John R. Deane: Difference between revisions

John R. Deane
John R. Deane
Born	March 18, 1896; San Francisco, California, United States
Died	July 14, 1982 (aged 86); Charleston, South Carolina, United States
Allegiance	United States
Service / branch	United States
Years of service	1917–1946
Rank	Major General
Service number	O-9759
Battles / wars	World War I; World War II
Awards	Army Distinguished Service Medal; Legion of Merit
Relations	John R. Deane, Jr. (son)

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Major General John Russell Deane (March 18, 1896 – July 14, 1982) was a senior United States Army officer who served as Chief of the United States Military Mission in the U.S. Embassy in Moscow during World War II. As such, he was the principal U.S. military official in Moscow through the end of the war and Ambassador W. Averell Harriman's key military advisor. He attended the 1943 Moscow Conference and the 1945 Yalta Conference. As the war progressed, he became frustrated by the Soviet government and urged that the U.S. work with the Soviets under a firmer policy "based on mutual respect and made to work both ways."^[1]

Shortly after being named to head the military mission, Deane joined a U.S. delegation headed by Secretary of State Cordell Hull to the Moscow Conference, October 19–30, 1943. Harriman, the new U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, also joined the delegation.^[2] Because Hull believed there was a pressing need to reassure Josef Stalin of plans for OVERLORD, the invasion of France aimed for spring 1944, he had Deane brief the Soviets on the plans along with British General Sir Hastings Ismay of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee (COS). Secretary Hull and Deane were pleased by the Soviets' response to the briefing and their expressed willingness to accept "virtually all the secretary's major points on wartime and postwar cooperation."^[3] Yet Deane would sour on the lack of Soviet cooperation in coming months.

In December 1944, Deane wrote to U.S. Army Chief of Staff Gen. George C. Marshall: "We should stop pushing ourselves on them [the Soviet authorities] and make the Soviet authorities come to us. We should be friendly and co-operative when they do so."^[4] Gar Alperovitz wrote, "This would increase America's economic leverage,"^[5] but Robert James Maddox wrote, "This hardly amounts to a recipe for coercion."^[6] Some weeks after his December missive, Deane repeated his "warnings and recommendations in a fifty-four page memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff." It included "thirty-four case histories of Soviet noncooperation." Gen. Marshall, who completely endorsed the memo, passed it to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. He in turn shared it with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and discussed it with him personally.^[1]

At the Yalta Conference, February 4–11, 1945, he and Ambassador Harriman clashed with Soviet officials over the issue of the return of American and British soldiers who had been held in a German administrated POW camps liberated by the Red Army. "There had been endless difficulties in this regard" as the Soviets did not want any western representatives in Poland while they put down opposition there. The "resulting clashes" over this issue greatly influenced Harriman and Deane "in their negative attitudes toward the Soviet Union and thus to the development of the Cold War."^[7] In a visit to Washington in April 1945, Deane further pressed the Joints Chiefs of Staff for more focused and restrictive cooperation with Russia.^[8]

According to diplomat George F. Kennan, Harriman's deputy chief of mission, the ambassador found in Deane "a senior military aide of the highest quality: modest, unassuming, scrupulously honest, fair-minded and clear-sighted."^[9]

Deane authored The Strange Alliance - The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia (The Viking Press, 1947).

Through the efforts of William J. Donovan and industrialist Seton Porter, Deane relocated to his home state of California to become president of wine maker Italian Swiss Colony.^[10] Deane served as president from 1946 to 1952.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Stoler, Mark A. (2000). Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Policy in World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-8078-2557-3.
^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2006). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-52161826-7.
^ Stoler, Mark A. (2000). Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 165–66. ISBN 0-8078-2557-3.
^ John R.Deane (1947), The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia, New York: Viking, p. 86.
^ Gar Alperovitz (1965), Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam—The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 36.
^ Robert James Maddox (1973), The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War, Princeton, NJ: Princeton, p. 68.
^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2006). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 808. ISBN 978-0-521-61826-7.
^ Stoler, Mark A. (2000). Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 213, 235. ISBN 0-8078-2557-3.
^ Kennan, George F. (1967). Memoirs 1925–1950. Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown. p. 231.
^ Amerine, Maynard A.; Teiser, Ruth (27 February 1969). "Harry Baccigaluppi, CALIFORNIA GRAPE PRODUCTS AND OTHER WINE ENTERPRISES : PART II" (PDF). The Regents of The University of California. p. 119-122. Retrieved 16 November 2021 – via Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley. [Deane] just knew how to take conflicting opinions and then sort of separate the chaff from the wheat and crystalize them into one thought that he felt would cover everybody's point of view. And he has always demonstrated that ability.
^ "Adolf L. Heck Succeeds Gen. John R. Deane As Italian Swiss Colony Head". Healdsburg Tribune, Enterprise and Scimitar. 11 September 1952. p. 15. Retrieved 16 November 2021 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. General Deane became president of the Italian Swiss Colony upon his retirement from the Army in 1946. He is a native of San Francisco. He ended his thirty years' service in the Army as head of the military mission to the Soviet Union during World War II.

External links

[:0-1] Stoler, Mark A. (2000). Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Policy in World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-8078-2557-3.

[2] Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2006). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-52161826-7.

[3] Stoler, Mark A. (2000). Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 165–66. ISBN 0-8078-2557-3.

[4] John R.Deane (1947), The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia, New York: Viking, p. 86.

[5] Gar Alperovitz (1965), Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam—The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 36.

[6] Robert James Maddox (1973), The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War, Princeton, NJ: Princeton, p. 68.

[7] Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2006). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 808. ISBN 978-0-521-61826-7.

[8] Stoler, Mark A. (2000). Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 213, 235. ISBN 0-8078-2557-3.

[9] Kennan, George F. (1967). Memoirs 1925–1950. Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown. p. 231.

[10] Amerine, Maynard A.; Teiser, Ruth (27 February 1969). "Harry Baccigaluppi, CALIFORNIA GRAPE PRODUCTS AND OTHER WINE ENTERPRISES : PART II" (PDF). The Regents of The University of California. p. 119-122. Retrieved 16 November 2021 – via Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley. [Deane] just knew how to take conflicting opinions and then sort of separate the chaff from the wheat and crystalize them into one thought that he felt would cover everybody's point of view. And he has always demonstrated that ability.

[11] "Adolf L. Heck Succeeds Gen. John R. Deane As Italian Swiss Colony Head". Healdsburg Tribune, Enterprise and Scimitar. 11 September 1952. p. 15. Retrieved 16 November 2021 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. General Deane became president of the Italian Swiss Colony upon his retirement from the Army in 1946. He is a native of San Francisco. He ended his thirty years' service in the Army as head of the military mission to the Soviet Union during World War II.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|United States Army general}}
 {{Infobox military person
-|name=John Russell Deane
+|name= John R. Deane
+|image= John_R._Deane_1944_cropped.jpg
+|image_size= 150px
+|alt=
+|caption=
+|nickname=
 |birth_date= {{Birth date|1896|03|18}}
+|birth_place= [[San Francisco, California]], United States
 |death_date= {{Death date and age|1982|07|14|1896|03|18}}
+|death_place= [[Charleston, South Carolina]], United States
-|birth_place=[[San Francisco, California]]
-|death_place=[[Charleston, South Carolina]]
 |placeofburial=
+|allegiance= United States
-|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
+|branch= [[United States]]
-|image=John_R._Deane_1944_cropped.jpg
+|serviceyears= 1917–1946
-|nickname=
-|allegiance={{flagicon|United States}} [[United States|United States of America]]
+|rank= [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
+|servicenumber= O-9759
-|branch=[[File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|25px]] [[United States Army]]
+|unit=
-|serviceyears=1917&ndash;1946
+|commands=
-|rank= [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|30px]] [[Major General (United States)|Major General]]
+|battles= [[World War I]]<br/>[[World War II]]
-|commands=
-|battles=[[World War I]]<br/>[[World War II]]
+|awards= [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]]<br/>[[Legion of Merit]]
+|relations= [[John R. Deane, Jr.]] (son)
-|awards=[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]]<br/>[[Legion of Merit]]
 |laterwork=
-|relations= GEN [[John R. Deane, Jr.]] (son)
 }}
+[[Major general (United States)|Major General]] '''John Russell Deane''' (March 18, 1896 – July 14, 1982) was a senior [[United States Army]] officer who served as Chief of the United States Military Mission in the [[Embassy of the United States in Moscow|U.S. Embassy]] in [[Moscow]] during [[World War II]]. As such, he was the principal U.S. military official in Moscow through the end of the war and Ambassador W. Averell Harriman's key military advisor. He attended the 1943 [[Moscow Conference (1943)|Moscow Conference]] and the 1945 Yalta Conference. As the war progressed, he became frustrated by the Soviet government and urged that the U.S. work with the Soviets under a firmer policy "based on mutual respect and made to work both ways."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stoler|first=Mark A.|title=Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Policy in World War II|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8078-2557-3|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=213}}</ref>
-[[Major General]] '''John Russell Deane''' (March 18, 1896 &ndash; July 14, 1982), [[United States Army]], served as Chief of the United States Military Mission in the [[Embassy of the United States in Moscow|U.S. Embassy]] in [[Moscow]] during [[World War II]]. As such, he was the principal U.S. military official in Moscow through the end of the war and Ambassador W. Averell Harrriman's key military advisor. He attended the 1943 [[Moscow Conference (1943)|Moscow Conference]] and the 1945 Yalta Conference. As the war progressed, he became frustrated by the Soviet government and urged that the U.S. work with the Soviets under a firmer policy "based on mutual respect and made to work both ways."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stoler|first=Mark A.|title=Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Policy in World War II|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8078-2557-3|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=212-3}}</ref>
+Shortly after being named to head the military mission, Deane joined a U.S. delegation headed by Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] to the Moscow Conference, October 19–30, 1943. Harriman, the new U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, also joined the delegation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-52161826-7|location=New York|pages=620}}</ref> Because Hull believed there was a pressing need to reassure Josef Stalin of plans for OVERLORD, the invasion of France aimed for spring 1944, he had Deane brief the Soviets on the plans along with British General Sir Hastings Ismay of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee (COS). Secretary Hull and Deane were pleased by the Soviets' response to the briefing and their expressed willingness to accept "virtually all the secretary's major points on wartime and postwar cooperation."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stoler|first=Mark A.|title=Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8078-2557-3|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=165–66}}</ref> Yet Deane would sour on the lack of Soviet cooperation in coming months.
+[[File:General Marshall with Generals Deane and Cutler.jpg|thumb|left|General [[George C. Marshall]] (left) shakes hands with Major General '''John R. Deane''', center, as Brigadier General Stuart Cutler extends his hand in greeting. He is arriving for the Potsdam Conference, 1945.]]
-Shortly after being named to head the military mission, Deane joined a U.S. delegation headed by Secretary of State Cordell Hull to the Moscow Conference, October 19-30, 1943. Harriman, the new U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union,  also joined the delegation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-52161826-7|location=New York|pages=620}}</ref> Because Hull believed there was a pressing need to reassure Josef Stalin of plans for OVERLORD, the invasion of France aimed for spring 1944, he had Deane brief the Soviets on the plans along with British General Sir Hastings Ismay of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee (COS). Secretary Hull and Deane were pleased by the Soviets' response to the briefing and their expressed willingness to accept "virtually all the secretary's major points on wartime and postwar cooperation."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stoler|first=Mark A.|title=Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8078-2557-3|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=165-66}}</ref> Yet Deane would sour on the lack of Soviet cooperation in coming months.
-In December 1944, Deane wrote to [[George C. Marshall]]:  "We should stop pushing ourselves on them [the Soviet authorities] and make the Soviet authorities come to us.  We should be friendly and co-operative when they do so."<ref>John R.Deane (1947), ''The Strange Alliance:  The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia'', New York:  Viking, p. 86.</ref>  [[Gar Alperovitz]] wrote, "This would increase America's economic leverage,"<ref>Gar Alperovitz (1965), ''Atomic Diplomacy:  Hiroshima and Potsdam&mdash;The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power'', New York:  Simon and Schuster, p. 36.</ref> but Robert James Maddox wrote, "This hardly amounts to a recipe for coercion."<ref>Robert James Maddox (1973), ''The [[New Left]] and the Origins of the [[Cold War]]'', Princeton, NJ:  Princeton, p. 68.</ref> Some weeks after his December missive, Deane repeated his "warnings and recommendations in a fifty-four page memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff." It included "thirty-four case histories of Soviet noncooperation." Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson shared it President Franklin D. Roosevelt and discussed it with him personally. In a visit to Washington in April 1945, Deane further pressed the Joints Chiefs of Staff for more focused and restrictive cooperation with Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stoler|first=Mark A.|title=Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8078-2557-3|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=213, 235}}</ref>
+In December 1944, Deane wrote to U.S. Army Chief of Staff Gen. [[George C. Marshall]]: "We should stop pushing ourselves on them [the Soviet authorities] and make the Soviet authorities come to us. We should be friendly and co-operative when they do so."<ref>John R.Deane (1947), ''[https://archive.org/details/thestrangealliancejohnrdeane The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia]'', New York: Viking, p. 86.</ref> [[Gar Alperovitz]] wrote, "This would increase America's economic leverage,"<ref>Gar Alperovitz (1965), ''Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam—The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power'', New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 36.</ref> but Robert James Maddox wrote, "This hardly amounts to a recipe for coercion."<ref>Robert James Maddox (1973), ''The [[New Left]] and the Origins of the [[Cold War]]'', Princeton, NJ: Princeton, p. 68.</ref> Some weeks after his December missive, Deane repeated his "warnings and recommendations in a fifty-four page memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff." It included "thirty-four case histories of Soviet noncooperation." Gen. Marshall, who completely endorsed the memo, passed it to Secretary of War [[Henry L. Stimson]]. He in turn shared it with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and discussed it with him personally.<ref name=":0" />
+[[File:Maj. Gen. John R. Deane, Commanding General, Military Mission to Moscow, arrives at the residence of U. S. Ambassador... - NARA - 199001.tif|thumb|right|Major General '''John R. Deane''', Commanding General, Military Mission to Moscow, arrives at the residence of U.S. Ambassador [[W. Averell Harriman]] during the Potsdam Conference in Potsdam, Germany, 1945.]]
-At the Yalta Conference, February 4-11, 1945, he and Ambassador Harriman clashed with Soviet officials over the issue of the return of American and British soldiers who had been held in German P.O.W. camps liberated by the Red Army. "There had been endless difficulties in this regard" as the Soviets did not want any western representatives in Poland while they put down opposition there.The "resulting clashes" over this issue greatly influenced Harriman and Deane "in their negative attitudes toward the Soviet Union and thus to the development of the Cold War."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61826-7|location=New York|pages=808}}</ref>
+At the Yalta Conference, February 4–11, 1945, he and Ambassador Harriman clashed with Soviet officials over the issue of the return of American and British soldiers who had been held in a German administrated [[Prisoner of war camp|POW camps]] liberated by the Red Army. "There had been endless difficulties in this regard" as the Soviets did not want any western representatives in Poland while they put down opposition there. The "resulting clashes" over this issue greatly influenced Harriman and Deane "in their negative attitudes toward the Soviet Union and thus to the development of the Cold War."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61826-7|location=New York|pages=808}}</ref> In a visit to Washington in April 1945, Deane further pressed the Joints Chiefs of Staff for more focused and restrictive cooperation with Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stoler|first=Mark A.|title=Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8078-2557-3|location=Chapel Hill, NC|pages=213, 235}}</ref>
-According to diplomat George F. Kennan, Harriman's deputy chief of mission, the ambassador found in Deane "a senior military aide of the highest quality: modest, unassuming, scupulously honest, fair-minded and clear-sighted."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennan|first=George F.|title=Memoirs 1925-1950|publisher=Atlantic-Little, Brown|year=1967|isbn=|location=Boston|pages=231}}</ref>
+According to diplomat [[George F. Kennan]], Harriman's deputy chief of mission, the ambassador found in Deane "a senior military aide of the highest quality: modest, unassuming, scrupulously honest, fair-minded and clear-sighted."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennan|first=George F.|title=Memoirs 1925–1950|publisher=Atlantic-Little, Brown|year=1967|location=Boston|pages=231}}</ref>
 Deane authored ''[[The Strange Alliance - The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia]]'' ([[The Viking Press]], 1947).
+Through the efforts of [[William J. Donovan]] and industrialist [[List of covers of Time magazine (1930s)#1933|Seton Porter]], Deane relocated to his home state of California to become president of wine maker [[Italian Swiss Colony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/lanza_and_baccigaluppi__w.pdf#page=135|access-date=16 November 2021|publisher=The Regents of The University of California|via=Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley|title=Harry Baccigaluppi, CALIFORNIA GRAPE PRODUCTS AND OTHER WINE ENTERPRISES : PART II|date=27 February 1969|first1=Maynard A.|last1=Amerine|first2=Ruth|last2=Teiser|page=[https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/lanza_and_baccigaluppi__w.pdf#page=135 119]-122|quote=[Deane] just knew how to take conflicting opinions and then sort of separate the chaff from the wheat and crystalize them into one thought that he felt would cover everybody's point of view. And he has always demonstrated that ability. }}</ref> Deane served as president from 1946 to 1952.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Healdsburg Tribune, Enterprise and Scimitar|title=Adolf L. Heck Succeeds Gen. John R. Deane As Italian Swiss Colony Head|page=15|date=11 September 1952 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=HTES19520911.2.143&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|access-date=16 November 2021|quote=General Deane became president of the Italian Swiss Colony upon his retirement from the Army in 1946. He is a native of San Francisco. He ended his thirty years’ service in the Army as head of the military mission to the Soviet Union during World War II.}}</ref>
-==Citations==
-{{reflist}}
+==References==
+{{reflist|30em}}
+==External links==
+*[https://generals.dk/general/Deane/John_Russell/USA.html Generals of World War II]
+*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_D01.html#Deane_JR United States Army Officers 1939–1945]
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 40: / Line 54: @@
 [[Category:1896 births]]
 [[Category:1982 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from San Francisco]]
+[[Category:United States Army Infantry Branch personnel]]
+[[Category:Military personnel from San Francisco]]
 [[Category:American diplomats]]
-[[Category:American military personnel of World War I]]
+[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
-[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II]]
 [[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
-[[Category:United States Army generals]]
 [[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
 [[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
+[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]
+[[Category:United States Army generals]]
+[[Category:American expatriates in the Soviet Union]]
-{{US-army-World-War-II-bio-stub}}

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