eviction, prompting Tsar [[Peter I of Russia]] to attack the Ottoman Empire, which in its turn declared war on Russia on 20 November 1710.<ref name="Moss233" /> Concurrently with these events, the [[List of Moldavian rulers|Prince]] [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] of [[Moldavia]] and Tsar Peter signed the [[Treaty of Lutsk]] (13 April 1711), by which Moldavia pledged to support Russia in its war against the Ottomans with troops and by allowing the Russian army to cross its territory and place garrisons in Moldavian fortresses. After having gathered near the Moldavian capital [[Iași]], the combined Russo-Moldavian army started on 11 July the march southwards along the [[Prut River]] with the intention of crossing the [[Danube]] and invading the [[Balkan peninsula]].
+==Background==
+The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–1711 broke out as a result of the [[Great Northern War]], which pitted the [[Swedish Empire]] of King [[Charles XII of Sweden]] against the [[Tsardom of Russia]] of Tsar [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]]. Charles invaded Russian-ruled Ukraine in 1708, but suffered a decisive defeat at the [[Battle of Poltava]] in the summer of 1709. He and his retinue fled to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fortress of [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]],<ref name="Moss233">Walter Moss, ''A History of Russia: To 1917'', (Anthem Press, 2005), 233 </ref> in the Ottoman vassal principality of [[Moldavia]]. Ottoman Sultan [[Ahmed III]] declined incessant Russian demands for Charles's eviction, prompting Tsar Peter I to attack the Ottoman Empire, which in its turn declared war on Russia on 20 November 1710.<ref name="Moss233" /> Concurrently with these events, the ruler ([[Hospodar]]) [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] of Moldavia and Tsar Peter signed the [[Treaty of Lutsk]] (13 April 1711), by which Moldavia pledged to support Russia in its war against the Ottomans with troops and by allowing the Russian army to cross its territory and place garrisons in Moldavian fortresses. In the summer of 1711, Peter led his army into Moldavia and united it with Cantemir's forces near the Moldavian capital [[Iași]]; they then advanced southwards along the [[Prut|Pruth]] river. They aimed to cross the [[Danube]], which marked the border between Moldavia and Ottoman territory proper. Meanwhile, the Ottoman government mobilized their [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|own army]], which outnumbered the Russo-Moldavian troops significantly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Türkal |first=Merve |title=Baltacı Mehmed Paşa’nın Azil Süreci ve Valide Gülnuş Sultan’a Gönderdiği Mektuplar |trans-title=The Dismissal Process Of Baltacı Mehmed Pasha and the Letters Sent to Valide Gulnus Sultan |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2231160 |journal=Journal of Seljuk Studies |issue=15 |pages=167 |via=Dergipark}}</ref> Under the command of Ottoman grand vizier [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]], it advanced north to confront the Russians in June 1711.<ref> Virginia Aksan, ''Ottoman Wars, 1700 - 1870: An Empire Besieged'', London: Routledge, 2007, 95  </ref>
 ==Military actions==
+[[File:Ivanov-Pruth.jpg|thumb|right|Peter I at the Pruth River by [[Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov]]]]
+Peter assigned Field Marshal [[Boris Sheremetev]] to prevent the Ottoman army from crossing the Danube. However, harassment by the forces of the [[Crimean Khanate]], a major Ottoman vassal which supplied the Ottoman army with light cavalry, and his failure to find enough food for his troops prevented him from achieving this objective. Consequently, the Ottoman army succeeded in crossing the Danube without opposition.<ref> Aksan, ''Ottoman Wars'', 96</ref> Meanwhile, [[Fyodor Apraksin]] held the chief command in the [[Black Sea]] during the campaign.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Apraksin, Thedor Matvyeevich|volume=2|pages=229–230|first=Robert Nisbet|last=Bain|authorlink=Robert Nisbet Bain}}</ref>
 ===Siege of Brăila===
-As the Russo-Moldavian army moved along the Prut, a portion of the Russian army under General [[Carl Ewald von Rönne]] moved towards [[Brăila]], a major port town located on the left bank of the Danube (in Wallachia) but administered directly by the Ottomans as a [[kaza]]. The Russian army met with a portion of the Wallachian army commanded by ''[[Spatharios]]'' (the second-highest military commander after the Prince) [[Toma Cantacuzino]], who disobeyed the orders of the Prince [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] and joined the Russians. The two armies assaulted and conquered Brăila after a two-day siege (13–14 July 1711).<ref>Ionel Cândea, "[http://www.istorie.ugal.ro/anale/7/708%20CANDEA.pdf Asediu Brăilei de la 1711. Două puncte de vedere contemporane] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310233212/http://www.istorie.ugal.ro/anale/7/708%20CANDEA.pdf |date=10 March 2016 }}", in ''Analele Universității „Dunărea de Jos" din Galați - Seria Istorie'', Seria 19, VII/2008, p. 91-95.</ref>
+As the Russo-Moldavian army moved along the Prut, a portion of the [[Army of the Tsardom of Russia|Russian army]] under General [[Carl Ewald von Rönne]] moved towards [[Brăila]], a major port town located on the left bank of the Danube (in Wallachia) but administered directly by the Ottomans as a [[kaza]]. The Russian army met with a portion of the [[Wallachian military forces|Wallachian army]] commanded by ''[[Spatharios]]'' (the second-highest military commander after the ruler) [[Toma Cantacuzino]], who disobeyed the orders of the ruler [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] and joined the Russians. The two armies assaulted and conquered Brăila after a two-day siege (13–14 July 1711).<ref>Ionel Cândea, "[http://www.istorie.ugal.ro/anale/7/708%20CANDEA.pdf Asediu Brăilei de la 1711. Două puncte de vedere contemporane] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310233212/http://www.istorie.ugal.ro/anale/7/708%20CANDEA.pdf |date=10 March 2016 }}", in ''Analele Universității „Dunărea de Jos" din Galați - Seria Istorie'', Seria 19, VII/2008, p. 91-95.</ref>
-===Battle of Stănileşti===
+===Battle of Stănilești===
-The main and decisive event of the conflict was the four-day Battle of [[Stănileşti]] (beginning on 18 July 1711), an ill-prepared operation on the Prut floodplain during which the joint Moldavian and Russian troops, the former under the command of Cantemir and the latter under [[Peter the Great]] and [[Boris Sheremetev]], were surrounded and forced to surrender (on 22 July) to the larger Ottoman army commanded by [[Grand Vizier]] [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]].<ref>''Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign)'', ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia'', Vol.1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 772.</ref>
+Peter and Cantemir concentrated their troops on the right bank of the Prut, across the river from the Ottomans. On 19 July, Ottoman [[janissaries]] and [[Tatars|Tatar]] light cavalry crossed the Prut, by swimming or by boat, driving back the Russian advance guard. This allowed the remainder of the Ottoman army to build pontoon bridges and cross the river. Peter tried to bring up the main army to relieve the advance guard, but the Ottomans repulsed his troops. He withdrew the Russo-Moldavian army into a defensive position at [[Stănilești]], where they entrenched. The Ottoman army rapidly surrounded this position, trapping Peter's army. The janissaries repeatedly attacked, but were repulsed, suffering about 8,000 casualties. However, the Ottomans bombarded the Russo-Moldavian camp with artillery, preventing them from reaching the Prut for water.<ref> Aksan, ''Ottoman Wars'', 96 - 97 </ref> Starving and thirsty, Peter was left with no choice but to sign a peace on Ottoman terms, which he duly did on 22 July. <ref>''Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign)'', ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia'', Vol.1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 772.</ref><ref>''Артамонов В. А.'' Турецко-русская война 1710–1713 гг. — М.: «Кучково поле», 2019. — 448 с.; 8 л. ил.</ref>
 ===Peace treaty===
+The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the [[Treaty of the Pruth]], to the disappointment of Charles XII. The treaty, reconfirmed in 1713 through the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1713)]], stipulated the return of [[Azov]] to the Ottomans; [[Taganrog]] and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished; and the Tsar pledged to stop interfering in the affairs of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
-The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the [[Treaty of the Pruth]], to the disappointment of Charles XII. The Treaty, reconfirmed in 1713 through the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1713)]], stipulated the return of [[Azov]] to the Ottomans; [[Taganrog]] and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished; and the Tsar pledged to stop interfering in the affairs of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].
 The Ottomans also demanded that Charles XII be granted safe passage to Sweden and asked the Tsar to hand over [[Dimitrie Cantemir|Cantemir]]. Although Peter acquiesced to all demands, he refused to fulfill the latter, under the pretext that Cantemir had fled his camp.<ref>{{citation
@@ Line 52: / Line 65: @@
   | page = 59
 }}</ref>
+According to legend, the bribe Baltacı Mehmed Pasha received was effective in the fact that the treaty was lighter than the victory (amount of almost 2 wheelbarrows).<ref>''Я. Е. Водарский'' Легенды Прутского похода Петра І (1711 г.)</ref>
 ==Consequences==
 [[File:Battle of Prut 1711 William Hogarth.jpg|thumb|Bataille du Prout. Illustration from [[William Hogarth]] (1697-1764) for the ''Travels'' by [[Aubry de la Motraye]], 1724]]
-Alexander Mikaberidze argues that Baltacı Mehmet Pasha made an important strategic mistake by signing the treaty with relatively easy terms for the Russians.<ref>''Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign)'', ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia'', Vol.1, 772.</ref> Since Peter himself was commanding the Russian army, and had Baltacı Mehmet Pasha not accepted Peter's peace proposal and pursued to capture him as a prisoner instead, the course of history could have changed. Without Peter, Russia would have hardly become an imperial power, and the future arch-enemy of the Ottoman State in the Balkans, the Black Sea basin and the Caucasus.
+[[Alexander Mikaberidze]] argues that Baltacı Mehmet Pasha made an important strategic mistake by signing the treaty with relatively easy terms for the Russians.<ref>''Russo-Ottoman War of 1711 (The Pruth Campaign)'', ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia'', Vol.1, 772.</ref> Since Peter himself was commanding the Russian army, and had Baltacı Mehmet Pasha not accepted Peter's peace proposal and pursued to capture him as a prisoner instead, the course of history could have changed. Without Peter, Russia would have hardly become an imperial power, and the future arch-enemy of the Ottoman State in the Balkans, the Black Sea basin and the Caucasus.
 Although the news of the victory was first received well in Constantinople, the dissatisfied pro-war party turned general opinion against Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, who was accused of accepting a bribe from Peter the Great. Baltacı Mehmet Pasha was then relieved from his office.<ref>''Ahmad III'', H. Bowen, ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht, (E.J.Brill, 1986), 269.</ref>
-An immediate consequence of the war was the change in Ottoman policies towards the Christian vassals states of Moldavia and Wallachia. In order to consolidate the control over the two [[Danubian Principalities]], the Ottomans would introduce (in the same year in Moldavia, and in 1716 in Wallachia) direct rule through appointed Christian princes (the so-called [[Phanariotes]]). Prince Cantemir of Moldavia fled to Russia accompanied by a large retinue, and the Ottomans took charge of the succession to the throne of Moldavia by appointing [[Nicholas Mavrocordatos]] as ruler. Prince [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] of Wallachia was accused by the Sultan of colluding with the enemy. While the Russo-Moldavian army was on the move, Brâncoveanu had gathered Wallachian troops in [[Urlați]], near the Moldavian border, awaiting the entry of the Christian troops to storm into Wallachia and offer his services to Peter, while also readying to join the Ottoman counter-offensive in the event of a change in fortunes. When Toma Cantacuzino switched to the Russian camp, the prince was forced to decide in favor of the Ottomans or risk becoming an enemy of his Ottoman suzerain, and he swiftly returned the gifts he had received from the Russians. After three years, the Sultan's suspicion and hostility finally prevailed, and Brâncoveanu, his four sons, and his counselor [[Ianache Văcărescu]], were arrested and executed in Constantinople.
+An immediate consequence of the war was the change in Ottoman policies towards the Christian vassals states of Moldavia and Wallachia. In order to consolidate the control over the two [[Danubian Principalities]], the Ottomans would introduce (in the same year in Moldavia, and in 1716 in Wallachia) direct rule through appointed Christian rulers (the so-called [[Phanariotes]]). The ruler Cantemir of Moldavia fled to Russia accompanied by a large retinue, and the Ottomans took charge of the succession to the throne of Moldavia by appointing [[Nicholas Mavrocordatos]] as ruler. The ruler [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] of Wallachia was accused by the Sultan of colluding with the enemy. While the Russo-Moldavian army was on the move, Brâncoveanu had gathered Wallachian troops in [[Urlați]], near the Moldavian border, awaiting the entry of the Christian troops to storm into Wallachia and offer his services to Peter, while also readying to join the Ottoman counter-offensive in the event of a change in fortunes. When Toma Cantacuzino switched to the Russian camp, the ruler was forced to decide in favor of the Ottomans or risk becoming an enemy of his Ottoman suzerain, and he swiftly returned the gifts he had received from the Russians. After three years, the Sultan's suspicion and hostility finally prevailed, and Brâncoveanu, his four sons, and his counselor [[Ianache Văcărescu]], were arrested and executed in Constantinople.
-Charles XII and his political pro-war ally, the Crimean khan [[Devlet II Giray]], continued their lobbying to have the Sultan declare another war. In the spring of 1712 the pro-war party, which accused the Russians of delaying to meet the terms negotiated in the peace treaty, came close to achieving their goal. War was avoided by diplomatic means, and a second treaty was signed on 17 April 1712. A year after this new settlement, the war party succeeded, this time accusing the Russians of delaying in their retreat from Poland. Ahmed III declared another war on 30 April 1713.<ref>Stanford J. Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'', Vol. 1, (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 231.</ref> However, there were no significant hostilities and another peace treaty was negotiated very soon. Finally the Sultan became annoyed by the pro-war party and decided to help the Swedish king to return to his homeland. Ahmed III also deposed Devlet II Giray from the throne of the Crimean Khanate and sent him into exile to the Ottoman island of [[Rhodes|Rodos]] because he didn't show enough respect to Charles XII during the campaigns against Russia (Devlet II Giray considered Charles XII a prisoner and ignored his commands). Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire for [[Stralsund]] in [[Swedish Pomerania]], which by then [[Siege of Stralsund (1711–1715)|was besieged]] by troops from Saxony, Denmark, Prussia and Russia.
+Charles XII and his political pro-war ally, the Crimean khan [[Devlet II Giray]], continued their lobbying to have the Sultan declare another war. In the spring of 1712 the pro-war party, which accused the Russians of delaying to meet the terms negotiated in the peace treaty, came close to achieving their goal. War was avoided by diplomatic means, and a second treaty was signed on 17 April 1712. A year after this new settlement, the war party succeeded, this time accusing the Russians of delaying in their retreat from Poland. Ahmed III declared another war on 30 April 1713.<ref>Stanford J. Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'', Vol. 1, (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 231.</ref> However, there were no significant hostilities and another peace treaty was negotiated very soon. Finally the Sultan became annoyed by the pro-war party and decided to help the Swedish king to return to his homeland. Ahmed III also deposed Devlet II Giray from the throne of the Crimean Khanate and sent him into exile to the Ottoman island of [[Rhodes|Rodos]] because he didn't show enough respect to Charles XII during the campaigns against Russia (Devlet II Giray considered Charles XII a prisoner and ignored his commands). Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire for [[Stralsund]] in [[Swedish Pomerania]], which by then [[Siege of Stralsund (1711–1715)|was besieged]] by troops from [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Denmark-Norway|Denmark]], [[Prussia]] and Russia.
 ==See also==
-*[[Hasan, the secretary of the Jannisary]]
+*[[Hasan (Janissary secretary)]]
+==Notes==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+===Sources===
+* {{cite book | last=Mikaberidze | first=A. | title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia | publisher=ABC-CLIO | issue=v. 1 | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-59884-336-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA772}}
+* {{cite book | last=Young | first=W. | title=International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature | publisher=iUniverse | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-595-32992-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wErzZ_lUWAQC&pg=PA459}}
+* {{cite book |last=Егоршина |first=Петрова |lang=ru |script-title=ru:История русской армии |trans-title=The history of the Russian Army |location=Moscow |publisher=Edition of the Russian Imperial Library |date=2023 |isbn=978-5-699-42397-2}}
 ==External links==
-* Enciclopedia României - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160317045051/http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_St%C4%83nile%C5%9Fti_(7/18_%E2%80%93_11/22_iulie_1711) Bătălia de la Stănileşti (7/18 – 11/22 iulie 1711)] (in Romanian)
+* Enciclopedia României - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160317045051/http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_St%C4%83nile%C5%9Fti_(7/18_%E2%80%93_11/22_iulie_1711) Bătălia de la Stănilești (7/18 – 11/22 iulie 1711)] (in Romanian)
 {{Ottoman battles}}
@@ Line 87: / Line 110: @@
 [[Category:Military history of Romania]]
 [[Category:Military history of Moldova]]
-[[Category:1710s in the Ottoman Empire]]
-[[Category:1710s in Russia]]
 [[Category:1710 in the Ottoman Empire]]
 [[Category:1711 in the Ottoman Empire]]