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https://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2002/047/FP6.pdf
https://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2002/047/FP6.pdf


Adrar <ref name="joradp.dz.1991">{{cite journal | url = https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/Jo-Francais/1991/F1991041.pdf| title =Liste des communes animés par chaque chef de daïra : 01 — Wilaya d'Adrar | format = [[PDF]] | journal = Journal Officiel de la Republique Algerienne N° 41 | date = 4 September 1996|language=fr|page=1293}}</ref>

Adrar <ref name="joradp.dz.1991">{{cite journal | url = https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/Jo-Francais/1991/F1991041.pdf| title =Liste des communes animés par chaque chef de daïra : 01 — Wilaya d'Adrar | format = [[PDF]] | journal = Journal Officiel de la Republique Algerienne N° 41 | date = 04 September 1996|language=fr|page=1293}}</ref>
<nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|page=1293|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 01 - Adrar Province|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2013|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref></nowiki>
<nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|page=1293|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 01 - Adrar Province|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2013|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref></nowiki>


<ref>{{cite web|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|accessdate=25 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf |archivedate=29 May 2013|page=1293|language=French|date=4 September 1991}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|accessdate=25 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf |archivedate=29 May 2013|page=1293|language=French|date=4 September 1991}}</ref>




Chlef
Chlef
Line 20: Line 17:


* '''[[Tinerkouk]]'''
* '''[[Tinerkouk]]'''
* [[Ksar Kaddour]]
* [[Ksar Kaddour]]

==Population==
==Population==
<nowiki>2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Chlef : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w02_p2.pdf|publication-date=}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref></nowiki>
<nowiki>2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Chlef : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w02_p2.pdf|publication-date=}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref></nowiki>
<br />


=== Laghouat ===
=== Laghouat ===
Line 30: Line 27:


<nowiki>== Localities of the commune ==</nowiki>
<nowiki>== Localities of the commune ==</nowiki>
<nowiki>The commune of '''Aflou''' is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]] <ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Laghouat|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1476.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1476|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> :
<nowiki>The commune of '''Aflou''' is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]]:<ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Laghouat|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1476.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1476|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|* Ville d'Aflou
{{Columns-list|* Ville d'Aflou
* El Frachiche
* El Frachiche
Line 43: Line 40:
<nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 04 - Wilaya d'Oum El Bouaghi|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 04 - Oum El Bouaghi Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref></nowiki>
<nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 04 - Wilaya d'Oum El Bouaghi|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 04 - Oum El Bouaghi Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref></nowiki>

=== Batna Province ===
=== Batna Province ===
<nowiki>2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Batna: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w05_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref></nowiki>
<nowiki>2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Batna: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w05_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref></nowiki>
Line 48: Line 46:
<nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 05 - Wilaya de Batna|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 05 - Batna Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref></nowiki>
<nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 05 - Wilaya de Batna|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 05 - Batna Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref></nowiki>


<nowiki>The commune of '''Aïn Touta''' is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]] <ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Batna|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1483.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1483|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>:
<nowiki>The commune of '''Aïn Touta''' is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]]:<ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Batna|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1483.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1483|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
</nowiki>:
</nowiki>:
{{Columns-list|
{{Columns-list|
*
*


|colwidth=15em}}
|colwidth=15em}}
Line 60: Line 58:
=== March 2020 ===
=== March 2020 ===


{| class="wikitable sortable"
==Legal issues==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical|total_width=250|align=right|background color=#EEEEEE
| image1= Confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah at Harpers Ferry - aer photo by NPS.jpg
| image2 = PR VA MD WV Boundary near Harpers Ferry by USFWS ebm.png
| image3 = Potomac River passing through two water gaps.jpg
| caption1 = This westward-looking aerial photograph shows the [[Shenandoah River]] (left) flowing into the Potomac River (right) at [[Harpers Ferry, WV]]. The Potomac then continues eastward toward the Chesapeake Bay. (Visible in the foreground are the ruins of the famed [https://www.nps.gov/places/harpers-ferry-baltimore-ohio-bridge-ruins.htm B&O Bridge] which was destroyed nine times during the Civil War -- four times by military action and five times by floods.) <center>&nbsp;</center>
| caption2 = Boundary between Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia at Harpers Ferry <center>&nbsp;</center>
| caption3 = Satellite view of the Potomac River passing through two water gaps downstream of Harpers Ferry
}}
For 400 years Maryland and Virginia have disputed control of the Potomac and its North Branch, since both states' original [[colonial charter]]s grant the entire river rather than half of it as is normally the case with boundary rivers. In its first state [[constitution]] adopted in 1776, Virginia ceded its claim to the entire river but reserved free use of it, an act disputed by Maryland. Both states acceded to the 1765 [[Mount Vernon Compact]] and the 1877 Black-Jenkins Award which granted Maryland the river bank-to-bank from the low water mark on the Virginia side, while permitting Virginia full [[riparian rights]] short of obstructing navigation.

From 1957 to 1996, the [[Maryland Department of the Environment]] (MDE) routinely issued permits applied for by Virginia entities concerning use of the Potomac. However, in 1996 the MDE denied a permit submitted by the [[Fairfax County Water Authority]] to build a water intake 725 feet (220 m) offshore, citing potential harm to Maryland's interests by an increase in Virginia sprawl caused by the project. After years of failed appeals within the Maryland government's appeal processes, in 2000 Virginia took the case to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], which exercises original jurisdiction in cases between two states. Maryland claimed Virginia lost its riparian rights by acquiescing to MDE's permit process for 63 years (MDE began its permit process in 1933). A [[Special Master]] appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate recommended the case be settled in favor of Virginia, citing the language in the 1785 Compact and the 1877 Award. On December 9, 2003, the Court agreed in a 7–2 decision.<ref>U.S. Supreme Court. ''Virginia v. Maryland,'' {{ussc|540|56|2003}}</ref>

[[File:Land Use in the Potomac Basin.gif|thumb|left|Map of land use in the watershed]]
The original charters are silent as to which branch from the upper Potomac serves as the boundary, but this was settled by the 1785 Compact. When West Virginia [[West Virginia#Separation from Virginia|seceded]] from Virginia in 1863, the question of West Virginia's succession in title to the lands between the branches of the river was raised, as well as title to the river itself. Claims by Maryland to West Virginia land north of the South Branch (all of [[Mineral County, West Virginia|Mineral]] and [[Grant County, West Virginia|Grant]] Counties and parts of [[Hampshire County, West Virginia|Hampshire]], [[Hardy County, West Virginia|Hardy]], [[Tucker County, West Virginia|Tucker]] and [[Pendleton County, West Virginia|Pendleton]] Counties) and by West Virginia to the Potomac's high-water mark were rejected by the Supreme Court in two separate decisions in 1910.<ref>''[[Maryland v. West Virginia]],'' {{ussc|217|1|1910}}</ref><ref>''Maryland v. West Virginia,'' {{ussc|217|577|1910}}</ref>

== Flora of the Potomac River Basin ==
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable collapsible" width=90%
|-urgay?
! colspan="2" |Flora of the Potomac River Basin
|-
|-
! State
! scope="col" width=50% style="text-align: center;"|
! class="unsortable"| Governing parties
! scope="col" width=50% style="text-align: center;"|
! class="unsortable" colspan=2| EU party
! Population
! class="unsortable"| Cabinet
|-
|-
| rowspan=3| [[Germany]]
| [[File:Mertensia virginica - Virginia Bluebells.jpg|thumb|center|Virginia Bluebells growing wild on [[Theodore Roosevelt Island]] ]]
| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]
<blockquote>
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |

| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| rowspan=3| {{nts|82940663}}
! {{Plainlink |https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/plants/wildflowers/html/wildflowerslist.html | Wildflowers of the Potomac River Basin}}
| rowspan=3| [[Fourth Merkel cabinet|Merkel IV]]
|}

</blockquote>
| [[File:Vaccinium pallidum - Blue Ridge Blueberry.jpg|thumb|center|Blue Ridge Blueberry]]
<blockquote>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! {{Plainlink |http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/plants/shrubs/html/shrubs.html#maryland | Shrubs of the Potomac River Basin}}
|-
|-
| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]
|}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |

| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
</blockquote>
|-
|-
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria]]
|[[File:Fall-orange-maple-tree - West Virginia - ForestWander.jpg|thumb|center|Sugar Maple]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
<blockquote>
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! {{Plainlink |http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/trees.html#maryland | Trees of the Potomac River Basin}}
|}

</blockquote>
|[[File:Typha latifolia 16zz.jpg|thumb|center|Broad Cattail]]
<blockquote>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! {{Plainlink |http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/plants/herbs/html/herbs.html#maryland | Herbs of the Potomac River Basin}}
|}

</blockquote>
|-
|-
| rowspan=5| [[France]]
| [[File:Lonicera sempervirens close.jpg|thumb|center|Trumpet Honeysuckle]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
<blockquote>
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |

| ''None''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
| rowspan=5| {{nts|67028048}}
! {{Plainlink |http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/plants/vines/html/vines.html#maryland | Vines and Groundcover of the Potomac River Basin}}
| rowspan=5| [[Castex government|Castex]]
|}

</blockquote>
| [[File:Broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus) (21787518884).jpg|thumb|center|Broomsedge Bluestem]]
<blockquote>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! {{Plainlink |http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/plants/grasses/html/grasses.html#maryland | Grasses of the Potomac River Basin}}
|}

</blockquote>
|-
|-
| [[Democratic Movement (France)|Democratic Movement]]
|}
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Democratic Party}}" |

| [[European Democratic Party|EDP]]

==Fauna of the Potomac River and its Basin==
===Fish===
[[File:American Shad by Duane Raver USFWS.jpg|thumb|After an absence lasting many decades, the American Shad has recently returned to the Potomac.]]
A variety of fish inhabit the Potomac, including [[Bass (fish)|bass]], [[muskellunge]], [[pike (fish)|pike]], [[walleye]]. The [[northern snakehead]], an invasive species resembling the native [[bowfin]], [[lamprey]], and [[American eel]], was first seen in 2004.<ref>[http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/outdoors/bal-md.snakeheads27apr27,0,6241227.story Potomac snakeheads not related to others] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035221/http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/outdoors/bal-md.snakeheads27apr27,0,6241227.story |date=September 30, 2007 }} Associated Press, ''Baltimore Sun'', April 27, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dwr.virginia.gov/fishing/snakehead/|title=Northern Snakehead|publisher=Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources}}</ref> Many types of [[Centrarchidae|sunfish]] are also present in the Potomac and its headwaters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.potomacriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/MasterFreshFishList0213.pdf
|title= FISHES OF THE FRESHWATER POTOMAC
|author=Jim Cummins |date=2013 |website= www.potomacriver.org| publisher=[[Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin]] |access-date=February 27, 2018}}</ref> Although rare, [[bull shark]]s can be found.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somdnews.com/stories/09032010/entetop183727_32296.shtml |title=Sharks! Watermen catch two 8-footers on same day |publisher=somdnews.com |access-date=2011-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910163457/http://www.somdnews.com/stories/09032010/entetop183727_32296.shtml |archive-date=September 10, 2012 }}</ref>

After having been depressed for many decades, the river's population of [[American Shad]] is currently re-bounding as a result of the [[ICPRB]]'s successful "American Shad Restoration Project" that was begun in 1995. In addition to stocking the river with more than 22 million shad fry, the Project supervised construction of a fishway that was built to facilitate the passage of adults around the Little Falls Dam on the way to their traditional spawning grounds upstream.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.potomacriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/shadfs.pdf |title=THE POTOMAC RIVER AMERICAN SHAD RESTORATION PROJECT |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=March 2014 |website=www.potomacriver.org |publisher=[[Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin]] |access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref>

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Freshwater fish of the Potomac River
|-
|-
| [[Radical Movement|Radical, Social and Liberal Movement]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
<blockquote>
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]

==== Bowfin ([[Amiidae]]) ====
* [[Bowfin]] ''Amia calva''

==== Catfishes ([[Ictaluridae]]) ====
* [[White bullhead|White bullhead catfish]] ''Ameiurus catus''
* [[Yellow bullhead|Yellow bullhead catfish]] ''Ameiurus natalis''
* [[Brown bullhead|Brown bullhead catfish]] ''Ameiurus nebulosus''
* [[Channel catfish]] ''Ictalurus punctatus''
* [[Tadpole madtom]] ''Noturus gyrinus''
* [[Noturus insignis|Margined madtom]] ''Noturus insignis''
* [[Blue catfish]]* ''Ictalurus furcatus''*
* [[Flathead catfish]]* ''Pylodictis olivaris''*

==== Eels ([[Anguillidae]]) ====
* [[American eel]] ''Anguilla rostrata''

==== Gars ([[Lepisosteidae]]) ====
* [[Longnose gar]] ''Lepisosteus osseus''

==== Herrings ([[Clupeidae]]) ====
* [[Blueback herring]] ''Alosa aestivalis''
* [[Hickory shad]] ''Alosa mediocris''
* [[alewife (fish)|Alewife]] ''Alosa pseudoharengus''
* [[American shad]] ''Alosa sapidissima''
* [[Gizzard shad]] ''Dorosoma cepedianum''
* [[Threadfin shad]] ''Dorosoma petenense''

==== Killifishes ([[Fundulidae]]) ====
* [[Banded killifish]] ''Fundulus diaphanus''
* [[Mummichog|Mummichog killifish]] ''Fundulus heteroclitus''
* [[Spotfin killifish]] ''Fundulus luciae''
* [[Striped killifish]] ''Fundulus majalis''
* [[Rainwater killifish]] ''Lucania parva''

==== Pupfish ([[Cyprinodontidae]]) ====
* [[Sheepshead minnow]] ''Cyprinodon variegatus''

==== Lampreys ([[Petromyzontidae]]) ====
* [[Least brook lamprey]] ''Lampetra aepyptera''
* [[American brook lamprey]] ''Lampetra appendix''
* [[Sea lamprey]] ''Petromyzon marinus''

==== Minnows ([[Cyprinidae]]) ====
* [[Central stoneroller]] ''Campostoma anomalum''
* [[Goldfish]] ''Carassius auratus''
* [[Redside dace]] ''Clinostomus elongatus''
* [[Rosyside dace]] ''Clinostomus funduloides''
* [[Grass carp]] ''Ctenopharyngodon idella''
* [[Satinfin shiner]] ''Cyprinella analostana''
* [[Spotfin shiner]] ''Cyprinella spiloptera''
* [[Common carp]] ''Cyprinus carpio''
* [[Cutlips minnow]] ''Exoglossum maxillingua''
* [[Eastern silvery minnow]] ''Hybognathus regius''
* [[Striped shiner]] ''Luxilus chrysocephalus''
* [[Common shiner]] ''Luxilus cornutus''
* [[Allegheny pearl dace]] ''Margariscus margarita''
* [[River chub]] ''Nocomis micropogon''
* [[Golden shiner]] ''Notemigonus crysoleucas''
* [[Comely shiner]] ''Notropis amoenus''
* [[Emerald shiner]] ''Notropis atherinoides''
* [[Bridle shiner]] ''Notropis bifrenatus''
* [[Silverjaw minnow]] ''Notropis buccatus''
* [[Ironcolor shiner]] ''Notropis chalybaeus''
* [[Spottail shiner]] ''Notropis hudsonius''
* [[Swallowtail shiner]] ''Notropis procne''
* [[Rosyface shiner]] ''Notropis rubellus''
* [[Bluntnose minnow]] ''Pimephales notatus''
* [[Fathead minnow]] ''Pimephales promelas''
* [[Eastern blacknose dace]] ''Rhinichthys atratulus''
* [[Longnose dace]] ''Rhinichthys cataractae''
* [[Creek chub]] ''Semotilus atromaculatus''
* [[Fallfish]] ''Semotilus corporalis''
* [[Bluehead chub]] ''Nocomis leptocephalus''
* [[Mimic shiner]] ''Notropis volucellus''

==== Mudminnows ([[Umbridae]]) ====
* [[Eastern mudminnow]] ''Umbra pygmaea''

==== Perches ([[Percidae]]) ====
* [[Greenside darter]] ''Etheostoma blennioides''
* [[Rainbow darter]] ''Etheostoma caeruleum''
* [[Fantail darter]] ''Etheostoma flabellare''
* [[Swamp darter]] ''Etheostoma fusiforme''
* [[Johnny darter]] ''Etheostoma nigrum''
* [[Tessellated darter]] ''Etheostoma olmstedi''
* [[Glassy darter]] ''Etheostoma vitreum''
* [[Etheostoma zonale|Banded darter]] ''Etheostoma zonale''
* [[Yellow perch]] ''Perca flavescens''
* [[Logperch]] ''Percina caprodes''
* [[Stripeback darter]] ''Percina notogramma''
* [[Shield darter]] ''Percina peltata''
* [[Walleye]] ''Sander vitreum''

==== Percopsids ([[Percopsidae]]) ====
* [[Trout-perch]] ''Percopsis omiscomaycus''

==== Pikes ([[Esocidae]]) ====
* [[Redfin pickerel]] ''Esox americanus''
* [[Northern pike]] ''Esox lucius''
* [[Muskellunge]] ''Esox masquinongy''
* [[Chain pickerel]] ''Esox niger''

==== Pirate perch ([[Aphredoderidae]]) ====
* [[Pirate perch]] ''Aphredoderus sayanus''
* [[Guppy]] ''Poecilia reticulata''

==== Poeciliids ([[Poeciliidae]]) ====
* [[Eastern mosquitofish]] ''Gambusia holbrooki''

==== Pupfish ([[Cyprinodontidae]]) ====
* [[Sheepshead minnow]] ''Cyprinodon variegatus''

==== Sculpins ([[Cottidae]]) ====
* [[Mottled sculpin]] ''Cottus bairdii''
* [[Blue Ridge sculpin]] ''Cottus caeruleomentum''
* [[Potomac sculpin]] ''Cottus girardi''

==== Silversides ([[Atherinopsidae]]) ====
* [[Inland silverside]] ''Menidia beryllina''

==== Smelts ([[Osmeridae]]) ====
* [[Rainbow smelt]] ''Osmerus mordax''

==== Snakeheads ([[Channidae]]) ====
* [[Snakehead (fish)|Northern snakehead]]* ''Channa argus''*

==== Sturgeons ([[Acipenseridae]]) ====
* [[Shortnose sturgeon]] ''Acipenser brevirostrum''
* [[Atlantic sturgeon]] ''Acipenser oxyrhinchus''

==== Suckers ([[Catostomidae]]) ====
* [[Quillback]] ''Carpiodes cyprinus''
* [[White sucker]] ''Catostomus commersoni''
* [[Creek chubsucker]] ''Erimyzon oblongus''
* [[Northern hogsucker]] ''Hypentelium nigricans''
* [[Golden redhorse]] ''Moxostoma erythrurum''
* [[Shorthead redhorse]] ''Moxostoma macrolepidotum''
* [[Thoburnia rhothoeca|Torrent sucker]] ''Thoburnia rhothoeca''

==== Sunfishes ([[Centrarchidae]]) ====
* [[Mud sunfish]] ''Acantharcus pomotis''
* [[Rock bass]] ''Amblopites rupestris''
* [[Flier (fish)|Flier sunfish]] ''Centrarchus macropterus''
* [[Enneacanthus chaetodon|Blackbanded sunfish]] ''Enneacanthus chaetodon''
* [[Bluespotted sunfish]] ''Enneacanthus gloriosus''
* [[Banded sunfish]] ''Enneacanthus obesus''
* [[Redbreast sunfish]] ''Lepomis auritus''
* [[Green sunfish]] ''Lepomis cyanellus''
* [[Pumpkinseed|Pumpkinseed sunfish]] ''Lepomis gibbosus''
* [[Warmouth|Warmouth sunfish]] ''Lepomis gulosus''
* [[Bluegill|Bluegill sunfish]] ''Lepomis macrochirus''
* [[Longear sunfish]] ''Lepomis megalotis''
* [[Redear sunfish]] ''Lepomis microlophus''
* [[Smallmouth bass]] ''Micropterus dolomieu''
* [[Largemouth bass]] ''Micropterus salmoides''
* [[White crappie]] ''Pomoxis annularis''
* [[Black crappie]] ''Pomoxis nigromaculatus''

==== Temperate basses ([[Moronidae]]) ====
* [[White perch]] ''Morone americana''
* [[Striped bass]] ''Morone saxatilis''

==== Trout and whitefish ([[Salmonidae]]) ====
* [[Rainbow trout]] (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'')
* [[Brown trout]] (''Salmo trutta'')

</blockquote>

&nbsp;&nbsp;* denotes naturalized species;

Sources:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509065631/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/streams/pubs/fishkey_2003.pdf Dnr.state.md: Fish key of native species]
* http://www.potomacriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/MasterFreshFishList0213.pdf

|}

<!-- ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Tidal freshwater fish of the Potomac River
|-
|-
| [[Ecologist Party]]
| <blockquote>
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |

| ''None''
==== Mullets ([[Mugilidae]]) ====
|-
[[Striped mullet]] ''Mugil cephalus''
| [[Territoires de progrès]]

| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
==== Drums ([[Sciaenidae]]) ====
| ''None''
[[Spot (fish)|Spot]] ''Leiostomus xanthurus''
|-

| rowspan=4| [[Italy]]
[[Spotted seatrout]] ''Cynoscion nebulosus''
| [[Five Star Movement]]

| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
[[Atlantic Croaker]] ''Micropogonias undulatus''
| ''None''

| rowspan=4| {{nts|61068437}}
[[Red drum]] ''Sciaenops ocellata''
| rowspan=4| [[Conte II Cabinet|Conte II]]

|-
==== Soles ([[Soleidae]]) ====
| [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]]
[[Hogchoker]] ''Trinectes maculatus''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}"|

| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
==== Sharks ([[Carcharhinidae]]) ====
|-
[[Bull shark]] ''Carcharhinus leucas''
| [[Italia Viva]]

| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
</blockquote>
| ''None''

|-
Sources:
| [[Article One (political party)|Article One]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509065631/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/streams/pubs/fishkey_2003.pdf Dnr.state.md: Fish key of native species]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
* http://www.potomacriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/MasterFreshFishList0213.pdf
| ''None''

|}
|-
| rowspan=4| [[Spain]]

| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]
===Mammals===
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
[[File:Bottlenose dolphin with young.JPG|thumb|left|Several hundred Bottle-nosed Dolphins live six months of the year (from mid-April through mid-October) in the Potomac. Depicted here, a mother with her young.]]
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| rowspan=4| {{nts|46934632}}
! Mammals of the Potomac River Basin
| rowspan=4| [[Sánchez II Government|Sánchez II]]
|-
| [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| [[Socialists' Party of Catalonia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
|-
| [[United Left (Spain)|United Left]]
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of the European Left}}" |
<blockquote>
| [[Party of the European Left|PEL]]
* Bats
|-
** [[Little brown bat]] ''Myotis lucifugus''
| rowspan=3| [[Poland]]
** [[Indiana bat]] ''Myotis sodalis''
| [[Law and Justice]]
** [[Eastern small-footed bat]] ''Myotis leibii''
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists Party}}" |
** [[Myotis septentrionalis|Northern long-eared bat]] ''Myotis septentrionalis''
| [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party|{{nowrap|ECR Party}}]]
** [[Silver-haired bat]] ''Lasionycteris noctivagans''
| rowspan=3| {{nts|37972812}}
** [[Tricolored bat]] ''Perimyotis subflavus''
| rowspan=3| [[Second Cabinet of Mateusz Morawiecki|Morawiecki II]]
** [[Big brown bat]] ''Eptesicus fuscus''
|-
** [[Eastern red bat|Red bat]] ''Lasiurus borealis''
| [[Agreement (political party)|Agreement]]
** [[Hoary bat]] ''Lasiurus cinereus''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
** [[Evening bat]] ''Nycticeius humeralis''
| ''None''
* Bears
|-
** [[American black bear|Black bear]] ''Ursus americanus''
| [[United Poland]]
* Beavers
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
** [[American beaver]] ''Castor canadensis''
| ''None''
* Cats
|-
** [[Bobcat]] ''Lynx rufus''
| [[Romania]]
* Foxes and Coyotes
| [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]
** [[Red fox]] ''Vulpes vulpes''
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
** [[Gray fox]] ''Urocyon cinereoargenteus''
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
** [[Coyote]] ''Canis latrans''
| {{nts|19405156}}
* Hoofed mammals
| [[Second Orban Cabinet|Orban II]]
** [[Sika deer]]* ''Cervus nippon'' *
|-
** [[White-tailed deer]] ''Odocoileus virginianus''
| rowspan=4| [[Netherlands]]
** [[American bison]] ''Bos bison''
| [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]
* Jumping Mice
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
** [[Meadow jumping mouse]] ''Zapus hudsonius''
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
** [[Woodland jumping mouse]] ''Napaeozapus insignis''
| rowspan=4| {{nts|17423013}}
* Lemmings
| rowspan=4| [[Third Rutte cabinet|Rutte III]]
** [[Southern bog lemming]] ''Synaptomys cooperi''
|-
* Marine Mammals
| [[Christian Democratic Appeal]]
** [[Bottlenose dolphin]] ''Tursiops truncatus''
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
* Moles
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
** [[Hairy-tailed mole]] ''Parascalops breweri''
|-
** [[Eastern mole]] ''Scalopus aquaticus''
| [[Democrats 66]]
** [[Star-nosed mole|Southeastern star-nosed mole]] ''Condylura cristata parva''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
* Muskrats
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
** [[Muskrat]] ''Ondatra zibethicus''
|-
* New World Mice and Rats
| [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]]
** [[Marsh rice rat]] ''Oryzomys palustris''
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Christian Political Movement}}" |
** [[Deer mouse]] ''Peromyscus maniculatus''
| [[European Christian Political Movement|ECPM]]
** [[White-footed mouse|White-footed deer mouse]] ''Peromyscus leucopus''
|-
** [[Allegheny woodrat]] ''Neotoma magister''
| rowspan=7| [[Belgium]]
* Nutria
| [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats]]
** [[Coypu|Nutria]]* ''Myocastor coypus''*
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
* Old World Mice and Rats
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
** [[Black rat]]* ''Rattus rattus''*
| rowspan=7| {{nts|11467923}}
** [[Norway rat]]* ''Rattus norvegicus''*
| rowspan=7| [[De Croo Government|De Croo]]
** [[House mouse]]* ''Mus musculus''*
|-
* Opossums
| [[Parti Socialiste (Belgium)|Socialist Party]]
** [[Virginia opossum]] ''Didelphis virginiana''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
* Porcupines
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
** [[Porcupine]] ''Erethizon dorsatum''
|-
* Rabbits and Hares
| [[Mouvement Réformateur|Reformist Movement]]
** [[Eastern cottontail]] ''Sylvilagus floridanus''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
** [[Appalachian cottontail]] ''Sylvilagus obscurus''
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
* Raccoons
|-
** [[Raccoon]] ''Procyon lotor''
| [[Ecolo]]
* Shrews
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Green Party}}" |
** [[Masked shrew]] ''Sorex cinereus''
| [[European Green Party|EGP]]
** [[Southeastern shrew]] ''Sorex longirostris''
|-
** [[American water shrew|Southern Water shrew]] ''Sorex palustris punctulatus''
| [[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|Christian Democratic and Flemish]]
** [[Smoky shrew]] ''Sorex fumeus''
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
** [[Long-tailed shrew]] ''Sorex dispar''
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
** [[American pygmy shrew|Southern pygmy shrew]] ''Sorex hoyi winnemana''
|-
** [[Northern short-tailed shrew]] ''Blarina brevicauda''
| [[Socialistische Partij Anders|Socialist Party Differently]]
** [[Least shrew]] ''Cryptotis parva''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
* Skunks
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
** [[Eastern spotted skunk]] ''Spilogale putorius''
|-
** [[Striped skunk]] ''Mephitis mephitis''
| [[Groen (political party)|Green]]
* Squirrels and Chipmunks
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Green Party}}" |
** [[Eastern chipmunk]] ''Tamias striatus''
| [[European Green Party|EGP]]
** [[Groundhog]] (aka Woodchuck) ''Marmota monax''
|-
** [[Eastern gray squirrel]] ''Sciurus carolinensis''
| [[Greece]]
** [[Eastern fox squirrel]] ''Sciurus niger''
| [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]
** [[Delmarva fox squirrel]] ''Sciurus niger cinereus''
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
** [[Red squirrel]] ''Tamiasciurus hudsonicus''
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
** [[Southern flying squirrel]] ''Glaucomys volans''
| {{nts|10722287}}
* Voles
| [[Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis|Mitsotakis]]
** [[Southern red-backed vole]] ''Clethrionomys gapperi''
|-
** [[Meadow vole]] ''Microtus pennsylvanicus''
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|[[Czech Republic]]}}
** [[Rock vole|Southern Rock vole]] ''Microtus chrotorrhinus carolinensis''
| [[ANO 2011]]
** [[Woodland vole]] ''Microtus pinetorum''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
* Weasels, Minks and Otters
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
** [[Fisher (animal)|Fisher]] ''Martes pennanti''
| rowspan=2| {{nts|10528984}}
** [[Ermine]] ''Mustela erminea''
| rowspan=2| [[Andrej Babiš' Second Cabinet|Babiš II]]
** [[Least weasel]] ''Mustela nivalis''
|-
** [[Long-tailed weasel]] ''Mustela frenata''
| [[Czech Social Democratic Party]]
** [[Mink]] ''Neovison vison''
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
** [[Northern river otter]] ''Lutra canadensis''
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
</blockquote>
|-

| [[Portugal]]
&nbsp;&nbsp;* denotes naturalized species
| [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]]

| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
Sources:
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
* [http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/plants_wildlife/Mammals.aspx ''Mammals of Maryland'']; [[Maryland Department of Natural Resources]]. Retrieved February 8, 2018.]
| {{nts|10276617}}
* [https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/ ''Wildlife Infomation'']; [[Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources]]. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
| [[XXII Constitutional Government of Portugal|Costa II]]
* [http://www.wvdnr.gov/Publications/PDFFiles/mammals%20brochure.pdf ''Mammals of West Virginia: A Field Checklist''] (2001); [[West Virginia Division of Natural Resources]], Wildlife Resources Section. Retrieved February 8, 2018.]
|-

| rowspan=2| [[Sweden]]
| [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
| rowspan=2| {{nts|10243000}}
| rowspan=2| [[Löfven II Cabinet|Löfven II]]
|-
| [[Green Party (Sweden)|Green Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Green Party}}" |
| [[European Green Party|EGP]]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Hungary]]
| [[Fidesz]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
| rowspan=2| {{nts|9772756}}
| rowspan=2| [[Fourth Orbán Government|Orbán IV]]
|-
| [[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|Christian Democratic People's Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Austria]]
| [[Austrian People's Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
| rowspan=2| {{nts|8842000}}
| rowspan=2| [[Second Kurz government|Kurz II]]
|-
| [[The Greens – The Green Alternative]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Green Party}}" |
| [[European Green Party|EGP]]
|-
| rowspan=3| [[Bulgaria]]
| [[GERB]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
| rowspan=3| {{nts|7000039}}
| rowspan=3| [[Third Borisov Government|Borisov III]]
|-
| [[IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists Party}}" |
| [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party|ECR Party]]
|-
| [[National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| [[Denmark]]
| [[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democracy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
| {{nts|5799763}}
| [[Frederiksen Cabinet|Frederiksen]]
|-
| rowspan=5| [[Finland]]
| [[Social Democratic Party of Finland]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
| rowspan=5| {{nts|5512119}}
| rowspan=5| [[Marin Cabinet|Marin]]
|-
| [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
|-
| [[Green League]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Green Party}}" |
| [[European Green Party|EGP]]
|-
| [[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of the European Left}}" |
| [[Party of the European Left|PEL]]
|-
| [[Swedish People's Party of Finland]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe}}" |
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe|ALDE]]
|-
| rowspan=4| [[Slovakia]]
| [[Ordinary People (Slovakia)|Ordinary People]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''<ref>[[New Majority (Slovakia)|NOVA]] is [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party|ECR]] member.</ref>
| rowspan=4| {{nts|5450421}}
| rowspan=4| [[Cabinet of Igor Matovič|Matovič]]
|-
| [[We Are Family (Slovakia)|We Are Family]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Identity and Democracy Party}}" |
| [[Identity and Democracy Party|ID Party]]
|-
| [[Freedom and Solidarity]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists Party}}" |
| [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party|ECR Party]]
|-
| [[For the People (Slovakia)|For the People]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| [[Fianna Fáil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
| rowspan=3| {{nts|4904240}}
| rowspan=3|[[Government of the 33rd Dáil|Martin]]
|-
| [[Fine Gael]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Green Party}}" |
| [[European Green Party|EGP]]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Croatia]]
| [[Croatian Democratic Union]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
| rowspan=2| {{nts|4076246}}
| rowspan=2| [[Cabinet of Andrej Plenković II|Plenković II]]
|-
| [[Independent Democratic Serb Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| rowspan=3| [[Lithuania]]
| [[Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
| rowspan=3| {{nts|2794184}}
| rowspan=3| [[Skvernelis Cabinet|Skvernelis]]
|-
| [[Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists Party}}" |
| [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party|ECR Party]]
|-
| [[Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| rowspan=4| [[Slovenia]]
| [[Slovenian Democratic Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
| rowspan=4| {{nts|2080908}}
| rowspan=4| [[14th Government of Slovenia|Janša III]]
|-
| [[Modern Centre Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
|-
| [[New Slovenia|New Slovenia – Christian Democrats]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| [[Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Democratic Party}}" |
| [[European Democratic Party|EDP]]
|-
| rowspan=5| [[Latvia]]
| [[New Unity]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
| rowspan=5| {{nts|1919968}}
| rowspan=5| [[Kariņš cabinet|Kariņš]]
|-
| [[New Conservative Party (Latvia)|New Conservative Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| [[Development/For!]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| [[National Alliance (Latvia)|National Alliance]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Conservatives and Reformists Party}}" |
| [[European Conservatives and Reformists Party|ECR Party]]
|-
| [[Who Owns the State?]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| ''None''
|-
| rowspan=3| [[Estonia]]
| [[Estonian Centre Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
| rowspan=3| {{nts|1324820}}
| rowspan=3| [[Jüri Ratas' second cabinet|Ratas II]]
|-
| [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Identity and Democracy Party}}" |
| [[Identity and Democracy Party|ID Party]]
|-
| [[Pro Patria (Estonian political party)|Pro Patria]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
|-
| [[Cyprus]]
| [[Democratic Rally]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European People's Party}}" |
| [[European People's Party|EPP]]
| {{nts|875898}}
| [[Second Anastasiades government|Anastasiades II]]
|-
| rowspan=3| [[Luxembourg]]
| [[Democratic Party (Luxembourg)|Democratic Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party}}" |
| [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]
| rowspan=3| {{nts|612179}}
| rowspan=3| [[Bettel–Schneider Ministry II|Bettel II]]
|-
| [[Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
|-
| [[The Greens (Luxembourg)|The Greens]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|European Green Party}}" |
| [[European Green Party|EGP]]
|-
| [[Malta]]
| [[Labour Party (Malta)|Labour Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Party of European Socialists}}" |
| [[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
| {{nts|493559}}
| [[Maltese Government 2017–2022|Abela]]
|}
|}
Early European colonists who settled along the Potomac found a diversity of large and small mammals living in the dense forests nearby. [[American bison|Bison]], [[elk]], wolves ( [[Gray wolf|gray]] and [[Red wolf|red]]) and [[Cougar|panthers]] (cougars) were still present at that time, but had been hunted to extirpation by the middle of the 19th century. Among the denizens of the Potomac's banks, [[beaver]]s and [[otter]]s met a similar fate, while small populations of [[mink]]s and [[marten]]s survived into the 20th century in some secluded areas.


== References ==
There is no record of early settlers having observed marine mammals in the Potomac, but several sightings of [[Common bottlenose dolphin|Atlantic Bottle-nosed Dolphins]] (''Tursiops truncatus'') were reported during the 19th century. In July 1844. a pod of 14 adults and young was followed up the river by men in boats as high as the [[Aqueduct Bridge (Potomac River)|Aqueduct Bridge]] (approximately the same location occupied by [[Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)|Key Bridge]] today).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mysterious Dolphins of the Potomac|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/bottlenose-dolphins-potomac-chesapeake|access-date=February 26, 2018|year=2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170930230141/http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/bottlenose-dolphins-potomac-chesapeake|archive-date=September 30, 2017}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1">
</references>


== dec 2021 ==
Since 2015, perhaps as a result of warmer temperatures, rising water levels in the Chesapeake Bay and improving water quality in the Potomac, unprecedented numbers of Atlantic Bottle-nosed Dolphins have been observed in the river. According to Dr Janet Mann of Georgetown University's [http://www.pcdolphinproject.org Potomac-Chesapeake Dolphin Project], more than 500 individual members of the species have been identified in the Potomac during this period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Potomac-Chesapeake Dolphin Project|url=http://www.pcdolphinproject.org/research/|access-date=February 26, 2018|year=2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406105846/http://www.pcdolphinproject.org/research/|archive-date=April 6, 2017}}</ref>


===Birds===
[[File:Great Blue Heron-27527-2.jpg|thumb|left|A Great Blue Heron]]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Month, Day !! Event(s)
<caption></caption>
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|
! [[List of birds of Maryland|Birds of the Potomac River Basin]]

=== 1951 ===
The State of Israel was confronted by a wave of Palestinian infiltrations (fedayeen). In 1951, 118 Israelis, including 48 civilians, were killed by such infiltrators. According to Israeli army records, an average of 36 infiltrators were killed each month during 1951.<ref name="Morris pp.54,98">Morris ''Border Wars''. pp. 54, 98, 136</ref> Arabs were also being attacked by the Israelis, and the overall situation deteriorated. Israel began [[Reprisal operations|Retribution Operations]] as punishment and prevention measures.
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| February 6–7
| [[Sharafat, East Jerusalem|Sharafat]], a village south-west of Jerusalem, attacked by Israeli army. Nine villagers killed.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 194</ref>
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|
|}


=== 1952 ===
<!--
68 Israelis, including 42 civilians, were killed by Palestinian infiltrators. The Israeli army killed a monthly average of 33 people crossing the armistice lines, including 78 in March and 57 in April.<ref name="Morris pp.54,98" />
{{:List of birds of Maryland}}
|-
Note: transclusion doesn't work well here; puts FL star on page plus messes up TOC by listing all birds; also, causes List to load each time PR page loads wo waiting for reader to press the Birds button, which wastes much time.
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| January 6–7
-->
| Israeli army attack [[Bayt Jala]] killed six.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 204</ref>
|-
|colspan="2"|


===Reptiles===
=== 1953 ===
71 Israelis, including 44 civilians, killed by Palestinian infiltrators.

|-
[[File:Eastern Box Turtle NPS.jpg|thumb|right|Eastern Box Turtles are frequently spotted along the towpath of the C&O Canal.]]
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| April 22
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| At least six Jordanian soldiers killed by Israeli sniper fire from West Jerusalem.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 221. [[Glubb Pasha]] records ten killed.</ref>
!Turtles of the Potomac River Basin
|-
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| May 17–23
|
| Operation "Viper on the Track": seven [[West Bank]] villages and a Bedouin camp in Israel attacked by Israeli army.
<blockquote>
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| August 11–12
| Operation "Vengeance and Reprisal": four West Bank villages attacked by Israeli army, including [[al-Khader]] and [[Surif]]. Six people killed.
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| October 16
| [[Qibya massacre]]. [[Unit 101]], commanded by [[Ariel Sharon]], carried out a raid on the village of Qibya. Over 60 Arabs killed.
|-
|colspan="2"|


=== 1954 ===
[[Bog turtle|Bog (=Muhlenberg) turtle]] ''Glyptemys (=Clemmys) muhlenbergii''
57 Israelis killed, including 33 civilians. Israeli Border Police record between May and December they killed 51 infiltrators.<ref name="ReferenceA">Morris ''Border Wars''. pp. 54, 98, 137</ref>

|-
[[Chinese softshell turtle]] * ''Pelodiscus sinensis'' *
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| March 16–17

| [[Ma'ale Akrabim massacre]]: Arab gang attacked an Israeli civilian bus, killing 11.<ref name=mfa>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Palestinian%20terror%20before%202000/Which%20Came%20First-%20Terrorism%20or%20Occupation%20-%20Major|title=Which Came First- Terrorism or Occupation – Major Arab Terrorist Attacks against Israelis Prior to the 1967 Six-Day War|website=mfa.gov.il}}</ref>
[[Coastal plain cooter]] ''Pseudemys concinna floridana''

[[Cumberland slider]] ''Trachemys scripta troostii''

[[Eastern box turtle]] ''Terrapene carolina carolina''

[[Chicken turtle|Eastern chicken turtle]] ''Deirochelys reticularia reticularia''

[[Eastern mud turtle]] ''Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum''

[[Eastern musk turtle]] ''Sternotherus odoratus''

[[Eastern painted turtle]] ''Chrysemys picta picta''

[[Eastern river cooter]] ''Pseudemys concinna concinna''

[[Spiny softshell turtle|Eastern spiny softshell turtle]] ''Apalone spinifera spinifera''

[[Green sea turtle]] ''Chelonia mydas''

[[Gulf Coast spiny softshell turtle]] * ''Apalone spinifera aspera'' *

[[Hawksbill sea turtle]] ''Eretmochelys imbricata''

[[Kemp's ridley sea turtle]] ''Lepidochelys kempii''

[[Leatherback sea turtle]] ''Dermochelys coriacea''

[[Loggerhead sea turtle]] ''Caretta caretta''

[[Mississippi map turtle]]* ''Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii'' *

[[Northern map turtle]] ''Graptemys geographica''

[[Diamondback terrapin|Northern diamond-backed terrapin]] ''Malaclemys terrapin terrapin''

[[Northern red-bellied cooter]] ''Pseudemys rubriventris''

[[Red-eared slider]] * ''Trachemys scripta elegans'' *

[[Snapping turtle]] ''Chelydra serpentina''

[[Spotted turtle]] ''Clemmys guttata''

[[Striped mud turtle]] ''Kinosternon baurii''

[[Loggerhead musk turtle|Stripe-necked musk turtle]] ''Sternotherus minor peltifer''

[[Wood turtle]] ''Glyptemys insculpta''

[[Yellow-bellied slider]] ''Trachemys scripta scripta''
</blockquote>

&nbsp;&nbsp;* denotes naturalized species

Sources:<br />
https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/virginia-native-naturalized-species.pdf<br />
http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/herpchecklist.pdf

|}

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Snakes of the Potomac River basin
|-
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| April 28–29
|
| Operation "Lion": [[Nahhalin]] village attacked by Israeli army. Nine people killed: four National Guardsmen, three Jordanian soldiers, the village [[mukhtar]] and a woman.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 301</ref>
<blockquote>
|-

|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| July 10–12
[[Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen|Northern copperhead]] ''Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen''
| Operation "Eye for an Eye": An Israeli company led by [[Ariel Sharon]] attacked a post on the Gaza border near [[Kissufim]], killing 9 or 10 Palestinian gendarmes.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p.314</ref>

|-
[[Timber rattlesnake]] ''Crotalus horridus''
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| July 23–24

| Start of the [[Lavon Affair]].
[[Northern watersnake]] ''Nerodia sipedon sipedon''

[[Red-bellied watersnake]] ''Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster''

[[Queen snake]] ''Regina septemvittata''

[[Virginia valeriae|Eastern smooth earthsnake]] ''Virginia valeriae valeriae''

[[Virginia valeriae|Mountain earthsnake]] ''Virginia valeriae pulchra''

[[Northern brown snake]] ''Storeria dekayi dekayi''

[[Storeria occipitomaculata|Northern Red-bellied Snake]] ''Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata''

[[Eastern garter snake]] ''Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis''

[[Ribbon snake|Common ribbonsnake]] ''Thamnophis sauritus sauritus''

[[Ring-necked snake|Southern ring-necked snake]] ''Diadophis punctatus punctatus''

[[Ring-necked snake|Northern ring-necked snake]] ''Diadophis punctatus edwardsi''

[[Eastern worm snake]] ''Carphophis amoenus amoenus''

[[Smooth green snake]] ''Opheodrys vernalis''

[[Opheodrys aestivus|Northern rough greensnake]] ''Opheodrys aestivus aestivus''

[[Eastern hog-nosed snake]] ''Heterodon platirhinos''

[[Farancia erytrogramma|Rainbow snake]] ''Farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma''

[[Coluber constrictor|Northern Black Racer]] ''Coluber constrictor constrictor''

[[Corn snake|Red cornsnake]] ''Pantherophis guttatus''

[[Pantherophis alleghaniensis|Eastern ratsnake]] ''Pantherophis alleghaniensis''

[[Mole kingsnake]] ''Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata''

[[Lampropeltis getula|Eastern kingsnake]] ''Lampropeltis getula getula''

[[Milk snake|Eastern kilksnake]] ''Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum''

[[Milk snake|Coastal Plain Milksnake]] ''Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides''

[[Cemophora coccinea|Northern scarletsnake]] ''Cemophora coccinea copei''
</blockquote>

Sources:<br />
http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/herpchecklist.pdf<br />
A Guide to the Snakes of Virginia (Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Wildlife Diversity Division, Special Publication No. 2.1) 2002; by Michael J Pinder (Author)

|}

[[File:Fivelined skink.jpg|thumb|left|Five-lined skink, juvenile]]

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Lizards of the Potomac River Basin
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|
|
<blockquote>


=== 1955 ===
[[Eastern Fence Lizard]] ''Sceloporus undulatus''
74 Israelis killed, including 24 civilians. The Israeli army recorded 36 hostile infiltrators as killed.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

|-
[[Eastern Six-lined Racerunner]] ''Aspidoscelis sexlineata sexlineata''
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| February 28&nbsp;–<br />March 1

| Operation "Black Arrow": Ariel Sharon led an Israeli attack on an Egyptian army base in the Gaza Strip, killing 38 soldiers and two civilians.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 325</ref>
[[Little Brown Skink]] ''Scincella lateralis''
|-

|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| August 31&nbsp;–<br />September 1
[[Coal Skink|Northern Coal Skink]] ''Plestiodon anthracinus anthracinus''
| Israeli army attacked outskirts of [[Khan Yunis]]. 72 Egyptians and Palestinians killed.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 350</ref>

[[Plestiodon fasciatus|Common Five-lined Skink]] ''Plestiodon fasciatus''

[[Broad-headed Skink]] ''Plestiodon laticeps''

</blockquote>

Sources:
* https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/virginia-native-naturalized-species.pdf
* http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/herpchecklist.pdf

|}

===Amphibians===
[[File:Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) (25522389762).jpg|thumb|right|Eastern Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) can be found sheltering under rocks along the banks of the Potomac.]]<!--
By Peter Paplanus (Eastern Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
-->
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Salamanders of the Potomac River Basin
|-
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| October 27–28
|
| Ariel Sharon led a force of 200 Israeli paratroopers on an attack on [[Kuntilla]]. 12 Egyptian soldiers killed.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 358</ref>
<blockquote>
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| November 2–3
| Operation "Volcano": the Israeli army attacked Egyptian army positions in [[al Sabha]] and [[Wadi Siram]], killing 81 Egyptian soldiers.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. pp. 359, 360</ref>
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| December 11–12
| Operation "Olive Leaves": a large Israeli force commanded by Ariel Sharon attacked Syrian positions east of [[Lake Tiberias]]. 48 Syrian soldiers and six civilians killed.<ref name="Morris Border Wars. p.397">Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 397</ref>
|-
|colspan="2"|


=== 1956 ===
[[Common Mudpuppy]] ''Necturus maculosus maculosus''
117 Israelis killed, including 54 civilians (excluding soldiers killed during the attack on the Suez Canal).<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. pp. 54, 98</ref>

|-
[[Eastern Hellbender]] ''Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis''
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| April 5

| [[Moshe Dayan]] ordered the shelling of the centre of [[Gaza City]] with 120&nbsp;mm mortars. 57 civilians and four Egyptian soldiers killed.<ref>Morris ''Border Wars''. p. 371</ref>
[[Marbled Salamander]] ''Ambystoma opacum''

[[Jefferson Salamander]] ''Ambystoma jeffersonianum''

[[Spotted Salamander]] ''Ambystoma maculatum''

[[Eastern Tiger Salamander]] ''Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum''

[[Red-spotted Newt]] ''Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens''

[[Red-backed salamander|Eastern Red-backed Salamander]] ''Plethodon cinereus''

[[Wehrle's Salamander]] ''Plethodon wehrlei''

[[Northern slimy salamander]] ''Plethodon glutinosus''

[[Valley and ridge salamander]] ''Plethodon hoffmani''

[[Seal Salamander]] ''Desmognathus monticola monticola''

[[Northern Dusky Salamander]] ''Desmognathus fuscus''

[[Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander]] ''Desmognathus ochrophaeus''

[[Red salamander|Northern Red Salamander]] ''Pseudotriton ruber ruber''

[[Mud salamander|Eastern Mud Salamander]] ''Pseudotriton montanus montanus''

[[Spring salamander|Northern Spring Salamander]] ''Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus''

[[Northern Two-lined Salamander]] ''Eurycea bislineata''

[[Southern Two-lined Salamander]] ''Eurycea cirrigera''

[[Long-tailed salamander]] ''Eurycea longicauda longicauda''

[[Four-toed Salamander]] ''Hemidactylium scutatum''

[[Green Salamander]] ''Aneides aeneus''

</blockquote>

Sources:
* https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/virginia-native-naturalized-species.pdf
* http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/herpchecklist.pdf

|}

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Frogs and toads of the Potomac River Basin
|-
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| October 9
|
| [[Qalqilya]] police station attacked by an Israeli battalion-sized force that included armour and artillery. Between 70 and 90 Jordanians killed.<ref name="Morris Border Wars. p.397" />
<blockquote>
|-

|rowspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| October 29&nbsp;–<br />November
[[Upland Chorus Frog]] ''Pseudacris feriarum''
| [[Suez Crisis]]. Israel invaded [[Egypt]]'s [[Sinai Peninsula]] with covert assent from France and Britain. The European nations had economic and trading interests in the Suez Canal, while Israel wanted to reopen the canal for Israeli shipping and end Egyptian-supported [[fedayeen]] incursions and attacks. Israel completely withdrew six months later when Egypt assured Israel unimpeded navigation and safety.

|-
[[Chorus frog|New Jersey Chorus Frog]] ''Pseudacris kalmi''
| In the [[Kafr Qasim massacre]], 48 or 49 Arab civilians were killed by the [[Israel Border Police]] as they returned to their village from work.

|-
[[Spring peeper|Northern Spring Peeper]] ''Pseudacris crucifer''
|colspan="2"|

[[Mountain Chorus Frog]] ''Pseudacris brachyphona''

[[Cricket frog|Eastern Cricket Frog]] ''Acris crepitans crepitans''

[[American green tree frog|Green Treefrog]] ''Hyla cinerea''

[[Gray Treefrog]] ''Hyla versicolor''

[[Cope's Gray Treefrog]] ''Hyla chrysoscelis''

[[Hyla gratiosa|Barking Treefrog]] ''Hyla gratiosa''

[[Carpenter Frog]] ''Lithobates virgatipes''

[[Wood Frog]] ''Lithobates sylvaticus''

[[Northern Leopard Frog]]* ''Lithobates pipiens''*

[[Southern Leopard Frog]] ''Lithobates sphenocephalus utricularius''

[[Pickerel Frog]] ''Lithobates palustris''

[[Northern Green Frog]] ''Lithobates clamitans melanota''

[[American Bullfrog]] ''Lithobates catesbeiana''

[[Eastern spadefoot toad]] ''Scaphiopus holbrookii''

[[American toad|Eastern American Toad]] ''Anaxyrus americanus americanus''

[[Fowler's Toad]] ''Anaxyrus fowleri''

[[Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad]] ''Gastrophryne carolinensis''

</blockquote>

&nbsp;&nbsp;* denotes naturalized species

Sources:
* https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/virginia-native-naturalized-species.pdf
* http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/herpchecklist.pdf

|}


==The Potomac River System==
===North Branch Potomac River===
<!-- This section is linked from [[West Virginia]] -->
[[File:North Branch Potomac River Cumberland.jpg|thumb|The North Branch between [[Cumberland, Maryland]], and [[Ridgeley, West Virginia]], in 2007]]
The source of the '''North Branch Potomac River''' is at the [[Fairfax Stone]] located at the junction of [[Grant County, West Virginia|Grant]], [[Tucker County, West Virginia|Tucker]] and [[Preston County, West Virginia|Preston]] counties in West Virginia.
[[File:PR confluence of N n S Branches.jpg|thumb|left|Confluence of the North and South Branches of the Potomac River near Potomac Forks Campsite (southeast of [[Cumberland]]), [[Allegany County, Maryland]]]]
From the Fairfax Stone, the North Branch Potomac River flows {{convert|27|mi|km}} to the man-made [[Jennings Randolph Lake]], an [[Reservoir|impoundment]] designed for flood control and emergency water supply. Below the dam, the North Branch cuts a serpentine path through the eastern Allegheny Mountains. First, it flows northeast by the communities of [[Bloomington, Maryland|Bloomington]], [[Luke, Maryland|Luke]], and [[Westernport, Maryland|Westernport]] in Maryland and then on by [[Keyser, West Virginia|Keyser]], West Virginia to [[Cumberland, Maryland|Cumberland]], Maryland. At Cumberland, the river turns southeast. {{convert|103|mi}} downstream from its source,<ref name=NHD/> the North Branch is joined by the South Branch between [[Green Spring, West Virginia|Green Spring]] and [[South Branch Depot, West Virginia|South Branch Depot]], West Virginia from whence it flows past [[Hancock, Maryland|Hancock]], Maryland and turns southeast once more on its way toward [[Washington, D.C.]], and the [[Chesapeake Bay]].

The following table shows the major tributaries of the North Branch Potomac River, listed in order from the source to its mouth. Numerous other tributary creeks exist.


=== 1957 ===
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Tributaries of the North Branch of the Potomac River
|-
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| March
|
| Israel withdrew its forces from the [[Sinai Peninsula]], ending the [[Suez Crisis]].
<blockquote>
|-
* [[Stony River (North Branch Potomac River)|Stony River]] (West Virginia)
|colspan="2"|
* [[Abram Creek (West Virginia)|Abram Creek]] (West Virginia)
* [[Savage River (Maryland)|Savage River]] (Maryland)
* [[Georges Creek (Potomac River)|Georges Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Laurel Run (Georges Creek)|Laurel Run]] (Maryland)
* [[New Creek]] (West Virginia)
* [[Limestone Run (North Branch Potomac River)|Limestone Run]] (West Virginia)
* Warrior Run (Maryland)
* [[Wills Creek (North Branch Potomac River)|Wills Creek]] (Pennsylvania/Maryland)
** [[Brush Creek (Wills Creek)|Brush Creek]] (Pennsylvania)
** [[Little Wills Creek]] (Pennsylvania)
* [[Evitts Creek (Pennsylvania)|Evitts Creek]] (Maryland and Pennsylvania)
* [[Patterson Creek]] (West Virginia)
** [[Mill Creek (Patterson Creek)|Mill Creek]] (West Virginia)
* [[Dans Run]] (West Virginia)
* [[Green Spring Run]] (West Virginia)
</blockquote>
|}

===South Branch Potomac River===
{{Main|South Branch Potomac River}}
[[File:South Branch Potomac River South Branch Depot WV 2004.JPG|thumb|The [[South Branch Potomac River|South Branch]] near [[South Branch Depot, West Virginia|South Branch Depot]], [[West Virginia]]]]

The South Branch Potomac River has its [[headwaters]] in northwestern [[Highland County, Virginia|Highland County]], Virginia near [[Hightown, Virginia|Hightown]] along the eastern edge of the [[Allegheny Front]]. After a river distance of {{convert|139|mi}},<ref name=NHD/> the mouth of the South Branch lies east of [[Green Spring, West Virginia|Green Spring]] in [[Hampshire County, West Virginia|Hampshire County]], West Virginia where it meets the [[North Branch Potomac River]] to form the Potomac.<ref>[http://mapserver.maptech.com/homepage/index.cfm?lat=39.52833&lon=-78.58778&scale=25000&type=1&zoom=100&bpid=MAP0060030900%2C1%2C1%2C0&latlontype=DMS&searchscope=dom&CFID=10736808&CFTOKEN=19084588 Topographic map of the confluence of the North and South branches of the Potomac River] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312000346/http://mapserver.maptech.com/homepage/index.cfm?lat=39.52833&lon=-78.58778&scale=25000&type=1&zoom=100&bpid=MAP0060030900%2C1%2C1%2C0&latlontype=DMS&searchscope=dom&CFID=10736808&CFTOKEN=19084588 |date=March 12, 2007 }}</ref>

The North Fork South Branch Potomac River, {{convert|43.6|mi}} long,<ref name=NHD/> forms just north of the Virginia/West Virginia border in [[Pendleton County, West Virginia|Pendleton County]] at the confluence of the [[Laurel Fork (North Fork South Branch Potomac River)|Laurel Fork]] and Straight Fork along Big Mountain {{convert|3881|ft|m}}. From [[Circleville, West Virginia|Circleville]], the North Fork flows northeast through Pendleton County between the Fore Knobs {{convert|2949|ft|m}} to its west and the [[River Knobs (West Virginia)|River Knobs]], 2,490 feet (759 m) to its east. At [[Seneca Rocks, West Virginia|Seneca Rocks]], the North Fork is met by [[Seneca Creek (North Fork South Branch Potomac River)|Seneca Creek]]. From Seneca Rocks, the North Fork continues to flow northeast along the western edge of North Fork Mountain 3,389 feet (1033 m) into [[Grant County, West Virginia|Grant County]]. Flowing east through North Fork Gap, the North Fork joins the South Branch Potomac at the town of [[Cabins, West Virginia|Cabins]], west of [[Petersburg, West Virginia|Petersburg]].

The South Fork South Branch Potomac River forms just north of [[U.S. Route 250]] in [[Highland County, Virginia|Highland County]], [[Virginia]] near Monterey, and flows {{convert|68.4|mi}}<ref name=NHD/> north-northeastward to the South Branch Potomac River at [[Moorefield, West Virginia|Moorefield]] in [[Hardy County, West Virginia|Hardy County]], [[West Virginia]]. From 1896 to 1929, it was named the '''Moorefield River''' by the [[Board on Geographic Names]] to avoid confusion with the South Branch.

===Upper Potomac River===
This stretch encompasses the section of the Potomac River from the [[confluence]] of its North and South Branches through [[Opequon Creek]] near [[Shepherdstown, West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.potomacriverkeepernetwork.org/
|title=Potomac Riverkeeper Network
|date=2019
|website=www.potomacriverkeepernetwork.org
|publisher=Potomac Riverkeeper Network
|access-date=25 March 2019
}}</ref>


=== 1959 ===
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
The Cairo-born [[Yasser Arafat]] formed [[Fatah]] to conduct guerrilla warfare operations against Israel.
! Tributaries of the Upper Potomac River
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|
|
<blockquote>
* [[North Branch Potomac River]] (Maryland/West Virginia)
* [[South Branch Potomac River]] (West Virginia/Virginia)
* [[Town Creek (Potomac River)|Town Creek]] (Maryland/Pennsylvania)
* [[Little Cacapon River]] (West Virginia)
** [[North Fork Little Cacapon River]] (West Virginia)
** [[South Fork Little Cacapon River]] (West Virginia)
* [[Sideling Hill Creek (Potomac River)|Sideling Hill Creek]] (Maryland/Pennsylvania)
* [[Cacapon River]] (West Virginia)
** [[Capon Springs Run]] (West Virginia)
** [[Dillons Run]] (West Virginia)
** [[Edwards Run]] (West Virginia)
** [[Lost River (Cacapon River)|Lost River]] (West Virginia)
** [[Mill Branch (Cacapon River)|Mill Branch]] (West Virginia)
** [[North River (Cacapon River)|North River]] (West Virginia)
*** [[Grassy Lick Run]] (West Virginia)
*** [[Tearcoat Creek]] (West Virginia)
**** [[Bearwallow Creek]] (West Virginia)
** [[Trout Run (Cacapon River)|Trout Run]] (West Virginia)
* [[Sir Johns Run]] (West Virginia)
* [[Warm Spring Run]] (West Virginia)
* [[Tonoloway Creek]] (Maryland/Pennsylvania)
* [[Fifteenmile Creek (Potomac River)|Fifteenmile Creek]] (Maryland/Pennsylvania)
* [[Sleepy Creek]] (West Virginia/Virginia)
** [[Meadow Branch]] (West Virginia)
* [[Cherry Run]] (West Virginia)
* [[Back Creek (Potomac River)|Back Creek]] (West Virginia/Virginia)
** [[Hogue Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Isaacs Creek (Back Creek)|Isaacs Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Tilhance Creek]] (West Virginia)
* [[Conococheague Creek]] (Maryland/Pennsylvania)
** [[Back Creek (Conococheague Creek)|Back Creek]] (Pennsylvania)
* [[Opequon Creek]] (West Virginia/Virginia)
** [[Middle Creek (Opequon Creek)|Middle Creek]] (West Virginia)
** [[Mill Creek (Opequon Creek)|Mill Creek]] (West Virginia/Virginia)
** [[Tuscarora Creek (Opequon Creek)|Tuscarora Creek]] (West Virginia)
</blockquote>
|}


===Lower Potomac River===
=== 1963 ===
In a new wave of [[Arab socialism]], the [[Ba'ath Party]] took power in Iraq and Syria. Among the key Ba'ath aims was the support of the Palestinian cause.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

[[File:Sunrise View from Jefferson Rock.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Sunrise view from [[Jefferson Rock]] at Harpers Ferry, WV. (In the distance is the [[Sandy Hook Bridge]] over the Potomac River that connects Maryland (left bank) with Virginia along [[w:U.S. Highway 340|U.S. Highway 340]].) ]]
This section covers the Potomac from just above Harpers Ferry in West Virginia down to Little Falls, Maryland on the border between Maryland and Washington, DC.

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Tributaries of the Lower Potomac River
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|
|
<blockquote>
* [[Antietam Creek]] (Pennsylvania/Maryland)
** East Branch (Pennsylvania)
** West Branch (Pennsylvania)
** Red Run (Pennsylvania)
** Falls Creek (Pennsylvania)
** Little Antietam Creek (Maryland)
** Beaver Creek (Maryland)
** Marsh Run (Maryland)
* [[Shenandoah River]] (West Virginia/Virginia)
** [[North Fork Shenandoah River]] (Virginia)
*** [[Cedar Creek (North Fork Shenandoah River)|Cedar Creek]] (Virginia)
*** [[Smith Creek (Virginia)|Smith Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[South Fork Shenandoah River]] (Virginia)
* [[Catoctin Creek (Virginia)|Catoctin Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Catoctin Creek (Maryland)|Catoctin Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Tuscarora Creek (Potomac River)|Tuscarora Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Monocacy River]] (Maryland)
** [[Bennett Creek (Monocacy River)|Bennett Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Ballenger Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Bush Creek (Monocacy River)|Bush Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Linganore Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Carroll Creek (Maryland)|Carroll Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Tuscarora Creek (Monocacy River)|Tuscarora Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Double Pipe Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Toms Creek (Monocacy River)|Toms Creek]] (Pennsylvania)
** [[Marsh Creek (Monocacy River)|Marsh Creek]] (Pennsylvania/Maryland)
** [[Rock Creek (Monocacy River)|Rock Creek]] (Pennsylvania/Maryland)
* [[Little Monocacy River]] (Maryland)
* [[Broad Run (Maryland)|Broad Run]] (Maryland)
* [[Goose Creek (Potomac River)|Goose Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Little River (Goose Creek)|Little River]] (Virginia)
** [[Sycolin Creek (Goose Creek)|Sycolin Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Tuscarora Creek (Goose Creek)|Tuscarora Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Cattail Branch (Goose Creek)|Cattail Branch]] (Virginia)
* [[Broad Run (Loudoun County, Virginia)|Broad Run]] (Virginia)
** [[Horsepen Run (Broad Run)|Horsepen Run]] (Virginia)
** [[Cabin Branch (Broad Run)|Cabin Branch]] (Virginia)
** [[Beaverdam Run (Broad Run)|Beaverdam Run]] (Virginia)
* Horsepen Branch (Maryland)
* [[Sugarland Run (Potomac River)|Sugarland Run]] (Virginia)
* [[Seneca Creek (Potomac River)|Seneca Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Dry Seneca Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Little Seneca Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Tenmile Creek (Maryland)|Tenmile Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Great Seneca Creek]] (Maryland)
* Old Sugarland Run (Virginia)
* [[Muddy Branch]] (Maryland)
* Nichols Run (Virginia)
* [[Watts Branch (Potomac River)|Watts Branch]] (Maryland)
* Limekiln Branch (Maryland)
* Carroll Branch (Maryland)
* Pond Run (Virginia)
* Clarks Branch (Virginia)
* Mine Run Branch (Virginia)
* [[Difficult Run]] (Virginia)
* Bullneck Run (Virginia)
* [[Rock Run (Potomac River)|Rock Run]] (Maryland)
* Scott Run (Virginia)
* Dead Run (Virginia)
* Turkey Run (Virginia)
* [[Cabin John Creek (Potomac River)|Cabin John Creek]] (Maryland)
* Minnehaha Branch (Maryland)
* [[Little Falls Branch (Potomac River)|Little Falls Branch]] (Maryland)
</blockquote>
|}


===Tidal Potomac River===
=== 1964 ===
[[File:2016-08-28 10 15 51 View southwest across the Potomac River from the south end of Cobb Island Road on Cobb Island, Charles County, Maryland.jpg|thumb|right|View southwest across the tidal Potomac River from the south end of [[Maryland Route 254|Cobb Island Road]] on [[Cobb Island (Maryland)|Cobb Island]], [[Charles County, Maryland]] ]]
The Tidal Potomac River lies below the [[Atlantic Seaboard fall line|Fall Line]]. This 108-mile (174-km) stretch encompasses the Potomac from a short distance below the [[Washington, DC]] - [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]] line, just downstream of the [[Little Falls of the Potomac River]], to the [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Potomac River Basin Fact Sheet |url=https://www.potomacriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Potomac-Basin-Fact-Sheet_Oct_2015.pdf| date=October 2015 |website=www.potomacriver.org |publisher=Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (ICPRB) |access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref>

{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Tributaries of the Tidal Potomac River
|-
|-
|style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;"| February 3
|
| The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) was founded in [[Cairo]] by the [[Arab League]]. [[Ahmad Shuqeiri]] was its first leader, although the organization was ''[[de facto]]'' controlled by the [[Egypt]]ian government. The PLO stated their goal as the destruction of the State of Israel through armed struggle and its replacement with an "independent Palestinian state" between the [[Jordan River]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]].
<blockquote>
* [[Pimmit Run]] (Virginia)
* [[Gulf Branch]] (Virginia)
* [[Donaldson Run]] (Virginia)
* [[Windy Run]] (Virginia)
* [[Spout Run]] (Virginia)
* [[Maddox Branch]] (District of Columbia)
* [[Foundry Branch]] (District of Columbia)
* [[Rock Creek (Potomac River)|Rock Creek]] (District of Columbia/Maryland)
* Rocky Run (Virginia) (paved over)
* [[Tiber Creek]] (District of Columbia) (paved over)
* Roaches Run (Virginia)
* [[Washington Channel]] (District of Columbia)
* [[Anacostia River]] (District of Columbia/Maryland; [[Buzzard Point]])
** [[Stickfoot Branch]] (District of Columbia)
** [[Pope Branch]] (District of Columbia)
** [[Watts Branch (Anacostia River)|Watts Branch]] (District of Columbia/Maryland)
** [[Hickey Run]] (District of Columbia)
** [[Beaverdam Creek (Anacostia River)|Beaverdam Creek]] (District of Columbia/Maryland)
** [[Northwest Branch Anacostia River]] (Maryland)
*** [[Sligo Creek]] (Maryland)
** [[Northeast Branch Anacostia River]] (Maryland)
*** [[Paint Branch]] (Maryland)
* [[Four Mile Run]] (Virginia)
** Lubber Run (Virginia)
** Long Branch (upper) (Virginia)
** Doctors Run (Doctors Branch) (Virginia)
** Lucky Run (Virginia) (paved over)
** Long Branch (lower) (Virginia)
* [[Oxon Creek]] (District of Columbia/Maryland)
* [[Hunting Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Cameron Run]] (Virginia)
*** Backlick Run (Virginia)
*** [[Holmes Run]] (Virginia)
** [[Hooff Run]] (Virginia)
* [[Broad Creek (Potomac River)|Broad Creek]] (Maryland)
* Henson Creek (Maryland)
* Swan Creek (Maryland)
* [[Piscataway Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Little Hunting Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Dogue Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Accotink Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Pohick Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Pomonkey Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Occoquan River]] (Virginia)
** [[Bull Run (Occoquan River)|Bull Run]] (Virginia)
** [[Broad Run (Occoquan River)|Broad Run]] (Virginia)
** [[Cedar Run (Occoquan River)|Cedar Run]] (Virginia)
* [[Neabsco Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Powell's Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Mattawoman Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Chicamuxen Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Quantico Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Little Creek (Potomac River)|Little Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Chopawamsic Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Tank Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Aquia Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Potomac Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Accokeek Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Nanjemoy Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Chotank Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Port Tobacco River]] (Maryland)
* [[Popes Creek (Maryland)|Popes Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Gambo Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Clifton Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Piccowaxen Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Upper Machodoc Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Cuckold Creek]] (Maryland)
* [[Wicomico River (Maryland eastern shore)|Wicomico River]] (Maryland)
* [[Neale Sound|Cobb Island]] (Maryland)
* [[Monroe Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Mattox Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Popes Creek (Virginia)|Popes Creek]] (Virginia)
* [[Breton Bay, Leonardtown]] (Maryland)
* [[St. Marys River (Maryland)|St. Marys River]] (Maryland)
* [[Yeocomico River]] (Virginia)
* [[Coan River]] (Virginia)
* [[Hull Creek (Potomac River)|Hull Creek]] (Virginia)
** [[Sword's Creek]] (Maryland)
</blockquote>
|}
|}

<br />&nbsp;
==Additional images==

{{col-begin}}

{{col-3}}

===Upper and lower Potomac===

[[File:View of Potomac River at Junction of Cacapon River.jpg|thumb|center|225px|Confluence of the [[Cacapon River]] (barely visible) with the Potomac]]

[[File:Potomac River Water Gaps Harpers Ferry w compass and pointer.jpg|thumb|center|Oblique air photo, facing southwest, of the Potomac River flowing through water gaps in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Virginia on the left, Maryland on the right, West Virginia in upper right, including Harpers Ferry (partially obscured by Maryland Heights of Elk Ridge Mountain) at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers.]]

[[File:Potomac River at Goose Creek.jpg|thumbnail|center|Potomac River at [[Goose Creek (Potomac River)|Goose Creek]] ]]

[[File:PR Great Falls of the Potomac aquatint by George Beck 1802.jpg|thumb|center|[[Great Falls (Potomac River)|The Great Falls of the Potomac]], viewed from the Virginia bank of the river (Engraving based on an aquatint drawn by [[George Beck (artist)|George Jacob Beck in 1802)]] ]]

{{col-3}}

===Tidal Potomac===

[[File:PR Georgetown or City of Washington 1801 by Beck.jpg|thumb|center|View of the Potomac River, [[Theodore Roosevelt Island|Analostan Island]], [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]], and, in the distance, buildings of the nascent [[History of Washington, D.C.|City of Washington]]. (Engraving based on an 1801 watercolor by [[George Beck (artist)|George Jacob Beck]]) ]]

[[File:Jefferson Memorial.jpg|thumb|center|[[Jefferson Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], viewed from across the [[Tidal Basin, Washington DC|Tidal Basin]] of the Potomac]]

[[File:The Pentagon US Department of Defense building.jpg|thumb|center|[[The Pentagon]], looking northeast with the Potomac in the distance]]

[[File:East Branch of the Potomac 1839 (via xparency) LOC.jpg|thumb|center|East Branch of the Potomac (now called the [[Anacostia River]]) near its confluence with the mainstem Potomac in Washington. (Watercolor drawn in 1839 by Augustus Kollner)]]

[[File:View of Potomac River from Mount Vernon.jpg|thumb|center|View of the Potomac from [[Mount Vernon]]]]

[[File:Potomac Reagan National.jpg|thumb|center|Potomac River seen while landing at [[Reagan National Airport]]]]

&nbsp;

{{col-3}}

===Other===

[[File:2016-06-06 16 55 09 View northeast down the North Branch Potomac River from the Gorman-Gormania Bridge (U.S. Route 50) between Gormania, Grant County, West Virginia and Gorman, Garrett County, Maryland.jpg|thumb|center|View northeast down the North Branch Potomac River from the Gorman-Gormania Bridge [[U.S. Route 50 in Maryland|(U.S. Route 50)]] between [[Gormania, West Virginia|Gormania, Grant County, West Virginia]] and [[Gorman, Maryland|Gorman, Garrett County, Maryland]] ]]

[[File:2016-06-18 07 22 42 View east down the North Branch Potomac River from the Piedmont-Westernport Bridge between Piedmont, Mineral County, West Virginia and Westernport, Allegany County, Maryland.jpg|thumb|center|The North Branch Potomac River near Piedmont, WV]]

[[File:Potomac River South Branch Depot WV 2007 05 07 07.jpg|thumb|center|The South Branch Potomac River near South Branch Depot, WV]]

[[File:South Branch Potomac River Millesons Mill WV 2007 05 07 01.jpg|thumb|center|The South Branch of the Potomac River at Millesons Mill, WV]]

[[File:Map of Potomac River Watershed in West Virginia Virginia Pennsylvania Maryland.jpg|thumb|center|Potomac River Watershed in West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland]]

{{col-end}}
==See also==
* [[Air Florida Flight 90]]
* [[List of cities and towns along the Potomac River]]
* [[List of crossings of the Potomac River]]
* [[List of islands on the Potomac River]]
* [[List of rivers of Maryland]]
* [[List of rivers of Virginia]]
* [[List of rivers of West Virginia]]
* [[List of tributaries of the Potomac River]]
* [[List of variant names of the Potomac River]]
* [[Potomac Heritage Trail]]

== References ==
<references group="" responsive="1">
</references>




>

Latest revision as of 16:07, 6 May 2023

https://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2002/047/FP6.pdf

Adrar [1] 

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|page=1293|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 01 - Adrar Province|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2013|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref>

[2]

Chlef 

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 02 - Wilaya de Chlef|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1293|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 02 - Chlef Province|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2013|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref>

Laghouat 

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1294.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 03 - Wilaya de Laghouat|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1294|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 03 - Laghouat Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref>

Communes

[edit]

The district is further divided into 2 communes:[3]

Population

[edit]
2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Chlef : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w02_p2.pdf|publication-date=}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>

Laghouat

[edit]
2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Laghouat: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w03_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-03}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>
localities <ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Laghouat|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1476.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1477|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> 

== Localities  of the commune ==
The commune of '''Aflou'''  is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]]:<ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Laghouat|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1476.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1476|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|* Ville d'Aflou
* El Frachiche 
* Béni Moukha
* Rahmania
* Ouled Sidi Bouabdallah
* Ouled Sidi Khaled
|colwidth=15em}}

Oum El Bouaghi Province

[edit]
2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya d'Oum El Bouaghi: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w04_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-06}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 04 - Wilaya d'Oum El Bouaghi|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 04 - Oum El Bouaghi Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref>

Batna Province

[edit]
2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Batna: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w05_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 05 - Wilaya de Batna|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 05 - Batna Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref>

The commune of '''Aïn Touta''' is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]]:<ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Batna|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1483.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1483|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
:

native name

[edit]
 {{lang|ar|واد مرة}}

March 2020

[edit]
State Governing parties EU party Population Cabinet
Germany Christian Democratic Union of Germany EPP 82,940,663 Merkel IV
Social Democratic Party of Germany PES
Christian Social Union in Bavaria EPP
France La République En Marche! None 67,028,048 Castex
Democratic Movement EDP
Radical, Social and Liberal Movement ALDE
Ecologist Party None
Territoires de progrès None
Italy Five Star Movement None 61,068,437 Conte II
Democratic Party PES
Italia Viva None
Article One None
Spain Spanish Socialist Workers' Party PES 46,934,632 Sánchez II
Podemos None
Socialists' Party of Catalonia None
United Left PEL
Poland Law and Justice ECR Party 37,972,812 Morawiecki II
Agreement None
United Poland None
Romania National Liberal Party EPP 19,405,156 Orban II
Netherlands People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ALDE 17,423,013 Rutte III
Christian Democratic Appeal EPP
Democrats 66 ALDE
Christian Union ECPM
Belgium Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats ALDE 11,467,923 De Croo
Socialist Party PES
Reformist Movement ALDE
Ecolo EGP
Christian Democratic and Flemish EPP
Socialist Party Differently PES
Green EGP
Greece New Democracy EPP 10,722,287 Mitsotakis
Czech Republic ANO 2011 ALDE 10,528,984 Babiš II
Czech Social Democratic Party PES
Portugal Socialist Party PES 10,276,617 Costa II
Sweden Swedish Social Democratic Party PES 10,243,000 Löfven II
Green Party EGP
Hungary Fidesz EPP 9,772,756 Orbán IV
Christian Democratic People's Party EPP
Austria Austrian People's Party EPP 8,842,000 Kurz II
The Greens – The Green Alternative EGP
Bulgaria GERB EPP 7,000,039 Borisov III
IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement ECR Party
National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria None
Denmark Social Democracy PES 5,799,763 Frederiksen
Finland Social Democratic Party of Finland PES 5,512,119 Marin
Centre Party ALDE
Green League EGP
Left Alliance PEL
Swedish People's Party of Finland ALDE
Slovakia Ordinary People None[4] 5,450,421 Matovič
We Are Family ID Party
Freedom and Solidarity ECR Party
For the People None
Ireland Fianna Fáil ALDE 4,904,240 Martin
Fine Gael EPP
Green Party EGP
Croatia Croatian Democratic Union EPP 4,076,246 Plenković II
Independent Democratic Serb Party None
Lithuania Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union None 2,794,184 Skvernelis
Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance ECR Party
Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania None
Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party EPP 2,080,908 Janša III
Modern Centre Party ALDE
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats EPP
Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia EDP
Latvia New Unity EPP 1,919,968 Kariņš
New Conservative Party None
Development/For! None
National Alliance ECR Party
Who Owns the State? None
Estonia Estonian Centre Party ALDE 1,324,820 Ratas II
Conservative People's Party of Estonia ID Party
Pro Patria EPP
Cyprus Democratic Rally EPP 875,898 Anastasiades II
Luxembourg Democratic Party ALDE 612,179 Bettel II
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party PES
The Greens EGP
Malta Labour Party PES 493,559 Abela

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Liste des communes animés par chaque chef de daïra : 01 — Wilaya d'Adrar" (PDF). Journal Officiel de la Republique Algerienne N° 41 (in French): 1293. 4 September 1996.
  2. ^ "Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 4 September 1991. p. 1293. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  3. ^ "Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 02 - Wilaya de Chlef" [List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 02 - Chlef Province] (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 4 September 1991. p. 1293. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  4. ^ NOVA is ECR member.


dec 2021

[edit]
Month, Day Event(s)

1951

[edit]

The State of Israel was confronted by a wave of Palestinian infiltrations (fedayeen). In 1951, 118 Israelis, including 48 civilians, were killed by such infiltrators. According to Israeli army records, an average of 36 infiltrators were killed each month during 1951.[1] Arabs were also being attacked by the Israelis, and the overall situation deteriorated. Israel began Retribution Operations as punishment and prevention measures.

February 6–7 Sharafat, a village south-west of Jerusalem, attacked by Israeli army. Nine villagers killed.[2]

1952

[edit]

68 Israelis, including 42 civilians, were killed by Palestinian infiltrators. The Israeli army killed a monthly average of 33 people crossing the armistice lines, including 78 in March and 57 in April.[1]

January 6–7 Israeli army attack Bayt Jala killed six.[3]

1953

[edit]

71 Israelis, including 44 civilians, killed by Palestinian infiltrators.

April 22 At least six Jordanian soldiers killed by Israeli sniper fire from West Jerusalem.[4]
May 17–23 Operation "Viper on the Track": seven West Bank villages and a Bedouin camp in Israel attacked by Israeli army.
August 11–12 Operation "Vengeance and Reprisal": four West Bank villages attacked by Israeli army, including al-Khader and Surif. Six people killed.
October 16 Qibya massacre. Unit 101, commanded by Ariel Sharon, carried out a raid on the village of Qibya. Over 60 Arabs killed.

1954

[edit]

57 Israelis killed, including 33 civilians. Israeli Border Police record between May and December they killed 51 infiltrators.[5]

March 16–17 Ma'ale Akrabim massacre: Arab gang attacked an Israeli civilian bus, killing 11.[6]
April 28–29 Operation "Lion": Nahhalin village attacked by Israeli army. Nine people killed: four National Guardsmen, three Jordanian soldiers, the village mukhtar and a woman.[7]
July 10–12 Operation "Eye for an Eye": An Israeli company led by Ariel Sharon attacked a post on the Gaza border near Kissufim, killing 9 or 10 Palestinian gendarmes.[8]
July 23–24 Start of the Lavon Affair.

1955

[edit]

74 Israelis killed, including 24 civilians. The Israeli army recorded 36 hostile infiltrators as killed.[5]

February 28 –
March 1 		Operation "Black Arrow": Ariel Sharon led an Israeli attack on an Egyptian army base in the Gaza Strip, killing 38 soldiers and two civilians.[9]
August 31 –
September 1 		Israeli army attacked outskirts of Khan Yunis. 72 Egyptians and Palestinians killed.[10]
October 27–28 Ariel Sharon led a force of 200 Israeli paratroopers on an attack on Kuntilla. 12 Egyptian soldiers killed.[11]
November 2–3 Operation "Volcano": the Israeli army attacked Egyptian army positions in al Sabha and Wadi Siram, killing 81 Egyptian soldiers.[12]
December 11–12 Operation "Olive Leaves": a large Israeli force commanded by Ariel Sharon attacked Syrian positions east of Lake Tiberias. 48 Syrian soldiers and six civilians killed.[13]

1956

[edit]

117 Israelis killed, including 54 civilians (excluding soldiers killed during the attack on the Suez Canal).[14]

April 5 Moshe Dayan ordered the shelling of the centre of Gaza City with 120 mm mortars. 57 civilians and four Egyptian soldiers killed.[15]
October 9 Qalqilya police station attacked by an Israeli battalion-sized force that included armour and artillery. Between 70 and 90 Jordanians killed.[13]
October 29 –
November 		Suez Crisis. Israel invaded Egypt's Sinai Peninsula with covert assent from France and Britain. The European nations had economic and trading interests in the Suez Canal, while Israel wanted to reopen the canal for Israeli shipping and end Egyptian-supported fedayeen incursions and attacks. Israel completely withdrew six months later when Egypt assured Israel unimpeded navigation and safety.
In the Kafr Qasim massacre, 48 or 49 Arab civilians were killed by the Israel Border Police as they returned to their village from work.

1957

[edit]
March Israel withdrew its forces from the Sinai Peninsula, ending the Suez Crisis.

1959

[edit]

The Cairo-born Yasser Arafat formed Fatah to conduct guerrilla warfare operations against Israel.

1963

[edit]

In a new wave of Arab socialism, the Ba'ath Party took power in Iraq and Syria. Among the key Ba'ath aims was the support of the Palestinian cause.[citation needed]

1964

[edit]
February 3 The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in Cairo by the Arab League. Ahmad Shuqeiri was its first leader, although the organization was de facto controlled by the Egyptian government. The PLO stated their goal as the destruction of the State of Israel through armed struggle and its replacement with an "independent Palestinian state" between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.
  1. ^ a b Morris Border Wars. pp. 54, 98, 136
  2. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 194
  3. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 204
  4. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 221. Glubb Pasha records ten killed.
  5. ^ a b Morris Border Wars. pp. 54, 98, 137
  6. ^ "Which Came First- Terrorism or Occupation – Major Arab Terrorist Attacks against Israelis Prior to the 1967 Six-Day War". mfa.gov.il.
  7. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 301
  8. ^ Morris Border Wars. p.314
  9. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 325
  10. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 350
  11. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 358
  12. ^ Morris Border Wars. pp. 359, 360
  13. ^ a b Morris Border Wars. p. 397
  14. ^ Morris Border Wars. pp. 54, 98
  15. ^ Morris Border Wars. p. 371
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