Epiglottal plosive: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʡ⟩ in IPA}} |
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{{Infobox IPA |
{{Infobox IPA |
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|above=Epiglottal plosive<br>(pharyngeal plosive) |
|above=Epiglottal plosive<br>(pharyngeal plosive) |
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|braille=236 |
|braille=236 |
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|braille2=23 |
|braille2=23 |
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|imagefile= |
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02A1.svg |
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|imagesize=150px |
|imagesize=150px |
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==Features== |
==Features== |
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[[File:Voiceless epiglottal plosive.svg|150px]] |
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[[Image:Places of articulation.svg|thumb|left|150px|The epiglottis is labelled as "12" in this diagram.]] |
[[Image:Places of articulation.svg|thumb|left|150px|The epiglottis is labelled as "12" in this diagram.]] |
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Features of the epiglottal stop: |
Features of the epiglottal stop: |
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{{plosive}} |
{{plosive}} |
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{{epiglottal}} |
{{epiglottal}} |
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*It has no defined [[phonation]], although it is typically voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. Voiced epiglottal "stops" tend toward being [[epiglottal flap]]s. |
*It has no defined [[phonation]], although it is typically voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. Voiced epiglottal "stops" tend toward being [[epiglottal flap]]s.{{cn|date=September 2023}} |
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{{oral}} |
{{oral}} |
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{{central articulation}} |
{{central articulation}} |
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! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
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| colspan= |
| colspan=2|[[Amis language|Amis]] || {{lang|ami|'''{{`}}'''u'''{{`}}'''ul}} |
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|- |
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| colspan=2|[[Amis language|Amis]] || 'u'ure |
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|{{IPA|[ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ]}} ||'fog'||May have a trilled release, {{IPA|[ʡ<sup>ʢ</sup>]}}. |
|{{IPA|[ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ]}} ||'fog'||May have a trilled release, {{IPA|[ʡ<sup>ʢ</sup>]}}. |
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|- |
|- |
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| colspan="2" | [[Archi language|Archi]] || {{lang| |
| colspan="2" | [[Archi language|Archi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Archi Language Tutorial|url=http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-02|access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref>|| {{lang|aqc|[[Cyrillic script|'''гӀ'''арз]]}}/{{transl|aqc|g'arz}} ||{{IPA|[ʡarz]}}||'complaint'|| |
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| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=27, 30, 33}}</ref> ||colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ |
| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=27, 30, 33}}</ref> ||colspan="2" align="center" | {{Audio-IPA| tɬʼaːʡa.wav|[tɬʼaːʡa]}}||'lake'|| |
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| [[Haida language|Haida]] || Northern dialects || '''g̱'''antl || {{IPA|[ʡʌntɬ]}}||'water'|| Corresponds to /q/ in southern dialects. |
| [[Haida language|Haida]] || Northern dialects || {{lang|hdn|'''g̱'''antl}} || {{IPA|[ʡʌntɬ]}}||'water'|| Corresponds to /q/ in southern dialects. |
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| colspan="2" |[[Ingush language|Ingush]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nichols|first=Johanna|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468975855|title=Ingush grammar|date=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-09877-0|edition=1st|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=468975855}}</ref> |
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| colspan="2" | [[Jah Hut language|Jah Hut]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ɲɔˑhɔˑʡ]}}||'tree'|| |
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|{{lang|inh|'''Ӏ'''ам}}/{{transl|inh|'''w'''am}} |
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|{{IPA|[ʡam]}} |
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|'lake, pond' |
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|Also represented with "[[Ӏ]]" in the Cyrillic orthography. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{ |
* {{cite journal |
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|last1=Maddieson |
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|first1=Ian |
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|author-link=Ian Maddieson |
|author-link=Ian Maddieson |
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|last2=Spajić |
|last2=Spajić |
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|first4=Peter |
|first4=Peter |
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|author-link4=Peter Ladefoged |
|author-link4=Peter Ladefoged |
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|date=June 1993 |
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|title=Phonetic structures of Dahalo |
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|editor-last=Maddieson |
|editor-last=Maddieson |
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|editor-first=Ian |
|editor-first=Ian |
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|journal=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics |
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|volume=84: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages |
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|volume=84 |
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|pages=25–65 |
|pages=25–65 |
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|place=Los Angeles |
|place=Los Angeles |
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|publisher= |
|publisher=UCLA |
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|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432 |
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}} |
}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Epiglottal stop}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Epiglottal stop}} |
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[[Category:Plosives]] |
[[Category:Plosives]] |
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[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]] |
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:38, 30 December 2024
| Epiglottal plosive (pharyngeal plosive) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʡ | |||
| IPA number | 173 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʡ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A1 | ||
| X-SAMPA | >\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The epiglottal or pharyngeal plosive (or stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʡ⟩.
Epiglottal and pharyngeal consonants occur at the same place of articulation. Esling (2010) describes the sound covered by the term "epiglottal plosive" as an "active closure by the aryepiglottic pharyngeal stricture mechanism" – that is, a stop produced by the aryepiglottic folds within the pharynx.[1]
Features
[edit]
Features of the epiglottal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is epiglottal, which means it is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.
- It has no defined phonation, although it is typically voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. Voiced epiglottal "stops" tend toward being epiglottal flaps.[citation needed]
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amis | 'u'ul | [ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ] | 'fog' | May have a trilled release, [ʡʢ]. | |
| Archi[2] | гӀарз/g'arz | [ʡarz] | 'complaint' | ||
| Dahalo[3] | ⓘ | 'lake' | |||
| Haida | Northern dialects | g̱antl | [ʡʌntɬ] | 'water' | Corresponds to /q/ in southern dialects. |
| Ingush[4] | Ӏам/wam | [ʡam] | 'lake, pond' | Also represented with "Ӏ" in the Cyrillic orthography. | |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.
- ^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:27, 30, 33)
- ^ Nichols, Johanna (2011). Ingush grammar (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09877-0. OCLC 468975855.
References
[edit]- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (June 1993). Maddieson, Ian (ed.). "Phonetic structures of Dahalo". UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics. 84: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages. Los Angeles: UCLA: 25–65.
