O3b: Difference between revisions

O3b MEO
	Rendering of O3b MEO satellite coverage areas and visibility around the equator.
Mission type	Internet access
Operator	SES Networks
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	Thales Alenia Space
Launch mass	700 kg
Start of mission
Launch date	25 June 2013 (UTC) (four); 10 July 2014 (UTC) (four); 18 December 2014 (UTC) (four); 9 March 2018 (UTC) (four); 4 April 2019 (UTC) (four)
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Medium Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	8063 km
Period	287.9 minutes

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O3b MEO is a satellite constellation orbiting in Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and designed for telecommunications and data backhaul from remote locations. Originally O3b, the name was changed in September 2020 to more clearly distinguish these satellites from the forthcoming O3b mPOWER constellation. O3b stood for "other three billion", or the other three billion people at the time that did not have stable internet access.

The constellation was initially built, owned and operated by O3b Networks, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of SES S.A. in 2016 ^[1] and ownership and operation of the constellation passed to SES Networks, a division of SES. The O3b MEO constellation began offering service in March 2014.^[2]

History

Initially planned to launch in 2010,^[3] the first four O3b satellites reached orbit on a Soyuz-2 / Fregat-MT launch vehicle by Arianespace on 25 June 2013.^[4]^[5] After discovering a hardware defect in the initial satellites, O3b postponed the planned September 2013 launch of four additional satellites so repairs could be made.^[6] The second four satellites were launched by the same type of rocket from the Space Center in French Guiana, on 10 July 2014 ^[7] and the O3b system started full commercial service on 1 September 2014.^[8]

The third launch of four took place in December 2014, bringing the satellite constellation to 12 satellites.^[9] Four years later, four additional satellites were launched on 9 March 2018 on a Soyuz-2.1b rocket from the Centre Spatial Guyanais.^[10] In December 2018, Thales Alenia Space said that tests on the final four O3b satellites would be completed by the end of January 2019 ^[11] and the four satellites were successfully launched on 4 April 2019.^[12]

In 2010, operators in the Cook Islands,^[13] Pakistan^[14] and Nigeria^[15] were among the first to prebook capacity on the O3b constellation to serve their respective markets.

In 2010, O3b announced the selection of Europe Media Port to be the first provider of Gateway Teleport services for O3b's global network^[16] and a contract with Viasat for the production and installation of Ka-band infrastructure.^[17]

In July 2014, SES Government Solutions, a subsidiary of (then O3b investor, now owner) SES, received approval to offer O3b services on their General Services Administration (GSA) schedule allowing SES GS to be the first distribution partner to offer O3b capability directly to the U.S. Government.^[18]

In November 2014, MS Quantum of the Seas became the first cruise ship to provide fast internet to guests through O3b Networks. The service is branded "Voom" by its cruise line, Royal Caribbean International and it was subsequently rolled out to every ship in their fleet.^[19]^[20]

In August 2015, SES subsidiary, SES Government Solutions agreed on a one-year contract with US government scientific agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to supply O3b services and ground equipment to the National Weather Service Office in American Samoa, expanding NOAA's broadband connectivity outside the continental United States to provide weather, water, and climate data, and forecasts and warnings to American Samoa.^[21]

In August 2016, SES Government Solutions announced a contract to provide O3b Networks' high throughput, low latency satellite communications for a US Department of Defense end-user. The agreement is for a 365 days-per-year service consisting of a full-duplex symmetric 155 Mbit/s link, gateway access, a transportable 2.4 metre terminal, terrestrial backhaul, and maintenance and installation services, with a latency of under 200 milliseconds per round trip. The contract also provides for additional capacity to meet surge requirements.^[22]

In September 2019, SES became a Microsoft Azure ExpressRoute services partner to provide dedicated, private network connectivity from sea vessels, aircraft, and industrial or government sites anywhere in the world to the Azure cloud computing service, via both its geostationary satellites and O3b MEO satellites.^[23]

In September 2020, SES and Microsoft announced that SES was the medium Earth orbit connectivity partner for the Microsoft Azure Orbital ground station service that enables network operators to control their satellite operations and capacity from within the Azure cloud computing service. Under their agreement, SES and Microsoft will jointly invest in Azure Orbital ground stations for the MEO and Earth Observation segments, initially in the United States, which will be installed and managed by SES. Also, satellite telemetry, tracking and control systems and data ground stations for the forthcoming O3b mPOWER satellites will be located with Microsoft's Azure edge sites to provide O3b mPOWER customers with "one-hop" access to Azure cloud services.^[24]^[25]

Satellites

The satellites are deployed in a circular orbit along the equator at an altitude of 8,063 km (5,010 mi) (medium Earth orbit) at a velocity of approximately 11,755 mph (18,918 km/h), each making 5 orbits a day.^[26] Due to problems with a component of the first four satellites launched, three of those four have been placed on standby.^[27]

Each satellite is equipped with twelve fully steerable Ka-band antennas (two beams for gateways, ten beams for remotes) that use 4.3 GHz of spectrum (2 × 216 MHz per beam) with a proposed throughput of 1.6 Gbit/s per beam (800 Mbit/s per direction),^[28] resulting in a total capacity of 16 Gbit/s per satellite. Each beam's footprint measures 700 km (430 mi) in diameter.^[29] O3b claims a mouth-to-ear one-way latency of 179 milliseconds for voice communication, and an end-to-end round-trip latency of 140 ms for data services. The maximum throughput per TCP connection is 2.1 Mbit/s.^[30] For maritime applications, O3b claims a round-trip latency of 140 ms, and connectivity speeds of over 500 Mbit/s.^[31]

The satellites are powered by gallium arsenide solar arrays and lithium-ion batteries^[32] and weigh approximately 700 kg (1,500 lb) each.^[4]

The satellites were constructed by Thales Alenia Space, a division of Thales Group.^[33] The first satellite (PFM) was built in the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center, while the rest of the constellation was assembled, integrated and tested in Thales Alenia Space Italy's Roman facilities.

In September 2017, SES announced the next generation of O3b satellites and placed an order for an initial seven from Boeing Satellite Systems using a new satellite platform based on Boeing's 702 line of scalable buses. Expected to launch in 2021, the O3b mPOWER constellation of medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites for broadband internet services will "be able to deliver anywhere from hundreds of megabits to 10 gigabits to any ship at sea" through 30,000 spot beams. Software-defined routing will direct traffic between the mPOWER MEO satellites and SES' geostationary fleet.^[34] In August 2020, SES contracted Boeing to build four additional O3b mPOWER satellites and SpaceX was contracted for an additional two launches, to make four launches for the whole O3b mPOWER constellation in 2021–2024.^[35]^[36]

List of satellites

Name	NORAD ID	Int'l Code	Launch Date	Launch Vehicle	Period (min)
O3B PFM	39191	2013-031D	25 June 2013	Soyuz ST-B (VS05)	287.9
O3B FM2	39190	2013-031C	25 June 2013	Soyuz ST-B (VS05)	287.9
O3B FM3	40082	2014-038D	10 July 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS08)	287.9
O3B FM4	39189	2013-031B	25 June 2013	Soyuz ST-B (VS05)	287.9
O3B FM5	39188	2013-031A	25 June 2013	Soyuz ST-B (VS05)	287.9
O3B FM6	40080	2014-038B	10 July 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS08)	287.9
O3B FM7	40081	2014-038C	10 July 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS08)	287.9
O3B FM8	40079	2014-038A	10 July 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS08)	287.9
O3B FM9	40351	2014-083D	18 December 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS10)	287.9
O3B FM10	40348	2014-083A	18 December 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS10)	287.9
O3B FM11	40349	2014-083B	18 December 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS10)	287.9
O3B FM12	40350	2014-083C	18 December 2014	Soyuz ST-B (VS10)	287.9
O3B FM13	43234	2018-024D	9 March 2018	Soyuz ST-B (VS18)	287.9
O3B FM14	43233	2018-024C	9 March 2018	Soyuz ST-B (VS18)	287.9
O3B FM15	43231	2018-024A	9 March 2018	Soyuz ST-B (VS18)	287.9
O3B FM16	43232	2018-024B	9 March 2018	Soyuz ST-B (VS18)	287.9
O3B FM17	44114	2019-020C	4 April 2019	Soyuz ST-B (VS22)	287.9
O3B FM18	44115	2019-020D	4 April 2019	Soyuz ST-B (VS22)	287.9
O3B FM19	44113	2019-020B	4 April 2019	Soyuz ST-B (VS22)	287.9
O3B FM20	44112	2019-020A	4 April 2019	Soyuz ST-B (VS22)	287.9

^[37]

Use of medium Earth orbit

O3b MEO is currently the only high-throughput satellite (HTS) system for internet services to use the medium Earth orbit; most other existing and proposed systems use satellites in either geosynchronous orbit (GEO) or low Earth orbit (LEO). Although previous satellite internet services primarily used geosynchronous satellites (SES has four geostationary HTS in orbit – Astra 2E, SES-12, SES-14 and SES-15), demand for increased bandwidth and for lower latency has shifted the focus for HTS to lower orbits.^[38] The lower the altitude of the orbit, the closer the satellite is to the Earth and the lower the latency and path losses (enabling lower ground station and satellite power, and costs for the same throughput)^[39] The propagation delay for a round-trip internet protocol transmission via a geosynchronous satellite can be over 550 ms, and such latency is the bane of digital connectivity, in particular for automated stock trades, hardcore gaming and Skype video chats.^[40]^[41] So, many proposed non-geosynchronous satellite internet services have adopted a low Earth orbit of under 2000 km altitude^[41] where latency can be as little 40ms,^[42] and by 2018 more than 18,000 new LEO satellites had been proposed to launch by 2025.^[43]

However, a lower orbit also has drawbacks; satellites move faster relative to the ground and can "see" a smaller area of the Earth, and so for continuous widespread access require a constellation of many satellites, with complex constellation management and tracking by the ground stations.^[38]^[41] Medium Earth orbit, although higher in altitude than LEO is nevertheless much lower than geosynchronous orbit and so shares many of the advantages of LEO while reducing its drawbacks:^[44]^[39]^[45]^[40]

Latency as low as 125ms – longer than LEO but substantial improvement over GEO satellites
Longer orbital period than LEO – a smaller constellation needed for continuous "visibility"
Cheaper and simpler telemetry, tracking and control systems than LEO
Higher "look angle" from the ground than LEOs
Longer service life expectancy than LEO satellites
Reduced Doppler shift problem than LEO
Less orbital overcrowding and space debris than LEO

References

^ SES Completes Acquisition of 100% of O3b Networks, Business Wire, 1 August 2016, Accessed 26 April 2017
^ Wood, Lloyd; Lou, Yuxuan; Olusola, Opeoluwa (2014). "Revisiting elliptical satellite orbits to enhance the O3b constellation". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 67 (3): 110–118. arXiv:1407.2521. Bibcode:2014JBIS...67..110W.
^ [1] Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine GBS to utilize O3b's low-latency network to augment broadband and WiMax services
^ ^a ^b "Soyuz Flight VS05 with four O3b networks satellites". Arianespace. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
^ "O3b's Satellites Launch Successfully". O3b. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ Delayed O3b Satellites Should be Ready for March Launch, SpaceNews, 1 November 2013, Retrieved 28 October 2020
^ "O3b Networks going operational with state-of-the-art satellite constellation to serve the other 3 billion". Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ O3b successfully launches four more satellites to complete iniitial constellation, Satellite Markets & Research, 18 December 2014, Retrieved 28 October 2020
^ Third quartet of satellites launched for O3b Networks Spaceflight Now, 19 December 2014, Retrieved 28 October 2020
^ Arianespace Soyuz ST-B launches latest O3b satellites, NASASpaceFlight.com, 9 March 2018, Retrieved 28 October 2020
^ Thales readies 4 satellites for O3b Advanced Television, 19 December 2018, Retrieved 28 October 2020
^ Four New Satellites Ride Into Space To Join Growing SES Constellation, SPACE.com, 4 April 2019, Retrieved 28 October 2020
^ [2] Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine O3b Networks and Telecom Cook Islands Sign Long Term Agreement on Bandwidth Provision for Internet Connectivity
^ [3] Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Pak Datacom Limited signs exclusive national capacity agreement with O3b Networks to deploy high-speed internet to Pakistan
^ [4] Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine O3b Networks signs deal with Netcom, Nigeria to provide fast and reliable connectivity to ships and offshore platforms
^ [5] Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine O3b Selects Europe Media Port (EMP) as its First Gateway Teleport Operator for New High Capacity Data Network
^ Interview with Mark Rigolle, Chief Executive Officer, O3B Networks SatNews, 29 March 2010, Retrieved 28 October 2020
^ "SES Receives Approval from GSA to Sell O3b Services" (Press release). SES. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ Royal Caribbean's Quantum of the Seas Wows with Smart Ship Technology Conde Nast Traveller, 21 November 2014, Accessed 28 October 2020
^ Royal Caribbean to add high speed internet to every ship in the fleet by May 1stRoyal Caribbean, 29 April 2016, Accessed 28 October 2020
^ "NOAA Signs First U.S. Government Deal With SES for O3b High Throughput Solution" (Press release). SES. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ SES Government Solutions to Provide the US Government with a High-Performance Network FinanzNachrichten.de 29 August 2016. Accessed 30 August 2016
^ SES extends reach of Microsoft Azure ExpressRoute Advanced Television 9 September 2019. Accessed 28 October 2020
^ Introducing Azure Orbital: Process satellite data at cloud-scale Microsoft, 22 September 2020, Accessed 28 October 2020
^ "SES Becomes Microsoft Azure Orbital Founding Connectivity Partner" (Press release). 22 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ "iDirect's Interoperability with O3b's MEO Satellite System". 2008. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "O3B NETWORKS SATELLITES". Retrieved 13 November 2019.
^ "O3b Networks Presentation" (PDF). presentation. O3b Networks. 23 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ "O3b website – Our technology". O3b Networks. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ "Why Latency Matters to Mobile Backhaul" (PDF). O3b Networks and Sofrecom. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2013.
^ "O3b Maritime" (PDF). O3b Networks. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012.
^ "O3b Networks: Space Vehicle". Archived from the original on 19 February 2009.
^ "O3b Networks: Advantage". Archived from the original on 3 March 2011.
^ SES building a 10-terabit O3b "mPOWER" constellation Space News 11 September 2017. Accessed 31 October 2017
^ "Boeing to Build Four Additional 702X Satellites for SES's O3b mPOWER Fleet" (Press release). Boeing. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ SES taps SpaceX for two additional Falcon 9 launches, SpaceNews, 20 August 2020, Accessed 20 August 2020
^ "O3B Networks satellites". www.n2yo.com. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
^ ^a ^b Large LEO satellite constellations: Will it be different this time? McKinsey & Company, 4 May 2020, Accessed 29 October 2020
^ ^a ^b LEO constellations and tracking challenges Satellite Evolution Group, September 2017, Accessed 30 October 2020
^ ^a ^b Real-Time Latency: Rethinking Remote Networks Telesat, February 2020, Accessed 31 October 2020
^ ^a ^b ^c LEO and MEO broadband constellations mega source of consternation SpaceNews, 13 March 2018, Accessed 29 October 2020
^ Low Earth Orbit satellites, improving latency OmniAccess, Accessed 29 October 2020
^ NSR Reports China's Ambitious Constellation of 300 Small Satellites in LEO SatNews, 8 March 2018, Accessed 30 October 2020
^ Satellites: LEO, MEO & GEO Atlanta RF, Accessed 29 October 2020
^ The Gravity of Space Debris Via Satellite. March 2019, Accessed 31 October 2020

[1] SES Completes Acquisition of 100% of O3b Networks, Business Wire, 1 August 2016, Accessed 26 April 2017

[2] Wood, Lloyd; Lou, Yuxuan; Olusola, Opeoluwa (2014). "Revisiting elliptical satellite orbits to enhance the O3b constellation". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 67 (3): 110–118. arXiv:1407.2521. Bibcode:2014JBIS...67..110W.

[3] [1] Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine GBS to utilize O3b's low-latency network to augment broadband and WiMax services

[Launch-4] "Soyuz Flight VS05 with four O3b networks satellites". Arianespace. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2020.

[5] "O3b's Satellites Launch Successfully". O3b. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

[6] Delayed O3b Satellites Should be Ready for March Launch, SpaceNews, 1 November 2013, Retrieved 28 October 2020

[7] "O3b Networks going operational with state-of-the-art satellite constellation to serve the other 3 billion". Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.

[8] O3b successfully launches four more satellites to complete iniitial constellation, Satellite Markets & Research, 18 December 2014, Retrieved 28 October 2020

[9] Third quartet of satellites launched for O3b Networks Spaceflight Now, 19 December 2014, Retrieved 28 October 2020

[10] Arianespace Soyuz ST-B launches latest O3b satellites, NASASpaceFlight.com, 9 March 2018, Retrieved 28 October 2020

[11] Thales readies 4 satellites for O3b Advanced Television, 19 December 2018, Retrieved 28 October 2020

[12] Four New Satellites Ride Into Space To Join Growing SES Constellation, SPACE.com, 4 April 2019, Retrieved 28 October 2020

[13] [2] Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine O3b Networks and Telecom Cook Islands Sign Long Term Agreement on Bandwidth Provision for Internet Connectivity

[14] [3] Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Pak Datacom Limited signs exclusive national capacity agreement with O3b Networks to deploy high-speed internet to Pakistan

[15] [4] Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine O3b Networks signs deal with Netcom, Nigeria to provide fast and reliable connectivity to ships and offshore platforms

[16] [5] Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine O3b Selects Europe Media Port (EMP) as its First Gateway Teleport Operator for New High Capacity Data Network

[17] Interview with Mark Rigolle, Chief Executive Officer, O3B Networks SatNews, 29 March 2010, Retrieved 28 October 2020

[18] "SES Receives Approval from GSA to Sell O3b Services" (Press release). SES. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

[19] Royal Caribbean's Quantum of the Seas Wows with Smart Ship Technology Conde Nast Traveller, 21 November 2014, Accessed 28 October 2020

[20] Royal Caribbean to add high speed internet to every ship in the fleet by May 1stRoyal Caribbean, 29 April 2016, Accessed 28 October 2020

[21] "NOAA Signs First U.S. Government Deal With SES for O3b High Throughput Solution" (Press release). SES. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

[22] SES Government Solutions to Provide the US Government with a High-Performance Network FinanzNachrichten.de 29 August 2016. Accessed 30 August 2016

[23] SES extends reach of Microsoft Azure ExpressRoute Advanced Television 9 September 2019. Accessed 28 October 2020

[24] Introducing Azure Orbital: Process satellite data at cloud-scale Microsoft, 22 September 2020, Accessed 28 October 2020

[25] "SES Becomes Microsoft Azure Orbital Founding Connectivity Partner" (Press release). 22 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.

[26] "iDirect's Interoperability with O3b's MEO Satellite System". 2008. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2013.

[27] "O3B NETWORKS SATELLITES". Retrieved 13 November 2019.

[ITU_presentation-28] "O3b Networks Presentation" (PDF). presentation. O3b Networks. 23 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2013.

[o3b_our-technology-29] "O3b website – Our technology". O3b Networks. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2013.

[30] "Why Latency Matters to Mobile Backhaul" (PDF). O3b Networks and Sofrecom. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2013.

[31] "O3b Maritime" (PDF). O3b Networks. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012.

[32] "O3b Networks: Space Vehicle". Archived from the original on 19 February 2009.

[33] "O3b Networks: Advantage". Archived from the original on 3 March 2011.

[34] SES building a 10-terabit O3b "mPOWER" constellation Space News 11 September 2017. Accessed 31 October 2017

[35] "Boeing to Build Four Additional 702X Satellites for SES's O3b mPOWER Fleet" (Press release). Boeing. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020.

[36] SES taps SpaceX for two additional Falcon 9 launches, SpaceNews, 20 August 2020, Accessed 20 August 2020

[37] "O3B Networks satellites". www.n2yo.com. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

[M&C-38] Large LEO satellite constellations: Will it be different this time? McKinsey & Company, 4 May 2020, Accessed 29 October 2020

[SEG-39] LEO constellations and tracking challenges Satellite Evolution Group, September 2017, Accessed 30 October 2020

[TS-40] Real-Time Latency: Rethinking Remote Networks Telesat, February 2020, Accessed 31 October 2020

[SN-41] LEO and MEO broadband constellations mega source of consternation SpaceNews, 13 March 2018, Accessed 29 October 2020

[42] Low Earth Orbit satellites, improving latency OmniAccess, Accessed 29 October 2020

[43] NSR Reports China's Ambitious Constellation of 300 Small Satellites in LEO SatNews, 8 March 2018, Accessed 30 October 2020

[44] Satellites: LEO, MEO & GEO Atlanta RF, Accessed 29 October 2020

[45] The Gravity of Space Debris Via Satellite. March 2019, Accessed 31 October 2020

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{about|the 1st gen O3b sats|2nd gen sats|O3b mPOWER}}
-{{short description|Satellite constellation designed for telecommunications and data backhaul from remote locations}}
+{{Short description|Satellite constellation designed for telecommunications and data backhaul from remote locations}}
 {{Use British English|date=August 2020}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | name              = O3b MEO
 | names_list        =
 | image             = O3b satellite constellation.png
 | image_caption     = Rendering of O3b MEO satellite coverage areas and visibility around the [[equator]].
+| image_size        = 300px
 | mission_type      = [[Internet access]]
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 | COSPAR_ID         =
 | SATCAT            =
-| website           = <!-- Homepage of the craft/mission, OFFICIAL PAGES ONLY -->
+| website           =
 | mission_duration  =
+| spacecraft        =
-| spacecraft        = <!-- Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc -->
-| spacecraft_type   = <!-- eg. GPS Block II, Kobalt-M, US-K, etc -->
+| spacecraft_type   =
-| spacecraft_bus    = <!-- eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc -->
+| spacecraft_bus    =
-| manufacturer      = <!-- company or companies who built the satellite -->
+| manufacturer      = [[Thales Alenia Space]]
+| launch_mass       = 700 kg
+| dimensions        =
-| launch_mass       = <!-- fuelled mass at launch, not including rocket or upper stage -->
-| dry_mass          = 700 kg
+| power             =
-| payload_mass      = <!-- Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission -->
-| dimensions        = <!-- body dimensions and solar array span -->
-| power             = <!-- end-of-life power, in watts -->
 | launch_date       = {{start date|df=yes|2013|06|25|7=Z}} (four)<br/>{{start date|df=yes|2014|07|10|7=Z}} (four)<br/>{{start date|df=yes|2014|12|18|7=Z}} (four)<br/>{{start date|df=yes|2018|03|09|7=Z}} (four)<br/>{{start date|df=yes|2019|04|04|7=Z}} (four)
+| launch_rocket     =
-| launch_rocket     = <!-- Rocket that launched the satellite, include upper stage if distinct from rocket* and if possible flight/tail/serial number -->
+| launch_site       =
-| launch_site       = <!-- Where the rocket launched from, including complex and pad; do not include the full address or country -->
+| launch_contractor =
-| launch_contractor = <!-- organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc) -->
+| entered_service   =
-| entered_service   = <!-- date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch -->
-| disposal_type     = <!-- Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc -->
-| deactivated       = <!-- when craft was decommissioned -->
-| destroyed         = <!-- when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry) -->
-| last_contact      = <!-- when last signal received if not decommissioned -->
+| disposal_type     =
-| decay_date        = <!-- when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed -->
+| deactivated       =
+| last_contact      =
 | orbit_reference   = [[Geocentric orbit]]
 | orbit_regime      = [[Medium Earth orbit]]
 | orbit_periapsis   = 8063 km
-| orbit_apoapsis    = <!-- apoapsis altitude -->
+| orbit_apoapsis    =
-| orbit_inclination = <!-- orbital inclination -->
+| orbit_inclination =
 | orbit_period      = 287.9 minutes
 | apsis             = gee
-| trans_band        = <!-- Transponder frequency bands -->
+| trans_band        =
 | trans_frequency   = <!-- specific frequencies -->
 | trans_bandwidth   = <!-- bandwidth -->
 | trans_capacity    = <!-- capacity of the transponders -->
-| trans_coverage    = <!-- area covered -->
+| trans_coverage    =
 | trans_TWTA        = <!-- TWTA output power -->
 | trans_EIRP        = <!-- equivalent isotropic power -->
@@ Line 61: / Line 56: @@
 | previous_mission  =
 | next_mission      =
 }}
 '''O3b MEO''' is a [[satellite constellation]] orbiting in [[Medium Earth orbit]] (MEO) and designed for [[telecommunications]] and [[Backhaul (telecommunications)|data backhaul]] from remote locations. Originally '''O3b''', the name was changed in September 2020 to more clearly distinguish these satellites from the forthcoming [[O3b mPOWER]] constellation. O3b stood for "other three billion", or the other three billion people at the time that did not have stable internet access.
-The constellation was initially built, owned and operated by [[O3b Networks]], which became a wholly owned subsidiary of [[SES S.A.]] in 2016<ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160801005941/en/SES-Completes-Acquisition-100-O3b-Networks ''SES Completes Acquisition of 100% of O3b Networks''] Business Wire. 1 August 2016. Accessed 26 April 2017</ref> and ownership and operation of the constellation passed to [[SES S.A.#SES Networks|SES Networks]], a division of SES. The O3b MEO constellation began offering service in March 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=1407.2521|title=Revisiting elliptical satellite orbits to enhance the O3b constellation|journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society|volume=67|issue=3|pages=110–118|year=2014|last1=Wood|first1=Lloyd|last2=Lou|first2=Yuxuan|last3=Olusola|first3=Opeoluwa |bibcode=2014JBIS...67..110W}}</ref>
+The constellation was initially built, owned and operated by [[O3b Networks]], which became a wholly owned subsidiary of [[SES S.A.]] in 2016 <ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160801005941/en/SES-Completes-Acquisition-100-O3b-Networks ''SES Completes Acquisition of 100% of O3b Networks''], Business Wire, 1 August 2016, Accessed 26 April 2017</ref> and ownership and operation of the constellation passed to [[SES S.A.#SES Networks|SES Networks]], a division of SES. The O3b MEO constellation began offering service in March 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=1407.2521|title=Revisiting elliptical satellite orbits to enhance the O3b constellation|journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society|volume=67|issue=3|pages=110–118|year=2014|last1=Wood|first1=Lloyd|last2=Lou|first2=Yuxuan|last3=Olusola|first3=Opeoluwa |bibcode=2014JBIS...67..110W}}</ref>
 == History ==
-Initially planned to launch in 2010,<ref>[http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2009/global-broadband-solution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210004551/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2009/global-broadband-solution|date=10 February 2013}} GBS to utilize O3b’s low-latency network to augment broadband and WiMax services</ref> the first four O3b satellites reached orbit on a [[Soyuz-2]] / [[Fregat|Fregat-MT]] rocket by [[Arianespace]] on 25 June 2013.<ref name=Launch>{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/mission/soyuz-flight-vs05/|title=Soyuz Flight VS05 with four O3b networks satellites|publisher=[[Arianespace]]|date=25 June 2013|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=O3b's Satellites Launch Successfully|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/additional-pages/blog/o3b's-satellites-launch-successfully|publisher=O3b|date=25 June 2013|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521125821/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/additional-pages/blog/o3b's-satellites-launch-successfully|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> After discovering a hardware defect in the initial satellites, O3b postponed the planned September 2013 launch of four additional satellites so repairs could be made.<ref>[http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/37953delayed-o3b-satellites-should-be-ready-for-march-launch ''Delayed O3b Satellites Should be Ready for March Launch''] SpaceNews. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</ref> The second four satellites were launched by the same type of rocket from the Space Center in [[French Guiana]], on 10 July 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/3222|title=O3b Networks going operational with state-of-the-art satellite constellation to serve the other 3 billion|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730013147/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/3222|archive-date=30 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the O3b system started full commercial service on September 1, 2014.<ref>[http://satellitemarkets.com/news-analysis/o3b-successfully-launches-four-more-satellites-complete-iniitial-constellation ''O3b successfully launches four more satellites to complete iniitial constellation''] Satellite Markets & Research. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref>
+Initially planned to launch in 2010,<ref>[http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2009/global-broadband-solution] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210004551/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2009/global-broadband-solution|date=10 February 2013}} GBS to utilize O3b's low-latency network to augment [[broadband]] and WiMax services</ref> the first four O3b satellites reached orbit on a [[Soyuz-2]] / [[Fregat|Fregat-MT]] [[launch vehicle]] by [[Arianespace]] on 25 June 2013.<ref name=Launch>{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/mission/soyuz-flight-vs05/|title=Soyuz Flight VS05 with four O3b networks satellites|publisher=Arianespace|date=25 June 2013|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=O3b's Satellites Launch Successfully|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/additional-pages/blog/o3b's-satellites-launch-successfully|publisher=O3b|date=25 June 2013|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521125821/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/additional-pages/blog/o3b's-satellites-launch-successfully|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> After discovering a hardware defect in the initial satellites, O3b postponed the planned September 2013 launch of four additional satellites so repairs could be made.<ref>[http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/37953delayed-o3b-satellites-should-be-ready-for-march-launch ''Delayed O3b Satellites Should be Ready for March Launch''], SpaceNews, 1 November 2013, Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref> The second four satellites were launched by the same type of rocket from the Space Center in [[French Guiana]], on 10 July 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/3222|title=O3b Networks going operational with state-of-the-art satellite constellation to serve the other 3 billion|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730013147/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/3222|archive-date=30 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the O3b system started full commercial service on 1 September 2014.<ref>[http://satellitemarkets.com/news-analysis/o3b-successfully-launches-four-more-satellites-complete-iniitial-constellation ''O3b successfully launches four more satellites to complete iniitial constellation''], Satellite Markets & Research, 18 December 2014, Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref>
-The third launch of four took place in December 2014, bringing the [[satellite constellation]] to 12 satellites.<ref>[https://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/19/third-quartet-of-satellites-launched-for-o3b-networks/ ''Third quartet of satellites launched for O3b Networks''] Spaceflight Now. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref> Three years later, four additional satellites were launched on 9 March 2018 on a [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]] rocket from the [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]].<ref>[https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/03/arianespace-soyuz-st-b-latest-o3b-launch/ Arianespace Soyuz ST-B launches latest O3b satellites] NASA 9 March 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref> In December 2018, [[Thales Alenia Space]] said that tests on the final four O3b satellites would be completed by the end of January 2019<ref>[https://advanced-television.com/2018/12/19/thales-readies-4-satellites-for-o3b/ ''Thales readies 4 satellites for O3b''] Advanced Television. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref> and the four satellites were successfully launched on 4 April 2019.<ref>[https://www.space.com/arianespace-soyuz-launches-4-ses-satellites.html ''Four New Satellites Ride Into Space To Join Growing SES Constellation''] Space.com 4 April 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref>
+The third launch of four took place in December 2014, bringing the [[satellite constellation]] to 12 satellites.<ref>[https://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/19/third-quartet-of-satellites-launched-for-o3b-networks/ ''Third quartet of satellites launched for O3b Networks''] Spaceflight Now, 19 December 2014, Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref> Four years later, four additional satellites were launched on 9 March 2018 on a [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]] rocket from the [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]].<ref>[https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/03/arianespace-soyuz-st-b-latest-o3b-launch/ Arianespace Soyuz ST-B launches latest O3b satellites], NASASpaceFlight.com, 9 March 2018, Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref> In December 2018, [[Thales Alenia Space]] said that tests on the final four O3b satellites would be completed by the end of January 2019 <ref>[https://advanced-television.com/2018/12/19/thales-readies-4-satellites-for-o3b/ ''Thales readies 4 satellites for O3b''] Advanced Television, 19 December 2018, Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref> and the four satellites were successfully launched on 4 April 2019.<ref>[https://www.space.com/arianespace-soyuz-launches-4-ses-satellites.html ''Four New Satellites Ride Into Space To Join Growing SES Constellation''], SPACE.com, 4 April 2019, Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref>
-In 2010, operators in the [[Cook Islands]],<ref>[http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-and-telecom-cook-islands-sign-long-term-agreement-on-bandwidth-provision-for-internet-connectivity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904134003/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-and-telecom-cook-islands-sign-long-term-agreement-on-bandwidth-provision-for-internet-connectivity|date=4 September 2012}} O3b Networks and Telecom Cook Islands Sign Long Term Agreement on Bandwidth Provision for Internet Connectivity</ref> [[Pakistan]]<ref>[http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/pak-datacom-limited-signs-exclusive-national-capacity-agreement-with-o3b-networks-to-deploy-high-speed-internet-to-pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210004620/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/pak-datacom-limited-signs-exclusive-national-capacity-agreement-with-o3b-networks-to-deploy-high-speed-internet-to-pakistan|date=10 February 2013}} Pak Datacom Limited signs exclusive national capacity agreement with O3b Networks to deploy high-speed internet to Pakistan</ref> and [[Nigeria]]<ref>[http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-signs-deal-with-netcom,-nigeria-to-provide-fast-and-reliable-connectivity-to-ships-and-offshore-platforms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210004627/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-signs-deal-with-netcom,-nigeria-to-provide-fast-and-reliable-connectivity-to-ships-and-offshore-platforms|date=10 February 2013}} O3b Networks signs deal with Netcom, Nigeria to provide fast and reliable connectivity to ships and offshore platforms</ref> were among the first to prebook capacity on the O3b constellation to serve their respective markets.
+In 2010, operators in the [[Cook Islands]],<ref>[http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-and-telecom-cook-islands-sign-long-term-agreement-on-bandwidth-provision-for-internet-connectivity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904134003/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-and-telecom-cook-islands-sign-long-term-agreement-on-bandwidth-provision-for-internet-connectivity|date=4 September 2012}} O3b Networks and Telecom Cook Islands Sign Long Term Agreement on Bandwidth Provision for Internet Connectivity</ref> [[Pakistan]]<ref>[http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/pak-datacom-limited-signs-exclusive-national-capacity-agreement-with-o3b-networks-to-deploy-high-speed-internet-to-pakistan] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210004620/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/pak-datacom-limited-signs-exclusive-national-capacity-agreement-with-o3b-networks-to-deploy-high-speed-internet-to-pakistan|date=10 February 2013}} Pak Datacom Limited signs exclusive national capacity agreement with O3b Networks to deploy high-speed internet to [[Pakistan]]</ref> and [[Nigeria]]<ref>[http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-signs-deal-with-netcom,-nigeria-to-provide-fast-and-reliable-connectivity-to-ships-and-offshore-platforms] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210004627/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-networks-signs-deal-with-netcom,-nigeria-to-provide-fast-and-reliable-connectivity-to-ships-and-offshore-platforms|date=10 February 2013}} O3b Networks signs deal with Netcom, Nigeria to provide fast and reliable connectivity to ships and offshore platforms</ref> were among the first to prebook capacity on the O3b constellation to serve their respective markets.
-In 2010, O3b announced the selection of Europe Media Port to be the first provider of Gateway Teleport services for O3b's global network<ref>[http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-selects-europe-media-port-(emp)-as-its-first-gateway-teleport-operator-for-new-high-capacity-data-network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904210017/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-selects-europe-media-port-(emp)-as-its-first-gateway-teleport-operator-for-new-high-capacity-data-network|date=4 September 2012}} O3b Selects Europe Media Port (EMP) as its First Gateway Teleport Operator for New High Capacity Data Network</ref> and a contract with [[Viasat, Inc.|Viasat]] for the production and installation of Ka-band infrastructure.<ref>[https://spacenews.com/mark-rigolle-chief-executive-officer-o3b-networks/ ''Interview with Mark Rigolle, Chief Executive Officer, O3B Networks''] SatNews. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref>
+In 2010, O3b announced the selection of Europe Media Port to be the first provider of Gateway Teleport services for O3b's global network<ref>[http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-selects-europe-media-port-(emp)-as-its-first-gateway-teleport-operator-for-new-high-capacity-data-network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904210017/http://o3bnetworks.com/media-centre/press-releases/2010/o3b-selects-europe-media-port-(emp)-as-its-first-gateway-teleport-operator-for-new-high-capacity-data-network|date=4 September 2012}} O3b Selects Europe Media Port (EMP) as its First Gateway Teleport Operator for New High Capacity Data Network</ref> and a contract with [[Viasat, Inc.|Viasat]] for the production and installation of Ka-band infrastructure.<ref>[https://spacenews.com/mark-rigolle-chief-executive-officer-o3b-networks/ ''Interview with Mark Rigolle, Chief Executive Officer, O3B Networks''] SatNews, 29 March 2010, Retrieved 28 October 2020</ref>
-In July 2014, SES Government Solutions, a subsidiary of (then O3b investor, now owner) SES, received approval to offer O3b services on their [[General Services Administration]] (GSA) schedule allowing SES GS to be the first distribution partner to offer O3b capability directly to the [[Federal government of the United States|US Government]].<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=SES|date=29 July 2014 |url=https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-receives-approval-gsa-sell-o3b-services|title=SES Receives Approval from GSA to Sell O3b Services |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>
+In July 2014, SES Government Solutions, a subsidiary of (then O3b investor, now owner) SES, received approval to offer O3b services on their [[General Services Administration]] (GSA) schedule allowing SES GS to be the first distribution partner to offer O3b capability directly to the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. Government]].<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=SES|date=29 July 2014 |url=https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-receives-approval-gsa-sell-o3b-services|title=SES Receives Approval from GSA to Sell O3b Services|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>
-In November 2014, [[Quantum of the Seas|MS Quantum of the Seas]] became the first cruise ship to provide fast internet to guests through O3b Networks. The service is branded "Voom" by its cruise line, [[Royal Caribbean International]] and it was subsequently rolled out to every ship in their fleet.<ref>[http://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2014-11-21/royal-caribbean-quantum-of-the-seas-smart-ship-technology ''Royal Caribbean’s Quantum of the Seas Wows with Smart Ship Technology''] Conde Nast Traveller 21 November 2014. Accessed 28 October 2020</ref><ref>[http://www.royalcaribbeanblog.com/2016/04/29/royal-caribbean-add-high-speed-internet-every-ship-the-fleet-may-1st  ''Royal Caribbean to add high speed internet to every ship in the fleet by May 1st'']Royal Caribbean 29 April 2016. Accessed 28 October 2020</ref>
+In November 2014, [[Quantum of the Seas|MS Quantum of the Seas]] became the first cruise ship to provide fast internet to guests through O3b Networks. The service is branded "Voom" by its cruise line, [[Royal Caribbean International]] and it was subsequently rolled out to every ship in their fleet.<ref>[http://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2014-11-21/royal-caribbean-quantum-of-the-seas-smart-ship-technology ''Royal Caribbean's Quantum of the Seas Wows with Smart Ship Technology''] Conde Nast Traveller, 21 November 2014, Accessed 28 October 2020</ref><ref>[http://www.royalcaribbeanblog.com/2016/04/29/royal-caribbean-add-high-speed-internet-every-ship-the-fleet-may-1st  ''Royal Caribbean to add high speed internet to every ship in the fleet by May 1st'']Royal Caribbean, 29 April 2016, Accessed 28 October 2020</ref>
-In August 2015, SES subsidiary, SES Government Solutions agreed on a one-year contract with US government scientific agency, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) to supply O3b services and ground equipment to the [[National Weather Service]] Office in [[American Samoa]], expanding NOAA's broadband connectivity outside the continental United States to provide weather, water, and climate data, and forecasts and warnings to American Samoa.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=SES|date=17 August 2015|url=https://www.ses.com/press-release/noaa-signs-first-us-government-deal-ses-o3b-high-throughput-solution|title=NOAA Signs First U.S. Government Deal With SES for O3b High Throughput Solution |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>
+In August 2015, SES subsidiary, SES Government Solutions agreed on a one-year contract with US government scientific agency, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) to supply O3b services and ground equipment to the [[National Weather Service]] Office in [[American Samoa]], expanding NOAA's broadband connectivity outside the continental United States to provide weather, water, and climate data, and forecasts and warnings to American Samoa.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=SES|date=17 August 2015|url=https://www.ses.com/press-release/noaa-signs-first-us-government-deal-ses-o3b-high-throughput-solution |title=NOAA Signs First U.S. Government Deal With SES for O3b High Throughput Solution|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>
 In August 2016, [[SES S.A.|SES Government Solutions]] announced a contract to provide O3b Networks' high throughput, low latency satellite communications for a [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]] end-user. The agreement is for a 365 days-per-year service consisting of a full-duplex symmetric 155 Mbit/s link, gateway access, a transportable 2.4 metre terminal, terrestrial backhaul, and maintenance and installation services, with a latency of under 200 milliseconds per round trip. The contract also provides for additional capacity to meet surge requirements.<ref>[http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2016-08/38422099-ses-government-solutions-to-provide-the-us-government-with-a-high-performance-network-004.htm ''SES Government Solutions to Provide the US Government with a High-Performance Network''] FinanzNachrichten.de 29 August 2016. Accessed 30 August 2016</ref>
@@ Line 87: / Line 81: @@
 In September 2019, SES became a [[Microsoft Azure]] ExpressRoute services partner to provide dedicated, private network connectivity from sea vessels, aircraft, and industrial or government sites anywhere in the world to the Azure [[cloud computing]] service, via both its geostationary satellites and O3b MEO satellites.<ref>[https://advanced-television.com/2019/09/09/ses-extends-reach-of-microsoft-azure-expressroute/ ''SES extends reach of Microsoft Azure ExpressRoute''] Advanced Television 9 September 2019. Accessed 28 October 2020</ref>
-In September 2020, SES and Microsoft announced that SES was the [[medium Earth orbit]] connectivity partner for the [[Microsoft Azure|Microsoft Azure Orbital]] ground station service that enables network operators to control their satellite operations and capacity from within the Azure [[cloud computing]] service. Under their agreement, SES and Microsoft will jointly invest in Azure Orbital ground stations for the MEO and Earth Observation segments, initially in the US, which will be installed and managed by SES. Also, satellite telemetry, tracking and control systems and data ground stations for the forthcoming [[O3b mPOWER]] satellites will be located with Microsoft's Azure edge sites to provide O3b mPOWER customers with [[Multi-hop routing|‘one-hop’]] access to Azure cloud services.<ref>[https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/introducing-azure-orbital-process-satellite-data-at-cloudscale/ ''Introducing Azure Orbital: Process satellite data at cloud-scale''] Microsoft 22 September 2020. Accessed 28 October 2020</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-becomes-microsoft-azure-orbital-founding-connectivity-partner|title=SES Becomes Microsoft Azure Orbital Founding Connectivity Partner |date=22 September 2020 |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
+In September 2020, SES and Microsoft announced that SES was the [[medium Earth orbit]] connectivity partner for the [[Microsoft Azure|Microsoft Azure Orbital]] ground station service that enables network operators to control their satellite operations and capacity from within the Azure [[cloud computing]] service. Under their agreement, SES and Microsoft will jointly invest in Azure Orbital ground stations for the MEO and Earth Observation segments, initially in the [[United States]], which will be installed and managed by SES. Also, satellite telemetry, tracking and control systems and data ground stations for the forthcoming [[O3b mPOWER]] satellites will be located with Microsoft's Azure edge sites to provide O3b mPOWER customers with [[Multi-hop routing|"one-hop"]] access to Azure cloud services.<ref>[https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/introducing-azure-orbital-process-satellite-data-at-cloudscale/ ''Introducing Azure Orbital: Process satellite data at cloud-scale''] Microsoft, 22 September 2020, Accessed 28 October 2020</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-becomes-microsoft-azure-orbital-founding-connectivity-partner|title=SES Becomes Microsoft Azure Orbital Founding Connectivity Partner|date=22 September 2020|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
 == Satellites ==
-The satellites are deployed in a circular orbit along the equator at an altitude of 8063 km ([[medium Earth orbit]]) at a velocity of approximately {{convert|11755|mi/h|km/h}}, each making 5 orbits a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idirect.net/Company/Press-Room/Press-Releases/2008/Release-358.aspx|title=iDirect's Interoperability with O3b's MEO Satellite System|year=2008|access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811010152/http://www.idirect.net/Company/Press-Room/Press-Releases/2008/Release-358.aspx|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to problems with a component of the first four satellites launched, three of those four have been placed on standby.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellites/?c=43|title=O3B NETWORKS SATELLITES|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
+The satellites are deployed in a circular orbit along the equator at an altitude of {{cvt|8063|km}} ([[medium Earth orbit]]) at a velocity of approximately {{cvt|11755|mi/h|km/h}}, each making 5 orbits a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idirect.net/Company/Press-Room/Press-Releases/2008/Release-358.aspx|title=iDirect's Interoperability with O3b's MEO Satellite System|year=2008|access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811010152/http://www.idirect.net/Company/Press-Room/Press-Releases/2008/Release-358.aspx|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to problems with a component of the first four satellites launched, three of those four have been placed on standby.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellites/?c=43|title=O3B NETWORKS SATELLITES|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
-Each satellite is equipped with twelve fully steerable [[Ka band|Ka-band]] antennas (two beams for gateways, ten beams for remotes) that use 4.3 GHz of spectrum (2 × 216 MHz per beam) with a proposed throughput of 1.6 Gbit/s per beam (800 [[Data-rate units|Mbit/s]] per direction),<ref name="ITU_presentation">{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/asp/CMS/Events/2009/PacMinForum/doc/PPT_Theme-2_O3bNetworks.pdf |title=O3b Networks Presentation|publisher=O3b Networks|work=presentation|date=23 February 2009|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> resulting in a total capacity of 16 Gbit/s per satellite.
+Each satellite is equipped with twelve fully steerable [[Ka band|Ka-band]] antennas (two beams for gateways, ten beams for remotes) that use 4.3 [[Hertz|GHz]] of spectrum (2 × 216 MHz per beam) with a proposed throughput of 1.6 [[Gigabit|Gbit]]/s per beam (800 [[Data-rate units|Mbit/s]] per direction),<ref name="ITU_presentation">{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/asp/CMS/Events/2009/PacMinForum/doc/PPT_Theme-2_O3bNetworks.pdf|title=O3b Networks Presentation|publisher=O3b Networks|work=presentation|date=23 February 2009|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> resulting in a total capacity of 16 Gbit/s per satellite.
-Each beam's footprint measures 700 km in diameter.<ref name="o3b_our-technology">{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/o3b-advantage/our-technology|title=O3b website – Our technology|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=O3b Networks|work=website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317220715/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/o3b-advantage/our-technology|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> O3b claims a mouth-to-ear one-way [[latency (engineering)|latency]] of 179 milliseconds for voice communication, and an end-to-end round-trip latency of 140 ms for data services. The maximum throughput per TCP connection is 2.1 Mbit/s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Latency Matters to Mobile Backhaul|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media/45606/o3b_latency_mobile%20backhaul_130417.pdf|publisher=O3b Networks and Sofrecom |date=18 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118044646/http://o3bnetworks.com/media/45606/o3b_latency_mobile%20backhaul_130417.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2013}}</ref> For maritime applications, O3b claims a round-trip latency of 140 ms, and connectivity speeds of over 500 Mbit/s.<ref>{{cite web|title=O3b Maritime |url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media/60982/o3b_maritime_brochure.pdf|publisher=O3b Networks|date=18 June 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024025342/http://o3bnetworks.com/media/60982/o3b_maritime_brochure.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>
+Each beam's footprint measures {{cvt|700|km}} in diameter.<ref name="o3b_our-technology">{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/o3b-advantage/our-technology|title=O3b website – Our technology|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=O3b Networks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317220715/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/o3b-advantage/our-technology|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> O3b claims a mouth-to-ear one-way [[latency (engineering)|latency]] of 179 milliseconds for voice communication, and an end-to-end round-trip latency of 140 ms for data services. The maximum throughput per TCP connection is 2.1 Mbit/s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Latency Matters to Mobile Backhaul|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media/45606/o3b_latency_mobile%20backhaul_130417.pdf|publisher=O3b Networks and Sofrecom|date=18 April 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118044646/http://o3bnetworks.com/media/45606/o3b_latency_mobile%20backhaul_130417.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2013}}</ref> For maritime applications, O3b claims a round-trip latency of 140 ms, and connectivity speeds of over 500 Mbit/s.<ref>{{cite web|title=O3b Maritime|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/media/60982/o3b_maritime_brochure.pdf |publisher=O3b Networks|date=18 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024025342/http://o3bnetworks.com/media/60982/o3b_maritime_brochure.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>
-The satellites are powered by [[gallium arsenide]] [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar arrays]] and [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/spacevehicle.html |title=O3b Networks : Space Vehicle|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219201829/http://o3bnetworks.com/spacevehicle.html|archive-date=19 February 2009}}</ref> and weigh approximately {{convert|700|kg}} each.<ref name="Launch"/>
+The satellites are powered by [[gallium arsenide]] [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar arrays]] and [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/spacevehicle.html |title=O3b Networks: Space Vehicle|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219201829/http://o3bnetworks.com/spacevehicle.html|archive-date=19 February 2009}}</ref> and weigh approximately {{cvt|700|kg}} each.<ref name="Launch"/>
-The satellites were constructed by [[Thales Alenia Space]], a division of [[Thales Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/Advantages/advantages.html|title=O3b Networks : Advantage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303154852/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/Advantages/advantages.html|archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref> The first satellite (PFM) was built in the [[Cannes Mandelieu Space Center]], while the rest of the constellation was assembled, integrated and tested in Thales Alenia Space Italy's Roman facilities.
+The satellites were constructed by [[Thales Alenia Space]], a division of [[Thales Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.o3bnetworks.com/Advantages/advantages.html|title=O3b Networks: Advantage|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303154852/http://www.o3bnetworks.com/Advantages/advantages.html|archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref> The first satellite (PFM) was built in the [[Cannes Mandelieu Space Center]], while the rest of the constellation was assembled, integrated and tested in Thales Alenia Space [[Italy]]'s Roman facilities.
-In September 2017, SES announced the next generation of O3b satellites and placed an order for an initial seven from [[Boeing Satellite Development Center|Boeing Satellite Systems]] using a new satellite platform based on [[Boeing 702|Boeing's 702]] line of scalable buses. Expected to launch in 2021, the [[O3b mPOWER]] constellation of [[medium Earth orbit]] (MEO) satellites for broadband internet services will "be able to deliver anywhere from hundreds of megabits to 10 gigabits to any ship at sea" through 30,000 spot beams. Software-defined routing will direct traffic between the mPOWER MEO satellites and SES' [[geostationary]] fleet.<ref>[http://spacenews.com/ses-building-a-10-terabit-o3b-mpower-constellation/ ''SES building a 10-terabit O3b "mPOWER" constellation''] Space News 11 September 2017. Accessed 31 October 2017</ref> In August 2020 SES contracted [[Boeing Satellite Development Center|Boeing]] to build four additional O3b mPOWER satellites and [[SpaceX]] was contracted for an additional two launches, to make four launches for the whole O3b mPOWER constellation in 2021–2024.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2020-08-07-Boeing-to-Build-Four-Additional-702X-Satellites-for-SES|title=Boeing to Build Four Additional 702X Satellites for SES’s O3b mPOWER Fleet|work=Boeing |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://spacenews.com/ses-taps-spacex-for-two-additional-falcon-9-launches/ ''SES taps SpaceX for two additional Falcon 9 launches''] Space News. 20 August 2020. Accessed 20 August 2020</ref>
+In September 2017, SES announced the next generation of O3b satellites and placed an order for an initial seven from [[Boeing Satellite Development Center|Boeing Satellite Systems]] using a new satellite platform based on [[Boeing 702|Boeing's 702]] line of scalable buses. Expected to launch in 2021, the [[O3b mPOWER]] constellation of [[medium Earth orbit]] (MEO) satellites for broadband internet services will "be able to deliver anywhere from hundreds of megabits to 10 gigabits to any ship at sea" through 30,000 spot beams. Software-defined routing will direct traffic between the mPOWER MEO satellites and SES' [[geostationary]] fleet.<ref>[http://spacenews.com/ses-building-a-10-terabit-o3b-mpower-constellation/ ''SES building a 10-terabit O3b "mPOWER" constellation''] Space News 11 September 2017. Accessed 31 October 2017</ref> In August 2020, SES contracted [[Boeing Satellite Development Center|Boeing]] to build four additional O3b mPOWER satellites and [[SpaceX]] was contracted for an additional two launches, to make four launches for the whole O3b mPOWER constellation in 2021–2024.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2020-08-07-Boeing-to-Build-Four-Additional-702X-Satellites-for-SES|title=Boeing to Build Four Additional 702X Satellites for SES's O3b mPOWER Fleet|publisher=Boeing|date=7 August 2020|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://spacenews.com/ses-taps-spacex-for-two-additional-falcon-9-launches/ ''SES taps SpaceX for two additional Falcon 9 launches''], SpaceNews, 20 August 2020, Accessed 20 August 2020</ref>
 == List of satellites ==
@@ Line 252: / Line 246: @@
 == Use of medium Earth orbit ==
-O3b MEO is currently the only [[high-throughput satellite]] (HTS) system for [[Satellite Internet access|internet services]] to use the medium Earth orbit; most other existing and proposed systems use satellites in either [[geosynchronous orbit]] or [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO). Although previous satellite internet services primarily used geosynchronous satellites (SES has four geostationary HTS in orbit – [[Astra 2E]], [[SES-12]], [[SES-14]] and [[SES-15]]), demand for increased bandwidth and for lower [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] has shifted the focus for HTS to lower orbits.<ref name=M&C>[https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/aerospace-and-defense/our-insights/large-leo-satellite-constellations-will-it-be-different-this-time ''Large LEO satellite constellations: Will it be different this time?''] McKinsey & Company  4 May 2020. Accessed 29 October 2020</ref> The lower the altitude of the orbit, the closer the satellite is to the Earth and the lower the latency and [[path loss]]es (enabling lower ground station and satellite power, and costs for the same throughput)<ref name=SEG>[https://www.satelliteevolutiongroup.com/articles/LEO-Constellations&Tracking.pdf ''LEO constellations and tracking challenges''] Satellite Evolution Group. September 2017. Accessed 30 October 2020</ref> The [[propagation delay]] for a round-trip [[Internet protocol suite|internet protocol]] transmission via a geosynchronous satellite can be over 550 ms, and such latency is the bane of digital connectivity, in particular for automated stock trades, hardcore gaming and [[Skype]] video chats.<ref name=TS>[https://www.telesat.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Real-Time-Latency-Rethinking-Remote-Networks.pdf ''Real-Time Latency: Rethinking Remote Networks''] Telesat. February 2020. Accessed 31 October 2020</ref><ref name=SN>[https://spacenews.com/divining-what-the-stars-hold-in-store-for-broadband-megaconstellations/ ''LEO and MEO broadband constellations mega source of consternation''] Space News. 13 March 2018. Accessed 29 October 2020</ref> So, many proposed non-geosynchronous satellite internet services have adopted a low Earth orbit of under 2000 km altitude<ref name=SN/> where latency can be as little 40ms,<ref>[https://www.omniaccess.com/leo/ ''Low Earth Orbit satellites, improving latency''] OmniAccess. Accessed 29 October 2020</ref> and by 2018 more than 18,000 new LEO satellites had been proposed to launch by 2025.<ref>[http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=257303683 ''NSR Reports China's Ambitious Constellation of 300 Small Satellites in LEO''] SatNews. 8 March 2018. Accessed 30 October 2020</ref>
+O3b MEO is currently the only [[high-throughput satellite]] (HTS) system for [[Satellite Internet access|internet services]] to use the medium Earth orbit; most other existing and proposed systems use satellites in either [[geosynchronous orbit]] (GEO) or [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO). Although previous satellite internet services primarily used geosynchronous satellites (SES has four geostationary HTS in orbit – [[Astra 2E]], [[SES-12]], [[SES-14]] and [[SES-15]]), demand for increased bandwidth and for lower [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] has shifted the focus for HTS to lower orbits.<ref name=M&C>[https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/aerospace-and-defense/our-insights/large-leo-satellite-constellations-will-it-be-different-this-time ''Large LEO satellite constellations: Will it be different this time?''] McKinsey & Company, 4 May 2020, Accessed 29 October 2020</ref> The lower the altitude of the orbit, the closer the satellite is to the Earth and the lower the latency and [[path loss]]es (enabling lower ground station and satellite power, and costs for the same throughput)<ref name=SEG>[https://www.satelliteevolutiongroup.com/articles/LEO-Constellations&Tracking.pdf ''LEO constellations and tracking challenges''] Satellite Evolution Group, September 2017, Accessed 30 October 2020</ref> The [[propagation delay]] for a round-trip [[Internet protocol suite|internet protocol]] transmission via a geosynchronous satellite can be over 550 ms, and such latency is the bane of digital connectivity, in particular for automated stock trades, hardcore gaming and [[Skype]] video chats.<ref name=TS>[https://www.telesat.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Real-Time-Latency-Rethinking-Remote-Networks.pdf ''Real-Time Latency: Rethinking Remote Networks''] Telesat, February 2020, Accessed 31 October 2020</ref><ref name=SN>[https://spacenews.com/divining-what-the-stars-hold-in-store-for-broadband-megaconstellations/ ''LEO and MEO broadband constellations mega source of consternation''] SpaceNews, 13 March 2018, Accessed 29 October 2020</ref> So, many proposed non-geosynchronous satellite internet services have adopted a low Earth orbit of under 2000 km altitude<ref name=SN/> where latency can be as little 40ms,<ref>[https://www.omniaccess.com/leo/ ''Low Earth Orbit satellites, improving latency''] OmniAccess, Accessed 29 October 2020</ref> and by 2018 more than 18,000 new LEO satellites had been proposed to launch by 2025.<ref>[http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=257303683 ''NSR Reports China's Ambitious Constellation of 300 Small Satellites in LEO''] SatNews, 8 March 2018, Accessed 30 October 2020</ref>
-However, a lower orbit also has drawbacks; satellites move faster relative to the ground and can ‘see’ a smaller area of the Earth, and so for continuous widespread access require a [[satellite internet constellation|constellation]] of many satellites, with complex constellation management and tracking by the ground stations.<ref name=M&C/><ref name=SN/> Medium Earth orbit, although higher in altitude than LEO is nevertheless much lower than geosynchronous orbit and so shares many of the advantages of LEO while reducing its drawbacks: <ref>[http://www.ing.unisannio.it/labtlc/ghidini/LEO-MEO-GEO.pdf ''Satellites: LEO, MEO & GEO''] Atlanta RF. Accessed 29 October 2020</ref><ref name=SEG/><ref>[http://interactive.satellitetoday.com/via/march-2019/the-gravity-of-space-debris/ ''The Gravity of Space Debris''] Via Satellite. March 2019. Accessed 31 October 2020</ref><ref name=TS/>
+However, a lower orbit also has drawbacks; satellites move faster relative to the ground and can "see" a smaller area of the [[Earth]], and so for continuous widespread access require a [[satellite internet constellation|constellation]] of many satellites, with complex constellation management and tracking by the ground stations.<ref name=M&C/><ref name=SN/> Medium Earth orbit, although higher in altitude than LEO is nevertheless much lower than geosynchronous orbit and so shares many of the advantages of LEO while reducing its drawbacks:<ref>[http://www.ing.unisannio.it/labtlc/ghidini/LEO-MEO-GEO.pdf ''Satellites: LEO, MEO & GEO''] Atlanta RF, Accessed 29 October 2020</ref><ref name=SEG/><ref>[http://interactive.satellitetoday.com/via/march-2019/the-gravity-of-space-debris/ ''The Gravity of Space Debris''] Via Satellite. March 2019, Accessed 31 October 2020</ref><ref name=TS/>
-*Latency as low as 125ms – longer than LEO but substantial improvement over GEO satellites
+* Latency as low as 125ms – longer than LEO but substantial improvement over GEO satellites
-*Longer orbital period than LEO – a smaller constellation needed for continuous ‘visibility’
+* Longer orbital period than LEO – a smaller constellation needed for continuous "visibility"
-*Cheaper and simpler [[Spacecraft design# Telemetry, tracking, and command|telemetry, tracking and control]] systems than LEO
+* Cheaper and simpler [[Spacecraft design# Telemetry, tracking, and command|telemetry, tracking and control]] systems than LEO
-*Higher ‘look angle’ from the ground than LEOs
+* Higher "look angle" from the ground than LEOs
-*Longer service life expectancy than LEO satellites
+* Longer service life expectancy than LEO satellites
-*Reduced [[Doppler effect|Doppler shift]] problem than LEO
+* Reduced [[Doppler effect|Doppler shift]] problem than LEO
-*Less orbital overcrowding and space debris than LEO
+* Less orbital overcrowding and space debris than LEO
-==See also==
+== See also ==
-*[[SES S.A.]]
+* [[SES S.A.]]
-*[[O3b Networks]]
+* [[O3b Networks]]
-*[[O3b mPOWER]]
+* [[O3b mPOWER]]
 == References ==
 {{Portal|Spaceflight}}
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 {{Satellite constellations}}

v t e ← 2012 Orbital launches in 2013 2014 →
January	Kosmos 2482, Kosmos 2483, Kosmos 2484 JSE Reda 4, Jissho Eisei STSat-2C TDRS-11
February	Intelsat 27 Globalstar M078, M087, M093, M094, M095, M096 Azerspace-1/Africasat-1a, Amazonas 3 Progress M-18M Landsat 8 SARAL, Sapphire, NEOSSat, UniBRITE-1, TUGSAT-1, AAUSat-3, STRaND-1
March	SpaceX CRS-2 USA-241 Satmex 8 Soyuz TMA-08M
April	Anik G1 Bion-M No.1 (Aist 2, BeeSat-2, BeeSat-3, SOMP, Dove-2, OSSI-1) Cygnus Mass Simulator, Dove 1, Alexander, Graham, Bell Progress M-19M Gaofen 1, TurkSat-3USat, NEE-01 Pegaso, CubeBug-1 Kosmos 2485
May	Zhongxing 11 PROBA-V, VNREDSat-1, ESTCube-1 Eutelsat 3D USA-242 USA-243 Soyuz TMA-09M
June	SES-6 Albert Einstein ATV Kosmos 2486 / Persona №2 Shenzhou 10 Resurs-P No.1 O3b × 4 (PFM, FM2, FM4, FM5) Kosmos 2487 / Kondor № 202 IRIS
July	IRNSS-1A Uragan-M 48, 49, 50 Shijian XI-05 MUOS-2 Shijian 15, Shiyan 7, Chuangxin 3 Inmarsat-4A F4, INSAT-3D Progress M-20M
August	Kounotori 4 (TechEdSat-3, ArduSat-1, ArduSat-X, PicoDragon) USA-244 Arirang-5 USA-245 Eutelsat 25B / Es'hail 1, GSAT-7 / INSAT-4F Amos-4
September	Yaogan 17 A, B, C LADEE Gonets-M No.5, Gonets-M No.6, Gonets-M No.7 Hisaki USA-246 Cygnus Orb-D1 Fengyun III-03 Kuaizhou-1 Soyuz TMA-10M CASSIOPE, CUSat, POPACS 1, 2, 3, DANDE Astra 2E
October	Shijian 16 Sirius FM-6 Yaogan 18
November	Mars Orbiter Mission Soyuz TMA-11M Globus-1M No.13L MAVEN ORS-3, STPSat-3, Black Knight 1, CAPE-2, ChargerSat-1, COPPER, DragonSat-1, Firefly (satellite), Ho'oponopono-2, Horus, KySat-2, NPS-SCAT, ORSES, ORS Tech 1, 2, PhoneSat 2.4, Prometheus × 8, SENSE A, B, SwampSat, TJ³Sat, Trailblazer-1, Vermont Lunar CubeSat Yaogan 19 DubaiSat-2, STSAT-3, SkySat-1, UniSat-5 (Dove 4, ICube-1, HumSat-D, PUCP-Sat 1 (Pocket-PUCP), BeakerSat-1, $50SAT, QBScout-1, WREN), AprizeSat 7, 8, Lem, WNISat-1, GOMX-1, CubeBug-2, Delfi-n3Xt, Dove 3, First-MOVE, FUNcube-1, HINCube-1, KHUSat-1, KHUSat-2, NEE-02 Krysaor, OPTOS, Triton 1, UWE-3, VELOX-P2, ZACUBE-1, BPA-3 Swarm A, B, C Shiyan 5 Progress M-21M
December	Chang'e 3 (Yutu) SES-8 USA-247 / Topaz, TacSat-6 Inmarsat-5 F1 CBERS-3† Gaia Túpac Katari 1 Kosmos 2488 / Strela-3M 7, Kosmos 2489 / Strela-3M 8, Kosmos 2490 / Strela-3M 9, Kosmos-2491 Ekspress AM5 Aist 1, Kosmos 2491 / SKRL-756 1, Kosmos 2492 / SKRL-756 2
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

v t e ← 2013 Orbital launches in 2014 2015 →
January	GSAT-14 Thaicom 6 CRS Orb-1 (Flock-1 × 28, ArduSat-2, Lituanica SAT-1, LitSat-1, SkyCube, UAPSat-1) TDRS-L
February	Progress M-22M ABS-2, Athena-Fidus Türksat 4A USA-248 GPM Core, Ginrei, KSAT-2, INVADER, OPUSAT, STARS-II, TeikyoSat-3, ITF-1
March	Ekspress AT1, Ekspress AT2 Astra 5B, Amazonas 4A Kosmos 2494 Soyuz TMA-12M Shijian XI-06
April	USA-249 / DMSP-5D3 F19 Sentinel-1A IRNSS-1B Progress M-23M Ofek-10 USA-250 EgyptSat 2 SpaceX CRS-3 (KickSat) Luch 5V, KazSat-3
May	Kosmos 2495 Ekspress AM4R USA-251 USA-252 Kosmos 2496, Kosmos 2497, Kosmos 2498, Kosmos 2499 ALOS-2, Raijin-2, UNIFORM-1, SOCRATES, SPROUT Eutelsat 3B Soyuz TMA-13M
June	Kosmos 2500 / GLONASS-M 755 AprizeSat 9, AprizeSat 10, BRITE-Montreal, BRITE-Toronto, BugSat 1, Deimos-2, Hodoyoshi 3, Hodoyoshi 4, KazEOSat 2, Perseus-M1, Perseus-M2, SaudiSat-4, TabletSat-Aurora, UniSat-6 (Lemur-1, Tigrisat), Flock-1c × 11 SPOT 7, CanX-4, CanX-5
July	OCO-2 Gonets-M × 3 Meteor-M No.2 O3b × 4 CRS Orb-2 (Flock-1b × 28, TechEdSat-4) Orbcomm-OG2 × 6 Foton-M No.4 Progress M-24M USA-253 / GSSAP 1, USA-254 / GSSAP 2, USA-255 / ANGELS Georges Lemaître ATV
August	USA-256 AsiaSat 8 Yaogan 20 A, B, C WorldView-3 Gaofen 2, Heweliusz Galileo FOC-1, Galileo FOC-2
September	Chuangxin 1-04, Lingqiao AsiaSat 6 Yaogan 21, Tiantuo 2 MEASAT 3b, Optus 10 USA-257 SpaceX CRS-4 Soyuz TMA-14M Olimp-K Shijian XI-07
October	Himawari 8 IRNSS-1C ARSAT-1, Intelsat 30 Yaogan 22 Ekspress AM6 Chang'e 5-T1, 4M Shijian 11-08 Cygnus CRS Orb-3† (Arkyd-3†, Flock-1d × 26†) Progress M-25M USA-258 / GPS IIF 8 Meridian 7
November	Sasuke, Hodoyoshi 1, Kinshachi 1, Tsukushi, TSUBAME Yaogan 23 Yaogan 24 Kuaizhou 2 Soyuz TMA-15M Kosmos 2501
December	Hayabusa2, PROCYON, Shinen 2, DESPATCH Orion EFT-1 DirecTV-14, GSAT-16 CBERS-4 Yaogan 25 A, B, C USA-259 Yamal-401 O3b × 4 (FM9 to FM12) Kondor-E No.2 IPM Kosmos 2502 Resurs-P No.2 Yaogan 26 Astra 2G Fengyun 2-08
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

v t e ← 2017 Orbital launches in 2018 2019 →
January	USA-280 / Zuma BeiDou-3 M7, BeiDou-3 M8 Cartosat-2F, ICEYE-X1, Microsat-TD, Arkyd-6A, Carbonite-2, Flock-3p' × 4, Fox-1D, Landmapper BC 3 v2, Lemur-2 × 4, PicSat, SpaceBEE × 4 USA-281 / Topaz-5 Jilin-1 Video-07, Jilin-1 Video-08, Kepler 0 KIPP USA-282 / SBIRS-GEO-4 Humanity Star, Dove Pioneer, Lemur-2 × 2 Yaogan 30-04 (3 satellites) SES-14, Al Yah 3 GovSat-1 / SES-16
February	Kanopus-V No. 3, No. 4, S-Net × 4 , Lemur-2 × 4 CSES, ÑuSat 4, 5 TRICOM-1R Falcon Heavy test flight (Tesla Roadster) BeiDou-3 M3, M4 Progress MS-08 Paz, Tintin A & B IGS-Optical 6
March	GOES-17 Hispasat 30W-6 O3b × 4 (FM13 to FM16) Soyuz MS-08 GSAT-6A EMKA / Kosmos 2525 BeiDou-3 M9, M10 Iridium NEXT 41–50 Gaofen-1-02, 03, 04
April	Dragon CRS-14, 1KUNS-PF, Irazú, UBAKUSAT Superbird-B3, HYLAS-4 Yaogan 31A, 31B, 31C, Weina 1B IRNSS-1I AFSPC-11, EAGLE Blagovest-12L / Kosmos 2526 TESS Sentinel-3B Zhuhai-1 × 5
May	Apstar 6C InSight, MarCO A, MarCO B Gaofen 5 Bangabandhu-1 Chang'e 4 Relay, Longjiang 1, Longjiang 2 Cygnus CRS OA-9E (EnduroSat One, EQUiSat, Lemur-2 × 4, RaInCube) Iridium NEXT 51–55, GRACE-FO 1, GRACE-FO 2
June	Gaofen-6 SES-12 Fengyun-2H Soyuz MS-09 IGS-Radar 6 GLONASS-M 756 / Kosmos 2527 XJSS A, B Dragon CRS-15 (Biarri-Squad × 3, BHUTAN-1, Maya-1, UiTMSAT-1)
July	PRSS-1, PakTES-1A BeiDou IGSO-7 Progress MS-09 Telstar 19V Galileo FOC 19–22 Iridium NEXT 56–65 BeiDou-3 M5, M6 Gaofen 11
August	Telkom-4 / Merah Putih Parker Solar Probe ADM-Aeolus BeiDou-3 M11, BeiDou-3 M12
September	HY-1C Telstar 18V ICESat-2 — SSTL S1-4, NovaSAR-1 BeiDou-3 M13, M14 Kounotori 7 Azerspace-2 / Intelsat 38, Horizons-3e CentiSpace-1-S1
October	SAOCOM 1A Yaogan 32A, 32B Soyuz MS-10 BeiDou-3 M15, M16 AEHF-4 BepiColombo HY 2B Lotos-S1 No. 3 / Kosmos 2528 Weilai-1 CFOSAT GOSAT-2, KhalifaSat, Diwata-2B, Stars-AO, AUTcube2
November	BeiDou-3 G1Q Kosmos 2529 / GLONASS-M 757 MetOp-C IRVINE01, Lemur-2 × 2 GSAT-29 Es'hail 2 Progress MS-10 Cygnus NG-10 BeiDou-3 M17, BeiDou-3 M18 Shiyan 6-01 Mohammed VI-B HySIS, Blacksky Global 1, FACSAT-1, Flock-3r × 16, Kepler 1 CASE, Lemur-2 × 4 Kosmos 2530 / Strela-3M 16, Kosmos 2531 / Strela-3M 17, Kosmos 2532 / Strela-3M 18
December	Soyuz MS-11 SHERPA, Blacksky Global 2, Capella 1, ESEO, Eu:CROPIS, FalconSAT 6, ICEYE X2, SkySat 14, SkySat 15, STPSat 5, ENOCH, Flock-3s × 3, IRVINE02, Landmapper BC 4, MinXSS-2, Orbital Reflector, PW-Sat 2, SpaceBEE × 3 GSAT-11, GEO-KOMPSAT 2A SpaceX CRS-16 (TechEdSat 8, UNITE) Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2) CubeSail, RSat-P, STF-1 GSAT-7A CSO-1 Kosmos 2533 / Blagovest-13L USA-289 / GPS IIIA-01 Kanopus-V No. 5, No. 6, Flock-3k × 12, Lemur-2 × 8, Lume-1 Yunhai-2 01 (6 satellites)
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).