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{{Short description|Soviet jurist (1883–1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
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'''Aron Naumovich Trainin''' {{aka}} '''Moshe Aron Naumovich Trainin''' {{aka}} '''Moshe Aron Nahimovich Trainin''' ({{lang-ru|Аро́н Нау́мович Трайнин, Мовша-Арон Нау́мович Трайнин, Мовша-Арон Нохимович Трайнин}}, {{lang-he|משה אהרן נחומאָוויטש טריינין}}) was born on 26 June (July 8 in the Julian Calendar), 1883, in [[Vitebsk]], Russian Empire. He died on 7 February 1957, in Moscow, Russia. Trainin graduated from [[Moscow University]] in 1908 and became a professor at Moscow State University in 1918, of Criminal Law.
[[File:משה אהרן נחומאָוויטש טריינין.png|right|thumb|Trainin in the 1920s.]]
'''Aron Naumovich Trainin''' {{aka}} '''Moshe Aron Naumovich Trainin''' {{aka}} '''Moshe Aron Nahimovich Trainin''' ({{langx|ru|Аро́н Нау́мович Трайнин, Мовша-Арон Нау́мович Трайнин, Мовша-Арон Нохимович Трайнин|translit=Aron Naumovič Trajnin|translit-std=ISO}}, {{langx|he|משה אהרן נחומאָוויטש טריינין}}) ({{OldStyleDate|26 June|1883|July 8}} – 7 February 1957) was a Soviet [[jurist]] and [[Criminology|criminologist]].<ref name="Penn2017">{{cite thesis|surname=Penn|given=Michelle Jean|year=2017|title=The Extermination of Peaceful Soviet Citizens: Aron Trainin and International Law|degree=PhD|institution=University of Colorado|docket= |oclc=1024084295|isbn=9780355231762|url=https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/df65v791t|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609210031/https://scholar.colorado.edu/downloads/9z902z94k|archive-format=PDF|archive-date=2020-06-09|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Career ==
Trainin was a Soviet jurist and criminologist, who came to prominence in the inter-war years as critical of the [[League of Nations]] for not doing enough to prosecute the those who waged war against peace. In 1937 Trainin published his 'The Defense of Peace and Criminal Law' in which he castigated the League of Nations for failing to make aggressive war a criminal offense and not providing for any sort of international court to punish aggressors.
Trainin attended the {{lang|la|[[Gymnasium (school)#Cwg Russia|gymnasium]]}} of [[Kaluga]], graduating in 1903, the same year he [[wikt:matriculated|matriculated]] to [[Moscow State University]] ({{abbr|MGU|МГУ / Московский государственный университет, "Moskóvskij gosudárstvennyj universitét"}}), whence he graduated in 1908.<ref name="Penn2017" /> At university he participated in the {{langx|ru|студе́нчество|translit="studénčestvo"|translit-std=ISO|label=none|links=no|cat=no}}, [[Student activism#Russia|student activist movement]], during the pivotal, though failed, [[1905 Russian Revolution]].<ref name="Penn2017" />


After graduation Trainin worked in the MGU Department of Criminal Law, on track for a professorship, but he would resign his position in 1912 in connection with the {{ill|Kasso Case|lt="Kasso Case"|ru|Дело Кассо|preserve=1}}, in which a great many academics resigned out of solidarity with the targets of [[Ministry of National Education (Russian Empire)|Imperial Education Minister]] [[Lev Kasso|Lev Aristidovich Kasso]].<ref name="Penn2017"/> From 1912 to 1918 he taught at the [[Shanyavsky Moscow City People's University]] in Moscow.<ref name="Penn2017"/>
Trainin later became a Corresponding member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]] (1946).


From 1916 to 1917 he was an editor of the [[List of Jewish newspapers|Jewish newspaper]] {{ill|New Way (Jewish newspaper)|lt=''{{langx|ru|Новый путь: еженедв̌льник, посвященный вопросам еврейской жизни|lit=New Way: A Weekly Dedicated to Questions of Jewish Cultural Life|label=none|links=no|cat=no}}''|ru|Новый путь (газета)|preserve=1}}.<ref name="Penn2017"/> He was a founding member of the Moscow chapter of the [[Political Red Cross]],<ref name="Penn2017"/> which was formed in 1918.<ref name="Galmarini2012">{{cite journal|surname=Galmarini|given=Maria Cristina|author-link=openlibrary:authors/OL7663253A|date=January 2012|title=Defending the Rights of Gulag Prisoners: The Story of the Political Red Cross, 1918-38|journal=[[The Russian Review]]|volume=71|issue=1|page=12|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9434.2012.00640.x|jstor=41409421|issn=0036-0341|oclc=7781157515}}</ref>
⚫
In 1947 and 1948 he served as vice-president of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers. His major works were On Complicity (1941) and Elements of a Crime According to Soviet Criminal Law (1951).

Trainin came to prominence in the inter-war years as critical of the [[League of Nations]] for not doing enough to prosecute those who waged war against peace. Scholars [[openlibrary:authors/OL2792920A|Francine Hirsch]] of the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], [[openlibrary:authors/OL4859998A|Kirsten Sellars]] of the [[National University of Singapore]], and Michelle Jean Penn of the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] credit him with establishing the international legal concept of "[[Crime against peace|crimes against peace]]".<ref name="Penn2017"/><ref name="Hirsch2008">{{cite journal|surname=Hirsch|given=Francine|author-link=openlibrary:authors/OL2792920A|date=June 2008|title=The Soviets at Nuremberg: International Law, Propaganda, and the Postwar Order|journal=[[American Historical Review]]|volume=113|issue=3|doi=10.1086/ahr.113.3.701|issn=0002-8762|oclc=5556663526|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Sellars2015">{{cite book|surname=Sellars|given=Kirsten|author-link=openlibrary:authors/OL4859998A|date=March 2013|title='Crimes against Peace' and International Law|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139236980|isbn=9781139236980|oclc=846693236}}</ref>[[File:A.N. Trainin speaks at the War Crimes Executive Committee.jpg|left|thumb|Trainin speaks in [[London]] in August 1945 at the [[Nuremberg trials|Nüremberg Tribunals]] War Crimes Executive Committee.]] In 1937 Trainin published his 'The Defense of Peace and Criminal Law' in which he castigated the League of Nations for failing to make aggressive war a criminal offense and not providing for any sort of international court to punish aggressors. Along with [[Iona Nikitchenko|Major-General Iona Timofeevich Nikitchenko]], who also served as a judge, Trainin was a signatory for the Soviet Union to the charter of the [[Allies of World War II]] War Crimes Executive Committee which established the [[Nuremberg trials|Nüremberg International Military Tribunal]] for "the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the [[Pact of Steel|European Axis]]",<ref name="ILD">{{cite book|year=1946|section=XVI. Agreement for the Establishment of an International Military Tribunal|section-url=https://archive.org/details/internationallaw4445nava/page/248/mode/2up |title=International Law Documents 1944–45 |location=[[Newport, Rhode Island]]|publisher=[[Naval War College]]|pages=249–252|oclc=1043949503}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20201028185927if_/https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/agreement-establishment-international-military-tribunal#main-content Typed original] at [[Truman Library]].</ref> known in Russian as the "London Agreement", '{{lang|ru|Лондонском соглашении|italics=no}}'.{{pb}}

Trainin played a central role in establishing the legal framework for the Nuremberg Trials. He proposed that a new legal concept, "the crime of aggression", be used to hold Nazi Germany's military and political leadership accountable for the numerous countries they invaded and occupied. Along with the other jurists involved in crafting the Nuremberg Charter, Trainin was influential in establishing the new legal field of international law.<ref name="Penn2017"/> Despite this foundational role, his contributions are often ignored or forgotten by Western scholars, largely as a result of Cold War perceptions of the Soviet Union. More recent scholarship has begun to acknowledge the influence of Soviet legal thought on international law, arguing that Trainin's contributions must be taken seriously, alongside an ongoing recognition of the crimes of the Soviet regime.<ref name="Penn2017" />

⚫
Trainin later became a Corresponding member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]] (1946). In 1947 and 1948 he served as vice-president of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers. His major works were ''On Complicity'' (1941) and ''Elements of a Crime According to Soviet Criminal Law'' (1951).

In 1945, in ''Fundamental Principles of Soviet Criminal Law'', he wrote,<ref name="Trainin1945">{{cite book|surname=Trainin|given=Aron Naumovich|year=1945|title=Fundamental Principles of Soviet Criminal Law|oclc=56078700}}</ref>{{quote|Soviet law combines formal definition of crime with material definition of it. Soviet law defines crime as an act of commission (or omission) dangerous to the community, transgressing the foundations of the Soviet System or Socialist law and order (material feature) and entailing punishment by law (formal feature).}}


Trainin was awarded two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor.
Trainin was awarded two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor.

==See also==
* [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


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{{Criminologist-stub}}
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[[Category:20th-century Russian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian lawyers]]
[[Category:Criminology educators]]
[[Category:Criminology educators]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian academics]]
[[Category:Academics from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian Jews]]
[[Category:Editors from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian lawyers]]
[[Category:Jews from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Lawyers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Jewish educators]]
[[Category:Jewish human rights activists]]
[[Category:Jewish writers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Jewish journalists]]
[[Category:Jewish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Russian legal scholars]]
[[Category:Russian legal scholars]]
[[Category:Russian professors]]
[[Category:Russian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Russian academics]]
[[Category:Soviet Jews]]
[[Category:Soviet Jews]]
[[Category:Soviet jurists]]
[[Category:Soviet jurists]]
[[Category:Moscow State University faculty]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Vitebsk]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Moscow State University]]
[[Category:People from Kaluga]]
[[Category:Writers from Moscow]]

Latest revision as of 03:29, 4 November 2024

Trainin in the 1920s.

Aron Naumovich Trainin a.k.a. Moshe Aron Naumovich Trainin a.k.a. Moshe Aron Nahimovich Trainin (Russian: Аро́н Нау́мович Трайнин, Мовша-Арон Нау́мович Трайнин, Мовша-Арон Нохимович Трайнин, romanized: Aron Naumovič Trajnin, Hebrew: משה אהרן נחומאָוויטש טריינין) (26 June [O.S. July 8] 1883 – 7 February 1957) was a Soviet jurist and criminologist.[1]

Career

[edit]

Trainin attended the gymnasium of Kaluga, graduating in 1903, the same year he matriculated to Moscow State University (MGU), whence he graduated in 1908.[1] At university he participated in the студе́нчество, "studénčestvo", student activist movement, during the pivotal, though failed, 1905 Russian Revolution.[1]

After graduation Trainin worked in the MGU Department of Criminal Law, on track for a professorship, but he would resign his position in 1912 in connection with the "Kasso Case" [ru], in which a great many academics resigned out of solidarity with the targets of Imperial Education Minister Lev Aristidovich Kasso.[1] From 1912 to 1918 he taught at the Shanyavsky Moscow City People's University in Moscow.[1]

From 1916 to 1917 he was an editor of the Jewish newspaper Новый путь: еженедв̌льник, посвященный вопросам еврейской жизни, 'New Way: A Weekly Dedicated to Questions of Jewish Cultural Life' [ru].[1] He was a founding member of the Moscow chapter of the Political Red Cross,[1] which was formed in 1918.[2]

Trainin came to prominence in the inter-war years as critical of the League of Nations for not doing enough to prosecute those who waged war against peace. Scholars Francine Hirsch of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Kirsten Sellars of the National University of Singapore, and Michelle Jean Penn of the University of Colorado Boulder credit him with establishing the international legal concept of "crimes against peace".[1][3][4]

Trainin speaks in London in August 1945 at the Nüremberg Tribunals War Crimes Executive Committee.

In 1937 Trainin published his 'The Defense of Peace and Criminal Law' in which he castigated the League of Nations for failing to make aggressive war a criminal offense and not providing for any sort of international court to punish aggressors. Along with Major-General Iona Timofeevich Nikitchenko, who also served as a judge, Trainin was a signatory for the Soviet Union to the charter of the Allies of World War II War Crimes Executive Committee which established the Nüremberg International Military Tribunal for "the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis",[5] known in Russian as the "London Agreement", 'Лондонском соглашении'.

Trainin played a central role in establishing the legal framework for the Nuremberg Trials. He proposed that a new legal concept, "the crime of aggression", be used to hold Nazi Germany's military and political leadership accountable for the numerous countries they invaded and occupied. Along with the other jurists involved in crafting the Nuremberg Charter, Trainin was influential in establishing the new legal field of international law.[1] Despite this foundational role, his contributions are often ignored or forgotten by Western scholars, largely as a result of Cold War perceptions of the Soviet Union. More recent scholarship has begun to acknowledge the influence of Soviet legal thought on international law, arguing that Trainin's contributions must be taken seriously, alongside an ongoing recognition of the crimes of the Soviet regime.[1]

Trainin later became a Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946). In 1947 and 1948 he served as vice-president of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers. His major works were On Complicity (1941) and Elements of a Crime According to Soviet Criminal Law (1951).

In 1945, in Fundamental Principles of Soviet Criminal Law, he wrote,[6]

Soviet law combines formal definition of crime with material definition of it. Soviet law defines crime as an act of commission (or omission) dangerous to the community, transgressing the foundations of the Soviet System or Socialist law and order (material feature) and entailing punishment by law (formal feature).

Trainin was awarded two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Penn, Michelle Jean (2017). The Extermination of Peaceful Soviet Citizens: Aron Trainin and International Law (PhD thesis). University of Colorado. ISBN 9780355231762. OCLC 1024084295. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2020.
  2. ^ Galmarini, Maria Cristina (January 2012). "Defending the Rights of Gulag Prisoners: The Story of the Political Red Cross, 1918-38". The Russian Review. 71 (1): 12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9434.2012.00640.x. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 41409421. OCLC 7781157515.
  3. ^ Hirsch, Francine (June 2008). "The Soviets at Nuremberg: International Law, Propaganda, and the Postwar Order". American Historical Review. 113 (3). doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.701. ISSN 0002-8762. OCLC 5556663526.
  4. ^ Sellars, Kirsten (March 2013). 'Crimes against Peace' and International Law. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139236980. ISBN 9781139236980. OCLC 846693236.
  5. ^ "XVI. Agreement for the Establishment of an International Military Tribunal". International Law Documents 1944–45. Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College. 1946. pp. 249–252. OCLC 1043949503. Typed original at Truman Library.
  6. ^ Trainin, Aron Naumovich (1945). Fundamental Principles of Soviet Criminal Law. OCLC 56078700.
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