Agrihan: Difference between revisions

Agrigan
	NASA Space Shuttle image of Agrihan
Geography
Location	Pacific Ocean
Coordinates	18°46′42″N 145°40′17″E / 18.77833°N 145.67139°E
Archipelago	Northern Mariana Islands
Area	44.05 km2 (17.01 sq mi)
Length	9 km (5.6 mi)
Width	6 km (3.7 mi)
Highest elevation	965 m (3166 ft)
Highest point	Mount Agrihan
Administration
	United States
Commonwealth	Northern Mariana Islands
Demographics
Population	4 (2020)

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Agrihan (also spelled Agrigan) is an island in the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The island has mostly been uninhabited, but had 4 permanent residents in the 2020 U.S. census. Agrihan is located 62 kilometers (39 mi) to the north of Pagan.

History

Clouds drape the flat-topped summit of Agrihan, the highest of the Marianas arc volcanoes, in this view from the south.

The first European to discover the island was Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa [es] on June 11, 1522. He named it "Cyco" or "La Griega" (The Greek in Spanish). Espinosa was on the Trinidad as part of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, and called on the island while attempting to cross the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. The resident Chamorros were hostile and he could not anchor, but kidnapped an islander for information.^[2]^[3]^[4] The Spanish missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores visited Agrihan in 1669 calling it "San Francisco Javier".^[5] In 1695, the natives were forcibly removed to Saipan, and three years later to Guam.

In 1810, settlers from the Kingdom of Hawaii attempted to establish a settlement on Agrihan. In the 1870s, the first coconut plantations were established. Adolph Capelle, a merchant from Brunswick in Germany, leased the island and exported copra, using around 20 seasonal workers from the Caroline Islands. Following the sale of the Northern Marianas by Spain to the German Empire in 1899, Agrihan was administered as part of German New Guinea. During this time, a private firm, the Pagan Society, owned by a German and a Japanese partner, developed more coconut plantations. However, severe typhoons in September 1905 and September 1907 destroyed the plantations and bankrupted the company.^[6]

During World War I, Agrihan came under the control of the Empire of Japan and was subsequently administered as the South Seas Mandate. Following World War II, the island came under the control of the United States and was administered as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In 1967, the population was 94 people. Since 1978, the island has been part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In 1990, the population was just 25 people.^[7]

Due to increased volcanic activity, the islanders were evacuated in August 1990 when an eruption was feared. However, by 1992, although there were 25 solfataras, a boiling hot spring and several steam vents, no eruption had taken place.^[8] In 2000, six people returned to live in one of the original four settlements on the island. However, per the 2010 census, Agrihan was uninhabited. Despite the data from the 2010 census, according to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Department of Lands, settlement has since been reestablished in one of the four original villages, and as of September 2005 there remain nine inhabitants on the island.^[9] The 2020 US census listed a population of 4.^[10]

An expedition organized by John D. Mitchler and Reid Larson made the first known complete ascent to the summit of this peak on June 1, 2018.^[11]

Geography

Agrihan is a densely forested island, roughly elliptical in shape, with a length of 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) and a width of 6 km (3.7 mi) and an area of 44 km² (17 sq mi). The entire island is a massive stratovolcano, called Mount Agrihan, which rises over 4,000 meters (13,120 ft) from the ocean floor, and is the fifth largest in the Marianas volcanic arc. At 976.5792 m (3,204 ft),^[12] its summit is the highest point in Micronesia.

The volcano is topped by a large caldera, 1 x 2 km (0.6 x 1.2 mi) in size and about 500 m (1,640 ft) deep.^[12] The caldera floor has several lava flows and two volcanic cones, which were probably created during the April 1917 eruption. The only relatively flat land on the island is along the southeast shoreline and on the north side of the central caldera.

Vegetation includes swordgrass (Miscanthus floridulus) grasslands on the upper slopes, forests of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), with some breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and papaya (Carica papaya) on the lower slopes and within the deep ravines that descend radially from the summit.

Climate

Climate data for Agrihan, Northern Mariana Islands
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	67 (19)	66 (19)	66 (19)	68 (20)	70 (21)	72 (22)	72 (22)	72 (22)	72 (22)	71 (22)	70 (21)	69 (21)	70 (21)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	65 (18)	64 (18)	65 (18)	67 (19)	69 (21)	70 (21)	71 (22)	71 (22)	71 (22)	70 (21)	69 (21)	67 (19)	68 (20)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	1.3 (33)	0.9 (23)	1.0 (25)	1.9 (48)	3.0 (76)	3.8 (97)	7.6 (190)	12.1 (310)	10.8 (270)	7.8 (200)	3.8 (97)	2.9 (74)	56.9 (1,443)
Source: Meteoblue.com "Records and Averages for Agrihan". Web: [1].

Demographics

As of 1980, the population of Agrihan was 54.^[13]

References

^ "14 AGRIHAN" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
^ Robert F. Rogers: Destiny's landfall. A history of Guam. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu 1995, ISBN 0824816781, S. 10.
^ Sharp, Andrew The discovery of the Pacific Islands Oxford, 1960, p.11.
^ Brand, Donald D. The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations The American Geographical Society, New York, 1967, p.119.
^ Coello, Francisco "Conflicto hispano-alemán" Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid, t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, p.299,300
^ Gerd Hardach: König Kopra. Die Marianen unter deutscher Herrschaft 1899–1914. Steiner, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3515057625, S. 23f, 32, 46.
^ Budget. 1990.
^ Monatsberichte Archived 2022-01-23 at the Wayback Machine from Global Volcanism Program.
^ "Agrihan Is". Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
^ 2020 Commonwealth of Marianas Census Table 2
^ Frick-Wright, Peter (15 January 2019). "The Obsessive Quest of High Pointers". Outside. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Agrigan". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
^ Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resources Management: Environmental Impact Statement. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980. p. 37.

External links

Pascal Horst Lehne and Christoph Gäbler: Über die Marianen. Lehne-Verlag, Wohldorf in Germany 1972.
Marianas Archipelago Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program
"Oceandots.com: Agrihan". Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2009-03-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[1] "14 AGRIHAN" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 54. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.

[2] Robert F. Rogers: Destiny's landfall. A history of Guam. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu 1995, ISBN 0824816781, S. 10.

[3] Sharp, Andrew The discovery of the Pacific Islands Oxford, 1960, p.11.

[4] Brand, Donald D. The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations The American Geographical Society, New York, 1967, p.119.

[5] Coello, Francisco "Conflicto hispano-alemán" Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid, t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, p.299,300

[6] Gerd Hardach: König Kopra. Die Marianen unter deutscher Herrschaft 1899–1914. Steiner, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3515057625, S. 23f, 32, 46.

[7] Budget. 1990.

[8] Monatsberichte Archived 2022-01-23 at the Wayback Machine from Global Volcanism Program.

[9] "Agrihan Is". Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Retrieved 8 June 2020.

[10] 2020 Commonwealth of Marianas Census Table 2

[11] Frick-Wright, Peter (15 January 2019). "The Obsessive Quest of High Pointers". Outside. Retrieved 30 January 2019.

[gvp-12] "Agrigan". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-04-09.

[NOAAEnvp37-13] Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resources Management: Environmental Impact Statement. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980. p. 37.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{for|the island off southern Guam|Agrigan}}
+{{For|the island off southern Guam|Agrigan}}
 {{Infobox Islands
 | name             = Agrigan
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | major_islands    =
 | area_km2          = 44.05
-| area_footnotes    = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://origin-apps-pifsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/cred/hmapping/monitoring_report_mariana_archipelago_2003-2007/ch14_agrihan.pdf|title=14 AGRIHAN|website=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|page=54|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115131005/https://origin-apps-pifsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/cred/hmapping/monitoring_report_mariana_archipelago_2003-2007/ch14_agrihan.pdf|archivedate=15 November 2020|url-status=live|accessdate=15 November 2020}}</ref>
+| area_footnotes    = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://origin-apps-pifsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/cred/hmapping/monitoring_report_mariana_archipelago_2003-2007/ch14_agrihan.pdf|title=14 AGRIHAN|website=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115131005/https://origin-apps-pifsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/cred/hmapping/monitoring_report_mariana_archipelago_2003-2007/ch14_agrihan.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2020|url-status=live|access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
 | length_km         = 9
 | width_km          = 6
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 | country_admin_divisions_title = Commonwealth
 | country_admin_divisions = [[Northern Mariana Islands]]
-| population       = - uninhabited -
+| population       = 4
-| population_as_of = 2010
+| population_as_of = 2020
 | density_km2      =
 | ethnic_groups    =
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 }}
-'''Agrihan''' (also spelled '''Agrigan''') is an island in the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The island is currently uninhabited. Agrihan is located {{convert|62|km|mi|sp=us}} to the north of [[Pagan (island)|Pagan]].
+'''Agrihan''' (also spelled '''Agrigan''') is an island in the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The island has mostly been uninhabited, but had 4 permanent residents in the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]]. Agrihan is located {{convert|62|km|mi|sp=us}} to the north of [[Pagan (island)|Pagan]].
 ==History ==
 [[File:AgriganAgrihanUSGS.jpg|thumb|left|300px| Clouds drape the flat-topped summit of Agrihan, the highest of the Marianas arc volcanoes, in this view from the south.]]
-The first European to discover the island was [[Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa]] on June 11, 1522. He named it "Cyco" or "La Griega" (The Greek in Spanish). Espinosa was on the [[Trinidad (ship)|''Trinidad'']] as part of [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition, and called on the island while attempting to cross the Pacific Ocean to [[Mexico]]. The resident [[Chamorros]] were hostile and he could not anchor, but kidnapped an islander for information.<ref>Robert F. Rogers: ''Destiny's landfall. A history of Guam.'' University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu 1995, {{ISBN|0824816781}}, S. 10.</ref><ref>Sharp, Andrew ''The discovery of the Pacific Islands'' Oxford, 1960, p.11.</ref><ref>Brand, Donald D. ''The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations'' The American Geographical Society, New York, 1967, p.119.</ref> The Spanish missionary [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]] visited Agrihan in 1669 calling it "San Francisco Javier".<ref>Coello, Francisco "Conflicto hispano-alemán" ''Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid'', t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, p.299,300</ref> In 1695, the natives were forcibly removed to [[Saipan]], and three years later to [[Guam]].
+The first European to discover the island was {{ill|Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa|es}} on June 11, 1522. He named it "Cyco" or "La Griega" (''The Greek'' in Spanish). Espinosa was on the [[Trinidad (ship)|''Trinidad'']] as part of [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition, and called on the island while attempting to cross the Pacific Ocean to [[Mexico]]. The resident [[Chamorros]] were hostile and he could not anchor, but kidnapped an islander for information.<ref>Robert F. Rogers: ''Destiny's landfall. A history of Guam.'' University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu 1995, {{ISBN|0824816781}}, S. 10.</ref><ref>Sharp, Andrew ''The discovery of the Pacific Islands'' Oxford, 1960, p.11.</ref><ref>Brand, Donald D. ''The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations'' The American Geographical Society, New York, 1967, p.119.</ref> The Spanish missionary [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]] visited Agrihan in 1669 calling it "San Francisco Javier".<ref>Coello, Francisco "Conflicto hispano-alemán" ''Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid'', t.XIX. 2º semestre 1885, Madrid, p.299,300</ref> In 1695, the natives were forcibly removed to [[Saipan]], and three years later to [[Guam]].
 In 1810, settlers from the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] attempted to establish a settlement on Agrihan. In the 1870s, the first coconut plantations were established. Adolph Capelle, a merchant from [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]] in [[Germany]], leased the island and exported [[copra]], using around 20 seasonal workers from the [[Caroline Islands]]. Following the sale of the Northern Marianas by Spain to the [[German Empire]] in 1899, Agrihan was administered as part of [[German New Guinea]]. During this time, a private firm, the Pagan Society, owned by a German and a Japanese partner, developed more coconut plantations. However, severe typhoons in September 1905 and September 1907 destroyed the plantations and bankrupted the company.<ref>Gerd Hardach: ''König Kopra. Die Marianen unter deutscher Herrschaft 1899–1914.'' Steiner, Stuttgart 1990, {{ISBN|3515057625}}, S. 23f, 32, 46.</ref>
-During [[World War I]], Agrihan came under the control of the [[Empire of Japan]] and was subsequently administered as the [[South Seas Mandate]]. Following [[World War II]], the island came under the control of the [[United States]] and was administered as part of the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]. In 1967, the population was 94 people. Since 1978, the island has been part of the [[Northern Islands Municipality]] of the [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]].
+During [[World War I]], Agrihan came under the control of the [[Empire of Japan]] and was subsequently administered as the [[South Seas Mandate]]. Following [[World War II]], the island came under the control of the [[United States]] and was administered as part of the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]. In 1967, the population was 94 people. Since 1978, the island has been part of the [[Northern Islands Municipality]] of the [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]]. In 1990, the population was just 25 people.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jP4Q-04Z000C&dq=population+of+Agrihan&pg=PA10 |title=Budget |date=1990 |language=en}}</ref>
-Due to increased volcanic activity, the islanders were evacuated in August 1990 when an eruption was feared. However, by 1992, although there were 25 [[solfatara]]s, a boiling hot spring and several steam vents, no eruption had taken place.<ref>[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0804-16=&volpage=var ''Monatsberichte''] from ''Global Volcanism Program''.</ref> In 2000, six people returned to live in one of the original four settlements on the island. However, per the [[United States Census, 2010|2010 census]], Agrihan was uninhabited. Despite the data from the 2010 census, according to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Department of Lands, settlement has since been reestablished in one of the four original villages, and as of September 2005 there remain nine inhabitants on the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agrihan Is. |url=https://www.dpl.gov.mp/photo-galleries/agrihan-is/ |publisher=Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |accessdate=8 June 2020}}</ref>
+Due to increased volcanic activity, the islanders were evacuated in August 1990 when an eruption was feared. However, by 1992, although there were 25 [[solfatara]]s, a boiling hot spring and several steam vents, no eruption had taken place.<ref>[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0804-16=&volpage=var ''Monatsberichte''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123150304/https://volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0804-16=&volpage=var |date=2022-01-23 }} from ''Global Volcanism Program''.</ref> In 2000, six people returned to live in one of the original four settlements on the island. However, per the [[United States Census, 2010|2010 census]], Agrihan was uninhabited. Despite the data from the 2010 census, according to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Department of Lands, settlement has since been reestablished in one of the four original villages, and as of September 2005 there remain nine inhabitants on the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agrihan Is. |url=https://www.dpl.gov.mp/photo-galleries/agrihan-is/ |publisher=Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> The 2020 US census listed a population of 4.<ref>2020 Commonwealth of Marianas Census Table 2</ref>
 An expedition organized by John D. Mitchler and Reid Larson made the first known complete ascent to the summit of this peak on June 1, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/2379686/high-pointers |title=The Obsessive Quest of High Pointers |last=Frick-Wright |first=Peter |date=15 January 2019 |work=Outside |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 [[File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566 j-14c.jpg|thumb|left|Map including Agrihan ([[Defense Mapping Agency|DMA]], 1983)]]
 [[File:Line6897 (27864056281).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Agrihan is heavily forested]]
-Agrihan is a densely forested island, roughly elliptical in shape, with a length of {{convert|9|km|mi|sp=us}} and a width of {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} and an area of {{convert|44|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The entire island is a massive [[stratovolcano]], called [[Mount Agrihan]], which rises over {{convert|4000|m|ft|-1|sp=us}} from the ocean floor, and is the fifth largest in the Marianas [[volcanic arc]]. At {{convert|976.5792|m|ft|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp|vn=284160|title=Agrigan|accessdate=2007-04-09}}</ref> its summit is the highest point in [[Micronesia]].
+Agrihan is a densely forested island, roughly elliptical in shape, with a length of {{convert|9|km|mi|sp=us}} and a width of {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} and an area of {{convert|44|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The entire island is a massive [[stratovolcano]], called [[Mount Agrihan]], which rises over {{convert|4000|m|ft|-1|sp=us}} from the ocean floor, and is the fifth largest in the Marianas [[volcanic arc]]. At {{convert|976.5792|m|ft|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="gvp">{{cite gvp|vn=284160|title=Agrigan|access-date=2007-04-09}}</ref> its summit is the highest point in [[Micronesia]].
 The volcano is topped by a large [[caldera]], 1 x 2&nbsp;km (0.6 x 1.2&nbsp;mi) in size and about {{convert|500|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} deep.<ref name=gvp/> The caldera floor has several lava flows and two volcanic cones, which were probably created during the April 1917 eruption. The only relatively flat land on the island is along the southeast shoreline and on the north side of the central caldera.
 Vegetation includes swordgrass ''([[Miscanthus floridulus]])'' grasslands on the upper slopes, forests of coconut palm ''([[Cocos nucifera]]),'' with some breadfruit ''([[Artocarpus altilis]])'' and papaya ''([[Carica papaya]])'' on the lower slopes and within the deep ravines that descend radially from the summit.
+==Climate==
+{{Weather box/concise_F
+| location=Agrihan, Northern Mariana Islands
+| source=Meteoblue.com "Records and Averages for Agrihan".
+Web: [https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/agrihan_northern-mariana-islands_4041113].
+| 67| 66| 66| 68| 70| 72| 72| 72| 72| 71| 70| 69 <!--highs-->
+| 65| 64| 65| 67| 69| 70| 71| 71| 71| 70| 69| 67 <!--lows-->
+|1.3|0.9|1.0|1.9|3.0|3.8|7.6|12.1|10.8|7.8|3.8|2.9 <!--rain-->
+}}
 ==Demographics==
-As of 1980, the population of Agrihan was 54.<ref name="NOAAEnvp37">''Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resources Management: Environmental Impact Statement''. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], 1980. p. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=kiM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37 37].</ref>
+As of 1980, the population of Agrihan was 54.<ref name="NOAAEnvp37">''Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resources Management: Environmental Impact Statement''. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], 1980. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kiM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 37].</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 61: / Line 71: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == External links ==
-{{commons category|Agrigan Island}}
+{{Commons category|Agrigan Island}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140427193501/http://gaebler.info/sonstiges/marianen.htm#agrihan Pascal Horst Lehne and Christoph Gäbler: ''Über die Marianen.'' Lehne-Verlag, Wohldorf in Germany 1972.]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430031507/http://www.crm.gov.mp/maramp/artdtl.asp?artID=58&secID=3 Marianas Archipelago Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program]
@@ Line 71: / Line 81: @@
 {{Former German colonies}}
 {{Northern Mariana Islands}}
+{{Authority control}}{{U.S. State Highest Points}}
 [[Category:Former German colonies]]
 [[Category:Islands of the Northern Mariana Islands]]
 [[Category:Calderas of Oceania]]
 [[Category:Uninhabited islands of the Northern Mariana Islands]]
+[[Category:Volcanoes of the Northern Mariana Islands]]
+[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of the United States]]
+[[Category:Volcanic islands]]
+[[Category:Calderas of the United States]]
+[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]

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