Lotta Continua: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Italian far-left militant movement (1969–1976)}} |
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{{Infobox organization |
{{Infobox organization |
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|name = Lotta Continua |
| name = Lotta Continua |
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|image = Lotta Continua.svg |
| image = Lotta Continua.svg |
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|size = 90px |
| size = 90px |
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|motto = ''Lotta Continua, Libertà e potere non vanno in coppia'' ("Continuous Struggle, Freedom and Power do not go in couple") |
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| dissolved = {{end date and age|1976|11|6|df=y}} |
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| type = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]] [[militant]] movement |
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| purpose = [[Proletarian revolution]]<br />[[Grassroots]] political [[activism]]<br />[[Workerism]] |
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|purpose = [[Proletarian revolution]]<br>[[Grassroots]] political [[activism]]<br>[[Workerism]] |
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| location = Italy |
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| main_organ = ''Lotta Continua'' |
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|main_organ = ''Lotta Continua'' |
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[[File:Lotta continua 1973.JPG|thumb| Lotta Continua]] |
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{{Communism in Italy|expanded=Defunct organisations}} |
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'''Lotta Continua''' ('''LC'''; {{langx|en|'''Continuous Struggle'''}}) was a [[Far-left politics|far-left]] [[militant]] organization in [[Italy]], during the historical period of social turmoil and [[political violence]] in the country known as the "[[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]]". Its leaders [[Adriano Sofri]] and [[Giorgio Pietrostefani]] ordered the assassination of police officer [[Luigi Calabresi]] in 1972. Militant [[Cesare Battisti (terrorist)|Cesare Battisti]] later joined other organizations and repaired in France after being convicted for four homicides. Some other militants later joined the more famous [[Red Brigades]]. After the disbandment of the organization, various former militants became influential Italian politicians, journalists or writers. |
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Lotta Continua was founded in autumn 1969 by a split in the student-worker movement of [[Turin]], which had started militant activity at the universities and factories such as [[Fiat]]. The first issue of ''Lotta Continua''{{'}}s eponymous newspaper was published in November 1969, and publication continued until 1982 after the organization disbanded in 1976. |
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== Ideology == |
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''Lotta Continua'' focused on spreading radicalisation from [[student]]s and [[youth]] to [[working class|workers]], and played a large role in setting up [[social center|social |
''Lotta Continua'' focused on spreading radicalisation from [[student]]s and [[youth]] to [[working class|workers]], and played a large role in setting up [[social center|social centres]]. Its influence was greatest among recently immigrated, young, unqualified workers in large factories, while the "traditional" working class kept its allegiance to the [[Italian Communist Party]] and the trade union movement.{{cn|date=April 2023}} |
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Among the newspaper's enduring features was Roberto Zamarin's comic strip "Gasparazzo", which poignantly and humorously related the struggles of a worker at a Fiat plant.<ref>Nicola Pizzolato, "Revolution in a Comic Strip: Gasparazzo and the Identity of Southern Migrants in Turin, 1969–1975," '' |
Among the newspaper's enduring features was Roberto Zamarin's comic strip "Gasparazzo", which poignantly and humorously related the struggles of a worker at a Fiat plant.<ref>Nicola Pizzolato, "Revolution in a Comic Strip: Gasparazzo and the Identity of Southern Migrants in Turin, 1969–1975," ''Humour and Social Protest'', ed. Dennis Bos and Marjolein 't Hart (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)</ref> |
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The group's leadership included [[Adriano Sofri]], |
The group's leadership included [[Adriano Sofri]], Mauro Rostagno, Guido Viale, Giorgio Pietrostefani, [[Erri De Luca]], Paolo Brogi and [[Marco Boato]]. Other notable contributors included [[Gad Lerner]] and [[Alexander Langer]]. Since Italian law required that every newspaper needed a professional journalist to act as its managing editor, for some time [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] lent his name in order to allow Lotta Continua's publication.<ref>[http://www.scudit.net/mdpasprocessi.htm Pasolini in tribunale] {{in lang|it}}</ref> |
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At first a loose grouping with a focus on [[spontaneism|spontaneous action]], it was centralised between 1972 and 1974, with its paper becoming a daily. As opportunities became more limited, it disbanded in 1976 after a national congress characterized by a severe ideological clash between male and female militants. At that time, Sofri and others embraced electoral politics, while some militants joined armed organizations, including [[Prima Linea]] and the [[Red Brigades]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990916/ai_n14252067|title=FindArticles.com |
At first a loose grouping with a focus on [[spontaneism|spontaneous action]], it was centralised between 1972 and 1974, with its paper becoming a daily. As opportunities became more limited, it disbanded in 1976 after a national congress characterized by a severe ideological clash between male and female militants. At that time, Sofri and others embraced electoral politics, while some militants joined armed organizations, including [[Prima Linea]] and the [[Red Brigades]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990916/ai_n14252067|title=FindArticles.com – CBSi|website=findarticles.com}}</ref> The newspaper was published until 1982. |
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During the 1980s, most of ''Lotta Continua'' |
During the 1980s, most of ''Lotta Continua''{{'}}s representatives abandoned their original ideology. Marco Boato and Mimmo Pinto went to the [[Radical Party (Italy)|Radical Party]], others worked on TV ([[RAI]] or [[Fininvest]]) or in various newspapers. Many joined the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI), supporting in particular [[Bettino Craxi]]'s positions. [[Erri De Luca]] became a famous writer after joining various humanitarian organizations. Only a few of them, such as Marco Revelli and Fulvio Grimaldi, joined ''[[Rifondazione Comunista]]''.{{cn|date=April 2023}} |
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== Deaths == |
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On 17 May 1972, the Milan police commissioner, [[Luigi Calabresi]], thought to be responsible for [[Giuseppe Pinelli]]'s death, was killed. [[Adriano Sofri]] and Giorgio Pietrostefani, former leaders of Lotta Continua, were condemned to long prison sentences for organizing the murder, and Ovidio Bompressi and Leonardo Marino for carrying it out. Ovidio Bompressi is one of the few political activists who has been pardoned (in May 2006) by Italian president [[Giorgio Napolitano]] ([[Democrats of the Left]], DS) because of health reasons.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} |
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* On 11 March 1977 [[Francesco Lorusso]], a militant of Lotta Continua was killed in [[Bologna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/book/export/html/19956|title=Italy 1977-8: Living with an earthquake - Red Notes|date=|publisher=Red Notes|accessdate=1 November 2012}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | On 11 March 1977, [[Francesco Lorusso]], a militant of Lotta Continua was killed in [[Bologna]] by the Police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libcom.org/book/export/html/19956|title=Italy 1977-8: Living with an earthquake – Red Notes|publisher=Red Notes|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> On 1 October 1977, during a protest march in Turin, following the murderer of LC militant Walter Rossi, in Rome, by neo-fascists activists, a bar was attacked by means of [[Molotov cocktail]]s. Roberto Crescenzio, a 23-year-old student, died of burns sustained in this attack. Far-left militants, and LC organizers of the march, were accused of committing this attack and later condemned; the trial clarified that the attacker warned the attendants before to throw the molotovs, but disgracefully Crescenzio couldn't hear because he was in the toilet that moment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/memorie/schede/crescenzio.htm|title=Roberto Crescenzio – Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo|access-date=12 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825022735/http://www.vittimeterrorismo.it/memorie/schede/crescenzio.htm|archive-date=25 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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{{Portal|Communism |
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*[[A luta continua]] |
*[[A luta continua]] |
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*[[Prima Linea]] |
*[[Prima Linea]] |
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*[[Potere Operaio]] |
*[[Potere Operaio]] |
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*[[Autonomia Operaia]] |
*[[Autonomia Operaia]] |
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*[[Communist terrorism]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:1969 establishments in Italy]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Autonomism]] |
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[[Category:Communist organisations in Italy]] |
[[Category:Communist organisations in Italy]] |
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[[Category:Left-wing militant groups in Italy]] |
[[Category:Left-wing militant groups in Italy]] |
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[[Category:Political parties established in 1969]] |
[[Category:Political parties established in 1969]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:49, 26 October 2024
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| Formation | 1 November 1969 |
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| Dissolved | 6 November 1976 |
| Type | Far-left militant movement |
| Purpose | Proletarian revolution Grassroots political activism Workerism |
| Headquarters | Rome |
| Location |
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Founder | Adriano Sofri Giorgio Pietrostefani |
Principal ideologists | Toni Negri Mario Tronti Raniero Panzieri |
Key people | Adriano Sofri, Giorgio Pietrostefani, Enrico Deaglio, Marco Donat-Cattin, Gad Lerner, Gianfranco Bettin, Erri De Luca, Giovanni Lindo Ferretti, Alexander Langer, Marino Sinibaldi, Marco Rizzo, Costanzo Preve |
Main organ | Lotta Continua |
| Part of a series on |
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Lotta Continua (LC; English: Continuous Struggle) was a far-left militant organization in Italy, during the historical period of social turmoil and political violence in the country known as the "Years of Lead". Its leaders Adriano Sofri and Giorgio Pietrostefani ordered the assassination of police officer Luigi Calabresi in 1972. Militant Cesare Battisti later joined other organizations and repaired in France after being convicted for four homicides. Some other militants later joined the more famous Red Brigades. After the disbandment of the organization, various former militants became influential Italian politicians, journalists or writers.
Lotta Continua was founded in autumn 1969 by a split in the student-worker movement of Turin, which had started militant activity at the universities and factories such as Fiat. The first issue of Lotta Continua's eponymous newspaper was published in November 1969, and publication continued until 1982 after the organization disbanded in 1976.
Ideology
[edit]Lotta Continua focused on spreading radicalisation from students and youth to workers, and played a large role in setting up social centres. Its influence was greatest among recently immigrated, young, unqualified workers in large factories, while the "traditional" working class kept its allegiance to the Italian Communist Party and the trade union movement.[citation needed]
Among the newspaper's enduring features was Roberto Zamarin's comic strip "Gasparazzo", which poignantly and humorously related the struggles of a worker at a Fiat plant.[1]
The group's leadership included Adriano Sofri, Mauro Rostagno, Guido Viale, Giorgio Pietrostefani, Erri De Luca, Paolo Brogi and Marco Boato. Other notable contributors included Gad Lerner and Alexander Langer. Since Italian law required that every newspaper needed a professional journalist to act as its managing editor, for some time Pier Paolo Pasolini lent his name in order to allow Lotta Continua's publication.[2]
At first a loose grouping with a focus on spontaneous action, it was centralised between 1972 and 1974, with its paper becoming a daily. As opportunities became more limited, it disbanded in 1976 after a national congress characterized by a severe ideological clash between male and female militants. At that time, Sofri and others embraced electoral politics, while some militants joined armed organizations, including Prima Linea and the Red Brigades.[3] The newspaper was published until 1982.
During the 1980s, most of Lotta Continua's representatives abandoned their original ideology. Marco Boato and Mimmo Pinto went to the Radical Party, others worked on TV (RAI or Fininvest) or in various newspapers. Many joined the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), supporting in particular Bettino Craxi's positions. Erri De Luca became a famous writer after joining various humanitarian organizations. Only a few of them, such as Marco Revelli and Fulvio Grimaldi, joined Rifondazione Comunista.[citation needed]
Deaths
[edit]On 17 May 1972, the Milan police commissioner, Luigi Calabresi, thought to be responsible for Giuseppe Pinelli's death, was killed. Adriano Sofri and Giorgio Pietrostefani, former leaders of Lotta Continua, were condemned to long prison sentences for organizing the murder, and Ovidio Bompressi and Leonardo Marino for carrying it out. Ovidio Bompressi is one of the few political activists who has been pardoned (in May 2006) by Italian president Giorgio Napolitano (Democrats of the Left, DS) because of health reasons.[citation needed]
On 11 March 1977, Francesco Lorusso, a militant of Lotta Continua was killed in Bologna by the Police.[4] On 1 October 1977, during a protest march in Turin, following the murderer of LC militant Walter Rossi, in Rome, by neo-fascists activists, a bar was attacked by means of Molotov cocktails. Roberto Crescenzio, a 23-year-old student, died of burns sustained in this attack. Far-left militants, and LC organizers of the march, were accused of committing this attack and later condemned; the trial clarified that the attacker warned the attendants before to throw the molotovs, but disgracefully Crescenzio couldn't hear because he was in the toilet that moment.[5]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Nicola Pizzolato, "Revolution in a Comic Strip: Gasparazzo and the Identity of Southern Migrants in Turin, 1969–1975," Humour and Social Protest, ed. Dennis Bos and Marjolein 't Hart (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
- ^ Pasolini in tribunale (in Italian)
- ^ "FindArticles.com – CBSi". findarticles.com.
- ^ "Italy 1977-8: Living with an earthquake – Red Notes". Red Notes. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ^ "Roberto Crescenzio – Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo". Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
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