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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = White-rumped tanager
| name = White-rumped tanager
| image = White-rumped Tanager (7980217735) (cropped).jpg
| image = White-rumped Tanager (7980217735) (cropped).jpg
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22722130/0 |title=''Cypsnagra hirundinacea'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Cypsnagra hirundinacea'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22722130A132012428 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22722130A132012428.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Cypsnagra
| genus = Cypsnagra
| parent_authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson, R]], 1831
| parent_authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson, R]], 1831
| species = hirundinacea
| species = hirundinacea
| authority = ([[René-Primevère Lesson|Lesson, R]], 1831)
| authority = ([[René-Primevère Lesson|Lesson, R]], 1831)

| range_map = Cypsnagra hirundinacea map.svg

}}
}}


The '''white-rumped tanager''' (''Cypsnagra hirundinacea'') is a South American bird in the tanager family [[Thraupidae]]. It is the only member of the genus '''''Cypsnagra'''''.
The '''white-rumped tanager''' ('''''Cypsnagra hirundinacea''''') is a South American bird in the tanager family [[Thraupidae]]. It is the only member of the genus '''''Cypsnagra'''''.


The length is 16&nbsp;cm with a weight of 25-34 g. They occur mostly in Brazil, also in Paraguay, Bolivia and Suriname at an elevation of 700–1000&nbsp;m. They inhabit grasslands with few trees. In Brazil they are foundt in territorial groups of three to six individuals. They eat insects on the ground in the grass or catch them in flight ([[Hawking (birds)|sallying]]). Their diet mostly consists of beetles, crickets and grasshoppers but they occasionally eat fruit. The cup shaped nests are placed only 1–2 metres off the ground and are made of woven grasses. The clutch is 3-4 blue eggs which are speckled around the large end with brown or black spots. Helpers born the previous season help mating pair tend the nest and nestlings.
The length is 16&nbsp;cm with a weight of 25-34 g. They occur mostly in Brazil, also in Paraguay, Bolivia and Suriname at an elevation of 700–1000&nbsp;m. They inhabit grasslands with few trees. In Brazil they are found in territorial groups of three to six individuals. They eat insects on the ground in the grass or catch them in flight ([[Hawking (birds)|sallying]]). Their diet mostly consists of beetles, crickets and grasshoppers but they occasionally eat fruit. The cup shaped nests are placed only 1–2 metres off the ground and are made of woven grasses. The clutch is 3-4 blue eggs which are speckled around the large end with brown or black spots. Helpers born the previous season help mating pair tend the nest and nestlings.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The taxonomy is a little complicated. The white-rumped tanager was [[species description|formally described]] in 1823 by German naturalist [[Hinrich Lichtenstein]] under the [[binomial name]] ''Tanagra ruficollis''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Lichtenstein | first=Hinrich | author-link=Hinrich Lichtenstein | year=1823 | title=Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin : nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen | language=German | location=Berlin | publisher=T. Trautwein | page=30 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28229278}}</ref> Unfortunately, this combination had been used in 1789 by German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] for what is now a [[subspecies]] of the [[Greater Antillean bullfinch]] with the [[trinomial]] ''Melopyrrha violacea ruficollis''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=Volume 1, Part 2 | language=Latin | place=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | pages=894-895 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25750272 }}</ref><ref name=paynter>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=249-250 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483484 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=8 November 2020 }}</ref> In 1831 the French naturalist [[René Lesson]] described the white-rumped tanager and introduced the name ''Cypsnagra'' (as a [[subgenus]]) and the binomial name ''Tanagra hirundinacea''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lesson | first=René | author-link=René Lesson | year=1831 | title=Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=F.G. Levrault | page=460 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35997444 }}</ref> The type location is [[Franca]] in the [[São Paulo (state)|state of São Paulo]] in Brazil.<ref name=paynter/> The genus name ''Cypsnagra'' is a mixture of the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kupselos'' meaning "swallow" and the genus name ''[[Tanagra]]''. The specific epithet is from [[Modern Latin]] ''hirundinaceus '' meaning "swallow-like".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=129, 193}}</ref>
The taxonomy is a little complicated. The white-rumped tanager was [[species description|formally described]] in 1823 by German naturalist [[Hinrich Lichtenstein]] under the [[binomial name]] ''Tanagra ruficollis''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Lichtenstein | first=Hinrich | author-link=Hinrich Lichtenstein | year=1823 | title=Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin : nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen | language=German | location=Berlin | publisher=T. Trautwein | page=30 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28229278}}</ref> Unfortunately, this combination had been used in 1789 by German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] for what is now a [[subspecies]] of the [[Greater Antillean bullfinch]] with the [[trinomial]] ''Melopyrrha violacea ruficollis''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=Latin | place=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | pages=894–895 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25750272 }}</ref><ref name=paynter>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=249–250 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483484 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=8 November 2020 }}</ref> In 1831 the French naturalist [[René Lesson]] described the white-rumped tanager and introduced the name ''Cypsnagra'' (as a [[subgenus]]) and the binomial name ''Tanagra hirundinacea''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lesson | first=René | author-link=René Lesson | year=1831 | title=Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique | volume=1 | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=F.G. Levrault | page=460 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35997444 }}</ref> The type location is [[Franca]] in the [[São Paulo (state)|state of São Paulo]] in Brazil.<ref name=paynter/> The genus name ''Cypsnagra'' is a mixture of the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kupselos'' meaning "swallow" and the genus name ''[[Tanagra]]''. The specific epithet is from [[Neo-Latin|Modern Latin]] ''hirundinaceus '' meaning "swallow-like".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=129, 193}}</ref>


Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}<!-- RevBrasBiol60:461. RevBrasZool22:326. -->


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Cypsnagra-hirundinacea Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the white-rumped tanager]
* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Cypsnagra-hirundinacea Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the white-rumped tanager]


{{Passeroidea|T.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q247228}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q247228}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:tanager, white-rumped}}
[[Category:Thraupidae|white-rumped tanager]]
[[Category:Thraupidae|white-rumped tanager]]
[[Category:Birds of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Birds of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Birds of the Cerrado]]
[[Category:Birds of the Cerrado]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1823|white-rumped tanager]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1823|white-rumped tanager]]
[[Category:Monotypic bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by René Lesson]]

Latest revision as of 18:19, 4 January 2024

White-rumped tanager
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Cypsnagra
Lesson, R, 1831
Species:
C. hirundinacea
Binomial name
Cypsnagra hirundinacea
(Lesson, R, 1831)

The white-rumped tanager (Cypsnagra hirundinacea) is a South American bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is the only member of the genus Cypsnagra.

The length is 16 cm with a weight of 25-34 g. They occur mostly in Brazil, also in Paraguay, Bolivia and Suriname at an elevation of 700–1000 m. They inhabit grasslands with few trees. In Brazil they are found in territorial groups of three to six individuals. They eat insects on the ground in the grass or catch them in flight (sallying). Their diet mostly consists of beetles, crickets and grasshoppers but they occasionally eat fruit. The cup shaped nests are placed only 1–2 metres off the ground and are made of woven grasses. The clutch is 3-4 blue eggs which are speckled around the large end with brown or black spots. Helpers born the previous season help mating pair tend the nest and nestlings.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The taxonomy is a little complicated. The white-rumped tanager was formally described in 1823 by German naturalist Hinrich Lichtenstein under the binomial name Tanagra ruficollis.[2] Unfortunately, this combination had been used in 1789 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin for what is now a subspecies of the Greater Antillean bullfinch with the trinomial Melopyrrha violacea ruficollis.[3][4][5] In 1831 the French naturalist René Lesson described the white-rumped tanager and introduced the name Cypsnagra (as a subgenus) and the binomial name Tanagra hirundinacea.[6] The type location is Franca in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.[4] The genus name Cypsnagra is a mixture of the Ancient Greek kupselos meaning "swallow" and the genus name Tanagra. The specific epithet is from Modern Latin hirundinaceus meaning "swallow-like".[7]

Two subspecies are recognised:[5]

  • C. h. pallidigula Hellmayr, 1907 – Suriname, French Guiana, northeast Bolivia to east central Brazil
  • C. h. hirundinacea (Lesson, R, 1831) – east Bolivia, Paraguay and south Brazil

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cypsnagra hirundinacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22722130A132012428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22722130A132012428.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Lichtenstein, Hinrich (1823). Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin : nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen (in German). Berlin: T. Trautwein. p. 30.
  3. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. pp. 894–895.
  4. ^ a b Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 249–250.
  5. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  6. ^ Lesson, René (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 460.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 129, 193. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
[edit]
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