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Coordinates: 38°4′24.12″N 122°5′23.82″W / 38.0733667°N 122.0899500°W / 38.0733667; -122.0899500
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Added Glomar Explorer, which was part of the reserve fleet and based at Suisun Bay from 1977 to 1997.
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{{Short description|United States reserve fleet managed by the Maritime Administration}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
⚫
[[Image:Wfm suisun reserve fleet.jpg|thumb|300px|Ships at Suisun Bay, California. Note the battleship {{USS|Iowa|BB-61}} on the bottom end of the second row from the bottom (''Iowa'' has since moved to the Port of Los Angeles as a [[museum ship]]).]]


⚫
[[Image:Wfm suisun reserve fleet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|Ships of the reserve fleet, Suisun Bay, {{circa|2001}}. Battleship {{USS|Iowa|BB-61}} is {{ordinal|2}} row from the bottom (moored at the [[Port of Los Angeles]] since 2012 as the [[USS Iowa Museum|USS ''Iowa'' Museum]].)]]
⚫
The '''Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet''' is located on the northwest side of [[Suisun Bay]] (the northern portion of the greater [[San Francisco Bay]] estuary). The fleet is within a regulated navigation area that is about {{convert|4+1/2|mi}} long and {{convert|1/2|mi}} wide. It begins just north of the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge and runs northeast, parallel to the shoreline. Water depths range from about {{convert|14|m|order=flip}} at Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at the foot of the anchorage, to about {{convert|8|m|order=flip}} MLLW at the shallowest berths towards the northern end of the anchorage.


⚫
The '''Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet''' colloquially known as '''the mothball fleet''', is located on the northwest side of [[Suisun Bay]] (the northern portion of the greater San Francisco Bay estuary) in Benicia, California. The fleet is within a regulated navigation area that is about {{convert|4+1/2|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} long and {{convert|1/2|mi}} wide. It begins just north of the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge and runs northeast, parallel to the shoreline. Water depths range from about {{convert|14|m|order=flip|abbr=off|sp=us}} at Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at the foot of the anchorage, to about {{convert|8|m|order=flip}} MLLW at the shallowest berths towards the northern end of the anchorage. {{As of|2024|2}}, seven ships remain in the fleet ([[#Current|see below]]).<ref name="ndrf2022">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 31, 2024 |title=National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory |url=https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2024-02/2024_01%20Public%20NDRF%20Inventory.pdf |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration}}</ref>
⚫
==Purpose==
⚫
The [[U.S. Maritime Administration]] (MARAD) [[Caretaker (military)|maintains]] the [[National Defense Reserve Fleet]], a fleet of vessels that serves as a reserve of ships for national defense and national emergency purposes. The reserve fleet program was begun in 1946 at the end of World War II. At its peak in 1950, the program had more than 2,000 ships in lay-up. One of the reserve fleet storage sites is in Suisun Bay, the northern portion of San Francisco Bay. Only a small portion of vessels currently remain with the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet. In January 2016, the Department of Transportation and MARAD have officially announced the fleet closure in February 2017. All remaining ships will be sold at auction or scrapped.


⚫
== Purpose ==
⚫
==Environmental issues==
{{unreferenced|section|date=November 2024}}
⚫
The [[United States Maritime Administration]] (MARAD) [[Caretaker (military)|military caretaker]] oversees the [[National Defense Reserve Fleet]], which serves as a buffer of ships for national defense and national emergency purposes. The program began in 1946 at the end of World War{{nbsp}}II. At its peak in 1950, it had more than 2,000 ships in lay-up. One of the reserve sites is in [[Suisun Bay]], in the northern portion of San Francisco Bay, in California. Only a small portion of vessels currently remain with the Suisun fleet. In January 2016, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and MARAD have officially announced the Suisun site closure in February 2017, any remaining ships will be sold at auction or scrapped. The only occupied reserve fleets are the [[James River Reserve Fleet]] in Virginia and the [[Beaumont Reserve Fleet]] in Texas.

⚫
== Environmental issues ==
{{update section|date=August 2019}}
{{update section|date=August 2019}}
⚫
The State of California and several environmental groups have raised concerns about the environmental impacts of the fleet. Potential concerns include [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metals]] and [[Biofouling#Anti-fouling|anti-fouling agents]] in the paint that is peeling off of the vessels, as well as PCBs and other hazardous materials that may have been released. Congress responded to these concerns by funding the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) to design and implement a study of contaminants in the vicinity of the fleet.


⚫
The State of California and several environmental groups have raised concerns about the environmental impacts of the fleet. Potential concerns include [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metals]] and [[Biofouling#Antifouling|anti-fouling agents]] in the paint that is peeling off of the vessels, as well as [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s and other hazardous materials that may have been released. Congress responded to these concerns by funding the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) to design and implement a study of contaminants in the vicinity of the fleet.
⚫
NOAA's Damage Assessment, Response and Restoration Program (DARRP) began work on this project in January 2008. Since then, NOAA's team has assessed existing data from the area to determine data gaps, researched the history and environmental setting of the site, discussed the project with numerous stakeholders, conducted a site visit, and developed and refined a sampling and analysis plan. NOAA deployed bivalve samples in June 2008 and collected sediment and bivalve tissue samples from the area in July 2008. A second field sampling event for additional tissue samples occurred in September. These samples were analyzed and a data report was delivered in early 2009.

⚫
NOAA's Damage Assessment, Response, and Restoration Program (DARRP) began work on this project in January 2008. Since then, NOAA's team has assessed existing data from the area to determine data gaps, researched the history and environmental setting of the site, discussed the project with numerous stakeholders, conducted a site visit, and developed and refined a sampling and analysis plan. NOAA deployed [[Bivalvia|bivalve]] samples in June 2008 and collected sediment and bivalve tissue samples from the area in July 2008. A second field sampling event for additional tissue samples occurred in September. These samples were analyzed and a data report was delivered in early 2009.


Based on these findings, the United States Government has reached an agreement with Arc Ecology, San Francisco BayKeeper, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region (Regional Board) regarding the maintenance and disposal of obsolete ships owned by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD) at the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet site, resolving a lawsuit in the Eastern District of California. Under the agreement, MARAD will clean, maintain, and dispose of these ships in a manner that eliminates sources of Bay pollution. The Maritime Administration has already begun removing obsolete ships from Suisun Bay for recycling— several ships have left since November 2009. Eight ships remain.
Based on these findings, the United States Government has reached an agreement with Arc Ecology, San Francisco BayKeeper, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region (Regional Board) regarding the maintenance and disposal of obsolete ships owned by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD) at the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet site, resolving a lawsuit in the Eastern District of California. Under the agreement, MARAD will clean, maintain, and dispose of these ships in a manner that eliminates sources of Bay pollution. The Maritime Administration has already begun removing obsolete ships from Suisun Bay for recycling. Several ships have left since November 2009. {{As of|2023}} seven ships remain.


Under the terms of the settlement:
Under the terms of the settlement:


*Hazardous paint debris collected on vessel decks will be removed within 120 days.
* Hazardous paint debris collected on vessel decks will be removed within 120 days
*All the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be cleaned of flaking paint within two years.
* All the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be cleaned of flaking paint within two years
*Twenty-eight ships in the worst condition will be removed for disposal by 30 September 2012.
* Twenty-eight ships in the worst condition will be removed for disposal by 30 September 2012
*Before their removal, these ships will be sent to a local drydock for cleaning (removing marine growth from the underwater hull and removing flaking paint from areas above the water).
* Before their removal, these ships will be sent to a local drydock for cleaning (removing marine growth from the underwater hull and removing flaking paint from areas above the water)
*All the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be removed for disposal by 30 September 2017.
* All the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be removed for disposal by September 30, 2017
*Prior to removal, the ships will be maintained according to locally approved best management practices, as monitored by the Regional Board.
* Before removal, the ships will be maintained according to locally approved best management practices, as monitored by the Regional Board
*The horizontal surfaces of the obsolete ships will be cleaned every 90 days to prevent peeling paint from getting into the water; monthly and quarterly inspections will be conducted; and water runoff samples will be collected regularly.
* The horizontal surfaces of the obsolete ships will be cleaned every 90 days to prevent peeling paint from getting into the water, monthly and quarterly inspections will be conducted, and water runoff samples will be collected regularly
*No new ships with excess flaking paint will be admitted to the fleet site.<ref name="Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet Agreement Fact Sheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/100405_Fact_Sheet.pdf |title=Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet Agreement Fact Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421003946/http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/100405_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
* No new ships with excess flaking paint will be admitted to the fleet site<ref name="Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet Agreement Fact Sheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/100405_Fact_Sheet.pdf |title=Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet Agreement Fact Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421003946/http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/100405_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>


==Inventory==
== Inventory ==

⚫
[[File:S.S. green mountain state mothball.jpg|thumb|right|Ships of the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet. The nearest is {{SS|Green Mountain State}}.]]
{{clear}}
As of December 31, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/oictures/i191231.pdf|title=National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory|last=|first=|date=December 31, 2019|website=|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=February 15, 2020}}</ref>

⚫
[[File:S.S. green mountain state mothball.jpg|thumb|right|{{SS|Green Mountain State}} (''foreground'')]]


=== Current ===
=== Current ===
⚫
{{div col start|colwidth=}}


{{As of|2024|10|}}:<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.maritime.dot.gov/sites/marad.dot.gov/files/2024-04/2024_02%20Public%20NDRF%20Inventory.pdf | title=National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory | date=2024-02-29 | website=www.maritime.dot.gov}}</ref>
*{{SS|Cape Bover|AK-5057}} - Logistics Support (1966 [[Type C4-class ship|C4-S-66a]])
*{{SS|Cape Fear|AK-5061}} - Logistics Support (1971 [[Type C8-class ship|C8-S-81b]] - Barge Carrier, was ''Austral Lightning'')
*{{SS|Cape Girardeau|AK-2039}} - Logistics Support (1968 [[Type C5-class ship|C5-S-75a]])
*{{SS|Cape Jacob|T-AK-5029}}
*{{SS|FB-62|APL-24}} - 1944 Barge for Fleet Support a [[Type B ship]]
*{{SS|Green Mountain State|T-ACS-9}}
*{{SS|Petersburg|T-AOT-9101}}
*{{USNS|Triumph|T-AGOS-4}}
{{div col end}}


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
⚫
=== Notable Former ===
|+
{{div col start|colwidth=30em}}
|-
! Name !! Division !! Hull No. !! Year Built !! Design !! Status
|-
!style="align: center; background: #A9BCF5;" colspan="7"|Retention - Barge
|-
| [[USS APL-24|FB-62]] (APL BARGE) || Pacific || APL-24 || 1944 || Barracks CRF || Fleet Support
|-
!style="align: center; background: #A9BCF5;" colspan="7"|Retention - Crane Ship
|-
| {{SS|Grand Canyon State|T-ACS-3|2}} || Pacific || T-ACS 3 || 1965 || C6-S-MA1qd || Logistics Support
|-
!style="align: center; background: #A9BCF5;" colspan="7"|Retention - Break Bulk
|-
| {{USNS|Cape Bover|T-AK-5057|2}} || Pacific || AK 5057 || 1966 || C4-S-66a || Logistics Support
|-
!style="align: center; background: #F2F5A9;" colspan="7"| Non-retention - Crane Ship
|-
| {{SS|Green Mountain State|T-ACS-9|2}} || Pacific || T-ACS 9 || 1965 || C6-S-MA60d || Disposal
|-
!style="align: center; background: #F2F5A9;" colspan="7"| Non-retention - Break Bulk
|-
| {{SS|Cape Jacob|T-AK-5029|2}} || Pacific || TAK 5029 || 1961 || C4-S-1u || Disposal
|-
!style="align: center; background: #F2F5A9;" colspan="7"| Non-retention - Barge Ship
|-
| {{SS|Cape Fear|T-AK-5061|2}} || Pacific || AK 5061 || 1971 || C8-S-81b || Disposal
|-
!style="align: center; background: #F2F5A9;" colspan="7"| Non-retention - Barge
|-
| | [[FB-63|Peach]] || Pacific || FB-63 || 1945 || Repair barge || Disposal
|-
!style="align: center; background: #AEF2AC;" colspan="7"| Custody - Other
|-
| | [[USCGC Polar Sea]]|| Pacific || WAGB-11 || 1977 || Polar Ice Breaker || USCG
|}


⚫
=== Notable former ===
⚫
*{{USS|Mount Hood|AE-29}} - sold for scrap in 2013

⚫
{{div col start|colwidth=30em}}
⚫
*{{USS|Mount Hood|AE-29}}{{snds}}sold for scrap in 2013
*{{USS|Pyro|AE-24}}
*{{USS|Pyro|AE-24}}
*{{USS|Tulare|LKA-112}}
*{{USS|Tulare|LKA-112}}
Line 74: Line 110:
*{{USS|Wichita|AOR-1}}
*{{USS|Wichita|AOR-1}}
*{{USS|Willamette|AO-180}}
*{{USS|Willamette|AO-180}}
*{{USS|Hoga|YTM-146}} - moved to [[Arkansas Inland Maritime Museum]] as a museum ship
*{{USS|Hoga|YTM-146}}{{snds}}moved to [[Arkansas Inland Maritime Museum]] as a museum ship
*{{USS|Iowa|BB-61}} - moved to the port of Los Angeles as a [[museum ship]]
*{{USS|Iowa|BB-61}}{{snds}}moved to the port of Los Angeles as a [[museum ship]]
*''[[Sea Shadow (IX-529)]]''
*[[Sea Shadow (IX-529)|''Sea Shadow'' (IX-529)]]
*{{USCGC|Storis|WMEC-38}}
*{{USCGC|Storis|WMEC-38}}
*{{USCGC|Iris|WLB 395}}
*{{USCGC|Iris|WLB 395}}
*[[Glomar Explorer]] - aka USNS Hughes Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193)<ref>{{cite web |title=Howard Hughes, the CIA and a mysterious ship in the Bay Area |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/Howard-Hughes-the-CIA-and-a-mysterious-ship-in-10176901.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref>
*''[[Glomar Explorer]]''{{snds}}also known as USNS ''Hughes Glomar Explorer'' (T-AG-193){{snds}}and later as ''GSF Explorer''<ref>{{cite web |title=Howard Hughes, the CIA and a mysterious ship in the Bay Area |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/Howard-Hughes-the-CIA-and-a-mysterious-ship-in-10176901.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle |date=7 November 2016 |access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==In films==
== See also ==
The Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet has appeared in the films ''[[Magnum Force]]'' and ''[[The Killer Elite]]''.


* [[Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility]]
==See also==
* [[Ready Reserve Force]]
⚫
*[[Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel]]
*[[Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel]]
* [[Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel]]
⚫
* [[Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==

{{Commons category|Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet}}
{{Commons category|Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet}}

⚫
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035335/https://pmars.marad.dot.gov/default.asp Property Management and Archive Record System]
*[https://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/1996/12/09/suisun-bay-californias-gold-705 1996 episode of California's Gold]
⚫
*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/home.html NavSource Naval History]
*[http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/i101231.pdf National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory (December 31, 2010)]
*[http://navysite.de/specials/suisunbay/index.html National Defense Reserve Fleet Suisun Bay Photo Special]
*[http://navysite.de/specials/suisunbay/index.html National Defense Reserve Fleet Suisun Bay Photo Special]
⚫
*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/home.html NavSource Naval History]
*[http://www.terrastories.com/bearings/abandoned-ships Adventures in the Abandoned Ships of Suisun Bay]
⚫
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035335/https://pmars.marad.dot.gov/default.asp Property Management and Archive Record System]


{{coord|38|4|24.12|N|122|5|23.82|W|scale:10000_region:US|display=title}}
{{coord|38|4|24.12|N|122|5|23.82|W|scale:10000_region:US|display=title}}
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[[Category:Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet| ]]
[[Category:Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet| ]]
[[Category:United States Navy Reserve]]
[[Category:United States Navy Reserve]]
[[Category:Fleets of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:National Defense Reserve Fleet]]
[[Category:National Defense Reserve Fleet]]
[[Category:Military in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Military in the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Latest revision as of 18:10, 28 November 2024

Ships of the reserve fleet, Suisun Bay, c. 2001. Battleship USS Iowa (BB-61) is 2nd row from the bottom (moored at the Port of Los Angeles since 2012 as the USS Iowa Museum.)

The Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet colloquially known as the mothball fleet, is located on the northwest side of Suisun Bay (the northern portion of the greater San Francisco Bay estuary) in Benicia, California. The fleet is within a regulated navigation area that is about 4+1⁄2 miles (7.2 kilometers) long and 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) wide. It begins just north of the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge and runs northeast, parallel to the shoreline. Water depths range from about 46 feet (14 meters) at Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) at the foot of the anchorage, to about 26 feet (8 m) MLLW at the shallowest berths towards the northern end of the anchorage. As of February 2024, seven ships remain in the fleet (see below).[1]

Purpose

[edit]

The United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) military caretaker oversees the National Defense Reserve Fleet, which serves as a buffer of ships for national defense and national emergency purposes. The program began in 1946 at the end of World War II. At its peak in 1950, it had more than 2,000 ships in lay-up. One of the reserve sites is in Suisun Bay, in the northern portion of San Francisco Bay, in California. Only a small portion of vessels currently remain with the Suisun fleet. In January 2016, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and MARAD have officially announced the Suisun site closure in February 2017, any remaining ships will be sold at auction or scrapped. The only occupied reserve fleets are the James River Reserve Fleet in Virginia and the Beaumont Reserve Fleet in Texas.

Environmental issues

[edit]

The State of California and several environmental groups have raised concerns about the environmental impacts of the fleet. Potential concerns include heavy metals and anti-fouling agents in the paint that is peeling off of the vessels, as well as PCBs and other hazardous materials that may have been released. Congress responded to these concerns by funding the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to design and implement a study of contaminants in the vicinity of the fleet.

NOAA's Damage Assessment, Response, and Restoration Program (DARRP) began work on this project in January 2008. Since then, NOAA's team has assessed existing data from the area to determine data gaps, researched the history and environmental setting of the site, discussed the project with numerous stakeholders, conducted a site visit, and developed and refined a sampling and analysis plan. NOAA deployed bivalve samples in June 2008 and collected sediment and bivalve tissue samples from the area in July 2008. A second field sampling event for additional tissue samples occurred in September. These samples were analyzed and a data report was delivered in early 2009.

Based on these findings, the United States Government has reached an agreement with Arc Ecology, San Francisco BayKeeper, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region (Regional Board) regarding the maintenance and disposal of obsolete ships owned by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD) at the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet site, resolving a lawsuit in the Eastern District of California. Under the agreement, MARAD will clean, maintain, and dispose of these ships in a manner that eliminates sources of Bay pollution. The Maritime Administration has already begun removing obsolete ships from Suisun Bay for recycling. Several ships have left since November 2009. As of 2023 seven ships remain.

Under the terms of the settlement:

  • Hazardous paint debris collected on vessel decks will be removed within 120 days
  • All the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be cleaned of flaking paint within two years
  • Twenty-eight ships in the worst condition will be removed for disposal by 30 September 2012
  • Before their removal, these ships will be sent to a local drydock for cleaning (removing marine growth from the underwater hull and removing flaking paint from areas above the water)
  • All the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be removed for disposal by September 30, 2017
  • Before removal, the ships will be maintained according to locally approved best management practices, as monitored by the Regional Board
  • The horizontal surfaces of the obsolete ships will be cleaned every 90 days to prevent peeling paint from getting into the water, monthly and quarterly inspections will be conducted, and water runoff samples will be collected regularly
  • No new ships with excess flaking paint will be admitted to the fleet site[2]

Inventory

[edit]
SS Green Mountain State (foreground)

Current

[edit]

As of October 2024:[3]

Name Division Hull No. Year Built Design Status
Retention - Barge
FB-62 (APL BARGE) Pacific APL-24 1944 Barracks CRF Fleet Support
Retention - Crane Ship
Grand Canyon State Pacific T-ACS 3 1965 C6-S-MA1qd Logistics Support
Retention - Break Bulk
Cape Bover Pacific AK 5057 1966 C4-S-66a Logistics Support
Non-retention - Crane Ship
Green Mountain State Pacific T-ACS 9 1965 C6-S-MA60d Disposal
Non-retention - Break Bulk
Cape Jacob Pacific TAK 5029 1961 C4-S-1u Disposal
Non-retention - Barge Ship
Cape Fear Pacific AK 5061 1971 C8-S-81b Disposal
Non-retention - Barge
Peach Pacific FB-63 1945 Repair barge Disposal
Custody - Other
USCGC Polar Sea Pacific WAGB-11 1977 Polar Ice Breaker USCG

Notable former

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet Agreement Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015.
  3. ^ "National Defense Reserve Fleet Inventory" (PDF). www.maritime.dot.gov. 29 February 2024.
  4. ^ "Howard Hughes, the CIA and a mysterious ship in the Bay Area". San Francisco Chronicle. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet.

38°4′24.12″N 122°5′23.82″W / 38.0733667°N 122.0899500°W / 38.0733667; -122.0899500

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