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==Background==
==Background==
The Integrated Review replaces previously separate reviews into foreign policy, defence, national security and international development, such as the [[National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)|National Security Strategy]] and the [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|Strategic Defence and Security Review]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Planning for the Next Strategic Defence and Security Review – A Much-Needed Peg in the Ground |url=https://rusi.org/commentary/planning-next-strategic-defence-and-security-review-%E2%80%93-much-needed-peg-ground |website=RUSI |accessdate=3 February 2020}}</ref> It combines the scope of these individual reviews, making it the largest such review carried out by the UK government since the Cold War.<ref name="outline"/>
The Integrated Review replaces previously separate reviews into foreign policy, defence, national security and international development, such as the [[National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)|National Security Strategy]] and the [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|Strategic Defence and Security Review]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Planning for the Next Strategic Defence and Security Review – A Much-Needed Peg in the Ground |url=https://rusi.org/commentary/planning-next-strategic-defence-and-security-review-%E2%80%93-much-needed-peg-ground |website=RUSI |accessdate=3 February 2020}}</ref> into one, making it the largest review of its kind carried out by a UK government since the Cold War.<ref name="outline"/> It follows several notable developments since previous reviews, namely the United Kingdom's [[Brexit|withdrawal from the European Union]], the start of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and consequent economic downturn, the [[2019–2020 Persian Gulf crisis]], the rise in [[space warfare]], several [[List of terrorist incidents in Great Britain#2020s|terrorist attacks]] and the use of [[hybrid warfare]], particularly by Russia and China.<ref>{{cite web |title=In an era of hybrid warfare, departments must work together to protect Britain |url=https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/in-an-era-of-hybrid-warfare-departments-must-work-together-to-protect-uk-society |website=PoliticsHome |accessdate=5 August 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Defence Secretary Ben Wallace vows to counter space threat from Russia and China |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/defence-secretary-ben-wallace-vows-to-counter-space-threat-from-russia-and-china |accessdate=5 August 2020 |agency=PoliticsHome |date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Integrated Review: The UK’s Iran Policy in a Changing Global Security Environment |url=https://rusi.org/commentary/integrated-review-uks-iran-policy-changing-global-security-environment |accessdate=5 August 2020 |agency=RUSI}}</ref> The review also follows the merging of the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] and [[Department for International Development]] into the [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] which occurred in September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2020-06-16/debates/20061637000001/GlobalBritain |title=Global Britain |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 June 2020 |website=hansard.parliament.uk |publisher=UK Hansard |access-date=13 August 2020 |quote=}}</ref>

Set to be released five years since previous reviews, the Integrated Review comes after the United Kingdom's [[Brexit|withdrawal from the European Union]], its subsequent "Global Britain" ambition, the [[2019–2020 Persian Gulf crisis]], the rise in [[space warfare]], the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and consequent economic downturn, several [[List of terrorist incidents in Great Britain#2020s|terrorist attacks]] and the use of [[hybrid warfare]], particularly by Russia and China.<ref>{{cite web |title=In an era of hybrid warfare, departments must work together to protect Britain |url=https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/in-an-era-of-hybrid-warfare-departments-must-work-together-to-protect-uk-society |website=PoliticsHome |accessdate=5 August 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Defence Secretary Ben Wallace vows to counter space threat from Russia and China |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/defence-secretary-ben-wallace-vows-to-counter-space-threat-from-russia-and-china |accessdate=5 August 2020 |agency=PoliticsHome |date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Integrated Review: The UK’s Iran Policy in a Changing Global Security Environment |url=https://rusi.org/commentary/integrated-review-uks-iran-policy-changing-global-security-environment |accessdate=5 August 2020 |agency=RUSI}}</ref> It was announced by [[Boris Johnson]] that the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] and [[Department for International Development]] would merge in September 2020, before the completion of the review.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2020-06-16/debates/20061637000001/GlobalBritain |title=Global Britain |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 June 2020 |website=hansard.parliament.uk |publisher=UK Hansard |access-date=13 August 2020 |quote=}}</ref>


In September 2020, Defence Secretary [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]] explained that the review would deliver an armed forces that was "fit for tomorrow's battles" by switching from "traditional warfighting" to "technological warfighting". He explained that this would entail being forward deployed — for example, in [[Europe]] to deter Russian activity, in the [[Middle East]] to combat terrorism or in the [[Asia-Pacific]] to counter China — and relying on technology to deliver "speed, readiness and resilience" instead of "mass and mobilisation", including in the domains of [[Outer space|space]], [[cyberspace]] and [[Underwater warfare|sub-sea]].<ref name="TG">{{cite news |title=Rivals have surged ahead of UK's armed forces, Ben Wallace warns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/sep/14/rivals-have-surged-ahead-of-uks-armed-forces-ben-wallace-warns |accessdate=15 September 2020 |agency=The Guardian |date=14 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite news |title=Defence secretary admits UK is behind adversaries |url=https://www.ft.com/content/24f32f31-cc29-4d8d-a800-7c1c45d6e3d1 |accessdate=15 September 2020 |agency=Financial Times |date=14 September 2020}}</ref>
In September 2020, Defence Secretary [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]] explained that the review would deliver an armed forces that was "fit for tomorrow's battles" by switching from "traditional warfighting" to "technological warfighting". He explained that this would entail being forward deployed — for example, in [[Europe]] to deter Russian activity, in the [[Middle East]] to combat terrorism or in the [[Asia-Pacific]] to counter China — and relying on technology to deliver "speed, readiness and resilience" instead of "mass and mobilisation", including in the domains of [[Outer space|space]], [[cyberspace]] and [[Underwater warfare|sub-sea]].<ref name="TG">{{cite news |title=Rivals have surged ahead of UK's armed forces, Ben Wallace warns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/sep/14/rivals-have-surged-ahead-of-uks-armed-forces-ben-wallace-warns |accessdate=15 September 2020 |agency=The Guardian |date=14 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite news |title=Defence secretary admits UK is behind adversaries |url=https://www.ft.com/content/24f32f31-cc29-4d8d-a800-7c1c45d6e3d1 |accessdate=15 September 2020 |agency=Financial Times |date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:10, 28 March 2021

The Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy,[1] often known as the Integrated Review, and titled as Global Britain in a Competitive Age,[2] is a review by the British Government into the foreign, defence, security and international development policies of the United Kingdom.[3] Described by Prime Minister Boris Johnson as "the largest review of its kind since the Cold War",[3] the review was published on 16 March 2021[4] and was followed by a defence command paper, Defence in a Competitive Age, on 22 March.[4][5]

The review first began in October 2019 with a publication date set for "early 2020", however the COVID-19 pandemic caused it to be delayed several times. A number of preliminary decisions were published in November 2020 ahead of the review's full publication on 16 March 2021. The review sets out the government's vision for Global Britain, the UK's role in the world following its withdrawal from the European Union. Its four overarching objectives are for the UK to sustain a strategic advantage through science and technology, for the UK to shape the open international order through working with partners and international institutions, for the UK to strengthen its security at home and abroad and for the UK to become more resilient to threats at home and overseas.[6] The review identified Russia as an "active threat", China a "systemic challenge" and climate change the UK's highest international priority.[7]

Background

The Integrated Review replaces previously separate reviews into foreign policy, defence, national security and international development, such as the National Security Strategy and the Strategic Defence and Security Review[8] into one, making it the largest review of its kind carried out by a UK government since the Cold War.[3] It follows several notable developments since previous reviews, namely the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent economic downturn, the 2019–2020 Persian Gulf crisis, the rise in space warfare, several terrorist attacks and the use of hybrid warfare, particularly by Russia and China.[9][10][11] The review also follows the merging of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Department for International Development into the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office which occurred in September 2019.[12]

In September 2020, Defence Secretary Ben Wallace explained that the review would deliver an armed forces that was "fit for tomorrow's battles" by switching from "traditional warfighting" to "technological warfighting". He explained that this would entail being forward deployed — for example, in Europe to deter Russian activity, in the Middle East to combat terrorism or in the Asia-Pacific to counter China — and relying on technology to deliver "speed, readiness and resilience" instead of "mass and mobilisation", including in the domains of space, cyberspace and sub-sea.[13][14]

Overview

Today the Government is setting out its approach to the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy. The Government has set in train the biggest review of our foreign, defence, security and development policy since the end of the Cold War.

— Prime Minister Boris Johnson, (February 2020)[15]

Objectives

In a statement in September 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson confirmed the Integrated Review would be underpinned by a commitment to spend at at least 2% of GDP on defence—as defined as a target by NATO, 0.7% of GNI on Official development assistance and the maintenance of the British nuclear deterrent. The Prime Minister summarised the review's objectives as follows:[15]

  • To define the United Kingdom's role in the world, as well as its long-term strategic aims for national security and foreign policy.
  • To set out how the UK will be a "problem-solving" and "burden-sharing" nation, working more effectively with its allies.
  • To determine the capabilities required for the next decade and beyond to pursue the UK's objectives and address the risks and threats it faces.
  • To address reforms to Government systems and structures to achieve these goals.
  • To outline the implementation for these goals and how it will be evaluated.

Complications

The review first began in October 2019 with a publication date set for "early 2020", however the COVID-19 pandemic caused it to be postponed indefinitely.[16][17] The review restarted in July 2020 with an unspecified publication date. A call for evidence was published on 13 August 2020 by the Cabinet Office.[18] In October 2020, the review's future was reportedly in question following a decision to implement a separate spending review, which would cover one year instead of three, due to the economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[19][20][21] A new publication date for February 2021 was then set but was subsequently missed.[22] This date was then replaced by one during March.[23]

Decisions

In November 2020, Johnson announced an investment of £16.5 billion into defence over four years — representing a share of over 2.2% of GDP[24] — as the first conclusion of the Integrated Review. Reported as the "largest military investment in 30 years", Johnson stated: "This is our chance to end the era of retreat, transform our Armed Forces, bolster our global influence, unite and level up our country, pioneer new technology and defend our people and way of life".[25] The investment amounts to an increase of between 10–⁠15 percent on the current annual budget of £41.5 billion.[26]

The full review, titled Global Britain in a Competitive Age, was published on 16 March 2020 by the Ministry of Defence and a command paper, Defence in a Competitive Age, was published on 22 March.[6]

The review resulted in the following notable conclusions:

Royal Navy

The UK Carrier Strike Group during an exercise in 2019.

Royal Air Force

Other

  • £1.5 billion must be invested into military research and development.[24]
  • Directed energy weapons must equip warships and combat vehicles.[24]
  • A new centre dedicated to artificial intelligence to be established.[24]
  • A new National Cyber Force and Counter Terrorism Operations Centre must be formed to counter terrorism, organised crime and hostile state activity.[24]
  • A new Situation Centre to be established to address future crisis'.[6]
  • The UK must become a "science and tech superpower" by 2030 through the redoubling of research and development, bolstering innovation partnerships, and improving national skills – including by attracting the world’s "best and brightest" to the UK through a new Global Talent Visa.[6]
  • Tackling climate change and biodiversity loss is to be the government's highest international priority.[6]
  • A commitment of 0.7% of gross national income (GNI) on development must be reinstated when the "fiscal situation allows".[6]
  • The UK must continue to be a leading member in NATO, committed to the collective security of the Euro-Atlantic region.[6]
  • A "constructive and productive relationship" must be maintained with the European Union based on a "mutual respect for sovereignty".[6]
  • By 2030, the UK must be "deeply engaged" in the Indo-Pacific region.[6]
  • The UK must be active in Africa (in particular East Africa and with Nigeria), the Middle East and the Persian Gulf for trade, green innovation and to make them more resilient regions which are self-reliant for their own security.[6]
  • The UK must remain a nuclear-armed power with global reach and integrated military capabilities across all five operational domains.[6]
  • The UK must become one of the world's leading democratic cyber powers.[6]

Defence in a Competitive Age

Main article: Defence in a Competitive Age

Following the publication of the Integrated Review, the government published a Defence Command Paper, titled Defence in a Competitive Age on 22 March 2021. The document outlined the government's planned investments and savings to defence to allow it to meet the objectives set out in the Integrated Review.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy:Written statement - HCWS126". parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  2. ^ "Russia an 'active threat' and China a 'systemic challenge', Integrated Review will warn". Sky News. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "PM outlines new review to define Britain's place in the world". GOV.UK. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  4. ^ a b "UK foreign policy review will focus on China's growing power". The Guardan. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  5. ^ "Axing the Royal Navy's Wildcat helicopters – still an option for the Integrated Review". Navy Lookout. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Global Britain in a Competitive Age: the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy". GOV.UK. Cabinet Office. 16 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Russia an 'active threat' and China a 'systemic challenge', Integrated Review will warn". Sky News. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  8. ^ "Planning for the Next Strategic Defence and Security Review – A Much-Needed Peg in the Ground". RUSI. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  9. ^ "In an era of hybrid warfare, departments must work together to protect Britain". PoliticsHome. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  10. ^ "Defence Secretary Ben Wallace vows to counter space threat from Russia and China". PoliticsHome. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  11. ^ "The Integrated Review: The UK's Iran Policy in a Changing Global Security Environment". RUSI. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  12. ^ "Global Britain". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Hansard. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Rivals have surged ahead of UK's armed forces, Ben Wallace warns". The Guardian. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  14. ^ "Defence secretary admits UK is behind adversaries". Financial Times. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  15. ^ a b Johnson, Boris (26 February 2020). "Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy". UK Parliament. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  16. ^ "UK Government sets the stage for sweeping defence review". Army Technology. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  17. ^ "UK hits pause on defense review due to coronavirus". Defense News. 15 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Integrated Review: call for evidence". gov.uk. UK Cabinet Office. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020. Submissions of evidence are invited to inform the government's Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy.
  19. ^ "Government Considering Future Of Integrated Review". BFBS. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Correspondence to the Prime Minister on the Integrated Review and biosecurity". committees.parliament.uk. Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020. With significant and concerning uncertainty about whether the Integrated Review will be delayed
  21. ^ Chalmers, Malcolm (29 October 2020). "A Reckoning Postponed? The Defence Arithmetic of the Integrated Review" (PDF). rusi.org. Royal United Services Institute. Retrieved 3 November 2020. The [UK Government's] decision to abandon its plans for a multi-year Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) has thrown its plans for the Integrated Review into disarray.
  22. ^ "Integrated Review Findings To Be Published In 'Coming Months'". BFBS. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  23. ^ "Integrated Review Set To Be Published In March". Forces News. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Integrated Review — in the House of Commons at 12:03 pm on 19th November 2020". Hansard. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  25. ^ "PM to announce largest military investment in 30 years". Ministry of Defence. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  26. ^ Rayner, Gordon (18 November 2018). "Boris Johnson to end 'era of retreat' with £24bn Armed Forces spending pledge". The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  27. ^ "UK To Increase Its Nuclear Warhead Stockpile For The First Time Since The Cold War: Report" (PDF). The Wire. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  28. ^ "Air Commodore Paul Godfrey announced as Commander United Kingdom Space Command". Ministry of Defence. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  29. ^ "Defence in a competitive age" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2021.

Further reading

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