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Heinzerling's theories are considered speculative and complicated by many scholars which therefore raises the question as to whether such complex usages of numbers were being made by the authors of the census texts.
Heinzerling's theories are considered speculative and complicated by many scholars which therefore raises the question as to whether such complex usages of numbers were being made by the authors of the census texts.


The use of forty years as a shorthand for a generation can be readily identified in the biblical authors dating of the Exodus given by the biblical authors. 1 Chronicles 5:30-36 lists twelve generations between the Exodus from Egypt to the time of the construction of Solomon's Temple. Applying the numerological equivalent, twelve generations would represent 12 x 40 = 480 years elapsing between the Exodus and construction of Solomon's Temple. Not surprisingly, 1 Kings 6:1 lists the exact number of years that have elapsed between the Exodus and construction of the Temple as 480 years. Therefore, the many number of years given separating the Exodus from the Temple is derived from numerological values.<ref>Joshua Berman, "But is it History? The Historical Accuracy of the Tanakh", Tradition (2020), pp. 19-21</ref>
1 Chronicles 5:30-36 lists twelve generations between the Exodus from Egypt to the time of the construction of Solomon's Temple. Applying the numerological equivalent of forty years to represent one generation, twelve generations would represent 12 x 40 = 480 years elapsing between the Exodus and construction of Solomon's Temple. Not surprisingly, 1 Kings 6:1 lists the exact number of years that have elapsed between the Exodus and construction of the Temple as 480 years. Therefore, the many number of years given separating the Exodus from the Temple is derived from numerological values.<ref>Joshua Berman, "But is it History? The Historical Accuracy of the Tanakh", Tradition (2020), pp. 19-21</ref>


==Armies==
==Armies==

Revision as of 07:30, 17 February 2021

For information on translating the Bible using numbers, see Gematria. For information on decoding the Bible using different decoding methods, see Bible code.

Biblical numerology is the use of numbers to convey a meaning outside of the numerical value of the actual number being used. Numerological values in the Bible often relate to a wider usage in the Ancient Near East.

Numerological values and their meaning

  • Three and a half. A broken seven or a symbolic week that "is arrested midway in its normal course."[1] It is derived from Dan. 7:25; 12:7, where "a time, two times, and half a time" or "time, times, and a half" designates a period of time under which God's faithful are persecuted by the fourth beast. Apprximately corresponds approximately to the temple’s desecration under Antiochus IV Epiphanes (167-164 BC). Variations of the three and a half years result in other numerological values. For example, three and a half years correspond to forty two months or 1,260 days. Thus, both 42 and 1,260 have numerological use in the Bible. The three and a half symbol as appearing in the Bible may derive from the Babylonian calendar.[2]
  • Four and ten. Can be used to signify totality.[3] There are ten fingers and ten toes, the total number of digits found on humans, thus our Base 10 numerical system.
  • Seven. Can be used to signify "perfection" or "completeness".[4] It may have been inspired from the fact that the primary lunar phases are roughly 7 days (7.4) each. Examples include the seven days of creation and so seven days that make up a week, and the seven lamps on the Temple Menorah. One variation on the use of seven is the use of the number six in numerology, used as a final hallmark in a series leading to a seven (e.g. mankind is created on the sixth day in Genesis, out of the seven days of creation). Sometimes, it is used to refer to a value falling short of a seven. For example, the number of the beast is 666 which represents its evil and having fallen short of the divinely perfect number of seven.
  • Eight. Is sometimes used to refer to a "new life," "resurrection," or a new beginning. There are eight people on Noah's ark (2 Pet. 2:5), circumcision takes place on the eighth day (Gen. 17:12), Jesus rose from the dead on the eighth day, the eight thousandth year represents the end (2 Enoch 33; Sibylline Oracles 1.280-81)[5][6][7][8]
  • Twelve. Reflects the 12 lunar months in a lunar year and refers to completeness, often associated with the people of God. There are twelve tribes of Israel and Jesus made the decision to have twelve apostles.
  • Forty. Represents a generation or a full period of time. David and Solomon both ruled over all of Israel for 40 years. Moses was associated with 40 several times: he was 40-years-old when he was exiled from Egypt, he returned 40 years later to lead the Hebrews out of captivity, spent 40 days atop Mount Sinai, spent 40 years with the Hebrews wandering in the desert, and so forth. Goliath challenged the Israelites for 40 days before David killed him. David and Solomon ruled for 40 years each. Jesus was tempted by Satan in the desert for 40 days. Jesus remained in Jerusalem and Galilee for 40 days before his ascension.
  • Seventy. A value used across the ancient near east to denote a larger group, usually a group of people, taken as a whole.[9]

Apocalyptic numerology

Old Testament

According to Ezekiel, New Jerusalem will have twelve gate exits, each one named after one of the twelve tribes of Israel (Ez. 48:30-35). In addition, the use of three and a half as a broken seven is primarily derived from Dan. 7:25; 12:7, where "a time, two times, and half a time" or "time, times, and a half" designates a period of time under which God's faithful are persecuted by the fourth beast. Variations of the three and a half years result in other numerological values. For example, three and a half years correspond to forty two months or 1,260 days. Thus, both 42 and 1,260 have numerological use in the Bible.

Revelation

Appealing to the Old Testament traditions that required two or three witnesses to establish a testimony, the two witnesses of Revelation represent the whole church in its specific role as witness.[10]

Three and a half years and its variants of 42 months and 1,260 days are employed throughout Revelation (Rev. 11:2-11; 12:4-6, 11; 13:5).[11]

Four appears frequently in Revelation. It refers to the four living creatures around God's throne (Rev. 4:6, 8; 5:6, 8, 14) and the fourfold division of humanity representing all of creation. The Earth has four corners (Rev. 7:1) representing north, south, east, and west (Rev. 21:13). Likewise, New Jerusalem, representing the new earth, has four sides (Rev. 21:16).[12]

There is also the use of the number six hundred sixty-six (666) as the number of the beast from the sea. The number of six has the hallmarks of the perfect seven, but it falls short. It is not the ultimate (i.e., seven); only the penultimate (i.e., six). As Christopher Rowland notes, the beast has “most of the hallmarks of truth, and so it can easily deceive.”[13]

The number 'seven' is widely used throughout Revelation, including in reference to the seven churches, seven bowls, seven seals, seven trumpets, seven thunders, Seven Spirits of God, seven stars, seven lampstands, seven eyes and horns of the Lamb of God, seven heads and diadems of the dragon, and seven heads of the beast in the Book of Revelation.

The red dragon and the beast from the sea each have ten horns, signifying their claim to total power. (A horn is a symbol of power in Deut. 33:17; 1 Kings 22:11; Psalm 89:17; Revelation 5:6; 1 Enoch 90.6-16.). The beast from the sea has ten diadems on its ten horns (Revelation 13:1), emblematic of its claim to unlimited or total ruling authority. Multiples of tens heighten the notion of totality. For example, the millennium (10 x 10 x 10 or the thousand-year reign of the returned Christ and the saints in Revelation 20:4) represents a total, uninterrupted period of rule that is characterized by the absence of satanic interference (cf. Rev. 20:2). Ten cubed also suggests symmetry.[14] Other multiples of tens lengthen and heighten the notion of totality. The 144,000 (Rev. 7:4; 14:1, 3) are the multiples of 12 x 12 x 10 x 10 x 10, a symbolic number that signifies the total number (tens) of the people of God (twelves). The 12,000 stadia (12 x 10 x 10 x 10) of the walls of the new Jerusalem in Rev. 21:16 represent an immense city that can house the total number (tens) of God’s people (twelves). The 1,600 stadia (4 squared times 10 squared) in Rev. 14:20 represent worldwide destruction. Fours, the number of the earth or creation, combined with tens, the number for totality, suggest a bloodbath that is not only extensive but covers the entire earth.[15]

Revelation uses the number twelve to refer to the number of angels (Rev. 21:14), number of stars (12:1), twelve angels at twelve gates each of which have the names of the twelve apostles inscribed (Rev. 21:12), the wall itself being 12 x 12 = 144 cubits in length (Rev. 21:17) and is adorned with twelve jewels, and the tree of life has twelve kings of fruits (Rev. 22:2). The New Jerusalem measures 12,000 stadia on each side (Rev. 21:16), a cube and perfect dwelling place for all of God’s people. Twelve is lengthened to 144,000 (12 x 12 x 1,000) in Revelation 7:4; 14:1,3, and indicates the complete number of God’s Israel: the whole Christian community.[16]

Numerology in the Torah

Ages

The following table lists all the ages of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses, which add up to 12,600.[2]

Patriarchs Age Patriarchs Age
1. Adam 930 14. Eber 464
2. Seth 912 15. Peleg 239
3. Enosh 905 16. Reu 239
4. Kenon 910 17. Serug 230
5. Mehalalel 895 18. Nahor 148
6. Jared 962 19. Terah 205
7. Enoch 365 20. Abraham 175
8. Methuselah 969 21. Isaac 180
9. Lamech 777 22. Jacob 147
10. Noah 950 23. Levi 137
11. Shem 600 24. Kohath 133
12. Arpachshad 438 25. Amram 137
13. Shelah 433 26. Moses 120
TOTAL 12,600

The value of 12,600 is a variant of the symbolic value of 1,260 known from apocalyptic theology (although may derive from earlier traditions), only multiplied by ten. The patriarchal ages were selected in order to achieve this numerological total. Another example of the numerical schema of 12,600 can be found in the War Scroll discovered at Qumran, where "the Sons of Light shall fight against the Sons of Darkness in the final days for a period of 35 years. Employing the Jewish luni-solar calendar of the 360-day year, 35 years equals 12,600 days."[2]

Flood

The flood narrative was constructed in order to include the usage of commonly used numbers such as seven and forty. There are repeated reference to events occurring in seven days (Gen. 7:4, 10; 8:10, 12) and seven pairs of clean animals (Gen. 7:2-3). The floodwaters are said to have come for forty days and forty nights.

In this narrative, it is possible that some words were deliberately used in multiples of seven in the flood pericope (Gen. 6:9-917). For example, God converses seven times with Noah. The Hebrew word for flesh appears fourteen times (7 x 2), "water" is mentioned twenty one times, and "Noah" is mentioned thirty five times. In any case, it is not easy to distinguish here between authorial intention and coincidence.[17]

Exodus

According to the two censuses taken in Numbers 1 and 26, there were approximately 600,000 adult men alone who left Egypt to Israel. These totals are given as the cumulative whole of the number of adult men in each of the twelve tribes of Israel. These values have widely been seen as literary and unreflective of historical reality. In addition, Heinzerling has pointed to "statistical peculiarities" in the census lists which shows that the number of adult men in each of the twelve tribes do not reflect real population statistics or random numbers but in fact carefully chosen literary values. For one, in the first census list, the tribe of Ephraim numbers 40,500 individuals. In the second census list, it is the tribe of Gad which numbers 40,500 individuals. In the first census list, the tribe of Naphtali numbers 53,400 individuals. In the second census list, it is the tribe of Asher which numbers 53,400 individuals. In addition, there appear to be numerical doublets across these numbers between the two census lists: 40500/60500 (Ephraim/Zebulun), 32200/22200 (Manasseh/Simeon), 62700/52700 (Dan/Manasseh), 54400/64400 (Issacher/Dan), 35400/45400 (Benjamin/Naphtali), 46500/76500 (Reuben/Judah).[18]

The number of adult men per tribe
First Census Count Second Census Count
1. Reuben (cf. 4) 46,500 1. Reuben 43,730
2. Simeon 59,300 2. Simeon 22,200
3. Gad 45,650 3. Gad 40,500
4. Judah 74,600 4. Judah 76,500
5. Issachar (cf. 10) 54,400 5. Issachar 64,300
6. Zebulun 57,400 6. Zebulun 60,500
7. Ephraim (cf. 3., 6.) 40,500 7. Ephraim 32,500
8. Manasseh (cf. 2) 32,200 8. Manasseh 52,700
9. Benjamin (cf. 12) 35,400 9. Benjamin 45,600
10. Dan (cf. 8) 62,700 10. Dan 64,400
11. Asher 41,500 11. Asher 53,400
12. Naphtali (cf. 11) 53,400 12. Naphtali 45,400

Heinzerling's theories are considered speculative and complicated by many scholars which therefore raises the question as to whether such complex usages of numbers were being made by the authors of the census texts.

1 Chronicles 5:30-36 lists twelve generations between the Exodus from Egypt to the time of the construction of Solomon's Temple. Applying the numerological equivalent of forty years to represent one generation, twelve generations would represent 12 x 40 = 480 years elapsing between the Exodus and construction of Solomon's Temple. Not surprisingly, 1 Kings 6:1 lists the exact number of years that have elapsed between the Exodus and construction of the Temple as 480 years. Therefore, the many number of years given separating the Exodus from the Temple is derived from numerological values.[19]

Armies

The Books of Chronicles used large numbers for literary and creative purposes in order to convey meanings regarding relations between God and monarchs. This text gives the number of men in the armies of seven Judean kings: Rehoboam, Abijah, Asa, Jehoshaphat, Amaziah, Uzziah, and Ahaz. The army of Jehoshaphat consisted of five units, all of which had a number of men either approximating to the nearest hundred thousand or ended in 80,000 (e.g. 280,000, 180,000). The total number of soldiers in all these units numbered 1,160,000 men. This value appears to be exactly twice the size of the army of Jehoshaphat's father Asa, which is given as 580,000, and also equal to the sum of number of men in the armies of Jehoshaphat's three predecessors combined: the 180,000 men of Rehoboam, the 400,000 men of Abijah, and the 580,000 men of Asa. Jehoshaphat is conveyed in the biblical texts as one of the righteous kings of Judah, and thus his army was made to vastly exceeded and in fact sum the armies of several of his predecessors to represent the divine favour he had for his righteousness. In addition, the army of Asa as numbered at 580,000 men is the exact sum of the armies of his own two predecessors: the 180,000 of Rehoboam and the 400,000 of Abijah. (The source of these two, in turn, is from the Books of Samuel and Kings.) Several kings after Jehoshaphat are recorded as unrighteous kings. The next king whose army is recorded, Amaziah, has 300,000 men - equal to only one of the divisions of Jehoshaphat's (or Asa's) army. His successor, Uzziah, has 307,500 men, representing a rise of 7,500 men. As it happens, 7,500 is one fortieth of 300,000. The exact meaning of this slight rise is unclear. Finally, the next king Ahaz, considered a dismal king in the Judean history recorded by Chronicles suffers a loss of 120,000 soldiers to his army and so the total number of men in the army once again revert back to Rehoboam's original 180,000.[20]

Other examples

The Israelite's wandered in the wilderness for forty years before reaching the promised land. Moses' life proceeded through three stages of forty years. Both David and Solomon reigned over Israel for forty years. Jesus wandered in the wilderness for forty days.

The apocalyptic numeral derived from the length of 42 months (=3.5 years) is seen in numerous contexts. Northcote writes "In Num xxxiii, forty-two stages are listed between Egypt and the Promised Land, and the LXX version of Josh v 6 states that the Israelites spent forty-two years wandering in the wilderness ... [and] according to Matt i 17, forty-two generations elapsed from Abraham to the birth of Jesus".[2] Furthermore, Na'aman has observed the following for the first few monarchs of Israel: Saul reigned for 2 years, his son Ishbaal reigned for 2 years, David reigned for 40 years, and Solomon reigned for 40 years. In other words, the years for the reigns of Saul and Ishbaal are also ideological, and stem from a pairing with the years of David and Solomon's reign to reach a total of 42.[21]

The value of seventy appears fifty two times across the Old Testament. Fensham summarizes the trend;

The numeral seventy occurs fifty-two times independently in the Old Testament. It is used in various spheres of meaning, viz. for palm trees (Exod. IS. 27 and Num. 33. 9), for weights (e.g. Exod. 38. 29, Num. 7), for a length measurement (Ezek. 41. 12), for a period of time (e.g. Gen.s. 12, II.26,so.3,Ps.go. Io,Jer.2S. I2;2g. Io, Zech. 7.s), for cattle intended as a holocaust (2 Chr. 29. 32) and for people. We want to elaborate here on the occurrence of seventy for people. It is used for the descendants of Jacob (Exod. I. sand Deut. 10. 22), for the elders of Israel (Exod. 24. I, Num. II, Ezek. 8. II), for submissive kings (Judg. I. 7), for men struck by the Lord (I Sam. 6. Ig)l and for the sons or brothers of a Judge or a king. In one instance, Ezra 8.7, the seventy male descendants of Elam are mentioned. In this case we have probably an exact number of people as it is clear from other numbers used in this charter. The application of seventy to the sons and brothers of a Judge or king can be summarized as follows: it is used for the forty sons and thirty grandsons of Abdon, riding on seventy asses (Judg. 12. 14); the other two occurrences are of special interest, viz. the seventy sons of Jerubbaal (Judg. 8. 30), are described as murdered by Abimelech (Judg. 9. 5); in 2 Kgs. 10. 1-7 the plot against the seventy sons of Ahab by Jehu is described as well as their actual murdering.[22]

Fensham also draws attention to the usage of this value across a variety of extra-biblical literature from the ancient near east, especially in its usage in Ugaritic literature relating to Baal.

There have also been proposals regarding the use of numerology in biblical poetry, such as in the psalms.[23]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ J. Massyngberde Ford, Revelation, Doubleday Press, 1975, pg. 170.
  2. ^ a b c d Jeremy Northcote, "The Lifespans of the Patriarchs: Schematic Orderings in the Chrono-Genealogy", Vetus Testamentum (2007), pp. 243-257, esp. 245, 247
  3. ^ (eds. Berlin, Adele & Marc Brettler, Michael Fishbane) The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004, pg. 1505
  4. ^ Donald Senior et al., The Catholic Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 398-9.
  5. ^ Gregory Beale, The Book of Revelation: A commentary on the Greek text, Eerdmans, 1999, pg. 875
  6. ^ Grant Osborne, Revelation, Baker Academic, 2002, pp. 620-21
  7. ^ David C. Aune, Revelation 17-22, Zondervan Academic, 1998, pg. 950
  8. ^ Annemarie Schimmel, The Mystery of Numbers, Oxford University Press, 1993, pg. 158.
  9. ^ F.C. Fensham, "The Numeral Seventy in the Old Testament and The Family of Jerubbaal, Arab, Panammuwa and Athirat", Palestine Exploration Quarterly (1977), pg. 115
  10. ^ Craig Koester, Revelation, Yale University Press 2014, pg. 497.
  11. ^ Craig Koester¸ Revelation, Yale University Press, 2014, pg. 498.
  12. ^ Donald Senior et al., The Catholic Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 398-9.
  13. ^ Christopher C. Rowland, "Book of Revelation, Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections," in The New Interpreter's Bible (ed. Leander E. Keck), Abingdon, 1998, pg. 659.
  14. ^ Craig R. Koester, Revelation, Yale University Press, 2014, pg. 773.
  15. ^ Elizabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, Revelation: Vision of a Just World, Fortress Press, 1991, pg. 91.
  16. ^ Craig R. Koester, Revelation, Yale University Press, pg. 607.
  17. ^ Joshua Berman, Inconsistency in the Torah, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 262-263.
  18. ^ Rudiger Heinzerling, "On the Interpretation of the Census Lists by C. J. Humphreys and G. E. Mendenhall", Vetus Testamentum (2000), pp. 250-252
  19. ^ Joshua Berman, "But is it History? The Historical Accuracy of the Tanakh", Tradition (2020), pp. 19-21
  20. ^ Neriah Klein, "The Chronicler’s Code: The Rise and Fall of Judah’s Army in the Book of Chronicles", JBH (2017), pp. 1-19
  21. ^ Nadav Na'aman, "Was Khirbet Qeiyafa a Judahite City? The Case against It", JBH (2017), pg. 16
  22. ^ F.C. Fensham, "The Numeral Seventy in the Old Testament and The Family of Jerubbaal, Arab, Panammuwa and Athirat", Palestine Exploration Quarterly (1977), pg. 113
  23. ^ Jacob Bazak, "Numerical Devices in Biblical Poetry", Vetus Testamentum (1988), pp. 333-337
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