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{{short description|Adolf Hitler's paternal grandmother}}
{{short description|Adolf Hitler's paternal grandmother}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Maria Schicklgruber
| name = Maria Schicklgruber
| image =
| image =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_name = Maria Anna Schicklgruber
| birth_name = Maria Anna Schicklgruber
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1795|4|15|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1795|4|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Strones, [[Waldviertel]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| birth_place = Strones, [[Waldviertel]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1847|1|7|1795|4|15|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1847|1|6|1795|4|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = Klein-Motten, [[Austrian Empire]]
| death_place = Klein-Motten, [[Austrian Empire]]
| nationality = Austrian
| nationality = Austrian
| other_names =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| spouse =
| children = [[Alois Hitler]]
| children = [[Alois Hitler]]
| relatives = [[Adolf Hitler]] (grandson) <br> [[Paula Hitler]] (granddaughter)
| relatives = {{ubl|{{ill|Alois Hitler Jr.|simple}} (grandson)|[[Angela Hitler]] (granddaughter)|[[Adolf Hitler]] (grandson)|[[Paula Hitler]] (granddaughter)|[[Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr]] (great-grandson)|[[Geli Raubal]] (great-granddaughter)|[[Heinz Hitler]] (great-grandson)|[[William Stuart-Houston]] (great-grandson)}}
}}
}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}

'''Maria Anna Schicklgruber''' (15 April 1795 &ndash; 7 January 1847) was the mother of [[Alois Hitler]], and the paternal grandmother of [[Adolf Hitler]].
'''Maria Anna Schicklgruber''' (15 April 1795 &ndash; 6 January 1847) was the mother of [[Alois Hitler]], and the paternal grandmother of [[Adolf Hitler]].


==Family==
==Family==
Maria was born in the village of Strones in the [[Waldviertel]] region of [[Archduchy of Austria]]. She was the daughter of farmer Johannes Schicklgruber (29 May 1764 &ndash; 12 November 1847) and Theresia Pfeisinger (7 September 1769 &ndash; 11 November 1821). Maria was a [[Catholic]]; what is known about her is based on church and other public records.
Maria was born in the village of [[Strones]] in the [[Waldviertel]] region of the [[Archduchy of Austria]]. She was the daughter of farmer Johannes Schicklgruber (29 May 1764 &ndash; 12 November 1847) and Theresia Pfeisinger (7 September 1769 &ndash; 11 November 1821). Maria was a [[Catholic]]; what is known about her is based on church and other public records.


Maria was one of eleven children, only six of whom survived infancy. Her early life was that of a poor peasant child in a rural and largely forested area in the northwest part of [[Lower Austria]], northwest of [[Vienna]].
Maria was one of eleven children, of whom only six survived infancy. Her early life was that of a poor peasant child in a rural and largely forested area in the northwest part of [[Lower Austria]], northwest of [[Vienna]].


In 1821, Maria's mother died when Maria was 26 years old. She received an inheritance of 74.25 [[Austro-Hungarian gulden|gulden]], which she left invested in the Orphans' Fund until 1838. By that time it had more than doubled to 165 gulden. At that time, a breeding pig cost 4 gulden, a cow 10–12 gulden and an entire inn perhaps 500 gulden. Werner Maser<ref>Werner Maser, ''Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality'', [[Penguin Books Ltd|Penguin]], 1973, {{ISBN|0-06-012831-3}}.</ref> wrote she was a "thrifty, reserved, and exceptionally shrewd peasant woman."
In 1821, Maria's mother died when Maria was 26 years old. She received an inheritance of 74.25 [[Austro-Hungarian florin|gulden]], which she left invested in the Orphans' Fund until 1838. By that time it had more than doubled to 165 gulden. At that time, a breeding pig cost 4 gulden, a cow 10–12 gulden, and an entire inn perhaps 500 gulden. Werner Maser<ref>Werner Maser, ''Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality'', [[Penguin Books Ltd|Penguin]], 1973, {{ISBN|0-06-012831-3}}.</ref> wrote she was a "thrifty, reserved, and exceptionally shrewd peasant woman."


==The birth of Alois==
==The birth of Alois==
[[File:Alois Hitler in his last years.jpg|thumb|180px|Schicklgruber's son Alois in his later years]]
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
In 1837, when she was 42 years old, and still unmarried, her first and only child was born. She named the boy [[Alois Hitler|Alois]]. Maser notes that she refused to reveal who the child's father was, so the priest baptized him Alois Schicklgruber and entered "[[illegitimate]]" in place of the father's name on the baptismal register. Historians have discussed three candidates for the father of Alois:
In 1837, when she was 42 years old and still unmarried, her only child, [[Alois Hitler|Alois]], was born. Maser notes that she refused to reveal who the boy's father was, so the priest baptized the baby Alois Schicklgruber and entered "[[illegitimate]]" in place of the father's name on the baptismal register. Historians have discussed various candidates for the father of Alois:
# [[Johann Georg Hiedler]], who later married Maria, and whose name was added to Alois's birth certificate later in Alois' life and who was accepted officially as the father of Alois (i.e., as the paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler) by the [[Third Reich]].
*[[Johann Georg Hiedler]], who later married Maria, whose name was added to the birth certificate later in Alois's life, and who was accepted officially by [[Nazi Germany]] as Alois's father (i.e., as the paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler).
# [[Johann Nepomuk Hiedler]], Johann Georg's brother and Alois's step-uncle, who raised Alois through adolescence and later willed him a considerable portion of his life savings but who, if he was the real father of Alois, never found it expedient to admit it publicly.
*[[Johann Nepomuk Hiedler]], Johann Georg's brother and Alois's step-uncle, who raised Alois through adolescence and later willed him a considerable portion of his life savings, but who, if he were the real father of Alois, never found it expedient to admit it publicly.
# A [[Jew]] named Leopold Frankenberger, as reported by ex-Nazi [[Hans Frank]] during the [[Nuremberg Trials]]. Historians dismiss the Frankenberger hypothesis (which had only Frank's speculation as evidence) as baseless, as there were no Jewish families in Graz at the time Maria became pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/kershaw-hitler.html|title=Hitler|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref>
*A [[Jewish]] man named [[Leopold Frankenberger]], as reported by ex-Nazi [[Hans Frank]] during the [[Nuremberg Trials]]. Prominent historians dismiss the Frankenberger hypothesis (which had only Frank's speculation as evidence) as baseless, as there were no Jewish families in Graz at the time Maria became pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/kershaw-hitler.html|title=Hitler|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref>


At the time of the birth of Alois, Maria was living with a Strones village family by the name of Trummelschlager. Mr and Mrs Trummelschlager were listed as godparents to Alois.
At the time of the birth of Alois, Maria was living with a Strones village family by the name of Trummelschlager. Mr and Mrs Trummelschlager were listed as Alois's godparents.


Maria soon began residence with her father at house number 22 in Strones. After an unknown period, the three Schicklgrubers were joined by Johann Georg Hiedler, an itinerant [[journeyman]] miller. On 10 May 1842, five years after Alois was born, Maria Anna Schicklgruber married Johann Georg Hiedler in the nearby village of [[Döllersheim]]. Maria was 47 years old, her new husband was 50.
Maria soon began residence with her father at house number 22 in Strones. After an unknown period, the three Schicklgrubers were joined by Johann Georg Hiedler, an itinerant [[journeyman]] miller. On 10 May 1842, five years after Alois was born, Maria Anna Schicklgruber married Johann Georg Hiedler in the nearby village of [[Döllersheim]]. Maria was 47 years old, and her new husband was 50.


Whether or not Johann Georg Hiedler was actually the biological paternal grandfather of Hitler may remain unknown as he was not recorded originally as the father on Alois's birth certificate. Illegitimacy was common in lower Austria; in some areas it reached as many as forty percent of births and as late as 1903 the rate was twenty-four percent,<ref name = "Zalampas1990">{{cite book | first =Sherree Owens | last = Zalampas | title =Adolf Hitler: A Psychological Interpretation of His Views on Architecture, Art, and Music| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t-tQ9V2--1kC&pg=PA5 |year=1990|publisher= Popular Press | isbn = 978-0-87972-488-7 |pages = 5–}}</ref> with the children normally legitimized at a later date.<ref name="Davidson1997">{{cite book|author=Eugene Davidson|title=The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JagUZcri3s8C&pg=PA4|year=1997|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-1117-0|pages=4–}}</ref> Hitler's ancestry was questioned when his opponents began spreading rumors that his paternal grandfather was Jewish, since one of [[Nazism]]'s major principles was that to be considered a pure "[[Aryan]]" one had to have a [[Ahnenpass|documented ancestry certificate]] (''Ahnenpass'').
Whether or not Johann Georg Hiedler was actually the biological paternal grandfather of Hitler may remain unknown, as he was not recorded originally as the father on Alois's birth certificate. Illegitimacy was common in lower Austria; in some areas, it reached as many as forty percent of births, and as late as 1903 the rate was twenty-four percent,<ref name = "Zalampas1990">{{cite book | first =Sherree Owens | last = Zalampas | title =Adolf Hitler: A Psychological Interpretation of His Views on Architecture, Art, and Music| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t-tQ9V2--1kC&pg=PA5 |year=1990|publisher= Popular Press | isbn = 978-0-87972-488-7 |pages = 5–}}</ref> with the children normally legitimized at a later date.<ref name="Davidson1997">{{cite book|author=Eugene Davidson|title=The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JagUZcri3s8C&pg=PA4|year=1997|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-1117-0|pages=4–}}</ref> Hitler's ancestry was questioned when his opponents began spreading rumours that his paternal grandfather was Jewish, since one of [[Nazism]]'s major principles was that to be considered a pure "[[Aryan]]" one had to have a [[Ahnenpass|documented ancestry certificate]] (''Ahnenpass'').


In 1931 Hitler ordered the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' [[Schutzstaffel|(SS)]] to investigate the alleged rumors regarding his ancestry; they found no evidence of any Jewish ancestors.<ref name="Fischel1998">{{cite book|author=Jack Fischel|title=The Holocaust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrW-b3Q-3ewC&pg=PA137|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29879-0|pages=137–}}</ref> Hitler then ordered a genealogist by the name of Rudolf Koppensteiner to publish a large illustrated genealogical tree showing his ancestry. This was published in the book ''Die Ahnentafel des Fuehrers'' ("The pedigree of the Leader") in 1937, which concluded that Hitler's family were all [[Austria]]n [[Germans]] with no Jewish ancestry and that Hitler had an unblemished "[[master race|Aryan]]" pedigree.<ref name="Koppensteiner1937">{{cite book|author=Rudolf Koppensteiner|title=Die Ahnentafel des Führers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFEZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4|year=1937|publisher=Zentralstelle für Deutsche Personen- und Familiengeschichte|pages=4–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/other/hitler.html|title=Ancestry of Adolf Hitler|website=www.wargs.com|access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref> As Alois himself legitimized Johann Georg Hiedler as his biological father (with three witnesses affirming and watching this) and the priest changed the father's blank space on the birth certificate in 1876, this was considered certified proof for Hitler's ancestry, thus Hitler ''was'' considered an "Aryan".
In 1931, Hitler ordered the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' [[Schutzstaffel|(SS)]] to investigate the alleged rumours regarding his ancestry; they found no evidence of any Jewish ancestors.<ref name="Fischel1998">{{cite book|author=Jack Fischel|title=The Holocaust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrW-b3Q-3ewC&pg=PA137|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29879-0|pages=137–}}</ref> He then ordered a genealogist by the name of Rudolf Koppensteiner to publish a large illustrated genealogical tree showing his ancestry. This was published in the book ''Die Ahnentafel des Führers'' ("The pedigree of the Leader") in 1937, which concluded that Hitler's family were all [[Austria]]n [[Germans]] with no Jewish ancestry and that Hitler had an unblemished "[[master race|Aryan]]" pedigree.<ref name="Koppensteiner1937">{{cite book|author=Rudolf Koppensteiner|title=Die Ahnentafel des Führers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFEZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4|year=1937|publisher=Zentralstelle für Deutsche Personen- und Familiengeschichte|pages=4–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/other/hitler.html|title=Ancestry of Adolf Hitler|website=www.wargs.com|access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref> As Alois himself legitimized Johann Georg Hiedler as his biological father (with three witnesses affirming and watching this) and the priest changed the father's blank space on the birth certificate in 1876, this was considered certified proof for Hitler's ancestry, and thus Hitler ''was'' considered an "Aryan".


==Death and gravesite==
==Death and gravesite==
Maria died during the sixth year of her marriage, at the age of 51 in Klein-Motten where she was living with her husband in the home of kin, the Sillip family. She died of "[[tuberculosis|consumption]] resulting from pectoral (thoracic) dropsy" in 1847.<ref>Döllersheim parish records</ref> She was buried in the parish church cemetery in [[Döllersheim]].


Maria died during the sixth year of her marriage, at the age of 51 in Klein-Motten, where she was living with her husband in the home of kin, the Sillip family. She died of "[[tuberculosis|consumption]] resulting from pectoral (thoracic) dropsy" in 1847.<ref>Döllersheim parish records</ref> She was buried in the parish church cemetery in [[Döllersheim]].
After the [[Anschluss]] of Austria in 1938, a search failed to find her grave so she was given an "honour grave" next to the church wall. This grave was tended by local [[Hitler Youth]] groups whilst Döllersheim and the surrounding areas were made proving ground areas. In 1942, this area became part of an artillery training area and the local inhabitants were moved out. Military training continued during the Soviet occupation after the war, and also by the Austrian Army until about 1985, by which time most of the towns and villages were in ruins. The church at Döllersheim is now preserved and undergoing reconstruction. The cemetery is being tended, but there is no grave marker there now for Maria Schicklgruber.


After the ''[[Anschluss]]'' of Austria in 1938, a search failed to find her grave, so she was given an "honour grave" next to the church wall. This grave was tended by local [[Hitler Youth]] groups whilst Döllersheim and the surrounding areas were made proving ground areas. In 1942, this area became part of an artillery training area, and the local inhabitants were moved out. Military training continued during the Soviet occupation after the war and also by the Austrian Army until about 1985, by which time most of the towns and villages were in ruins. The church at Döllersheim is now preserved and undergoing reconstruction. The cemetery is being tended, but there is no grave marker remaining for Maria Schicklgruber.
==Relatives==
In 1940 Hitler's second cousin, Aloisia Veit, was gassed at [[Hartheim Euthanasia Centre]]. Veit, a 49-year-old [[schizophrenic|woman with schizophrenia]], was killed as part of [[Action T4]], the Nazi program to systematically kill people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naderlibrary.com/nazi.hitlerfamilyshadow.screen.htm |title=Hitler's Family -- In the Shadow of the Dictator -- Screenplay |last=Halmburger |first=Oliver |author2=Thomas Staehler |year=2006 |publisher=Ralph Nader Library |access-date=22 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027195529/http://www.naderlibrary.com/nazi.hitlerfamilyshadow.screen.htm |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 57: Line 55:


==References==
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Other reading==
'''Further reading'''
* Bullock, Alan ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'' 1953 {{ISBN|0-06-092020-3}}
* Bullock, Alan ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'' 1953 {{ISBN|0-06-092020-3}}
* Fest, Joachim C. ''Hitler'' Verlag Ullstein, 1973 {{ISBN|0-15-141650-8}}
* Fest, Joachim C. ''Hitler'' Verlag Ullstein, 1973 {{ISBN|0-15-141650-8}}
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[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Hitler family]]
[[Category:Hitler family]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Austria]]
[[Category:People from Lower Austria]]
[[Category:People from Lower Austria]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in the Austrian Empire]]

Latest revision as of 19:46, 1 October 2024

Maria Schicklgruber
Born
Maria Anna Schicklgruber

(1795-04-15)15 April 1795
Died6 January 1847(1847-01-06) (aged 51)
Klein-Motten, Austrian Empire
NationalityAustrian
ChildrenAlois Hitler
Relatives

Maria Anna Schicklgruber (15 April 1795 – 6 January 1847) was the mother of Alois Hitler, and the paternal grandmother of Adolf Hitler.

Family

[edit]

Maria was born in the village of Strones in the Waldviertel region of the Archduchy of Austria. She was the daughter of farmer Johannes Schicklgruber (29 May 1764 – 12 November 1847) and Theresia Pfeisinger (7 September 1769 – 11 November 1821). Maria was a Catholic; what is known about her is based on church and other public records.

Maria was one of eleven children, of whom only six survived infancy. Her early life was that of a poor peasant child in a rural and largely forested area in the northwest part of Lower Austria, northwest of Vienna.

In 1821, Maria's mother died when Maria was 26 years old. She received an inheritance of 74.25 gulden, which she left invested in the Orphans' Fund until 1838. By that time it had more than doubled to 165 gulden. At that time, a breeding pig cost 4 gulden, a cow 10–12 gulden, and an entire inn perhaps 500 gulden. Werner Maser[1] wrote she was a "thrifty, reserved, and exceptionally shrewd peasant woman."

The birth of Alois

[edit]
Schicklgruber's son Alois in his later years

In 1837, when she was 42 years old and still unmarried, her only child, Alois, was born. Maser notes that she refused to reveal who the boy's father was, so the priest baptized the baby Alois Schicklgruber and entered "illegitimate" in place of the father's name on the baptismal register. Historians have discussed various candidates for the father of Alois:

  • Johann Georg Hiedler, who later married Maria, whose name was added to the birth certificate later in Alois's life, and who was accepted officially by Nazi Germany as Alois's father (i.e., as the paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler).
  • Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, Johann Georg's brother and Alois's step-uncle, who raised Alois through adolescence and later willed him a considerable portion of his life savings, but who, if he were the real father of Alois, never found it expedient to admit it publicly.
  • A Jewish man named Leopold Frankenberger, as reported by ex-Nazi Hans Frank during the Nuremberg Trials. Prominent historians dismiss the Frankenberger hypothesis (which had only Frank's speculation as evidence) as baseless, as there were no Jewish families in Graz at the time Maria became pregnant.[2]

At the time of the birth of Alois, Maria was living with a Strones village family by the name of Trummelschlager. Mr and Mrs Trummelschlager were listed as Alois's godparents.

Maria soon began residence with her father at house number 22 in Strones. After an unknown period, the three Schicklgrubers were joined by Johann Georg Hiedler, an itinerant journeyman miller. On 10 May 1842, five years after Alois was born, Maria Anna Schicklgruber married Johann Georg Hiedler in the nearby village of Döllersheim. Maria was 47 years old, and her new husband was 50.

Whether or not Johann Georg Hiedler was actually the biological paternal grandfather of Hitler may remain unknown, as he was not recorded originally as the father on Alois's birth certificate. Illegitimacy was common in lower Austria; in some areas, it reached as many as forty percent of births, and as late as 1903 the rate was twenty-four percent,[3] with the children normally legitimized at a later date.[4] Hitler's ancestry was questioned when his opponents began spreading rumours that his paternal grandfather was Jewish, since one of Nazism's major principles was that to be considered a pure "Aryan" one had to have a documented ancestry certificate (Ahnenpass).

In 1931, Hitler ordered the Schutzstaffel (SS) to investigate the alleged rumours regarding his ancestry; they found no evidence of any Jewish ancestors.[5] He then ordered a genealogist by the name of Rudolf Koppensteiner to publish a large illustrated genealogical tree showing his ancestry. This was published in the book Die Ahnentafel des Führers ("The pedigree of the Leader") in 1937, which concluded that Hitler's family were all Austrian Germans with no Jewish ancestry and that Hitler had an unblemished "Aryan" pedigree.[6][7] As Alois himself legitimized Johann Georg Hiedler as his biological father (with three witnesses affirming and watching this) and the priest changed the father's blank space on the birth certificate in 1876, this was considered certified proof for Hitler's ancestry, and thus Hitler was considered an "Aryan".

Death and gravesite

[edit]

Maria died during the sixth year of her marriage, at the age of 51 in Klein-Motten, where she was living with her husband in the home of kin, the Sillip family. She died of "consumption resulting from pectoral (thoracic) dropsy" in 1847.[8] She was buried in the parish church cemetery in Döllersheim.

After the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, a search failed to find her grave, so she was given an "honour grave" next to the church wall. This grave was tended by local Hitler Youth groups whilst Döllersheim and the surrounding areas were made proving ground areas. In 1942, this area became part of an artillery training area, and the local inhabitants were moved out. Military training continued during the Soviet occupation after the war and also by the Austrian Army until about 1985, by which time most of the towns and villages were in ruins. The church at Döllersheim is now preserved and undergoing reconstruction. The cemetery is being tended, but there is no grave marker remaining for Maria Schicklgruber.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ Werner Maser, Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality, Penguin, 1973, ISBN 0-06-012831-3.
  2. ^ "Hitler". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  3. ^ Zalampas, Sherree Owens (1990). Adolf Hitler: A Psychological Interpretation of His Views on Architecture, Art, and Music. Popular Press. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-0-87972-488-7.
  4. ^ Eugene Davidson (1997). The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism. University of Missouri Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0-8262-1117-0.
  5. ^ Jack Fischel (1998). The Holocaust. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-0-313-29879-0.
  6. ^ Rudolf Koppensteiner (1937). Die Ahnentafel des Führers. Zentralstelle für Deutsche Personen- und Familiengeschichte. pp. 4–.
  7. ^ "Ancestry of Adolf Hitler". www.wargs.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  8. ^ Döllersheim parish records

Further reading

  • Bullock, Alan Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 1953 ISBN 0-06-092020-3
  • Fest, Joachim C. Hitler Verlag Ullstein, 1973 ISBN 0-15-141650-8
  • Kershaw, Ian Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris W W Norton, 1999 ISBN 0-393-04671-0
  • Maser, Werner Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality Penguin Books Ltd 1973 ISBN 0-06-012831-3
  • Smith, Bradley F. Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth Hoover Institution, 1967 ISBN 978-0-8179-1622-0
  • Vermeeren, Marc "De jeugd van Adolf Hitler 1889-1907 en zijn familie en voorouders". Soesterberg, 2007, 420 blz. Uitgeverij Aspekt. ISBN 978-90-5911-606-1