Climate of New York City: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> |
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{{See also|Climate of New York (state)}} |
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{{climate chart |
{{climate chart |
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| New York |
| New York |
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| |
| 27.9 | 39.5 | 3.64 |
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| |
| 29.5 | 42.2 | 3.19 |
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| 35. |
| 35.8 | 49.9 | 4.29 |
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| |
| 45.5 | 61.8 | 4.09 |
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| |
| 55.0 | 70.8 | 3.96 |
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| |
| 64.4 | 79.7 | 4.54 |
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| |
| 70.1 | 84.9 | 4.60 |
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| |
| 68.9 | 83.3 | 4.56 |
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| |
| 62.3 | 76.2 | 4.31 |
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| |
| 51.4 | 64.5 | 4.38 |
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| |
| 42.0 | 54.0 | 3.58 |
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| |
| 33.8 | 44.3 | 4.38 |
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| units = imperial |
| units = imperial |
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| float = right |
| float = right |
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| clear = right |
| clear = right |
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| source = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" }}<!-- defined by template:New York City weatherbox --> |
| source = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" }}<!-- defined by template:New York City weatherbox --> |
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[[File:Prospect Heights Blizzard NYC 2-12-06.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Deep snow in Brooklyn during the [[North American blizzard of 2006|Blizzard of 2006]] [[Nor'easter]]]] |
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The '''climate of [[New York City]]''' features a [[humid subtropical climate]] ('''Cfa'''), with parts of the city transitioning into a [[humid continental climate]]. ('''Dfa''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification|last=Peel|first=M.C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B.L.|publisher=The University of Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|archive-date=January 13, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> This gives the city cool, wet winters and hot, humid summers with plentiful rainfall all year round. Meteorological records have been kept at [[Central Park]] since 1821, although the station was relocated to a different part of the park on January 1, 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datasets/GHCND/stations/GHCND:USW00094728/detail|title=Station Data Inventory, Access & History|publisher=NOAA|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> There are also other weather stations in the area including one at [[LaGuardia Airport]], beginning in 1940, and at [[JFK Airport]], beginning in 1948. However, due to Central Park's long records and central location, it is often considered the main station for the city. Hence, all records unless otherwise stated will be for this station. |
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According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], the '''climate of [[New York City]]''' is [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] ('''Cfa'''), with parts of the city transitioning into a [[humid continental climate]]. ('''Dfa''').<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification|last1=Peel|first1=M.C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B.L.|publisher=The University of Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|archive-date=January 13, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> The city experiences long, hot, humid summers with frequent late day thundershowers, and moderately cold winters, with occasional snow or a mix of snow and rain. As it is much more geographically southern, it is usually warmer in winter than in [[Upstate New York]]. Also, New York's enormous population, human activity, and vast amounts of large buildings and streets, which absorb sunlight during the day, contribute significantly to the [[urban heat island effect]]. |
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The highest temperature ever observed in New York City is {{Convert|106|F|C}} on July 9, 1936 and the lowest is {{Convert|-15|F|C}} on February 9, 1934. The lowest daily maximum is {{Convert|2|F|C}} on 30 December 1917 at Central Park. The highest daily minimum at Central Park is {{Convert|84|F|C}} on 4 dates, including: July 7, 1908, August 14, 1908, July 15, 1995 and July 22, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/okx/Climate/CentralPark/warmcolddays.pdf|title=Warmest and Coldest Days at Central Park (1869 to Present)|publisher=NOAA|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> However, LaGuardia reported {{Convert|107|F|C}} on July 7, 1966. |
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Meteorological records have been kept at [[Central Park]] since 1821, although the station was relocated to a different part of the park on January 1, 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datasets/GHCND/stations/GHCND:USW00094728/detail|title=Station Data Inventory, Access & History|publisher=NOAA|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> There are also other weather stations in the area including one at [[LaGuardia Airport]], beginning in 1940, and at [[JFK Airport]], beginning in 1948. However, due to Central Park's long records and central location, it is often considered the main station for the city. Hence, all records unless otherwise stated will be for this station. |
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The city can be prone to extremes. Snowfall is now a rare occurrence in the city, on average occurring on only 12 days per year, and it is infrequently heavy. Winters are increasingly milder as snowfall becomes less and less present each season.<ref>https://www.nbcnewyork.com/weather/less-snow-not-as-cold-storm-team-4s-2020-2021-winter-outlook/2743751/</ref> Thunderstorms are also an occasional, on average occurring on 11 days per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/search |title=Search | Climate Data Online (CDO) | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729134639/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/search |archive-date=29 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city can also be prone to strong winds, being a coastal location it is exposed to the Atlantic. This can be especially pronounced during the autumn and winter months, with a gust of {{Convert|78|mph}} being reported on December 2, 1974.<ref>https://www.weather.gov/media/okx/Climate/CentralPark/extremes.pdf</ref> |
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The highest temperature ever observed in Central Park is {{Convert|106|F|C}} on July 9, 1936 - although LaGuardia reported {{Convert|107|F|C}} on July 3, 1966, and the lowest is {{Convert|-15|F|C}} on February 9, 1934. The lowest daily maximum is {{Convert|2|F|C}} on December 30, 1917. The highest daily minimum at Central Park is {{Convert|87|F|C}} on July 2, 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/okx/Climate/CentralPark/warmcolddays.pdf|title=Warmest and Coldest Days at Central Park (1869 to Present)|publisher=NOAA|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
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The averages 42 to 49 inches of precipitation annually, with snowfall averaging {{convert|29.8|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} per year but is highly variable between winter seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate/records/wetdryyearsmonths.html|title = Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK|publisher = NWS Upton, New York|access-date = 2020-07-05}}</ref> The city can also be prone to strong winds, being a coastal location it is exposed to the Atlantic. Hurricane Hazel in 1954 produced a wind gust of 83 mph, while a gust of {{Convert|78|mph}} being reported on December 2, 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/okx/Climate/CentralPark/extremes.pdf|title=All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY (1869 to Present)|publisher=NOAA|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> [[Governors Island]], [[Manhattan]], in [[New York Harbor]], is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center poised to make New York City the global leader in addressing the [[climate change|climate crisis]].<ref name=NYCGlobalClimateLeader>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/781-22/mayor-adams-trust-governors-island-finalist-proposals-climate-solutions-center#/0|title= Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center|publisher=City of New York|date=October 26, 2022|access-date=October 29, 2022}}</ref> |
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== Classifications == |
== Classifications == |
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[[File:Union Square.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]] in autumn]] |
[[File:Union Square.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]] in autumn]] |
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New York City falls under different climate types depending on the climate classification system used. However, the [[Köppen climate classification]] system is the most widely used climate classification scheme, in which New York City falls under the [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] zone. |
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As a result of the city sitting in transitional zones, its climate can be characterised by more than one classification. |
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{{Schemebox |
{{Schemebox |
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|city =New York City |
|city =New York City |
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| source_k =<ref name="auto"/> |
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| source_k =<ref>{{cite web|url=https:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification|last=Peel|first=M.C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B.L.|publisher=The University of Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http:/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|archive-date=January 13, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
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| initial_k ={{ |
| initial_k ={{KoppenClimate|Cfa}} |
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| description_k =[[ |
| description_k =[[Humid subtropical climate]] |
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| source_t =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|title=Trewartha maps|website=kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
| source_t =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|title=Trewartha maps|website=kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
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| initial_t ={{ |
| initial_t ={{TrewarthaClimate|Do}} |
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| description_t =Temperate [[oceanic climate]] |
| description_t =Temperate [[oceanic climate]] |
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| source_a =<ref>{{Citation|last=Cmapm|first=Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work|title=Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову.|date=2011-06-16|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alisov%27s_classification_of_climate_ru.jpg|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
| source_a =<ref>{{Citation|last=Cmapm|first=Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work|title=Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову.|date=2011-06-16|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alisov%27s_classification_of_climate_ru.jpg|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
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| initial_a ={{n/a}} |
| initial_a ={{n/a}} |
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| description_a =[[Temperate climate]] |
| description_a =[[Temperate climate]] |
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| source_s =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
| source_s =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
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| initial_s = {{n/a}} |
| initial_s = {{n/a}} |
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| description_s =[[ |
| description_s =[[Humid continental climate|Moist continental climate]] |
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| source_tw =<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|issn=0272-3646}}</ref> |
| source_tw =<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|bibcode=2005PhGeo..26..442F |s2cid=128745497|issn=0272-3646}}</ref> |
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| initial_tw = |
| initial_tw ={{center|''C2 B'1''}} |
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| description_tw =Moist subhumid |
| description_tw =Moist subhumid [[mesothermal]] climate |
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| source_n =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/klimaklassifikation/4159|title=Klimaklassifikation|website=www.spektrum.de|language=de|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
| source_n =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/klimaklassifikation/4159|title=Klimaklassifikation|website=www.spektrum.de|language=de|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> |
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| initial_n ={{n/a}} |
| initial_n ={{n/a}} |
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| description_n = |
| description_n =East-side temperate climate |
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}} |
}} |
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In the [[Holdridge life zones]] system, having a mean annual biotemperature above {{convert|12|°C|1|disp=flip}} and mean annual precipitation above {{convert|1000|mm|in|1|disp=flip}}, New York City features a warm temperate moist forest climate.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping |year=1999 |doi=10.1046/J.1365-2699.1999.00329.X |s2cid=11733879 |quote=Figure 3|last1=Lugo |first1=A. E. |last2=Brown |first2=S. L. |last3=Dodson |first3=R. |last4=Smith |first4=T. S. |last5=Shugart |first5=H. H. |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=1025–1038 |bibcode=1999JBiog..26.1025L }}</ref> By the [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha classification]], the city is defined as having a Temperate climate (Dc).<ref>{{Cite web |title = Trewartha maps |url = https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm |access-date = January 30, 2019 |website = kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu |publisher = [[University of Arizona]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Chapter 47. Global mapping |url = http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y1997e/y1997e1g.htm |access-date = January 30, 2019 |website = fao.org |publisher = [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] }}</ref> Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some [[sunshine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> The USDA plant hardiness zones are 7a and 7b. Most of the city is found in 7b, with forested areas and parks being in 7a, as shown in Staten Island and suburban areas. The city also has some small densely populated areas in 8a, like around Laguardia airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 1 |url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=planthardiness.ars.usda.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> |
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In the Holdridge life zones system, having a mean annual biotemperature above {{convert|12|°C|1|disp=flip}} and mean annual precipitation above {{convert|1000|mm|in|1|disp=flip}}, New York City features a warm temperate moist forest climate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Holdridge-life-zones-of-the-conterminous-United-Lugo-Brown/406120529d907d0c7bf96125b83b930ba56f29e4 |quote=Figure 3}}</ref> |
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==Temperature== |
==Temperature== |
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The city's |
The city's annual temperature profile consists of a warm to hot season from May through October, and a cool to cold period from November through April. However, due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, these swings are less significant than areas further inland. The Atlantic serves as a moderator of the temperature meaning the city is milder than areas inland during the winter and cooler during the summer. All extremes are for the Central Park station. |
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===Averages=== |
===Averages=== |
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In an average year, the temperature will usually be between {{Convert| |
In an average year, the temperature will usually be between {{Convert|8|F}} and {{Convert|97|F}} with temperatures greatly exceeding these values being uncommon. Temperatures above {{Convert|100|F}} and below {{Convert|0|F}} are very rare, with the last occurrences being July 18, 2012 and February 14, 2016, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2000.com/NY_Cold.html |title=Days below 0°F in New York City |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326153735/http://weather2000.com/NY_Cold.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = New York ([[Belvedere Castle]], [[Central Park]]), |
|location = New York ([[Belvedere Castle]], [[Central Park]]), 1991–2020 normals |
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|single line = Y |
|single line = Y |
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|Jan high F = |
|Jan avg record high F = 60.4 |
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|Feb high F = |
|Feb avg record high F = 60.7 |
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|Mar high F = |
|Mar avg record high F = 70.3 |
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|Apr high F = |
|Apr avg record high F = 82.9 |
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|May high F = |
|May avg record high F = 88.5 |
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|Jun high F = |
|Jun avg record high F = 92.1 |
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|Jul high F = |
|Jul avg record high F = 95.7 |
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|Aug high F = |
|Aug avg record high F = 93.4 |
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|Sep high F = |
|Sep avg record high F = 89.0 |
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|Oct high F = |
|Oct avg record high F = 79.7 |
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|Nov high F = |
|Nov avg record high F = 70.7 |
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|Dec high F = |
|Dec avg record high F = 62.9 |
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|year high F= |
|year avg record high F = 97.0 |
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|Jan |
|Jan high F = 39.5 |
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|Feb |
|Feb high F = 42.2 |
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|Mar |
|Mar high F = 49.9 |
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|Apr |
|Apr high F = 61.8 |
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|May |
|May high F = 71.4 |
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|Jun |
|Jun high F = 79.7 |
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|Jul |
|Jul high F = 84.9 |
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|Aug |
|Aug high F = 83.3 |
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|Sep |
|Sep high F = 76.2 |
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|Oct |
|Oct high F = 64.5 |
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|Nov |
|Nov high F = 54.0 |
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|Dec |
|Dec high F = 44.3 |
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|year |
|year high F = 62.6 |
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|Jan |
|Jan mean F = 33.7 |
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|Feb |
|Feb mean F = 35.9 |
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|Mar |
|Mar mean F = 42.8 |
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|Apr |
|Apr mean F = 53.7 |
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|May |
|May mean F = 63.2 |
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|Jun |
|Jun mean F = 72.0 |
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|Jul |
|Jul mean F = 77.5 |
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|Aug |
|Aug mean F = 76.1 |
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|Sep |
|Sep mean F = 69.2 |
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|Oct |
|Oct mean F = 57.9 |
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|Nov |
|Nov mean F = 48.0 |
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|Dec |
|Dec mean F = 39.1 |
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|year |
|year mean F = 55.8 |
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|Jan |
|Jan low F = 27.9 |
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|Feb |
|Feb low F = 29.5 |
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|Mar |
|Mar low F = 35.8 |
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|Apr |
|Apr low F = 45.5 |
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|May |
|May low F = 55.0 |
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|Jun |
|Jun low F = 64.4 |
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|Jul |
|Jul low F = 70.1 |
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|Aug |
|Aug low F = 68.9 |
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|Sep |
|Sep low F = 62.3 |
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|Oct |
|Oct low F = 51.4 |
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|Nov |
|Nov low F = 42.0 |
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|Dec |
|Dec low F = 33.8 |
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|year |
|year low F = 48.9 |
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<!-- To calculate avg record low, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, min as variable, and daily minium under summary and values are obtained under "mean" --> |
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|Jan avg record low F = 9.2 |
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| |
|Jan avg record low F = 9.8 |
||
| |
|Feb avg record low F = 12.7 |
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| |
|Mar avg record low F = 19.7 |
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| |
|Apr avg record low F = 32.8 |
||
| |
|May avg record low F = 43.9 |
||
| |
|Jun avg record low F = 52.7 |
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| |
|Jul avg record low F = 61.8 |
||
| |
|Aug avg record low F = 60.3 |
||
| |
|Sep avg record low F = 50.2 |
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|Oct avg record low F = 38.4 |
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|Nov avg record low F = 27.7 |
|Nov avg record low F = 27.7 |
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|Dec avg record low F = |
|Dec avg record low F = 18.0 |
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|year avg record low F= |
|year avg record low F = 7.7 |
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|source 1= [[NOAA]] |
|source 1= [[NOAA]]<ref name="Station Name: NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00094728.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station Name: NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK TWR |access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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| Line 151: | Line 156: | ||
|Dec mean C = 0.7 |
|Dec mean C = 0.7 |
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|year mean C = 10.9 |
|year mean C = 10.9 |
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|source 1=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tnycp.html |publisher=Wetter-Zentrale |title=Station Name: Temperaturmonatsmittel NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK 1821- 1987 |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref> |
|source 1=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tnycp.html |publisher=Wetter-Zentrale |title=Station Name: Temperaturmonatsmittel NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK 1821- 1987 |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2020-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327091041/http://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tnycp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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| Line 164: | Line 169: | ||
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|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|January}} |
| {{Date table sorting|January}} |
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|{{convert|72|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Jan 6, 2007"| Jan 6, 2007<br/>Jan 26, 1950 |
|{{convert|72|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Jan 6, 2007"| Jan 6, 2007<br />Jan 26, 1950 |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|February}} |
| {{Date table sorting|February}} |
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| Line 170: | Line 175: | ||
|- |
|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|March}} |
| {{Date table sorting|March}} |
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|{{convert|86|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Mar 31, 1998"| Mar 31, 1998<br/>Mar 29, 1945 |
|{{convert|86|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Mar 31, 1998"| Mar 31, 1998<br />Mar 29, 1945 |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|April}} |
| {{Date table sorting|April}} |
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|{{convert|96|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Apr 17, 2002"| Apr 17, 2002<br/>Apr 18, 1976 |
|{{convert|96|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Apr 17, 2002"| Apr 17, 2002<br />Apr 18, 1976 |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|May}} |
| {{Date table sorting|May}} |
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| Line 179: | Line 184: | ||
|- |
|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|June}} |
| {{Date table sorting|June}} |
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|{{convert|101|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Jun 27, 1966"| Jun 27, 1966<br/>Jun 29, 1934 |
|{{convert|101|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Jun 27, 1966"| Jun 27, 1966<br />Jun 29, 1934 |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|July}} |
| {{Date table sorting|July}} |
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| Line 230: | Line 235: | ||
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|- |
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| {{Date table sorting|August}} |
| {{Date table sorting|August}} |
||
|{{convert|50|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Aug 29, 1986"| Aug 29, 1986<br/>Aug 29, 1982<br/>Aug 31, 1976<br/>Aug 29–30, 1965<br/>Aug 27–28, 1885 |
|{{convert|50|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Aug 29, 1986"| Aug 29, 1986<br />Aug 29, 1982<br />Aug 31, 1976<br />Aug 29–30, 1965<br />Aug 27–28, 1885 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|September}} |
| {{Date table sorting|September}} |
||
| Line 246: | Line 251: | ||
{{col-end}} |
{{col-end}} |
||
===Daily record warm |
===Daily record warm minimum=== |
||
{{col-begin}} |
{{col-begin}} |
||
{{col-2}} |
{{col-2}} |
||
| Line 274: | Line 279: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|July}} |
| {{Date table sorting|July}} |
||
|{{Convert|87|F|C}} ||Jul 2, 1903 |
|||
|{{convert|84|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Jul 22, 2011"|Jul 22, 2011<br/>Jul 15, 1995<br/>Jul 7, 1908 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|August}} |
| {{Date table sorting|August}} |
||
| Line 280: | Line 285: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|September}} |
| {{Date table sorting|September}} |
||
|{{convert|79|F|0}} || |
|{{convert|79|F|0}} ||Sep 7, 1881 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|October}} |
| {{Date table sorting|October}} |
||
|{{convert|75|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Oct 5, 1898"|Oct 5, 1898<br/>Oct 4, 1898 |
|{{convert|75|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Oct 5, 1898"|Oct 5, 1898<br />Oct 4, 1898 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|November}} |
| {{Date table sorting|November}} |
||
| Line 311: | Line 316: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|April}} |
| {{Date table sorting|April}} |
||
|{{convert|30|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Apr 7, 1982"|Apr 7, 1982<br/>Apr 5, 1881 |
|{{convert|30|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Apr 7, 1982"|Apr 7, 1982<br />Apr 5, 1881 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|May}} |
| {{Date table sorting|May}} |
||
|{{convert|43|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="May 5, 1891"|May 5, 1891<br/>May 3, 1873 |
|{{convert|43|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="May 5, 1891"|May 5, 1891<br />May 3, 1873 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|June}} |
| {{Date table sorting|June}} |
||
|{{convert|52|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Jun 2, 1946"|Jun 2, 1946<br/>Jun 4, 1945<br/>Jun 2, 1907 |
|{{convert|52|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Jun 2, 1946"|Jun 2, 1946<br />Jun 4, 1945<br />Jun 2, 1907 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|July}} |
| {{Date table sorting|July}} |
||
| Line 323: | Line 328: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|August}} |
| {{Date table sorting|August}} |
||
|{{convert|59|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Aug 21, 2007"|Aug 21, 2007<br/>Aug 31, 1911 |
|{{convert|59|F|0}} ||data-sort-value="Aug 21, 2007"|Aug 21, 2007<br />Aug 31, 1911 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Date table sorting|September}} |
| {{Date table sorting|September}} |
||
| Line 349: | Line 354: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|Year |
|Year |
||
|{{convert|58.0|F|1}}|| 2023<ref>[https://donsutherland.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2024/01/01/2023-becomes-new-york-citys-warmest-year-on-record/ 2023 Becomes New York City’s Warmest Year on Record]</ref> |
|||
|{{convert|57.4|F|1}}|| 2012 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| Spring (March–May) |
| Spring (March–May) |
||
| Line 364: | Line 369: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| January |
| January |
||
|{{convert|43. |
|{{convert|43.5|F|1}} || 2023 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| February |
| February |
||
| Line 373: | Line 378: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| April |
| April |
||
|{{convert|57.9|F|1}}|| |
|{{convert|57.9|F|1}}|| 2010 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| May |
| May |
||
| Line 382: | Line 387: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| July |
| July |
||
|{{convert|81.4|F|1}} || 1999{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of July 1999 equalled the mean temperature of July 1825.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel">{{cite web|title=Temperaturmonatsmittel NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK 1821–1987|url=http://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tnycp.html|access-date=January 6, 2021|publisher=Wetterzentrale|archive-date=March 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327091041/http://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tnycp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |
|||
|{{convert|81.4|F|1}} || 1999 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| August |
| August |
||
| Line 394: | Line 399: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| November |
| November |
||
|{{convert| |
|{{convert|53.0|F|1}} || 2020 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| December |
| December |
||
| Line 409: | Line 414: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|Year |
|Year |
||
|{{convert|49.3|F|1}} || 1888{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of 1836 was {{Convert|47.2|F|C}}, beating the record from 1888. Additionally, 1837 also beat 1888, with a mean temperature of {{Convert|49.2|F|C}}<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|49.3|F|1}} || 1888 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| Spring (March–May) |
| Spring (March–May) |
||
| Line 415: | Line 420: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| Summer (June–August) |
| Summer (June–August) |
||
|{{convert|69.3|F|1}} || 1903{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of summer 1837 was {{Convert|67.5|F|C}}, beating the record from summer 1903. Additionally, the summers of 1836 and 1839 also beat 1903, with mean temperatures of {{Convert|67.7|F|C}} and {{Convert|69.1|F|C}} respectively.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|69.3|F|1}} || 1903 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| Autumn (September–November) |
| Autumn (September–November) |
||
|{{convert|51.7|F|1}} || 1871{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of autumn 1836 was {{Convert|49.5|F|C}}, beating the record from autumn 1871. Additionally, the autumn of 1823 also beat 1871, with a mean temperature of {{Convert|51.3|F|C}}.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|51.7|F|1}} || 1871 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| Winter (December–February) |
| Winter (December–February) |
||
|{{convert|25.7|F|1}}|| 1917–1918{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of winter 1867–1868 was {{Convert|25.5|F|C}}, beating the record from winter 1917–1918.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|25.7|F|1}}|| 1917–1918 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| January |
| January |
||
|{{convert|21.7|F|1}} || 1918{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of January 1857 was {{Convert|19.6|F|C}}, beating the record from January 1918 as well as being the coldest month of any kind ever recorded.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|21.7|F|1}} || 1918 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| February |
| February |
||
| Line 436: | Line 441: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| May |
| May |
||
|{{convert|54.3|F|1}}|| 1917{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of May 1917 was equalled by May 1850.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|54.3|F|1}}|| 1917 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| June |
| June |
||
|{{convert|64.2|F|1}} || 1903{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of June 1836 was {{Convert|62.2|F|C}}, beating the record from June 1903. The mean temperature of June 1903 was also beaten by June 1839, with a mean temperature of {{Convert|63.3|F|C}}.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|64.2|F|1}} || 1903 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| July |
| July |
||
|{{convert|70.7|F|1}} || 1888{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of July 1837 was {{Convert|69.4|F|C}}, beating the record from July 1888.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|70.7|F|1}} || 1888 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| August |
| August |
||
|{{convert|68.5|F|1}} || 1927{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of August 1836 was {{Convert|67.8|F|C}}, beating the record from August 1927. The mean temperature of August 1927 was also beaten by August 1866, with a mean temperature of {{Convert|68.4|F|C}}. The mean temperature of August 1927 was also equalled by August 1837.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|68.5|F|1}} || 1927 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| September |
| September |
||
|{{convert|60.8|F|1}} || 1871{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of September 1835 was {{Convert|60.6|F|C}}, beating the record from September 1871.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|60.8|F|1}} || 1871 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| October |
| October |
||
|{{convert|48.6|F|1}} || 1888{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of October 1836 was {{Convert|45.8|F|C}}, beating the record from October 1888.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|48.6|F|1}} || 1888 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| November |
| November |
||
| Line 457: | Line 462: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| December |
| December |
||
|{{convert|24.9|F|1}} || 1876{{efn|Before official records began, the mean temperature of December 1831 was {{Convert|22.3|F|C}}, beating the record from December 1876.<ref name="Temperaturmonatsmittel"/>}} |
|||
|{{convert|24.9|F|1}} || 1876 |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
{{col-end}} |
{{col-end}} |
||
==Precipitation== |
==Precipitation== |
||
[[File:Central park Bench 02765.jpg|alt=|thumb|Snow at Central Park |
[[File:Central park Bench 02765.jpg|alt=|thumb|Snow at Central Park, winter 2011]] |
||
New York City averages {{convert|49.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} annually. Spring is the wettest season. February is the driest month. Every single month in the city's recorded history has reported some rainfall, showing the variability of the climate. On occasion, tropical systems can drop heavy rainfall. The record for days without rain, is 36 consecutive days, between October 10 and November 13, 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate/records/wetdryyearsmonths.html|title = Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK|publisher = NWS Upton, New York|access-date = 2020-07-05}}</ref> The most rainfall in 24 hours was {{convert|8.28|in|1|abbr=on}} on September 23, 1882.<ref name="snow"/> |
|||
In winter, on occasion, the city can see snow. Annually, most snow in New York City occurs from December through late March. Snowfall averages {{convert| 29.8|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} per year but is highly variable between winter seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate/records/wetdryyearsmonths.html|title = Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK|publisher = NWS Upton, New York|access-date = 2020-07-05}}</ref> The most snowfall was {{convert|27.3|in|cm|abbr=on}} on January 23, 2016.<ref name="snow">{{cite web |
|||
|url = http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate/records/monthseasonsnowfall.html |
|url = http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate/records/monthseasonsnowfall.html |
||
|title = Monthly & Seasonal Snowfall at Central Park| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| access-date = 2020-07-05}}</ref> |
|title = Monthly & Seasonal Snowfall at Central Park| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| access-date = 2020-07-05}}</ref> |
||
| Line 471: | Line 478: | ||
{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
||
|name = New York City weatherbox |
|name = New York City weatherbox |
||
|location = New York ([[Belvedere Castle]], [[Central Park]]), |
|location = New York ([[Belvedere Castle]], [[Central Park]]), 1991–2020 normals |
||
|single line = y |
|single line = y |
||
| |
|precipitation colour= green |
||
|Jan precipitation inch = 3. |
|Jan precipitation inch = 3.64 |
||
|Feb precipitation inch = 3. |
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.19 |
||
|Mar precipitation inch = 4. |
|Mar precipitation inch = 4.29 |
||
|Apr precipitation inch = 4. |
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.09 |
||
|May precipitation inch = |
|May precipitation inch = 3.96 |
||
|Jun precipitation inch = 4. |
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.54 |
||
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.60 |
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.60 |
||
|Aug precipitation inch = 4. |
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.56 |
||
|Sep precipitation inch = 4. |
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.31 |
||
|Oct precipitation inch = 4. |
|Oct precipitation inch = 4.38 |
||
|Nov precipitation inch = |
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.58 |
||
|Dec precipitation inch = 4. |
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.38 |
||
|year precipitation inch=49. |
|year precipitation inch = 49.52 |
||
| |
|Jan snow inch = 8.8 |
||
| |
|Feb snow inch = 10.1 |
||
| |
|Mar snow inch = 5.0 |
||
| |
|Apr snow inch = 0.4 |
||
| |
|May snow inch = 0.0 |
||
| |
|Jun snow inch = 0.0 |
||
| |
|Jul snow inch = 0.0 |
||
| |
|Aug snow inch = 0.0 |
||
| |
|Sep snow inch = 0.0 |
||
| |
|Oct snow inch = 0.1 |
||
| |
|Nov snow inch = 0.5 |
||
| |
|Dec snow inch = 4.9 |
||
|year snow inch= |
|year snow inch = 29.8 |
||
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |
||
|Jan precipitation days = 10.8 |
|||
|Feb precipitation days = 10.0 |
|||
|Mar precipitation days = 11.1 |
|||
|Apr precipitation days = 11.4 |
|||
|May precipitation days = 11.5 |
|||
|Jun precipitation days = 11.2 |
|||
|Jul precipitation days = 10.5 |
|||
|Aug precipitation days = 10.0 |
|||
|Sep precipitation days = 8.8 |
|||
|Oct precipitation days = 9.5 |
|||
|Nov precipitation days = 9.2 |
|||
|Dec precipitation days = 11.4 |
|||
|year precipitation days = 125.4 |
|||
|unit snow days = 0.1 in |
|unit snow days = 0.1 in |
||
|Jan |
|Jan snow days = 3.7 |
||
|Feb |
|Feb snow days = 3.2 |
||
|Mar |
|Mar snow days = 2.0 |
||
|Apr |
|Apr snow days = 0.2 |
||
|May |
|May snow days = 0.0 |
||
|Jun |
|Jun snow days = 0.0 |
||
|Jul |
|Jul snow days = 0.0 |
||
|Aug |
|Aug snow days = 0.0 |
||
|Sep |
|Sep snow days = 0.0 |
||
|Oct |
|Oct snow days = 0.0 |
||
|Nov precipitation days = 9.6 |
|||
|Dec precipitation days = 10.6 |
|||
|year precipitation days=122.0 |
|||
|Jul snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Aug snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Sep snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Oct snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Nov snow days = 0.2 |
|Nov snow days = 0.2 |
||
|Dec snow days = 2. |
|Dec snow days = 2.1 |
||
| |
|year snow days = 11.4 |
||
|source 1= [[NOAA]]<ref name="Station Name: NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK"/> |
|||
|Feb snow days = 2.8 |
|||
|Mar snow days = 1.8 |
|||
|Apr snow days = 0.3 |
|||
|May snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Jun snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|year snow days=11.4 |
|||
|source 1= [[NOAA]] <ref>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00094728.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station Name: NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK TWR |access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 585: | Line 592: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| October |
| October |
||
|{{convert|0. |
|{{convert|0.01|in|abbr=}}|| 2024 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| November |
| November |
||
| Line 603: | Line 610: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|Year |
|Year |
||
|{{convert|80.56|in|abbr=}}|| 1983{{efn|Due to a rain gauge malfunction, the rainfall measurement is in doubt.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/31/nyregion/city-s-rain-83-record-is-in-doubt.html CITY'S RAIN: '83 RECORD IS IN DOUBT], New York Times, December 31, 1983</ref>}} |
|||
|{{convert|80.56|in|abbr=}}|| 1983 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| Spring (March–May) |
| Spring (March–May) |
||
| Line 658: | Line 665: | ||
{{col-begin}} |
{{col-begin}} |
||
{{col-2}} |
{{col-2}} |
||
==== Highest ==== |
==== Highest ==== |
||
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |
||
| Line 693: | Line 701: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| May |
| May |
||
|Trace|| 2020 |
|Trace|| 2020, 1977, 1956, 1946 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| June–September |
| June–September |
||
| Line 708: | Line 716: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
{{col-2}} |
{{col-2}} |
||
==== Lowest ==== |
==== Lowest ==== |
||
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
!Period |
!Period |
||
!Record least snowfall<ref |
!Record least snowfall<ref name="snow"/> |
||
!Year |
!Year |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Year |
|Year |
||
|{{convert| |
|{{convert|2.3|in|cm|abbr=on}}|| 2023 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Seasonal (July–June) |
| Seasonal (July–June) |
||
|{{convert|2. |
|{{convert|2.3|in|cm|abbr=on}}|| 2022–2023 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Winter (December–February) |
| Winter (December–February) |
||
| Line 743: | Line 752: | ||
==Other phenomena== |
==Other phenomena== |
||
===Sunshine, UV and daylight=== |
===Sunshine, UV and daylight=== |
||
The city generally experiences sunny conditions |
The city generally experiences sunny conditions. As a result of New York City's latitude, {{coord|40.712740|N|74.005974|W|region:US-NY|format=dms|display=inline,title}}, it is not subject to the extremes of daylight that places much farther north see.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gps-coordinates.net/|title=GPS coordinates, latitude and longitude with interactive Maps|website=www.gps-coordinates.net}}</ref> However, it is far north enough for there to be a moderate change of possible daylight hours throughout the year.<ref name="Weather Atlas NYC2">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/new-york-usa/new-york-climate |title=New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> |
||
{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
||
| Line 758: | Line 767: | ||
|Sep sun = 219.3 |Sep percentsun = 59 |
|Sep sun = 219.3 |Sep percentsun = 59 |
||
|Oct sun = 211.2 |Oct percentsun = 61 |
|Oct sun = 211.2 |Oct percentsun = 61 |
||
|Nov sun = 151.0 |Nov percentsun = |
|Nov sun = 151.0 |Nov percentsun = 48 |
||
|Dec sun = 139.0 |Dec percentsun = 48 |
|Dec sun = 139.0 |Dec percentsun = 48 |
||
|year percentsun = 57 |
|year percentsun = 57 |
||
| Line 776: | Line 785: | ||
| Feb light = 10.7 |
| Feb light = 10.7 |
||
| Mar light = 12.0 |
| Mar light = 12.0 |
||
| Apr light = 13. |
| Apr light = 13.3 |
||
| May light = 14.5 |
| May light = 14.5 |
||
| Jun light = 15.1 |
| Jun light = 15.1 |
||
| Line 786: | Line 795: | ||
| Dec light = 9.3 |
| Dec light = 9.3 |
||
| year light= |
| year light= |
||
|source 1= NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = |
|source 1= NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = 10 April 2018}}</ref> |
||
|source 2= Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas |
|source 2= Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas NYC2" /> |
||
}} |
}} |
||
===Wind=== |
===Wind=== |
||
New York City can occasionally experince strong winds, like many coastal locations. Tropical cyclones or intense oceanic storms bring the strongest winds. The strongest gust in Central Park, of {{Convert|78|mph}}, occurred on December 2, 1974, however, a station at The Battery reported a gust of {{Convert|113|mph}} on October 14, 1954 during [[Hurricane Hazel]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.weather.gov/media/okx/Climate/CentralPark/extremes.pdf |title = All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY (1869 to Present) |publisher = [[National Weather Service]]|access-date = 25 June 2021}}</ref> |
|||
Most recently [[Hurricane Sandy]] struck the city on October 29, 2012, causing billions of dollars in damage. It resulted in loss of power, severe flooding and many residents being displaced.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www1.nyc.gov/site/cdbgdr/about/About%20Hurricane%20Sandy.page#:~:text=Impact%20of%20Hurricane%20Sandy&text=The%20storm%20resulted%20in%20the,New%20Yorkers%20were%20temporarily%20displaced. |title = Impact of Hurricane Sandy |publisher = 1.nyc.gov |access-date = 25 June 2021 |archive-date = 25 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625065159/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/cdbgdr/about/About%20Hurricane%20Sandy.page#:~:text=Impact%20of%20Hurricane%20Sandy&text=The%20storm%20resulted%20in%20the,New%20Yorkers%20were%20temporarily%20displaced. |url-status = dead }}</ref> |
|||
{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
||
| Line 797: | Line 807: | ||
{{main|Climate change in New York City}} |
{{main|Climate change in New York City}} |
||
[[File:DSC 4585 (8204033522).jpg|alt=The Queens–Midtown Tunnel is seen flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.|thumb|[[Queens–Midtown Tunnel]] after flooding caused by [[Hurricane Sandy]] on October 29, 2012. Climate change means events like this will become more likely.]] |
[[File:DSC 4585 (8204033522).jpg|alt=The Queens–Midtown Tunnel is seen flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.|thumb|[[Queens–Midtown Tunnel]] after flooding caused by [[Hurricane Sandy]] on October 29, 2012. Climate change means events like this will become more likely.]] |
||
Being a coastal city, New York City is expected to experience significant |
Being a coastal city, New York City is expected to experience significant effects from rising sea levels. Predictions that the sea level will rise by as much as {{Convert|6|ft}} by 2100 have prompted the city's mayor to invest $10 billion into keeping the city safe.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/14/18265833/new-york-city-climate-change-sea-level-rise-bill-de-blasio-development|title =NYC mayor has a $10 billion plan to protect Manhattan from rising seas |date =14 March 2019 |publisher = [[The Verge]]|access-date = 25 June 2021}}</ref> The city is also expected to become more susceptible to storm surges and flooding, meaning events like Hurricane Sandy's impacts will become more likely in the future. |
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===Temperature=== |
===Temperature=== |
||
The temperature in New York City has generally increased steadily of the last 150 years and this trend is expected to continue due to anthropogenic warming. By 2080, it is predicted that the climate of the city will be similar to |
The temperature in New York City has generally increased steadily of the last 150 years and this trend is expected to continue due to anthropogenic warming. By 2080, it is predicted that the climate of the city will be similar to coastal South Carolina. The mean temperature has risen by {{convert|2.4|F-change}} since the 1970s and this warming is expected to accelerate in the coming decades.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/02/12/global-warming-climate-change-shift-climates-south/2847860002/|title =By 2080, global warming will make New York City feel like Arkansas|newspaper = [[USA Today]]|access-date = 25 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/94702.html#:~:text=The%20annual%20average%20temperature%20statewide,northern%20parts%20of%20New%20York.|title =Impacts of Climate Change in New York|newspaper = [[USA Today]]|access-date = 25 June 2021}}</ref> |
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===Precipitation=== |
===Precipitation=== |
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Precipitation in the city has significantly increased since 2000; both rainfall and snowfall have risen, but snowfall has increased much more significantly. However, it is argued that such trends, being so recent, |
Precipitation in the city has significantly increased since 2000; both rainfall and snowfall have risen, but snowfall has increased much more significantly. However, it is argued that such trends, being so recent, make it impossible to predict whether such increases will continue or become steadier.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://newyorkyimby.com/2017/12/why-new-york-citys-rapidly-rising-snowfall-totals-are-no-holiday-miracle.html|title =Why New York City's Rapidly Rising Snowfall Totals Are No Holiday Miracle|date =29 December 2017|publisher = New York Yimby|access-date = 25 June 2021}}</ref> |
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===Data=== |
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==Station data== |
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<!--It looks like someone edited something: {from 2010-2019 normals, extremes 2010 to present} and changed it to {2010-2019 normals and extremes}--> |
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{{New York City weatherbox}}{{Weather box |
|||
|location = New York LaGuardia Airport, NY (1991-2020 normals) |
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|single line = Y |
|||
| Jan high F = 40.2 |
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| Feb high F = 42.7 |
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| Mar high F = 49.9 |
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| Apr high F = 61.3 |
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| May high F = 71.8 |
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| Jun high F = 81.1 |
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| Jul high F = 86.4 |
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| Aug high F = 84.5 |
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| Sep high F = 77.2 |
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| Oct high F = 66.0 |
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| Nov high F = 55.0 |
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| Dec high F = 45.4 |
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|year high F = 63.5 |
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|Jan mean F = 34.4 |
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|Feb mean F = 36.3 |
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|Mar mean F = 43.1 |
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|Apr mean F = 53.6 |
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|May mean F = 63.7 |
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|Jun mean F = 73.4 |
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|Jul mean F = 79.2 |
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|Aug mean F = 77.7 |
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|Sep mean F = 70.8 |
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|Oct mean F = 59.6 |
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|Nov mean F = 49.1 |
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|Dec mean F = 40.0 |
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|year mean F = 56.8 |
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| Jan low F = 28.6 |
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| Feb low F = 29.9 |
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| Mar low F = 36.2 |
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| Apr low F = 46.0 |
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| May low F = 55.7 |
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| Jun low F = 65.7 |
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| Jul low F = 71.9 |
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| Aug low F = 71.0 |
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| Sep low F = 64.4 |
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| Oct low F = 53.3 |
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| Nov low F = 43.2 |
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| Dec low F = 34.7 |
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|year low F = 50.1 |
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|Jan record high F = 72 |
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|Feb record high F = 79 |
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|Mar record high F = 86 |
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|Apr record high F = 94 |
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|May record high F = 97 |
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|Jun record high F = 101 |
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|Jul record high F = 107 |
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|Aug record high F = 104 |
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|Sep record high F = 102 |
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|Oct record high F = 95 |
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|Nov record high F = 83 |
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|Dec record high F = 75 |
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|year record high F = |
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|Jan record low F = -3 |
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|Feb record low F = -7 |
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|Mar record low F = 7 |
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|Apr record low F = 22 |
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|May record low F = 36 |
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|Jun record low F = 46 |
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|Jul record low F = 56 |
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|Aug record low F = 51 |
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|Sep record low F = 42 |
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|Oct record low F = 30 |
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|Nov record low F = 17 |
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|Dec record low F = -2 |
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|year record low F = |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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| Jan precipitation inch = 3.25 |
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| Feb precipitation inch = 2.93 |
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| Mar precipitation inch = 4.01 |
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| Apr precipitation inch = 3.85 |
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| May precipitation inch = 3.58 |
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| Jun precipitation inch = 4.03 |
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| Jul precipitation inch = 4.30 |
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| Aug precipitation inch = 4.41 |
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| Sep precipitation inch = 3.88 |
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| Oct precipitation inch = 3.81 |
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| Nov precipitation inch = 3.15 |
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| Dec precipitation inch = 4.08 |
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|year precipitation inch = 45.28 |
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| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |
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| Jan precipitation days = 10.3 |
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| Feb precipitation days = 10.2 |
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| Mar precipitation days = 10.9 |
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| Apr precipitation days = 11.2 |
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| May precipitation days = 11.6 |
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| Jun precipitation days = 10.7 |
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| Jul precipitation days = 9.7 |
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| Aug precipitation days = 9.5 |
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| Sep precipitation days = 8.3 |
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| Oct precipitation days = 9.0 |
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| Nov precipitation days = 8.8 |
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| Dec precipitation days = 11.5 |
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| year precipitation days = 121.7 |
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|Jan snow inch = 8.6 |
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|Feb snow inch = 9.8 |
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|Mar snow inch = 5.4 |
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|Apr snow inch = 0.4 |
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|May snow inch = 0.0 |
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|Jun snow inch = 0.0 |
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|Jul snow inch = 0.0 |
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|Aug snow inch = 0.0 |
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|Sep snow inch = 0.0 |
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|Oct snow inch = 0.1 |
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|Nov snow inch = 0.3 |
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|Dec snow inch = 5.2 |
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|year snow inch = 29.8 |
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|unit snow days = 0.1 in |
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|Jan snow days = 4.4 |
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|Feb snow days = 3.7 |
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|Mar snow days = 2.6 |
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|Apr snow days = 0.2 |
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|May snow days = 0.0 |
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|Jun snow days = 0.0 |
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|Jul snow days = 0.0 |
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|Aug snow days = 0.0 |
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|Sep snow days = 0.0 |
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|Oct snow days = 0.0 |
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|Nov snow days = 0.2 |
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|Dec snow days = 2.7 |
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|year snow days = 13.8 |
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|source 1 = NOAA<ref name="NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data">{{cite web |
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| url = |
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| title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data |
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| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00014732.csv |
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| title = Monthly Normals 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
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| accessdate = July 13, 2022 |
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}}</ref> }} |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = Newark International Airport, NJ (1991-2020 normals) |
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| name = weatherbox <!-- Add a name to the weather box in template namespace to show VTE editing options. --> |
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|single line = Y |
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| width = <!-- Width parameter for wikitable, default width=90%. Leave blank for wikitable with no width defined. Set width=auto to fit the table in the next available space automatically. --> |
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| Jan high F = 40.0 |
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| collapsed = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template initially collapsed. Leave blank or remove this line for uncollapsed. --> |
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| Feb high F = 43.0 |
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| open = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template permanently open, and remove the hide button. Remove this line for a collapsible table. --> |
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| Mar high F = 50.9 |
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| single line = yes <!-- Any entry in this line will display metric and imperial units in the same cell. Leave blank or remove this line for separate table rows. --> |
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| Apr high F = 62.6 |
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| trace = <!-- Any entry in this line will replace the word "trace" with the input when entering trace amounts for precipitation. Leave blank for default.--> |
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| May high F = 72.6 |
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| location = New York ([[Belvedere Castle]], [[Central Park]]), 2010-2019 normals and extremes <!-- Mandatory field, location the climate data was taken, usually an airport. --> |
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| Jun high F = 81.8 |
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| Jul high F = 86.9 |
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| temperature colour = <!-- Enter "pastel" for pastel temperature colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for the standard colouring. --> |
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| Aug high F = 84.7 |
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| Sep high F = 77.7 |
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| Oct high F = 66.0 |
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<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. --> |
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| |
| Nov high F = 54.9 |
||
| |
| Dec high F = 44.8 |
||
| |
|year high F = 63.8 |
||
| |
|Jan mean F = 32.8 |
||
| |
|Feb mean F = 35.1 |
||
| |
|Mar mean F = 42.5 |
||
| |
|Apr mean F = 53.3 |
||
| |
|May mean F = 63.3 |
||
| |
|Jun mean F = 72.7 |
||
| |
|Jul mean F = 78.2 |
||
| |
|Aug mean F = 76.4 |
||
| |
|Sep mean F = 69.2 |
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|Oct mean F = 57.5 |
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| year record high F = |
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|Nov mean F = 47.0 |
|||
<!-- Average monthly absolute maximum temperatures (that is, on average, the highest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. --> |
|||
| |
|Dec mean F = 38.0 |
||
| |
|year mean F = 55.5 |
||
| |
| Jan low F = 25.5 |
||
| |
| Feb low F = 27.2 |
||
| |
| Mar low F = 34.2 |
||
| |
| Apr low F = 44.1 |
||
| |
| May low F = 53.9 |
||
| |
| Jun low F = 63.6 |
||
| |
| Jul low F = 69.4 |
||
| |
| Aug low F = 68.0 |
||
| |
| Sep low F = 60.7 |
||
| |
| Oct low F = 49.0 |
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| Nov low F = 39.0 |
|||
| year avg record high F = 97.5 <!-- Note: the yearly data does NOT necessarily reflect the highest temperature in any of the months. This refers to the yearly highest temperature, that is, on average, the highest temperature to be observed in a year. --> |
|||
| Dec low F = 31.2 |
|||
<!-- Average high temperatures --> |
|||
| |
|year low F = 47.2 |
||
| |
|Jan record high F = 74 |
||
| |
|Feb record high F = 80 |
||
| |
|Mar record high F = 89 |
||
| |
|Apr record high F = 97 |
||
| |
|May record high F = 99 |
||
| |
|Jun record high F = 103 |
||
| |
|Jul record high F = 108 |
||
| |
|Aug record high F = 105 |
||
| |
|Sep record high F = 105 |
||
| |
|Oct record high F = 96 |
||
| |
|Nov record high F = 85 |
||
| |
|Dec record high F = 76 |
||
|year record high F = |
|||
|Jan record low F = -8 |
|||
|Feb record low F = -14 |
|||
|Mar record low F = 6 |
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|Apr record low F = 16 |
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|May record low F = 33 |
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|Jun record low F = 41 |
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|Jul record low F = 51 |
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|Aug record low F = 45 |
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|Sep record low F = 35 |
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|Oct record low F = 25 |
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|Nov record low F = 12 |
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|Dec record low F = -8 |
|||
|year record low F = |
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|precipitation colour = green |
|||
| Jan precipitation inch = 3.42 |
|||
| Feb precipitation inch = 2.98 |
|||
| Mar precipitation inch = 4.13 |
|||
| Apr precipitation inch = 3.87 |
|||
| May precipitation inch = 3.97 |
|||
| Jun precipitation inch = 4.34 |
|||
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.66 |
|||
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.15 |
|||
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.82 |
|||
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.79 |
|||
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.33 |
|||
| Dec precipitation inch = 4.14 |
|||
|year precipitation inch = 46.60 |
|||
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |
|||
| Jan precipitation days = 10.6 |
|||
| Feb precipitation days = 10.0 |
|||
| Mar precipitation days = 10.9 |
|||
| Apr precipitation days = 11.5 |
|||
| May precipitation days = 11.4 |
|||
| Jun precipitation days = 10.9 |
|||
| Jul precipitation days = 10.0 |
|||
| Aug precipitation days = 9.8 |
|||
| Sep precipitation days = 8.7 |
|||
| Oct precipitation days = 9.4 |
|||
| Nov precipitation days = 8.8 |
|||
| Dec precipitation days = 11.1 |
|||
| year precipitation days = 123.1 |
|||
|Jan snow inch = 9.1 |
|||
|Feb snow inch = 10.1 |
|||
|Mar snow inch = 5.6 |
|||
|Apr snow inch = 0.5 |
|||
|May snow inch = 0.0 |
|||
|Jun snow inch = 0.0 |
|||
|Jul snow inch = 0.0 |
|||
|Aug snow inch = 0.0 |
|||
|Sep snow inch = 0.0 |
|||
|Oct snow inch = 0.2 |
|||
|Nov snow inch = 0.6 |
|||
|Dec snow inch = 5.4 |
|||
|year snow inch = 31.5 |
|||
|unit snow days = 0.1 in |
|||
|Jan snow days = 4.6 |
|||
|Feb snow days = 3.8 |
|||
|Mar snow days = 2.7 |
|||
|Apr snow days = 0.3 |
|||
|May snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Jun snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Jul snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Aug snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Sep snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Oct snow days = 0.0 |
|||
|Nov snow days = 0.3 |
|||
|Dec snow days = 2.8 |
|||
|year snow days = 14.5 |
|||
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name="NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data"/><ref>{{cite web |
|||
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00014734.csv |
|||
| title = Monthly Normals 1991-2020 |
|||
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
|||
| accessdate = July 13, 2022 |
|||
}}</ref> }} |
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<!-- Average low temperatures --> |
|||
| Jan low F = 26.9 |
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| Feb low F = 29.1 |
|||
| Mar low F = 35.4 |
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| Apr low F = 45.8 |
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| May low F = 56.1 |
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| Jun low F = 64.3 |
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| Jul low F = 71.1 |
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| Jul snow days = 0 |
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| Aug low F = 69.4 |
|||
| Sep low F = 63.3 |
|||
| Oct low F = 52.6 |
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| Nov low F = 40.8 |
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| Nov snow days = 0.4 |
|||
| Dec low F = 34.6 |
|||
| Jun snow days = 0 |
|||
| Aug snow days = 0 |
|||
| Sep snow days = 0 |
|||
| year low F = |
|||
<!-- Average monthly absolute minimum temperatures (that is, on average, the lowest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. --> |
|||
| Jan avg record low F = 9.1 |
|||
| Feb avg record low F = 12.0 |
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| Mar avg record low F = 21.1 |
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| Apr avg record low F = 33.7 |
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| May avg record low F = 45.2 |
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| Jun avg record low F = 53.0 |
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| Jul avg record low F = 62.8 |
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| Aug avg record low F = 61.1 |
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| Sep avg record low F = 52.7 |
|||
| Oct avg record low F = 39.1 |
|||
| Nov avg record low F = 27.4 |
|||
| Dec avg record low F = 21.2 |
|||
| year avg record low F = 6.4 <!-- Note: the yearly data does NOT necessarily reflect the lowest temperature in any of the months. This refers to the yearly lowest temperature, that is, on average, the highest temperature to be observed in a year. --> |
|||
<!-- Record low temperatures --> |
|||
<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. --> |
|||
| Jan record low F = 2 |
|||
| Feb record low F = -1 |
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| Mar record low F = 12 |
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| Apr record low F = 26 |
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| May record low F = 34 |
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| Jun record low F = 50 |
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| Jul record low F = 61 |
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| Aug record low F = 59 |
|||
| Sep record low F = 47 |
|||
| Oct record low F = 33 |
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| Nov record low F = 15 |
|||
| Dec record low F = 9 |
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| year record low F = |
|||
| Jan precipitation days = 9.9 |
|||
| Feb precipitation days = 11.1 |
|||
| Mar precipitation days = 9.9 |
|||
| Apr precipitation days = 11.1 |
|||
| May precipitation days = 12.0 |
|||
| Jun precipitation days = 11.3 |
|||
| Jul precipitation days = 10.3 |
|||
| Aug precipitation days = 10.5 |
|||
| Sep precipitation days = 8.1 |
|||
| Oct precipitation days = 9.9 |
|||
| Nov precipitation days = 8.8 |
|||
| Dec precipitation days = 12.3 |
|||
| year precipitation days = |
|||
| precipitation colour = green |
|||
| Jan precipitation inch = 3.60 |
|||
| Feb precipitation inch = 3.92 |
|||
| Mar precipitation inch = 4.46 |
|||
| Apr precipitation inch = 3.82 |
|||
| May precipitation inch = 4.82 |
|||
| Jun precipitation inch = 4.36 |
|||
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.67 |
|||
| Aug precipitation inch = 5.10 |
|||
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.68 |
|||
| Oct precipitation inch = 4.20 |
|||
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.32 |
|||
| Dec precipitation inch = 4.74 |
|||
| year precipitation inch = |
|||
| Jan snow inch = 12.9 |
|||
| Feb snow inch = 11.8 |
|||
| Mar snow inch = 6.0 |
|||
| Apr snow inch = 0.6 |
|||
| May snow mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Jun snow mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Jul snow mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Aug snow mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Sep snow mm = 0.0 |
|||
| Oct snow inch = 0.3 |
|||
| Nov snow inch = 1.1 |
|||
| Dec snow inch = 4.4 |
|||
| year snow cm = |
|||
| Jan snow days = 3.9 |
|||
| May snow days = 0 |
|||
| Dec snow days = 1.9 |
|||
| Mar snow days = 2.0 |
|||
| Apr snow days = 0.1 |
|||
| Feb snow days = 3.9 |
|||
| Oct snow days = 0.1 |
|||
<!-- Mandatory fields, source --> |
|||
| source = NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984) |
|||
<!-- For a second source --> |
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| source 2 = Weather Atlas |
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}}<!-- Infobox ends --> |
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==Station data== |
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{{New York City weatherbox|collapsed=Y}} |
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{{Queens airports weatherbox}} |
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;Time series plot for Central Park, 1869–present |
;Time series plot for Central Park, 1869–present |
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{{Graph:Weather monthly history |
{{Graph:Weather monthly history |
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| Line 981: | Line 1,091: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{ClimateUS |
{{ClimateUS |
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| Line 987: | Line 1,096: | ||
}} |
}} |
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{{New York City}} |
{{New York City}} |
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{{Portal|New York City}} |
{{Portal bar|New York City}} |
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[[Category:Climate |
[[Category:Climate in the United States by populated place|New York City]] |
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[[Category:New York City]] |
[[Category:Environment of New York City]] |
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[[Category:Climate by city]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:16, 29 December 2024
| New York | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of New York City is humid subtropical (Cfa), with parts of the city transitioning into a humid continental climate. (Dfa).[1] The city experiences long, hot, humid summers with frequent late day thundershowers, and moderately cold winters, with occasional snow or a mix of snow and rain. As it is much more geographically southern, it is usually warmer in winter than in Upstate New York. Also, New York's enormous population, human activity, and vast amounts of large buildings and streets, which absorb sunlight during the day, contribute significantly to the urban heat island effect.
Meteorological records have been kept at Central Park since 1821, although the station was relocated to a different part of the park on January 1, 1920.[2] There are also other weather stations in the area including one at LaGuardia Airport, beginning in 1940, and at JFK Airport, beginning in 1948. However, due to Central Park's long records and central location, it is often considered the main station for the city. Hence, all records unless otherwise stated will be for this station.
The highest temperature ever observed in Central Park is 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936 - although LaGuardia reported 107 °F (42 °C) on July 3, 1966, and the lowest is −15 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934. The lowest daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917. The highest daily minimum at Central Park is 87 °F (31 °C) on July 2, 1903.[3]
The averages 42 to 49 inches of precipitation annually, with snowfall averaging 29.8 in (75.7 cm) per year but is highly variable between winter seasons.[4] The city can also be prone to strong winds, being a coastal location it is exposed to the Atlantic. Hurricane Hazel in 1954 produced a wind gust of 83 mph, while a gust of 78 miles per hour (126 km/h) being reported on December 2, 1974.[5] Governors Island, Manhattan, in New York Harbor, is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center poised to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[6]
Classifications
[edit]
New York City falls under different climate types depending on the climate classification system used. However, the Köppen climate classification system is the most widely used climate classification scheme, in which New York City falls under the humid subtropical zone.
| Climatic scheme | Initials | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Köppen system[1] | Cfa | Humid subtropical climate |
| Trewartha system[7] | Do | Temperate oceanic climate |
| Alisov system[8] | — | Temperate climate |
| Strahler system[9] | — | Moist continental climate |
| Thornthwaite system[10] | C2 B'1
|
Moist subhumid mesothermal climate |
| Neef system[11] | — | East-side temperate climate |
In the Holdridge life zones system, having a mean annual biotemperature above 53.6 °F (12 °C) and mean annual precipitation above 39.4 inches (1,000 mm), New York City features a warm temperate moist forest climate.[12] By the Trewartha classification, the city is defined as having a Temperate climate (Dc).[13][14] Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine.[15] The USDA plant hardiness zones are 7a and 7b. Most of the city is found in 7b, with forested areas and parks being in 7a, as shown in Staten Island and suburban areas. The city also has some small densely populated areas in 8a, like around Laguardia airport.[16]
Temperature
[edit]The city's annual temperature profile consists of a warm to hot season from May through October, and a cool to cold period from November through April. However, due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, these swings are less significant than areas further inland. The Atlantic serves as a moderator of the temperature meaning the city is milder than areas inland during the winter and cooler during the summer. All extremes are for the Central Park station.
Averages
[edit]In an average year, the temperature will usually be between 8 °F (−13 °C) and 97 °F (36 °C) with temperatures greatly exceeding these values being uncommon. Temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) and below 0 °F (−18 °C) are very rare, with the last occurrences being July 18, 2012 and February 14, 2016, respectively.[17]
| Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 60.4 (15.8) |
60.7 (15.9) |
70.3 (21.3) |
82.9 (28.3) |
88.5 (31.4) |
92.1 (33.4) |
95.7 (35.4) |
93.4 (34.1) |
89.0 (31.7) |
79.7 (26.5) |
70.7 (21.5) |
62.9 (17.2) |
97.0 (36.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.5 (4.2) |
42.2 (5.7) |
49.9 (9.9) |
61.8 (16.6) |
71.4 (21.9) |
79.7 (26.5) |
84.9 (29.4) |
83.3 (28.5) |
76.2 (24.6) |
64.5 (18.1) |
54.0 (12.2) |
44.3 (6.8) |
62.6 (17.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) |
35.9 (2.2) |
42.8 (6.0) |
53.7 (12.1) |
63.2 (17.3) |
72.0 (22.2) |
77.5 (25.3) |
76.1 (24.5) |
69.2 (20.7) |
57.9 (14.4) |
48.0 (8.9) |
39.1 (3.9) |
55.8 (13.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.9 (−2.3) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
35.8 (2.1) |
45.5 (7.5) |
55.0 (12.8) |
64.4 (18.0) |
70.1 (21.2) |
68.9 (20.5) |
62.3 (16.8) |
51.4 (10.8) |
42.0 (5.6) |
33.8 (1.0) |
48.9 (9.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 9.8 (−12.3) |
12.7 (−10.7) |
19.7 (−6.8) |
32.8 (0.4) |
43.9 (6.6) |
52.7 (11.5) |
61.8 (16.6) |
60.3 (15.7) |
50.2 (10.1) |
38.4 (3.6) |
27.7 (−2.4) |
18.0 (−7.8) |
7.7 (−13.5) |
| Source: NOAA[18] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for New York (Central Park), 1822–1871 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 29.8 (−1.2) |
30.4 (−0.9) |
38.1 (3.4) |
48.7 (9.3) |
59.2 (15.1) |
69.3 (20.7) |
74.8 (23.8) |
73.2 (22.9) |
65.7 (18.7) |
54.5 (12.5) |
43.5 (6.4) |
33.3 (0.7) |
51.6 (10.9) |
| Source: [19] | |||||||||||||
Highest daily temperatures
[edit]
|
Lowest daily temperatures[edit]
|
Daily record warm minimum
[edit]
|
Daily record cold maxima[edit]
|
Highest averages
[edit]
|
Lowest averages[edit]
|
Precipitation
[edit]
New York City averages 49.9 in (1,267 mm) annually. Spring is the wettest season. February is the driest month. Every single month in the city's recorded history has reported some rainfall, showing the variability of the climate. On occasion, tropical systems can drop heavy rainfall. The record for days without rain, is 36 consecutive days, between October 10 and November 13, 1924.[23] The most rainfall in 24 hours was 8.28 in (210.3 mm) on September 23, 1882.[24]
In winter, on occasion, the city can see snow. Annually, most snow in New York City occurs from December through late March. Snowfall averages 29.8 in (75.7 cm) per year but is highly variable between winter seasons.[25] The most snowfall was 27.3 in (69 cm) on January 23, 2016.[24]
Averages
[edit]| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.64 (92) |
3.19 (81) |
4.29 (109) |
4.09 (104) |
3.96 (101) |
4.54 (115) |
4.60 (117) |
4.56 (116) |
4.31 (109) |
4.38 (111) |
3.58 (91) |
4.38 (111) |
49.52 (1,258) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.8 (22) |
10.1 (26) |
5.0 (13) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.5 (1.3) |
4.9 (12) |
29.8 (76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.8 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 11.4 | 125.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 11.4 |
| Source: NOAA[18] | |||||||||||||
Rainfall Extremes
[edit]
Lowest[edit]
|
Highest[edit]
|
Snowfall
[edit]
Highest[edit]
|
Lowest[edit]
|
Other phenomena
[edit]Sunshine, UV and daylight
[edit]The city generally experiences sunny conditions. As a result of New York City's latitude, 40°42′46″N 74°00′22″W / 40.712740°N 74.005974°W, it is not subject to the extremes of daylight that places much farther north see.[27] However, it is far north enough for there to be a moderate change of possible daylight hours throughout the year.[28]
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 162.7 | 163.1 | 212.5 | 225.6 | 256.6 | 257.3 | 268.2 | 268.2 | 219.3 | 211.2 | 151.0 | 139.0 | 2,534.7 |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 9.7 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 13.3 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 12.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 54 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 63 | 59 | 61 | 48 | 48 | 57 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[29] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas[28] | |||||||||||||
Wind
[edit]New York City can occasionally experince strong winds, like many coastal locations. Tropical cyclones or intense oceanic storms bring the strongest winds. The strongest gust in Central Park, of 78 miles per hour (126 km/h), occurred on December 2, 1974, however, a station at The Battery reported a gust of 113 miles per hour (182 km/h) on October 14, 1954 during Hurricane Hazel.[30] Most recently Hurricane Sandy struck the city on October 29, 2012, causing billions of dollars in damage. It resulted in loss of power, severe flooding and many residents being displaced.[31]
Climate change
[edit].jpg)
Being a coastal city, New York City is expected to experience significant effects from rising sea levels. Predictions that the sea level will rise by as much as 6 feet (1.8 m) by 2100 have prompted the city's mayor to invest $10 billion into keeping the city safe.[32] The city is also expected to become more susceptible to storm surges and flooding, meaning events like Hurricane Sandy's impacts will become more likely in the future.
Temperature
[edit]The temperature in New York City has generally increased steadily of the last 150 years and this trend is expected to continue due to anthropogenic warming. By 2080, it is predicted that the climate of the city will be similar to coastal South Carolina. The mean temperature has risen by 2.4 °F (1.3 °C) since the 1970s and this warming is expected to accelerate in the coming decades.[33][34]
Precipitation
[edit]Precipitation in the city has significantly increased since 2000; both rainfall and snowfall have risen, but snowfall has increased much more significantly. However, it is argued that such trends, being so recent, make it impossible to predict whether such increases will continue or become steadier.[35]
Station data
[edit]| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) |
78 (26) |
86 (30) |
96 (36) |
99 (37) |
101 (38) |
106 (41) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
94 (34) |
84 (29) |
75 (24) |
106 (41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 60.4 (15.8) |
60.7 (15.9) |
70.3 (21.3) |
82.9 (28.3) |
88.5 (31.4) |
92.1 (33.4) |
95.7 (35.4) |
93.4 (34.1) |
89.0 (31.7) |
79.7 (26.5) |
70.7 (21.5) |
62.9 (17.2) |
97.0 (36.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.5 (4.2) |
42.2 (5.7) |
49.9 (9.9) |
61.8 (16.6) |
71.4 (21.9) |
79.7 (26.5) |
84.9 (29.4) |
83.3 (28.5) |
76.2 (24.6) |
64.5 (18.1) |
54.0 (12.2) |
44.3 (6.8) |
62.6 (17.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) |
35.9 (2.2) |
42.8 (6.0) |
53.7 (12.1) |
63.2 (17.3) |
72.0 (22.2) |
77.5 (25.3) |
76.1 (24.5) |
69.2 (20.7) |
57.9 (14.4) |
48.0 (8.9) |
39.1 (3.9) |
55.8 (13.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.9 (−2.3) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
35.8 (2.1) |
45.5 (7.5) |
55.0 (12.8) |
64.4 (18.0) |
70.1 (21.2) |
68.9 (20.5) |
62.3 (16.8) |
51.4 (10.8) |
42.0 (5.6) |
33.8 (1.0) |
48.9 (9.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 9.8 (−12.3) |
12.7 (−10.7) |
19.7 (−6.8) |
32.8 (0.4) |
43.9 (6.6) |
52.7 (11.5) |
61.8 (16.6) |
60.3 (15.7) |
50.2 (10.1) |
38.4 (3.6) |
27.7 (−2.4) |
18.0 (−7.8) |
7.7 (−13.5) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −6 (−21) |
−15 (−26) |
3 (−16) |
12 (−11) |
32 (0) |
44 (7) |
52 (11) |
50 (10) |
39 (4) |
28 (−2) |
5 (−15) |
−13 (−25) |
−15 (−26) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.64 (92) |
3.19 (81) |
4.29 (109) |
4.09 (104) |
3.96 (101) |
4.54 (115) |
4.60 (117) |
4.56 (116) |
4.31 (109) |
4.38 (111) |
3.58 (91) |
4.38 (111) |
49.52 (1,258) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.8 (22) |
10.1 (26) |
5.0 (13) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.5 (1.3) |
4.9 (12) |
29.8 (76) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 5.8 (15) |
7.9 (20) |
4.4 (11) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
3.7 (9.4) |
12.3 (31) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.8 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 11.4 | 125.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 11.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 61.5 | 60.2 | 58.5 | 55.3 | 62.7 | 65.2 | 64.2 | 66.0 | 67.8 | 65.6 | 64.6 | 64.1 | 63.0 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 18.0 (−7.8) |
19.0 (−7.2) |
25.9 (−3.4) |
34.0 (1.1) |
47.3 (8.5) |
57.4 (14.1) |
61.9 (16.6) |
62.1 (16.7) |
55.6 (13.1) |
44.1 (6.7) |
34.0 (1.1) |
24.6 (−4.1) |
40.3 (4.6) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 162.7 | 163.1 | 212.5 | 225.6 | 256.6 | 257.3 | 268.2 | 268.2 | 219.3 | 211.2 | 151.0 | 139.0 | 2,534.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 54 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 63 | 59 | 61 | 51 | 48 | 57 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[37][38][39] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas[40]. | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average sea temperature °F (°C) |
41.7 (5.4) |
39.7 (4.3) |
40.2 (4.5) |
45.1 (7.3) |
52.5 (11.4) |
64.5 (18.1) |
72.1 (22.3) |
74.1 (23.4) |
70.1 (21.2) |
63.0 (17.2) |
54.3 (12.4) |
47.2 (8.4) |
55.4 (13.0) |
| Climate data for New York LaGuardia Airport, NY (1991-2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) |
79 (26) |
86 (30) |
94 (34) |
97 (36) |
101 (38) |
107 (42) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
95 (35) |
83 (28) |
75 (24) |
107 (42) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 40.2 (4.6) |
42.7 (5.9) |
49.9 (9.9) |
61.3 (16.3) |
71.8 (22.1) |
81.1 (27.3) |
86.4 (30.2) |
84.5 (29.2) |
77.2 (25.1) |
66.0 (18.9) |
55.0 (12.8) |
45.4 (7.4) |
63.5 (17.5) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 34.4 (1.3) |
36.3 (2.4) |
43.1 (6.2) |
53.6 (12.0) |
63.7 (17.6) |
73.4 (23.0) |
79.2 (26.2) |
77.7 (25.4) |
70.8 (21.6) |
59.6 (15.3) |
49.1 (9.5) |
40.0 (4.4) |
56.8 (13.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 28.6 (−1.9) |
29.9 (−1.2) |
36.2 (2.3) |
46.0 (7.8) |
55.7 (13.2) |
65.7 (18.7) |
71.9 (22.2) |
71.0 (21.7) |
64.4 (18.0) |
53.3 (11.8) |
43.2 (6.2) |
34.7 (1.5) |
50.1 (10.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −3 (−19) |
−7 (−22) |
7 (−14) |
22 (−6) |
36 (2) |
46 (8) |
56 (13) |
51 (11) |
42 (6) |
30 (−1) |
17 (−8) |
−2 (−19) |
−7 (−22) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.25 (83) |
2.93 (74) |
4.01 (102) |
3.85 (98) |
3.58 (91) |
4.03 (102) |
4.30 (109) |
4.41 (112) |
3.88 (99) |
3.81 (97) |
3.15 (80) |
4.08 (104) |
45.28 (1,150) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.6 (22) |
9.8 (25) |
5.4 (14) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.3 (0.76) |
5.2 (13) |
29.8 (76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 11.5 | 121.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.4 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 13.8 |
| Source: NOAA[41][42] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Newark International Airport, NJ (1991-2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 74 (23) |
80 (27) |
89 (32) |
97 (36) |
99 (37) |
103 (39) |
108 (42) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
96 (36) |
85 (29) |
76 (24) |
108 (42) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 40.0 (4.4) |
43.0 (6.1) |
50.9 (10.5) |
62.6 (17.0) |
72.6 (22.6) |
81.8 (27.7) |
86.9 (30.5) |
84.7 (29.3) |
77.7 (25.4) |
66.0 (18.9) |
54.9 (12.7) |
44.8 (7.1) |
63.8 (17.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 32.8 (0.4) |
35.1 (1.7) |
42.5 (5.8) |
53.3 (11.8) |
63.3 (17.4) |
72.7 (22.6) |
78.2 (25.7) |
76.4 (24.7) |
69.2 (20.7) |
57.5 (14.2) |
47.0 (8.3) |
38.0 (3.3) |
55.5 (13.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 25.5 (−3.6) |
27.2 (−2.7) |
34.2 (1.2) |
44.1 (6.7) |
53.9 (12.2) |
63.6 (17.6) |
69.4 (20.8) |
68.0 (20.0) |
60.7 (15.9) |
49.0 (9.4) |
39.0 (3.9) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
47.2 (8.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −8 (−22) |
−14 (−26) |
6 (−14) |
16 (−9) |
33 (1) |
41 (5) |
51 (11) |
45 (7) |
35 (2) |
25 (−4) |
12 (−11) |
−8 (−22) |
−14 (−26) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.42 (87) |
2.98 (76) |
4.13 (105) |
3.87 (98) |
3.97 (101) |
4.34 (110) |
4.66 (118) |
4.15 (105) |
3.82 (97) |
3.79 (96) |
3.33 (85) |
4.14 (105) |
46.60 (1,184) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 9.1 (23) |
10.1 (26) |
5.6 (14) |
0.5 (1.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.6 (1.5) |
5.4 (14) |
31.5 (80) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.6 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 11.1 | 123.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.6 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 14.5 |
| Source: NOAA[41][43] | |||||||||||||
- Time series plot for Central Park, 1869–present
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of July 1999 equalled the mean temperature of July 1825.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of 1836 was 47.2 °F (8.4 °C), beating the record from 1888. Additionally, 1837 also beat 1888, with a mean temperature of 49.2 °F (9.6 °C)[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of summer 1837 was 67.5 °F (19.7 °C), beating the record from summer 1903. Additionally, the summers of 1836 and 1839 also beat 1903, with mean temperatures of 67.7 °F (19.8 °C) and 69.1 °F (20.6 °C) respectively.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of autumn 1836 was 49.5 °F (9.7 °C), beating the record from autumn 1871. Additionally, the autumn of 1823 also beat 1871, with a mean temperature of 51.3 °F (10.7 °C).[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of winter 1867–1868 was 25.5 °F (−3.6 °C), beating the record from winter 1917–1918.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of January 1857 was 19.6 °F (−6.9 °C), beating the record from January 1918 as well as being the coldest month of any kind ever recorded.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of May 1917 was equalled by May 1850.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of June 1836 was 62.2 °F (16.8 °C), beating the record from June 1903. The mean temperature of June 1903 was also beaten by June 1839, with a mean temperature of 63.3 °F (17.4 °C).[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of July 1837 was 69.4 °F (20.8 °C), beating the record from July 1888.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of August 1836 was 67.8 °F (19.9 °C), beating the record from August 1927. The mean temperature of August 1927 was also beaten by August 1866, with a mean temperature of 68.4 °F (20.2 °C). The mean temperature of August 1927 was also equalled by August 1837.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of September 1835 was 60.6 °F (15.9 °C), beating the record from September 1871.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of October 1836 was 45.8 °F (7.7 °C), beating the record from October 1888.[22]
- ^ Before official records began, the mean temperature of December 1831 was 22.3 °F (−5.4 °C), beating the record from December 1876.[22]
- ^ Due to a rain gauge malfunction, the rainfall measurement is in doubt.[26]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020
- ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[36]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Peel, M.C.; Finlayson, B.L. "World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Station Data Inventory, Access & History". NOAA. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Warmest and Coldest Days at Central Park (1869 to Present)" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK". NWS Upton, New York. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ "All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY (1869 to Present)" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ "Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center". City of New York. October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Cmapm, Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work (2011-06-16), Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову., retrieved 27 June 2020
- ^ "World Strahler Climate Map". Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Feddema, Johannes J. (January 2005). "A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification". Physical Geography. 26 (6): 442–466. Bibcode:2005PhGeo..26..442F. doi:10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442. ISSN 0272-3646. S2CID 128745497.
- ^ "Klimaklassifikation". www.spektrum.de (in German). Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ Lugo, A. E.; Brown, S. L.; Dodson, R.; Smith, T. S.; Shugart, H. H. (1999). "The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/J.1365-2699.1999.00329.X. S2CID 11733879.
Figure 3
- ^ "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. University of Arizona. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ "Chapter 47. Global mapping". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ "New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 1". planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ "Days below 0°F in New York City". Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Station Name: NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK TWR". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
- ^ "Station Name: Temperaturmonatsmittel NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK 1821- 1987". Wetter-Zentrale. Archived from the original on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
- ^ a b c d "Central Park, NY Historical Data". NOAA. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ 2023 Becomes New York City’s Warmest Year on Record
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Temperaturmonatsmittel NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK 1821–1987". Wetterzentrale. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ "Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK". NWS Upton, New York. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ a b c "Monthly & Seasonal Snowfall at Central Park". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ "Record Wet and Dry Years and Months at CPK". NWS Upton, New York. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ CITY'S RAIN: '83 RECORD IS IN DOUBT, New York Times, December 31, 1983
- ^ "GPS coordinates, latitude and longitude with interactive Maps". www.gps-coordinates.net.
- ^ a b "New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
- ^ "All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY (1869 to Present)" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Impact of Hurricane Sandy". 1.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "NYC mayor has a $10 billion plan to protect Manhattan from rising seas". The Verge. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "By 2080, global warming will make New York City feel like Arkansas". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Impacts of Climate Change in New York". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Why New York City's Rapidly Rising Snowfall Totals Are No Holiday Miracle". New York Yimby. 29 December 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks
- ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ a b "New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ a b "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
- ^ "Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
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