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In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated ABE or ABESS), caritive (abbreviated CAR)^[1] and privative (abbreviated PRIV) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition without or by the suffix -less.

The name abessive is derived from abesse "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to Uralic languages. The name caritive is derived from Latin: carere "to lack", and is especially used in reference to Caucasian languages. The name privative is derived from Latin: privare "to deprive".

In Afro-Asiatic languages

Somali

In the Somali language, the abessive case is marked by -la'. For example:

magac "name"

magacla' "nameless"

dhar "clothes"

dharla' "clothesless," i.e., naked

In Australian languages

Martuthunira

In Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with either -wirriwa or -wirraa.^[2]

Parla-wirraa

money-PRIV

nganarna.

1PL.EX

We've got no money.

In Uralic languages

Finnish

In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by -tta for back vowels and -ttä for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example:

raha "money"

rahatta "without money"

An equivalent construction exists using the word ilman and the partitive:

ilman rahaa "without money"

or, less commonly:

rahaa ilman "without money"

The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent ilman forms:

tuloksetta "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"

Itkin syyttä. "I cried for no reason."

The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix -ma- / -mä-):

puhu-ma-tta "without speaking"

osta-ma-tta "without buying"

välittä-mä-ttä "without caring"

Juna jäi tulematta. "The train didn't show up."

This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:

Juna ei tullut. "The train didn't show up."

It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and ilman forms are combined:

ilman rahatta

There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.

Estonian

Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by -ta in both the singular and the plural:

(ilma) autota "without a car" (the preposition ilma "without" is optional)

Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.

The nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix -ma- and the abessive marker -ta:

Rong jäi tulemata. "The train didn't show up."

Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the Nimeta baar^[3] (the nameless bar) and the Nimega baar^[4] (the bar with a name).

Skolt Sami

The abessive marker for nouns in Skolt Sámi is -tää or -taa in both the singular and the plural:

Riâkkum veäʹrtää. "I cried for no reason."

The abessive-like non-finite verb form (converb) is -ǩâni or -kani:

Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam. "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come."

Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.

Inari Sami

The abessive marker for nouns in Inari Sámi is -táá. The corresponding non-finite verb form is -hánnáá, -hinnáá or -hennáá.

Other Sami languages

The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a cranberry morpheme.

Hungarian

In Hungarian, the abessive case is marked by -talan for back vowels and -telen for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes -tlan or -tlen. For example:

pénz "money"

pénztelen "without money"

haza "home(land)"

hazátlan "(one) without a homeland"

There is also the postposition nélkül, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.^[5]

Cukor nélkül iszom a teát. "I drink tea without sugar."

Testvér nélkül éltem. "I lived without siblings."

Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül? "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"

In Mongolic languages

Mongolian

In Mongolian, the privative suffix is -гүй (-güy). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to vowel harmony or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the comitative case, and the two form a pair of complementary case forms.^[6]

References

^ Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-07-02
^ Dench, Alan Charles (1995). Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125. ISBN 0-85883-422-7. Archived from the original on 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2006-03-29.
^ "Nimeta Bar News". Archived from the original on 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2006-06-27. Nimeta baar, English page
^ http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Postpositions (prepositions) in Hungarian [HungarianReference.com > Grammar > Misc grammar > Postpositions]". www.hungarianreference.com.
^ Janhunen, Juha (2012). Mongolian. London Oriental and African Language Library. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 105 & 109.

External links

[1] Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-07-02

[2] Dench, Alan Charles (1995). Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125. ISBN 0-85883-422-7. Archived from the original on 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2006-03-29.

[3] "Nimeta Bar News". Archived from the original on 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2006-06-27. Nimeta baar, English page

[4] ttp://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[5] "Postpositions (prepositions) in Hungarian [HungarianReference.com > Grammar > Misc grammar > Postpositions]". www.hungarianreference.com.

[6] Janhunen, Juha (2012). Mongolian. London Oriental and African Language Library. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 105 & 109.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Grammatical case}}
-{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
+{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
+In [[linguistics]], '''abessive''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''abe'''}} or {{sc|'''abess'''}}), '''caritive''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''car'''}})<ref>{{Citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |title=8 The Yeniseian language family |date=2024-02-19 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia |pages=365–480 |editor-last=Vajda |editor-first=Edward |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110556216-008/html |access-date=2024-07-02 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110556216-008 |isbn=978-3-11-055621-6}}</ref> and '''privative''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''priv'''}}) is the [[grammatical case]] expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In [[English language|English]], the corresponding function is expressed by the [[preposition]] ''[[wikt:without|without]]'' or by the [[Affix|suffix]] ''[[wikt:-less|-less]].''
+The name ''abessive'' is derived from {{lang|la|abesse}} "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to [[Uralic languages]]. The name ''caritive'' is derived from {{langx|la|carere|link=no}} "to lack", and is especially used in reference to [[Caucasian languages]]. The name ''[[privative]]'' is derived from {{langx|la|privare|link=no}} "to deprive".
-In [[linguistics]], '''abessive''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''abe'''}} or {{sc|'''abess'''}}), '''caritive''' and '''privative''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''priv'''}}) is the [[grammatical case]] expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In [[English language|English]], the corresponding function is expressed by the [[preposition]] ''[[wikt:without|without]]'' or by the [[Affix|suffix]] ''[[wikt:-less|-less]].''
-The name ''abessive'' is derived from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''abesse'' "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to [[Uralic languages]]. The name ''caritive'' is derived from Latin ''carere'' "to lack", and is especially used in reference to [[Caucasian languages]]. The name ''privative'' is derived from Latin ''privare'' "to deprive".
 ==In Afro-Asiatic languages==
 ===Somali===
-In the [[Somali language]], the abessive case is marked by ''-laa'' or ''-la'' and dropping all but the first [[syllable]] on certain words. For example:
+In the [[Somali language]], the abessive case is marked by {{lang|so|-la'}}. For example:
+:{{lang|so|magac}} "name"
-:''jeceylaa'' "love"
+:{{lang|so|magacla'}} "nameless"
-:''jeelaa'' "loveless"
-:''dar'' "clothes"
+:{{lang|so|dhar}} "clothes"
-:''dharla'aan'' "clothesless," i.e., [[naked]]
+:{{lang|so|dharla'}} "clothesless," i.e., [[naked]]
 ==In Australian languages==
 ===Martuthunira===
+In [[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]], the privative case is formed with either {{lang|vma|-wirriwa}} or {{lang|vma|-wirraa}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan Charles |last=Dench |year=1995 |title=Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125 |isbn=0-85883-422-7 |url=http://www.linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |author-link=Alan Dench |access-date=2006-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615024601/http://linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |archive-date=2005-06-15 |url-status=dead }}
-In [[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]], the privative case is formed with two suffixes, ''-wirriwa'' and ''-wirraa''. What determines which suffix is used in a given situation is unclear.
-{| class="wikitable"
+</ref>
-| ''Parla-wirraa'' || ''nganarna.''
-|-
+{{interlinear|lang=vma|indent=3|glossing=link
-| money-<small>'''PRIV'''</small> || <small>[[clusivity|1PL.EX]]</small>
+|Parla-wirraa nganarna.
-|-
+|money-PRIV 1PL.EX
-|colspan="2"| We've got no money.
+|We've got no money.}}
-|}
 ==In Uralic languages==
 ===Finnish===
-In the [[Finnish language]], the abessive case is marked by ''-tta'' for back vowels and ''-ttä'' for front vowels according to [[vowel harmony]]. For example:
+In the [[Finnish language]], the abessive case is marked by {{lang|fi|-tta}} for back vowels and {{lang|fi|-ttä}} for front vowels according to [[vowel harmony]]. For example:
-:''raha'' "money"
+:{{lang|fi|raha}} "money"
-:''rahatta'' "without money"
+:{{lang|fi|rahatta}} "without money"
-An equivalent construction exists using the word ''ilman'' and the [[partitive]]:
+An equivalent construction exists using the word {{lang|fi|ilman}} and the [[partitive]]:
-:''ilman rahaa'' "without money"
+:{{lang|fi|ilman rahaa}} "without money"
 or, less commonly:
-:''rahaa ilman'' "without money"
+:{{lang|fi|rahaa ilman}} "without money"
-The abessive case of [[nouns]] is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent ''ilman'' forms:
+The abessive case of [[nouns]] is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms:
-:''tuloksetta'' "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"
+:{{lang|fi|tuloksetta}} "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"
-:''Itkin syyttä.'' "I cried for no reason."
+:{{lang|fi|Itkin syyttä.}} "I cried for no reason."
-The abessive is, however, commonly used in [[Verbal noun|nominal forms of verbs]] (formed with the affix ''-ma-'' / ''-mä-''), such as ''puhu-ma-tta'' "without speaking", ''osta-ma-tta'' "without buying," ''välittä-mä-ttä'' "without caring:"
+The abessive is, however, commonly used in [[Verbal noun|nominal forms of verbs]] (formed with the affix {{lang|fi|-ma-}} / {{lang|fi|-mä-}}):
+:{{lang|fi|puhu-ma-tta}} "without speaking"
+:{{lang|fi|osta-ma-tta}} "without buying"
+:{{lang|fi|välittä-mä-ttä}} "without caring"
-:''Juna jäi tulematta.'' "The train didn't show up."
+:{{lang|fi|Juna jäi tulematta.}} "The train didn't show up."
 This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
-:''Juna ei tullut.''
+:{{lang|fi|Juna ei tullut.}} "The train didn't show up."
-It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and ''ilman'' forms are combined:
+It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms are combined:
-:''ilman rahatta''
+:{{lang|fi|ilman rahatta}}
 There is debate as to whether this is interference from [[Estonian language|Estonian]].
 ===Estonian===
-[[Estonian language|Estonian]] also uses the abessive, which is marked by ''-ta'' in both the singular and the plural:
+[[Estonian language|Estonian]] also uses the abessive, which is marked by {{lang|et|-ta}} in both the singular and the plural:
-:''(ilma) autota'' "without a car" (the preposition ''ilma'' "without" is optional)
+:{{lang|et|(ilma) autota}} "without a car" (the preposition {{lang|et|ilma}} "without" is optional)
 Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.
-The [[Verbal noun|nominal forms of verbs]] are marked with the affix ''-ma-'' and the abessive marker ''-ta'':
+The [[Verbal noun|nominal forms of verbs]] are marked with the affix {{lang|et|-ma-}} and the abessive marker {{lang|et|-ta}}:
-:''Rong jäi tulemata.'' "The train didn't show up."
+:{{lang|et|Rong jäi tulemata.}} "The train didn't show up."
-[[Tallinn]] has a pair of [[bar (establishment)|bars]] that play on the use of the [[comitative]] and [[abessive]], the Nimeta baar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707113952/http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |archive-date=2006-07-07 }} Nimeta baar, English page</ref> (the nameless bar) and the Nimega baar<ref>http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313133736/http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php |date=March 13, 2012 }}</ref> (the bar with a name).
+[[Tallinn]] has a pair of [[bar (establishment)|bars]] that play on the use of the [[comitative]] and [[abessive]], the {{lang|et|Nimeta baar}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |title=Nimeta Bar News |access-date=2006-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707113952/http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |archive-date=2006-07-07 }} Nimeta baar, English page</ref> (the nameless bar) and the {{lang|et|Nimega baar}}<ref>http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313133736/http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php |date=March 13, 2012 }}</ref> (the bar with a name).
 ===Skolt Sami===
-The [[abessive]] marker for nouns in [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sámi]] is ''-tää'' or ''-taa'' in both the singular and the plural:
+The [[abessive]] marker for nouns in [[Skolt Sámi]] is {{lang|sms|-tää}} or {{lang|sms|-taa}} in both the singular and the plural:
-:''Riâkkum veäʹrtää.'' "I cried for no reason."
+:{{lang|sms|Riâkkum veäʹrtää.}} "I cried for no reason."
-The [[abessive]]-like non-finite verb form ([[converb]]) is ''-ǩâni'' or ''-kani'':
+The [[abessive]]-like non-finite verb form ([[converb]]) is {{lang|sms|-ǩâni}} or {{lang|sms|-kani}}:
-:''Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam.'' "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come."
+:{{lang|sms|Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam.}} "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come."
 Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.
 ===Inari Sami===
-The [[abessive]] marker for nouns in [[Inari Sami language|Inari Sámi]] is ''-táá.'' The corresponding non-finite verb form is ''-hánnáá,'' ''-hinnáá'' or ''-hennáá.''
+The [[abessive]] marker for nouns in [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] is {{lang|smn|-táá}}. The corresponding non-finite verb form is {{lang|smn|-hánnáá}}, {{lang|smn|-hinnáá}} or {{lang|smn|-hennáá}}.
 ===Other Sami languages===
@@ Line 75: / Line 78: @@
 ===Hungarian===
-In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], the abessive case is marked by ''-talan'' for back vowels and ''-telen'' for front vowels according to [[vowel harmony]]. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes ''-tlan'' or ''-tlen''. For example:
+In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], the abessive case is marked by {{lang|hu|-talan}} for back vowels and {{lang|hu|-telen}} for front vowels according to [[vowel harmony]]. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes {{lang|hu|-tlan}} or {{lang|hu|-tlen}}. For example:
-:''pénz'' "money"
+:{{lang|hu|pénz}} "money"
-:''pénztelen'' "without money"
+:{{lang|hu|pénztelen}} "without money"
-:''haza'' "home(land)"
+:{{lang|hu|haza}} "home(land)"
-:''hazátlan'' "(one) without a homeland"
+:{{lang|hu|hazátlan}} "(one) without a homeland"
-There is also the postposition ''nélkül,'' which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianreference.com/postpositions-prepositions-personal-pronomial-before-after-between-instead-without.aspx|title=Postpositions (prepositions) in Hungarian [HungarianReference.com > Grammar > Misc grammar > Postpositions]|website=www.hungarianreference.com}}</ref>
+There is also the postposition {{lang|hu|nélkül}}, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianreference.com/postpositions-prepositions-personal-pronomial-before-after-between-instead-without.aspx|title=Postpositions (prepositions) in Hungarian [HungarianReference.com > Grammar > Misc grammar > Postpositions]|website=www.hungarianreference.com}}</ref>
-:''Cukor nélkül iszom a teát.'' "I drink tea without sugar."
+:{{lang|hu|Cukor nélkül iszom a teát.}} "I drink tea without sugar."
-:''Testvér nélkül éltem.'' "I lived without siblings."
+:{{lang|hu|Testvér nélkül éltem.}} "I lived without siblings."
-:''Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül?'' "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"
+:{{lang|hu|Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül?}} "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"
-==In Turkic languages==
-===Bashkir===
-In [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] the suffix is ''-һыҙ''/''-һеҙ'' (''-hïð''/''-hĭð'').
-===Turkish===
-The suffix ''-siz'' (variations: ''-sız'', ''-suz'', ''-süz'') is used in [[Turkish language|Turkish]].
-Ex: ''evsiz'' (''ev'' = house, houseless/homeless), ''barksız'', ''görgüsüz'' (''görgü'' = good manners, ill-bred), ''yurtsuz''.
-===Azerbaijani===
-The same suffix is used in the [[Azerbaijani language]].
-===Chuvash===
+==In Mongolic languages==
-In [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] the suffix is ''-сĂр''.
-===Kyrgyz===
+===Mongolian===
+In [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], the privative suffix is {{lang|mn|-гүй}} ({{transliteration|mn|-güy}}). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to [[vowel harmony]] or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the [[comitative case]], and the two form a pair of complementary case forms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|authorlink=Juha Janhunen|title=Mongolian|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2012|pages=105 & 109|series=London Oriental and African Language Library}}</ref>
-In [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] the suffix is ''-сIз''.
 ==See also==
 *[[Essive case]]
 *[[Inessive case]]
-*In Russian, Abessive is known as the [[Caritive]] (лиши́тельный), used with the negation of verbs: не знать пра́вд'''ы''' (not know the truth) – знать пра́вд'''у''' (know the truth). This case sometimes is identical to the genitive and sometimes to the accusative
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-*{{cite book |first=Alan Charles |last=Dench |year=1995 |title=Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125 |isbn=0-85883-422-7 |url=http://www.linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |author-link=Alan Dench |access-date=2006-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615024601/http://linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |archive-date=2005-06-15 |url-status=dead }}
 ==Further reading==
@@ Line 121: / Line 106: @@
 ==External links==
 *[https://www.caritive.org/about-caritive Comparative concept caritive, as defined by the St.Petersburg project "Typology of caritive"]
-*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm Glossary of linguistic terms - What is abessive case?]
+*[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm Glossary of linguistic terms - What is abessive case?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621044710/http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm |date=2008-06-21 }}
 {{Grammatical cases}}